Article(id=1322506371858285371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, issueId=1322506263716541212, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14075/j.jgg.2024.10.465, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1728403200000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-09, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793239690031, onlineDateStr=2026-10-29, pubDate=1757865600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793239690031, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793239690031, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793239690031, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322506263716541212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, year='2025', volume='45', issue='9', pageStart='881', pageEnd='990', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1757865600000', pubDateStr='2025-09-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793239664248, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793239664248, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=888, endPage=893, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322506372021863228, articleId=1322506371858285371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=EN, title=An Improved Method of GPT3 by Integrating a Global Temperature Lapse Rate Grid Model, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the widespread use of GNSS on civil aviation and UAV platforms, scenarios with large elevation differences are increasingly emerging, which puts higher demands on the accuracy of vertical corrections for tropospheric delays. As the most advanced ZTD model currently available, GPT3 has limitations in its vertical corrections for temperature and pressure, making it only suitable for near-surface applications. To address this issue, this paper proposes an improved method of GPT3 by integrating a global temperature lapse rate grid model and a multi-variable atmospheric pressure-altitude formula, constructing the IGPT3 model, and evaluating its adaptability. The results show that compared with UNB3 and GPT3, IGPT3 has improved accuracy by 25.0%, 18.2%, 16.1%, and 72.2%, 50.0%, 69.9% in predicting temperature lapse rate, temperature profile, and pressure profile, respectively. Moreover, the precision improvements in predicting ZHD and ZTD profiles using IGPT3 reached 29.3 mm and 29.0 mm, respectively. Furthermore, the precision of GNSS water vapor inversion at most IGS stations was improved with the use of IGPT3, with the maximum improvement reaching 3.07 mm.

, authors=Ming'ang NIU1, authorsList=Ming'ang NIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

NIU Ming'ang, engineer, majors in photogrammetry and GNSS navigation and positioning, E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322506373397594955, articleId=1322506371858285371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=CN, title=一种融合全球温度直减率网格模型的GPT3改进方法, columnId=1322506169105633839, journalTitle=大地测量与地球动力学, columnName=现代大地测量, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

随着GNSS在民航和无人机平台上的广泛应用,大高差应用场景不断涌现,对对流层延迟垂直修正精度提出了更高的要求。GPT3是目前最先进的ZTD模型,但其对温度和气压的垂直修正存在不足,仅适用于近地表。针对这一问题,提出融合全球温度直减率网格模型和多元大气压高公式的GPT3改进方法,构建IGPT3模型,并对其适应性进行评价。结果表明,与UNB3和GPT3相比,在预测温度直减率、温度廓线、气压廓线3个方面,IGPT3精度分别提高25.0%、18.2%、16.1%和72.2%、50.0%、69.9%。另外,相较于GPT3,IGPT3预测ZHD和ZTD廓线的精度改善量分别达到了29.3 mm和29.0 mm;而且采用IGPT3后,多数IGS站点上的GNSS水汽反演精度得到改善,最大改善量达3.07 mm。

, authors=牛明昂1, authorsList=牛明昂, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

牛明昂,工程师,主要研究方向为摄影测量与GNSS导航定位,E-mail:

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NIU Ming'ang, engineer, majors in photogrammetry and GNSS navigation and positioning, E-mail:

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NIU Ming'ang, engineer, majors in photogrammetry and GNSS navigation and positioning, E-mail:

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牛明昂,工程师,主要研究方向为摄影测量与GNSS导航定位,E-mail:

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牛明昂,工程师,主要研究方向为摄影测量与GNSS导航定位,E-mail:

