Article(id=1322506597117575608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, issueId=1322506501562937604, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14075/j.jgg.2024.1.549, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1733068800000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-02, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793239743737, onlineDateStr=2026-10-29, pubDate=1765728000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793239743737, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793239743737, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793239743737, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322506501562937604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, year='2025', volume='45', issue='12', pageStart='1211', pageEnd='1316', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1765728000000', pubDateStr='2025-12-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793239720954, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793239720954, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1226, endPage=1233, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322506597302124985, articleId=1322506597117575608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=EN, title=Quality Evaluation of CNES Real-Time Orbit and Clock Products from the Fault and User Range Accuracy, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Using the real-time orbit and clock products from CNES over a one-year period, with URE(user range error) as the evaluation metric, this study analyzes the fault rates, fault types, fault sources, as well as the post-fault accuracy and precise point positioning(PPP) performance of GPS, Galileo, BDS-2, and BDS-3 by comparing them with post-processed products. The results indicate that the fault rates of GPS and Galileo are lower than those of BDS, with significant differences observed between the fault rates of BDS-3 and BDS-2. Regarding fault types, abrupt faults are the least common, while clock offsets are the primary source of faults(accounting for over 65%). After fault elimination, the mean URA(user range accuracy) values for GPS, Galileo, and BDS-3 are 0.02 m, 0.03 m, and 0.05 m, respectively, whereas there is considerable variation in URA among different satellites in BDS-2. Global station simulated kinematic PPP tests demonstrate that excluding satellite fault periods can effectively ensure positioning accuracy.

, authors=Zhenyu WU1, Bao SHU1, 2, 3, *, Li WANG1, 2, 3, Lihong FAN4, Qin ZHANG1, 2, 3, Wei QU1, 2, 3, authorsList=Zhenyu WU, Bao SHU, Li WANG, Lihong FAN, Qin ZHANG, Wei QU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Bao SHU, authorNote=

WU Zhenyu, postgraduate, majors in real-time precise point positioning, E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322506600988918218, articleId=1322506597117575608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=CN, title=CNES实时轨道钟差产品故障及用户测距精度评估, columnId=1322506169105633839, journalTitle=大地测量与地球动力学, columnName=现代大地测量, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

利用CNES 1 a的实时轨道与钟差产品,以用户测距误差(user range error,URE)为评价指标,通过与事后产品对比的方法分析GPS、Galileo、BDS-2和BDS-3的故障率、故障类型、故障来源及故障排除后的精度与PPP性能。结果显示,GPS与Galileo的故障率低于BDS,BDS-3与BDS-2的故障率存在显著差异;对于故障类型而言,突变故障最少,而钟差为主要故障来源(大于65%);故障排除后,GPS、Galileo、BDS-3的用户测距精度(user range accuracy, URA)均值分别为0.02 m、0.03 m、0.05 m,BDS-2中不同卫星URA差异较大。全球测站仿动态PPP测试显示,剔除卫星故障时段可有效保障定位精度。

, authors=吴震宇1, 舒宝1, 2, 3, *, 王利1, 2, 3, 范丽红4, 张勤1, 2, 3, 瞿伟1, 2, 3, authorsList=吴震宇, 舒宝, 王利, 范丽红, 张勤, 瞿伟, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=舒宝, authorNote=

吴震宇,硕士生,主要从事实时精密单点定位研究,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=

舒宝,博士,副教授,主要从事GNSS高精度定位研究,E-mail:

SHU Bao, PhD, associate professor, majors in GNSS high precision positioning, E-mail:

, copyrightStatement=版权所有,未经授权,不得转载。, copyrightOwner=大地测量与地球动力学编辑部, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=EIs1J5X6oTlkE/qij+HPUQ==, magXml=eLkHEQzDkjlMO5i1lgpgiw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=t5Eqd3KHvtdf9P0lDyRuBw==, pdfFileSize=6857174, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=iw029fVcbZ+MAXUyXo73kQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=zc4O33+UtVigboeKLIqg6Q==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1322506601743892952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506597117575608, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=19973848058@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1322506601827779034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506597117575608, authorId=1322506601743892952, language=EN, stringName=Zhenyu WU, firstName=Zhenyu, middleName=null, lastName=WU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1 School of Geological Engineering and Geomatics, Chang'an University, 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710054, China, bio={"content":"