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figureFileSmall=g0MIDl9CxyX5Y7LzMwqXHQ==, figureFileBig=T4nzWGAojFOZGHXce/FV5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322506378225238888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506371858285371, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Distributions of bias differences and RMSE differences in ZHD and PWV predictions by IGPT3 versus GPT3 with elevation differences at IGS stations, figureFileSmall=lw2fN6bYnAoPS8qz2pdmxw==, figureFileBig=LKRhbye9U4DYx+7k/0vlAg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322506378372039529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506371858285371, language=CN, label=图7, caption=IGS站点上IGPT3与GPT3预测ZHD和PWV的bias差和RMSE差随高差的分布, figureFileSmall=lw2fN6bYnAoPS8qz2pdmxw==, figureFileBig=LKRhbye9U4DYx+7k/0vlAg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322506378510451562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506371858285371, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Accuracy statistics of ZHD predictions by IGPT3 and GPT3 and their application in PWV inversion at IGS stations

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模型 biasZHD/mm RMSEZHD/mm biasPWV/mm RMSEPWV/mm
IGPT3 5.4 16.3 -0.98 2.57
GPT3 5.9 16.7 -1.05 2.61
), ArticleFig(id=1322506378581754731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506371858285371, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

IGS站点上IGPT3和GPT3预测ZHD及其用于PWV反演的精度统计

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模型 biasZHD/mm RMSEZHD/mm biasPWV/mm RMSEPWV/mm
IGPT3 5.4 16.3 -0.98 2.57
GPT3 5.9 16.7 -1.05 2.61
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一种融合全球温度直减率网格模型的GPT3改进方法
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牛明昂 1
大地测量与地球动力学 | 现代大地测量 2025,45(9): 888-893
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大地测量与地球动力学 |现代大地测量 2025 , 45 (9) : 888 -893
一种融合全球温度直减率网格模型的GPT3改进方法
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牛明昂1
作者信息
  • 1 河南智联时空信息科技有限公司,郑州市经三路15号,450000
作者简介:

牛明昂,工程师,主要研究方向为摄影测量与GNSS导航定位,E-mail:

An Improved Method of GPT3 by Integrating a Global Temperature Lapse Rate Grid Model
Ming'ang NIU1
Affiliations
  • 1 Henan Zhilian Spatiotemporal Information Technology Co Ltd, 15 Jingsan Road, Zhengzhou 450000, China
  • NIU Ming'ang, engineer, majors in photogrammetry and GNSS navigation and positioning, E-mail:

出版时间: 2025-09-15 doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.10.465
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随着GNSS在民航和无人机平台上的广泛应用,大高差应用场景不断涌现,对对流层延迟垂直修正精度提出了更高的要求。GPT3是目前最先进的ZTD模型,但其对温度和气压的垂直修正存在不足,仅适用于近地表。针对这一问题,提出融合全球温度直减率网格模型和多元大气压高公式的GPT3改进方法,构建IGPT3模型,并对其适应性进行评价。结果表明,与UNB3和GPT3相比,在预测温度直减率、温度廓线、气压廓线3个方面,IGPT3精度分别提高25.0%、18.2%、16.1%和72.2%、50.0%、69.9%。另外,相较于GPT3,IGPT3预测ZHD和ZTD廓线的精度改善量分别达到了29.3 mm和29.0 mm;而且采用IGPT3后,多数IGS站点上的GNSS水汽反演精度得到改善,最大改善量达3.07 mm。

对流层延迟改正  /  温度直减率  /  压高公式  /  GPT3模型

With the widespread use of GNSS on civil aviation and UAV platforms, scenarios with large elevation differences are increasingly emerging, which puts higher demands on the accuracy of vertical corrections for tropospheric delays. As the most advanced ZTD model currently available, GPT3 has limitations in its vertical corrections for temperature and pressure, making it only suitable for near-surface applications. To address this issue, this paper proposes an improved method of GPT3 by integrating a global temperature lapse rate grid model and a multi-variable atmospheric pressure-altitude formula, constructing the IGPT3 model, and evaluating its adaptability. The results show that compared with UNB3 and GPT3, IGPT3 has improved accuracy by 25.0%, 18.2%, 16.1%, and 72.2%, 50.0%, 69.9% in predicting temperature lapse rate, temperature profile, and pressure profile, respectively. Moreover, the precision improvements in predicting ZHD and ZTD profiles using IGPT3 reached 29.3 mm and 29.0 mm, respectively. Furthermore, the precision of GNSS water vapor inversion at most IGS stations was improved with the use of IGPT3, with the maximum improvement reaching 3.07 mm.