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real-time product, figureFileSmall=HRnCEFW64X1GTPzMXb1BzQ==, figureFileBig=D+Vjbot0VMMxAQEWhADfSw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322506614079341082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506597117575608, language=CN, label=图8, caption=实时产品预处理前后各测站定位误差, figureFileSmall=HRnCEFW64X1GTPzMXb1BzQ==, figureFileBig=D+Vjbot0VMMxAQEWhADfSw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322506614171615771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506597117575608, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Weighting coefficients of the influence of errors in R, A, and C directions for each satellite type on URE[17]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 GPS Galileo BDS MEO BDS GEO/IGSO
wR 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.99
$w_{A, C}^2$ 1/49 1/61 1/54 1/126
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各卫星类型R、A、C方向误差对URE影响的权重系数[17]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 GPS Galileo BDS MEO BDS GEO/IGSO
wR 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.99
$w_{A, C}^2$ 1/49 1/61 1/54 1/126
), ArticleFig(id=1322506614364553757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506597117575608, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

The maximum half-angle corresponding to the orbital altitude of each satellite type

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 GPS Galileo BDS MEO BDS GEO/IGSO
轨道高/km 20 200 23 616 21 528 35 786
θmax/(°) 13.88 12.27 13.20 8.69
), ArticleFig(id=1322506614448439838, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506597117575608, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

各卫星类型轨道高度对应的最大半张角

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 GPS Galileo BDS MEO BDS GEO/IGSO
轨道高/km 20 200 23 616 21 528 35 786
θmax/(°) 13.88 12.27 13.20 8.69
), ArticleFig(id=1322506614523937311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506597117575608, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Estimation results of constellation and satellite fault probability of each system

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
卫星系统PsatPconst
GPS1.2×10-32.7×10-4
Galileo1.3×10-33.8×10-4
BDS-25.7×10-31.7×10-3
BDS-32.1×10-31.6×10-3
), ArticleFig(id=1322506614758818336, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506597117575608, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

各系统星座和卫星故障率估计结果

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卫星系统PsatPconst
GPS1.2×10-32.7×10-4
Galileo1.3×10-33.8×10-4
BDS-25.7×10-31.7×10-3
BDS-32.1×10-31.6×10-3
), ArticleFig(id=1322506614834315809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506597117575608, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

The proportion of different fault types and fault sources in each satellite type

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
卫星系统故障类型故障来源
突变/% 阶跃/% 斜坡/% 由钟差引起/% 由轨道与钟差共同引起/%
GPS 0.7 54.2 45.1 65.4 34.6
Galileo 0.8 9.3 89.9 94.0 6.0
BDS-2 0.6 75.7 9.3 90.8 9.2
BDS-3 1.8 48.7 49.4 77.4 22.6
), ArticleFig(id=1322506614926590498, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506597117575608, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同故障类型与故障来源在各卫星类型中占比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
卫星系统故障类型故障来源
突变/% 阶跃/% 斜坡/% 由钟差引起/% 由轨道与钟差共同引起/%
GPS 0.7 54.2 45.1 65.4 34.6
Galileo 0.8 9.3 89.9 94.0 6.0
BDS-2 0.6 75.7 9.3 90.8 9.2
BDS-3 1.8 48.7 49.4 77.4 22.6
), ArticleFig(id=1322506615014670883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506597117575608, language=EN, label=Tab. 5, caption=

URA for different satellites

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
卫星系统/卫星类型 PRN URA/m
GPS - 0.02
Galileo - 0.03
BDS-3 - 0.05
BDS-2/IGSO C06 0.16
BDS-2/IGSO C08 0.15
BDS-2/IGSO C09 0.07
BDS-2/IGSO C10 0.08
BDS-2/MEO C11 0.15
BDS-2/MEO C12 0.14
BDS-2/IGSO C13 0.12
BDS-2/MEO C14 0.17
BDS-2/MEO C16 0.14
), ArticleFig(id=1322506615094362660, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506597117575608, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同卫星的URA

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
卫星系统/卫星类型 PRN URA/m
GPS - 0.02
Galileo - 0.03
BDS-3 - 0.05
BDS-2/IGSO C06 0.16
BDS-2/IGSO C08 0.15
BDS-2/IGSO C09 0.07
BDS-2/IGSO C10 0.08
BDS-2/MEO C11 0.15
BDS-2/MEO C12 0.14
BDS-2/IGSO C13 0.12
BDS-2/MEO C14 0.17
BDS-2/MEO C16 0.14
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CNES实时轨道钟差产品故障及用户测距精度评估
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吴震宇 1 , 舒宝 1, 2, 3, * , 王利 1, 2, 3 , 范丽红 4 , 张勤 1, 2, 3 , 瞿伟 1, 2, 3
大地测量与地球动力学 | 现代大地测量 2025,45(12): 1226-1233
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大地测量与地球动力学 |现代大地测量 2025 , 45 (12) : 1226 -1233
CNES实时轨道钟差产品故障及用户测距精度评估
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WU Zhenyu, postgraduate, majors in real-time precise point positioning, E-mail:

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吴震宇,硕士生,主要从事实时精密单点定位研究,E-mail:

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吴震宇1 , 舒宝1, 2, 3, * , 王利1, 2, 3, 范丽红4, 张勤1, 2, 3, 瞿伟1, 2, 3
作者信息
  • 1 长安大学地质工程与测绘学院, 西安市雁塔路126号, 710054
  • 2 地理信息工程国家重点实验室, 西安市雁塔路中段1号, 710054
  • 3 西部矿产资源与地质工程教育部重点实验室, 西安市雁塔路126号, 710054
  • 4 中国科学院国家授时中心, 西安市书院路3号, 710600
通讯作者:

舒宝,博士,副教授,主要从事GNSS高精度定位研究,E-mail:

SHU Bao, PhD, associate professor, majors in GNSS high precision positioning, E-mail:

作者简介:

吴震宇,硕士生,主要从事实时精密单点定位研究,E-mail:

Quality Evaluation of CNES Real-Time Orbit and Clock Products from the Fault and User Range Accuracy
Zhenyu WU1 , Bao SHU1, 2, 3, * , Li WANG1, 2, 3, Lihong FAN4, Qin ZHANG1, 2, 3, Wei QU1, 2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Geological Engineering and Geomatics, Chang'an University, 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710054, China
  • 2 State Key Laboratory of Geo-Information Engineering, 1 Mid-Yanta Road, Xi'an 710054, China
  • 3 Key Laboratory of Western China's Mineral Resources and Geological Engineering, Ministry of Education, 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710054, China
  • 4 National Time Service Center, CAS, 3 East-Shuyuan Road, Xi'an 710600, China
  • WU Zhenyu, postgraduate, majors in real-time precise point positioning, E-mail:

出版时间: 2025-12-15 doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.1.549
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利用CNES 1 a的实时轨道与钟差产品,以用户测距误差(user range error,URE)为评价指标,通过与事后产品对比的方法分析GPS、Galileo、BDS-2和BDS-3的故障率、故障类型、故障来源及故障排除后的精度与PPP性能。结果显示,GPS与Galileo的故障率低于BDS,BDS-3与BDS-2的故障率存在显著差异;对于故障类型而言,突变故障最少,而钟差为主要故障来源(大于65%);故障排除后,GPS、Galileo、BDS-3的用户测距精度(user range accuracy, URA)均值分别为0.02 m、0.03 m、0.05 m,BDS-2中不同卫星URA差异较大。全球测站仿动态PPP测试显示,剔除卫星故障时段可有效保障定位精度。