tropospheric delay correction  /  temperature lapse rate  /  barometric height formula  /  GPT3 model
牛明昂. 一种融合全球温度直减率网格模型的GPT3改进方法. 大地测量与地球动力学, 2025 , 45 (9) : 888 -893 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.10.465
Ming'ang NIU. An Improved Method of GPT3 by Integrating a Global Temperature Lapse Rate Grid Model[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 2025 , 45 (9) : 888 -893 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.10.465
对流层延迟是空间大地测量技术中的一个关键误差源,同时也是GNSS反演水汽的核心参数。它通常通过天顶对流层延迟(ZTD)乘以相应的投影函数来计算,而ZTD由天顶静力学延迟(ZHD)和天顶湿延迟(ZWD)组成。模型法不仅在空间大地测量领域被广泛用于对流层延迟修正,而且在GNSS气象学中,尽管ZWD是作为额外参数进行估计的,但ZHD部分仍然需要通过模型法来计算。因此,精确构建天顶对流层延迟模型对于提高空间大地测量和GNSS水汽反演的精度至关重要。
根据输入数据的不同,ZTD模型主要分为两类:一类是基于实测气象参数的模型,如Saastamoinen[1]和Hopfield[2];另一类是经验气象参数模型,如UNB3[3]、TropGrid[4]和GPT3[5]。在实际应用中,GNSS天线的高度与气象参数获取位置的高度往往不一致,为了获得精确的观测结果,必须进行垂直改正。然而,尽管GPT3模型是目前最先进的模型之一,其垂直改正能力仍存在局限性。研究发现,它仅适用于近地表,当GNSS天线与其参考高度存在较大高差时,模型精度会显著下降[6-7]。为了解决这一问题,Li等[8]在其构建的IGPT模型中将温度直减率分层表示,其中2 km以下直接采用GPT3,2 km以上则通过一个与纬度相关的线性函数计算。王顺[9]则直接用UNB3的温度直减率代替原GPT3中的温度直减率,建立了GPT3v模型。这些研究都取得了较好的改进效果,但它们仅考虑了温度直减率随纬度的变化,时空分辨率均低于GPT3。此外,在航空领域,GNSS地基增强系统在飞机精密进近过程中发挥着重要作用,但由于飞机与地面站之间存在较大高差,需要更精确的垂直改正模型来弥补两者之间的对流层延迟差异[10]。随着无人机的广泛应用,基于无人机平台的GNSS水汽反演成为可能,这也对ZTD模型的垂直修正精度提出了更高的要求。
针对上述问题,本文首先基于多年的NCEP再分析资料,构建一种新的全球温度直减率网格模型;然后将其与多元大气压高公式结合,引入到GPT3中,建立IGPT3模型;最后利用多源数据对IGPT3的综合性能进行评估。实验结果表明,IGPT3的垂直修正能力明显优于其他模型。
多元大气是一种在大气垂直方向上将温度直减率假设为一个常数的理想大气模式。在该大气模式中,温度T是高度h的线性函数,具体关系如下:
$T=\gamma \cdot h+b$
式中,γ为温度直减率;b为截距。可见,在多元大气中,γ是气象参数垂直修正的关键参数。
本文采用NCEP提供的2015—2022年的FNL(final operational global analysis)再分析资料作为建模数据,该数据集的时间分辨率为6 h,空间分辨率为1°×1°,共分为41层(0.01~1 000 hPa)。依据式(1),对每个格点上的温度廓线,利用最小二乘法拟合得到时间跨度为8 a的全球γ时间序列数据。