精密单点定位  /  实时轨道与钟差产品  /  用户测距误差  /  完好性  /  CNES

Using the real-time orbit and clock products from CNES over a one-year period, with URE(user range error) as the evaluation metric, this study analyzes the fault rates, fault types, fault sources, as well as the post-fault accuracy and precise point positioning(PPP) performance of GPS, Galileo, BDS-2, and BDS-3 by comparing them with post-processed products. The results indicate that the fault rates of GPS and Galileo are lower than those of BDS, with significant differences observed between the fault rates of BDS-3 and BDS-2. Regarding fault types, abrupt faults are the least common, while clock offsets are the primary source of faults(accounting for over 65%). After fault elimination, the mean URA(user range accuracy) values for GPS, Galileo, and BDS-3 are 0.02 m, 0.03 m, and 0.05 m, respectively, whereas there is considerable variation in URA among different satellites in BDS-2. Global station simulated kinematic PPP tests demonstrate that excluding satellite fault periods can effectively ensure positioning accuracy.

precise point positioning  /  real-time orbit and clock products  /  user range error  /  integrity  /  CNES
吴震宇, 舒宝, 王利, 范丽红, 张勤, 瞿伟. CNES实时轨道钟差产品故障及用户测距精度评估. 大地测量与地球动力学, 2025 , 45 (12) : 1226 -1233 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.1.549
Zhenyu WU, Bao SHU, Li WANG, Lihong FAN, Qin ZHANG, Wei QU. Quality Evaluation of CNES Real-Time Orbit and Clock Products from the Fault and User Range Accuracy[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 2025 , 45 (12) : 1226 -1233 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.1.549
RT-PPP技术采用非差定位模式,其定位性能在很大程度上取决于实时轨道和钟差产品的精度与稳定性[1]。目前,针对国内外机构提供的实时轨道钟差产品,众多学者主要从精度与可用性方面进行了评估[2-5]。王伟等[6]评估了CNES实时产品精度,结果表明,不同系统轨道与钟差精度存在一定差异,多系统组合PPP性能优于GPS,收敛时间和定位精度都有明显提升。Pan等[7]初步评估了CLK93的BDS-2/BDS-3的全球定位性能,结果显示,静态PPP在E、N、U三个方向的定位精度分别为1.8 cm、1.2 cm、2.5 cm,收敛时间分别为32.9 min、23.7 min、32.8 min;动态PPP定位精度分别为6.7 cm、5.1 cm、10.4 cm,收敛时间分别为66.9 min、42.9 min、69.1 min。徐欣彤等[8]从数据完整率、钟差精度和轨道精度3个方面对CNES实时轨道钟差产品质量进行了评估,结果表明,4个系统的实时数据完整率均在97%以上。其中,GPS精度最高,轨道误差约为5 cm,钟差误差STD为0.13 ns;Galileo精度次之,轨道误差为7 cm,钟差误差STD为0.2 ns。
尽管CNES实时产品中各系统产品精度存在一些差异,但基本能够满足实时导航定位服务的需求。GNSS实时数据流容易出现不稳定情形,且参数估计过程中的质量控制难度较大,实时生成的轨道与钟差产品会不可避免地出现各类异常与故障[9]。一方面,当卫星发生轨道机动或者不适当的轨道建模,例如受地球非球形引力和各种摄动力的影响,卫星偏离其指定轨道,为了保持地球同步特性,卫星需要进行较为频繁的机动,机动期间可能会导致轨道产品精度下降[10]。另一方面,钟差产品的质量可能会受到测站数据的可用性和质量的影响,例如未被检测到的周跳或者GNSS参考站网实时观测数据流的波动会引发钟差产品的异常[11]。PPP技术对实时轨道、钟差产品的误差异常敏感,当精密服务产品发生异常或误差发散时会直接影响终端用户定位服务的性能[12]。目前已有部分文献对一些分析中心实时产品的完好性支持信息进行了评估[13-14],但针对产品故障的研究尚显不足。
综上所述,为了更准确地把握实时轨道与钟差产品的完好性,迫切需要通过长期历史数据对实时轨道、钟差产品的误差分布特性进行全面评估。鉴于CNES提供的实时轨道与钟差产品在精度、稳定性以及多系统兼容性方面表现优异,且广泛应用于科学研究和实际应用中,因此,选择CNES实时产品进行分析具有代表性。本文以事后精密产品为参考,以URE为评价指标,深入评估分析CNES GPS/Galileo/BDS实时轨道和钟差产品的故障率、故障类型及故障来源,并在此基础上,分析故障剔除后各GNSS系统精密产品的URA及其终端定位性能。
实时轨道产品误差和实时钟差产品误差具有较强相关性,单独评估时难以直观反映终端用户的定位性能,通常将轨道钟差等卫星端产品误差映射到卫星信号测距方向进行质量评估[15]。URE是评估卫星导航系统空间信号精度及服务性能的主要参数,位于卫星覆盖区内的每个用户拥有不同的视线(line-of-sight, LOS)矢量,因此有不同的瞬时用户测距误差(instantaneous user range error, IURE)。实际应用中,通常使用地球表面所有点IURE的平均值,即全球平均URE(the global average URE, UREavg)来描述该误差[16]:
$\mathrm{URE}_{\mathrm{avg}}=\sqrt{\left(w_{R} R-c T\right)^{2}+w_{A, C}^{2}\left(A^{2}+C^{2}\right)} $
式中,R、A、C分别为轨道径向、切向、法向误差;c为光速;wR、wA, C分别为轨道径向误差与切向/法向误差映射因子;T为卫星钟差误差。表 1按照不同卫星类型给出对应的wR、$w_{A, C}^2$。
式(1)中的轨道误差可直接由实时精密轨道与最终精密轨道之差得到。对于钟差误差而言,不同机构的时间基准不一致,在卫星钟差误差的计算中需要扣除两者的基准差异[18]。由于该项差异对同一历元、同一系统的所有卫星造成的系统偏差相同,本文在计算钟差基准误差时,采用平均钟差的方法扣除钟差误差基准。为避免因个别卫星的钟差粗差对整体钟差误差的计算产生影响,在每个历元计算所有卫星的钟差误差,采用中位数法进行粗差探测[19],将探测出来的粗差卫星进行标记,选取不含粗差的卫星钟差计算钟差误差基准,再依次将钟差基准从每颗卫星的钟差误差中扣除。需要注意的是,此时的钟差误差仍然包含初始时钟误差[20],由于实时产品的初始时钟误差在定位中会被相位模糊度所吸收,不影响定位精度,但是该基准可能会随时间发生变化,容易被识别为钟差异常,为此,本文通过提取消除基准后的钟差误差的平均值进行补偿。钟差误差计算的具体流程为:
$\Delta \mathrm{d} t(t)=\sum\limits_{s=1}^{n}\left[\mathrm{~d} t_{\mathrm{rt}}^{s}(t)-\mathrm{d} t_{\text {post }}^{s}(t)\right]$
$\hat{o}_{\mathrm{clk}}^{s}(t)=\left[\mathrm{d} t_{\mathrm{rt}}^{s}(t)-\mathrm{d} t_{\text {post }}^{s}(t)\right]-\Delta \mathrm{d} t(t)$
$T=\hat{o}_{\mathrm{clk}}^{s}(t)-\bar{\varDelta}^{s} $