图 1显示了每一网格点上8 a全球γ的平均值,可以看出,γ与纬度密切相关,其值在赤道地区最小,分别向两极地区递增;同时也呈现明显的海陆差异,在中低纬度地区,陆地的γ明显小于海洋区域,较小值多出现在干旱地区,例如非洲南部、阿拉伯半岛以及智利北部等,最大值位于南极洲。可见,简单地按纬度构建模型并不能精确表达γ的实际空间分布特征。
由于γ与纬度高度相关,依据温度带将全球网格划分为5个区域,并利用快速傅里叶变换对5个区域内每个格点的时间序列数据进行时序分析,得到了功率谱图。为了便于比较,对能量密度值进行了归一化,并取5个温度带的平均能量密度值作为分析依据,如图 2所示。可以看出,5个温度带上的γ值均呈现明显的年和半年周期变化特征,其中北寒带和热带的半年变化特征更为明显;只有北温带和热带呈现了日变化特征;相对于北温带,南温带并没有表现出日变化特征,且其半年变化特征也更弱,这可能是因为南温带多为海洋,北温带多为陆地,海陆热力性质差异导致了这一现象。
通过上述分析可以看出,在空间上,γ不仅受纬度影响,而且海陆差异明显;在时间上,γ以年和半年变化特征为主,同时也存在一定日变化特征。为了与GPT3保持一致,本文利用上述1°×1°网格8 a的γ数据,仅考虑年和半年变化特征,在每个网格上采用最小二乘方法进行拟合,具体拟合公式如下:
$\begin{gathered}\gamma(t)=A_0+ \\A_1 \cos \left(\frac{\text { doy }}{365.25} 2 \pi\right)+B_1 \sin \left(\frac{\text { doy }}{365.25} 2 \pi\right)+ \\A_2 \cos \left(\frac{\text { doy }}{365.25} 4 \pi\right)+B_2 \sin \left(\frac{\text { doy }}{365.25} 4 \pi\right)\end{gathered}$
式中,A0为年平均值;A1和B1为年变化振幅;A2和B2为半年变化振幅。最后得到每个网格点均包含A0、A1、B1、A2和B2五个参数的温度直减率网格模型TLRG (temperature lapse rate grid)。
从美国怀俄明大学下载了2023年全球分布的656个探空站数据,并提取距离地面0~10 km高度范围内的温度和气压剖面以及基于温度剖面计算的温度直减率作为参考值。首先评价TLRG、GPT3和UNB3预测γ的精度;然后基于探空站点的地表温度,分别利用TLRG、GPT3和UNB3估计得到参考温度剖面相应高度上的温度值,并与参考值进行比较。同时,为了验证模型采用不同压高公式预测气压剖面的效果,考虑到GPT3采用了等温大气模式下的压高公式(具体计算过程见文献[9]),TLRG、UNB3和GPT3P(一种以GPT3温度直减率模型为基础的气压垂直修正方法)则采用多元大气压高公式:
$P_2=P_1\left(1+\frac{\gamma\left(h_2-h_1\right)}{T_1}\right)^{\frac{-g_m}{R_d \gamma}}$
式中,P1和T1分别为高度h1上的气压和温度;P2为高度h2上的气压;gm=9.806 65 m/s2为重力加速度;Rd=287.054 J/(kg·K)为干大气气体常数。而后基于探空站点的地表气压,利用以上4个模型分别计算得到参考气压剖面对应高度上的气压值,并与参考值进行比较。为了便于统计分析,将比较后的温度和气压残差剖面按每隔1 km划分为10个高度层(不含地表层),最后计算得到参考站点上每一层的bias和RMSE值。
图 3展示了TLRG、GPT3和UNB3在全球探空站上预测γ的bias和RMSE值。可以看出,TLRG的bias值分布最为均匀,而UNB3和GPT3的值则是由低纬向高纬地区递增,尤其是GPT3,其最大值与最小值相差近12.9 K/km。TLRG、UNB3和GPT3的平均RMSE值分别为0.6 K/km、0.8 K/km和2.2 K/km,相较于后2个模型,TLRG模型精度分别提升25.0%和72.2%。