式中,$\Delta \mathrm{d} t(t)$ 为基准偏差,为$t$ 时刻对所有卫星钟差一次差的均值;上标$s$ 为卫星序号;下标rt和post分别为实时和事后轨道钟差产品;$\hat{o}_{\mathrm{clk}}(t)$ 为$t$ 时刻去除基准偏差后的卫星钟差;$\bar{\varDelta}^{s}$ 为$s$ 卫星的初始时钟偏差;$T$ 为去除基准偏差和初始时钟误差后最终的钟差误差;$n$ 为当前时刻对应卫星系统的卫星数量。
URA作为轨道和钟差的综合质量评价指标,是对URE在无异常影响情况下的统计描述,在建立随机观测模型和完好性方面起着至关重要的作用[21],URA可以近似地看作是URE经验累积分布在68%置信水平下的界限值[22]。
为了分析产品故障率与故障类型,有必要给出故障定义。在生命安全相关应用中,需考虑最坏的情况,因此本次研究中以UREworst(worst user range error)为指标进行故障探测[23]。UREworst表示空间信号在特定时间投影到地球表面的最大卫星轨道和时钟误差,其计算公式如下[24]:
$\begin{gather*}\mathrm{URE}_{\mathrm{worst}}= \\\max\limits _{|\theta|<\theta_{\max }}\left(R \cos \theta-T+\sqrt{A^{2}+C^{2}} \sin \theta\right)\end{gather*}$
式中,R、A、C、T与式(1)含义一致;max(x)为取x绝对值的最大值;θ为半张角,θmax为最大半张角,与卫星的轨道高度有关。表 2按照不同卫星类型的轨道高度给出对应的最大半张角。
在假设误差分布遵循标准正态分布的情况下,通常将故障探测的阈值设定为误差标准差的4.42倍。鉴于实际误差分布往往偏离理想状态,为了更保守地评估实际情况,根据Xiao等[14]的研究,以5.5倍UREworst的STD作为对UREavg故障探测的阈值(对应的故障率为10-7),即:
$\text { Threshold }=5.5 \times \mathrm{STD}$
需要注意的是,在计算标准差之前,应该剔除明显超限(大于2 m)的粗差,否则对STD值的影响较大[25]。
卫星和星座故障率是终端进行完好性监测的重要支持信息。Walter等[26]给出卫星和星座故障率的计算方法,公式如下:
$P_{\mathrm{sat}}=P_{\mathrm{const}}=\frac{N_{F}+0.5}{E} \times \mathrm{MTTN}$
式中,E为总评估时间;NF为评估时间段内的故障数目;MTTN是故障平均持续时间。星座故障是指2颗或多颗卫星由于同一原因同时发生故障,其概率计算公式与Psat相同。本文将分别使用Psat和Pconst的定义来计算各系统的卫星故障率与星座故障率。
为了对产品异常类型进行进一步的分析,按照URE变化的速率特性将异常类型分为3类故障:突变故障、阶跃故障与斜坡故障。如图 1(a)所示,突变故障指卫星的URE从某一历元开始精度突然降低,超出了异常检测门限,但短时间内迅速回归正常;如图 1(b)所示,斜坡故障表现为随着时间的推移,卫星的URE从某一历元开始精度逐渐下降,直至超出了异常检测门限,该变化呈现出斜坡状;如图 1(c)所示,阶跃故障表现为当前历元下卫星的URE精度突然降低到某个级别,并在一段时间内持续超出异常检测门限。
URE异常主要受轨道误差和钟差误差影响,由于钟差产品和轨道产品强相关,因此当轨道产品产生异常之后,钟差产品通常也会发生异常。按照异常来源将故障分为两类:仅卫星钟差异常引起的故障、卫星轨道与钟差异常共同引起的故障。仅考虑轨道或钟差影响的URE计算公式如下:
$\mathrm{URE}_{\mathrm{orb}}=\sqrt{\left(w_{R} R-c T\right)^{2}+w_{A, C}^{2}\left(A^{2}+C^{2}\right)} $
$\mathrm{URE}_{\mathrm{clk}}=|c T| $
式中,各符号的含义与式(1)一致。图 2给出了这2种不同异常来源引起的故障示意图,从上到下依次代表UREavg、UREorb与UREclk。图 2(a)代表由钟差异常与轨道异常共同引起的斜坡故障,可以看出,轨道误差与钟差误差均呈现出同步增大的趋势,这种同步增长导致UREavg逐渐累积并最终超过了阈值。图 2(b)代表由钟差异常单独引起的突变故障,可以看出,钟差误差的幅度远远超过了轨道误差对UREavg的贡献。这意味着,尽管轨道误差仍然存在,但其对UREavg的影响相对较小,几乎可以忽略不计。
为了评估CNES实时轨道钟差产品的完好性,收集2023-01-01—2024-01-01的GPS/BDS/Galileo系统精密轨道和钟差数据进行研究与分析,同时收集同时段GFZ提供的GBM事后精密轨道与钟差产品作为参考真值。为便于比较,在计算URE时确保2种精密轨道产品的轨道坐标参考点一致(均为质心COM)。GBM精密星历提供的轨道采样间隔为5 min,钟差采样间隔为30 s,而CNES实时星历提供的轨道采样间隔与钟差采样间隔分别为30 s与5 s,为了避免因内插算法引起的轨道和钟差精度损失,将CNES精密产品时间间隔和GBM对齐。此外,由于BDS的GEO卫星轨道精度远低于其他卫星,因此评估时BDS只考虑MEO和IGSO卫星。在计算卫星轨道误差和卫星钟差之前,需要检查并剔除实时星历与事后星历文件中记录的异常数据。为了分析产品故障对终端定位性能的影响,收集全球均匀分布(图 3)的12个MGEX测站的观测数据对卫星故障处理前后的定位效果进行分析,所有接收机均可接收GPS、Galileo和BDS的双频信号,数据采样间隔为30 s。
为了简单展示UREworst的分布特性,绘制4颗不同系统的卫星在±1 m内的分布(图 4)。可以看出,各系统的UREworst的分布具有双峰性,与零均值高斯分布有很大的不同。因此可以利用式(7)计算各导航系统卫星与星座故障率(表 3)。
对于GPS与Galileo,得益于高精度的实时轨道、钟差产品,两者的星座故障率均为10-4量级;相比于GPS和Galileo,BDS-2和BDS-3的星座故障率明显较高,为10-3量级。这表明,尽管BDS在近年来取得了显著进步,但其在全球测站的分布上可能尚未达到GPS和Galileo的完善程度,不均匀的全球分布可能会影响定轨与钟差估计的可靠性,从而增加卫星故障的风险。各系统的卫星故障率均为10-3量级,与星座故障先验相似,GPS卫星故障率最小,Galileo次之;BDS-3的故障率远小于BDS-2。
表 4分别给出不同故障类型与不同故障来源在各卫星系统中的占比。尽管各个卫星系统在故障类型上存在明显的差异,但是各系统中突变故障所占比例都是最小的,在2%以下;GPS与BDS-3阶跃型和斜坡型故障占比相对均衡,均在50%上下;Galileo系统以斜坡型故障(89.9%)为主,阶跃型故障占比较低;BDS-2表现出极高的阶跃型故障比例(75.7%),而斜坡型故障相对较少,这可能与其特定的系统架构或运行阶段有关。GPS、Galileo、BDS-2和BDS-3中,由钟差引起的故障占比分别为65.4%、94.0%、90.8%和77.4%,显示出钟差是影响URE性能的最主要的因素。
图 5给出了各系统卫星UREavg在剔除异常值后的经验累积分布函数(empirical cumulative distribution function, ECDF),图中红色虚线代表卫星的URA值。可以看出,GPS、Galileo与BDS-3卫星的URE在分布上具有较高的集中性,在同一百分比下,各系统最差卫星的值与最好卫星的值相差在10 cm以内;BDS-2卫星URE的分布较为零散,不同卫星的分布特性具有显著的差异。GPS卫星的URA具有最高的精度,能达到0.02 m;Galileo次之,可以达到0.03 m;BDS-3卫星可达0.05 m;由于BDS-2不同卫星URE的分布较为零散,难以用一个统一的数值来全面描述,因此在表 5中列出了不同卫星的URA值。
为进一步测试CNES实时轨道、钟差产品在有无异常检测情况下的性能,使用CNES实时轨道、钟差产品进行动态PPP测试。实时产品预处理流程为:基于计算的URE阈值对实时轨道与钟差产品进行异常探测,当某颗卫星的URE超出阈值时,标记该卫星在对应时间段内的钟差与轨道产品的质量标识符为不可用状态。
以2023-11-06 CNES实时轨道钟差数据为例,如图 6所示,G15卫星在12:00—24:00存在一段明显的斜坡故障。
对图 3所示的12个测站分别进行PPP,图 7为MAS1测站在故障卫星剔除前后的时间序列图。可以看到,当G15卫星在12:00后发生斜坡故障时,测站的定位误差逐渐增大,在U方向上甚至达到m级;而对实时产品进行预处理后,终端可根据产品质量剔除故障卫星,从而有效保障定位结果的精度。
图 8展示了各测站在有无进行预处理情况下E、N、U方向上的定位精度。其中,深色部分代表在没有预处理情况下的定位精度,浅色部分代表预处理后的定位精度。结果表明,采用进行预处理后的实时产品,各测站均可达到水平5 cm、高程10 cm以内的定位精度。不同测站定位精度的提升率介于12%~80%之间,提升幅度主要取决于测站对异常卫星观测时间的长度。测站对故障卫星的观测时间越长,采用预处理后的实时产品进行定位所能获得的改善效果越显著。
1) GPS与Galileo系统的星座先验故障率最小,均为10-4量级。各系统的卫星故障率均为10-3量级,GPS最小,Galileo次之;BDS-2和BDS-3的故障率差异较为明显,BDS-3的卫星故障率远小于BDS-2。
2) 就故障类型及来源而言,各卫星系统故障类型分布各异,但突变故障均占比极低,GPS与BDS-3系统阶跃和斜坡型故障相对均衡,Galileo系统以斜坡型故障为主,BDS-2系统阶跃型故障显著;所有系统中钟差均为主要故障来源,占比均超过65%。