图 4为不同高度层上各模型预测气温和气压的bias和RMSE值的分布情况。可以看出,在气温预测方面,随着高度的增加,所有模型大体呈现从低层大气的负偏逐渐转变为高层大气的正偏,但GPT3在高层大气的偏差幅度明显大于其他2个模型,最大可达4.1 K。在RMSE方面,UNB3和GPT3均随着高度的增加而增大,特别是GPT3,其RMSE值在10 km处达到了18.6 K,明显大于其他2个模型。而TLRG的RMSE值变化较为平稳,一直稳定在5 K附近,其平均RMSE值为5.4 K,相较于UNB3和GPT3的6.6 K和10.8 K,精度分别提升18.2%和50.0%。在气压预测方面,随着高度的增加,采用多元大气压高公式的温度直减率模型均呈现负偏现象,但其值较小;而对于采用等温大气压高公式的GPT3,其bias值则明显出现正偏,且随高度急剧增加,在10 km处,达到36 hPa。这也直接导致其RMSE值呈现与其一样的变化趋势,在10 km处,更是达到了36.7 hPa。对于采用多元大气压高公式的模型,在小于等于3 km高度处,各模型RMSE值较为接近,但随着高度的进一步增加,UNB3和GPT3P均表现出增大的现象,而TLRG则是呈现先微弱增加后回落的现象。TLRG、UNB3、GPT3P和GPT3的平均RMSE分别为5.2 hPa、6.2 hPa、7.6 hPa和17.3 hPa,相较于后3者,TLRG预测气压的精度分别提升16.1%、31.6%和69.9%。
通过上述研究可知,TLRG模型不仅本身具有较高的精度,而且相较于UNB3和GPT3模型,其预报温度和气压廓线的精度也明显提升。因此,本文将TLRG引入到GPT3模型中,并采用多元大气压高公式,构建了一种改进型的GPT3模型,即IGPT3。以下将针对该模型在不同场景下的应用效果展开评价。
再次利用§1.3获取的2023年656个探空站上0~10 km高度范围内的温度和气压剖面作为参考值,与IGPT3和GPT3预测得到的温度和气压剖面进行比较。然后将比较后的温度和气压残差剖面按1 km间隔划分为11个高度层,其中地表处(即0 km处)单独为一层,计算得到每一个高度层的bias和RMSE值。
图 5展示了IGPT3和GPT3预测温度和气压剖面的结果。可以看出,在地表处,2个模型预测的温度均为正偏差,气压方面偏差则接近于0。IGPT3和GPT3预测温度的RMSE值分别为4.9 K和4.8 K,预测气压的RMSE值均为5.9 hPa,这表明在地表处2个模型的精度相当。随着高度的增加,2个模型预测温度和气压的bias和RMSE值变化趋势均与§1.3中评价结果一致,在此不再赘述。IGPT3和GPT3预测温度廓线的平均RMSE分别为4.3 K和10.1 K,预测气压廓线的平均RMSE分别为5.4 hPa和17.1 hPa。可见,相较于GPT3,IGPT3预测温度和气压廓线的精度分别提高46.5%和68.4%。
针对IGPT3预测ZHD和ZTD的精度进行评价。首先基于2023年656个探空站数据,利用文献[7]中的数值积分法,计算得到每个站点的ZHD和ZTD剖面作为参考值;然后分别利用IGPT3和GPT3计算参考剖面对应高度的ZHD和ZTD值,并与参考值进行比较,得到ZHD和ZTD残差剖面;最后采用§2.1统计方法,计算得到参考点上每一层的bias和RMSE值。
图 6展示了IGPT3和GPT3预测ZHD和ZTD的统计结果。可以看出,在估计ZHD方面,GPT3在所有层均呈现正偏现象,且随着高度的增加偏差值急剧增大,在10 km处,其bias值高达84.5 mm;而IGPT3则主要呈现负偏现象,但其值整体较小,平均值仅为-0.5 mm。2个模型的RMSE值在地表处基本相等,而在1 km处,IGPT3开始小于GPT3,之后随着高度的进一步增加,GPT3急剧增大,而IGPT3则相反,呈现缓慢下降趋势。IGPT3的RMSE平均值为12.2 mm,相较于GPT3的41.5 mm,精度提升了70.6%。