3) 对不同系统的URA精度进行评价,并分析剔除故障卫星对PPP定位性能的影响。结果显示,GPS、Galileo与BDS-3卫星的URA精度分别能达到0.02 m、0.03 m与0.05 m,而不同的BDS-2卫星的URA存在显著差异。12个全球均匀分布的MGEX测站定位结果表明,对实时产品进行预处理后,PPP定位性能得到有效保障,各测站的定位精度提升率介于12%~80%之间,不同的改善程度主要和测站对异常卫星的观测时长有关。
  • 国家自然科学基金(12203060)
  • 国家自然科学基金(42127802)
  • 陕西省杰出青年科学基金(2022JC-18)
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费专项(30010226320)
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费专项(300102263201)
  • 中国科学院青年创新促进会人才项目(2023426)
  • 陕西省科技创新团队项目(2021TD-51)
  • 陕西省地学大数据与地质灾害防控三秦学者创新团队项目(2022)
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2025年第45卷第12期
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doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.1.549
  • 接收时间:2024-12-02
  • 首发时间:2026-10-29
  • 出版时间:2025-12-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-02
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(12203060)
国家自然科学基金(12203060)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(42127802)
国家自然科学基金(42127802)
Shaanxi Outstanding Youth Science Foundation(2022JC-18)
陕西省杰出青年科学基金(2022JC-18)
Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(30010226320)
中央高校基本科研业务费专项(30010226320)
Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(300102263201)
中央高校基本科研业务费专项(300102263201)
Youth Innovation Promotion Association, CAS(2023426)
中国科学院青年创新促进会人才项目(2023426)
Shaanxi Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Team Project(2021TD-51)
陕西省科技创新团队项目(2021TD-51)
Shaanxi Provincial Tri-Qin Scholars with Geoscience Big Data and Geohazard Prevention(2022)
陕西省地学大数据与地质灾害防控三秦学者创新团队项目(2022)
作者信息
    1 长安大学地质工程与测绘学院, 西安市雁塔路126号, 710054
    2 地理信息工程国家重点实验室, 西安市雁塔路中段1号, 710054
    3 西部矿产资源与地质工程教育部重点实验室, 西安市雁塔路126号, 710054
    4 中国科学院国家授时中心, 西安市书院路3号, 710600

通讯作者:

舒宝,博士,副教授,主要从事GNSS高精度定位研究,E-mail:

SHU Bao, PhD, associate professor, majors in GNSS high precision positioning, E-mail:

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小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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