在预测ZTD方面,2个模型在地表及1 km层处,均表现为负偏。随着高度增加,GPT3模型开始正偏,且其bias值快速增加,在10 km处达到86.4 mm。而IGPT3的bias值变化则较为平稳,平均值仅为-1.5 mm。GPT3的RMSE值则呈现先逐渐降低至3 km处,后快速增加的趋势,从3 km处的30.6 mm,增加到了10 km处的87.4 mm,其平均值为50.6 mm。受益于新温度直减率模型和多元大气压高公式,IGPT3的RMSE值随高度增加而减小,平均值仅为21.6 mm,相较于GPT3,精度提升57.3%。
在GNSS气象学中,往往需要将GNSS估计得到的ZTD减去ZHD,从而得到ZWD;再由ZWD乘以转换参数,最终反演得到水汽含量。可见ZHD能否精确获得,是影响水汽反演精度的关键。为了验证IGPT3模型在实际GNSS应用中的ZHD预报效果及其对水汽反演结果的影响,本文以2023年全球分布的401个IGS站点为例进行GNSS水汽反演模拟。由于缺少地面实测气压数据,从欧洲中期天气预报中心下载了2023年的ERA5数据,该数据时间分辨率为1 h,水平分辨率为0.25°×0.25°,垂直分辨率为37层;然后利用该数据集插值得到每个站点上的ZHD值作为参考值;再从ERA5数据中计算得到每一站点上的大气加权平均温度,用于水汽反演转换参数计算;最后由ZTDIGS-ZHDERA5计算得到的ZWDIGS乘以转换参数得到PWV作为参考值,用于评价由ZTDIGS-ZHDIGPT3和ZTDIGS-ZHDGPT3反演得到的PWV精度。
表 1展示了IGPT3和GPT3在IGS站点上预测ZHD及其用于水汽反演得到的PWV的平均bias和RMSE值。可以看出,IGPT3预测ZHD的bias和RMSE值均小于GPT3;而且将2个模型的ZHD用于水汽反演后,使用ZHDIGPT3反演水汽的精度也略优于GPT3模型。
图 7展示了IGS站点与其周围4个模型格点高度差对ZHD和PWV预报精度的影响。可以看出,无论是bias还是RMSE,IGPT3—GPT3大多为负值,而且随着高度差绝对值的增加,IGPT3—GPT3的绝对值不断增大。这说明即使在地表层,当存在较大高度差时,IGPT3比GPT3在预测ZHD方面仍然具有更好的效果。在GNSS水汽反演应用中,多数站点上IGPT3—GPT3的PWV精度差为负值,这说明相较于GPT3,采用IGPT3后,可有效提高GNSS水汽反演精度,最大改善量可达3.07 mm。
本文首先构建了一种新的全球温度直减率网格模型,即TLRG模型;而后将其与多元大气压高公式一并引入到GPT3模型中,得到一种改进的IGPT3模型;最后利用探空站数据、IGS-ZTD数据和ERA5再分析资料,对IGPT3的适用性进行评价。结果如下:
1) IGPT3估计温度直减率、温度和气压廓线的RMSE分别为0.6 K/km、5.4 K和5.2 hPa,相较于UNB3,精度分别提升了25.0%、18.2%和16.1%;而相对于GPT3,则提升更为明显,分别为72.2%、50.0%和69.9%。
2) IGPT3预测ZHD和ZTD廓线的精度分别为12.2 mm和21.6 mm,相较于GPT3模型,改善量分别达到29.3 mm和29.0 mm。而且在IGS站GNSS水汽反演模拟中,PWV预测精度的最大改善量可达3.07 mm。
因此,本文提出的IGPT3模型不仅可用于大气剖面预测,也可以用于大高差场景下的对流层延迟差异改正和提高GNSS水汽反演精度。

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doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.10.465
  • 接收时间:2024-10-09
  • 首发时间:2026-10-29
  • 出版时间:2025-09-15
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