Article(id=1322506293030535499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, issueId=1322506263716541212, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14075/j.jgg.2024.09.425, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1725552000000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-06, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793239671237, onlineDateStr=2026-10-29, pubDate=1757865600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793239671237, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793239671237, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793239671237, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322506263716541212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, year='2025', volume='45', issue='9', pageStart='881', pageEnd='990', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1757865600000', pubDateStr='2025-09-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793239664248, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793239664248, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=954, endPage=963, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322506293215084876, articleId=1322506293030535499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=EN, title=Elimination Method of Power Frequency Interference of Micro-Seismic Wave Based on STD-RLS Adaptive Algorithm, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

An adaptive method for removing power frequency interference is proposed by combining seasonal trend dispersion(STD) decomposition with recursive least squares(RLS). This method utilizes STD decomposition to extract the seasonal component containing power frequency interference from microseismic waves, which serves as the reference signal for RLS, and dynamically updates the algorithm coefficients to make the calculated signal approach the power frequency interference signal. Simulation experiments were designed by superimposing 1 set of microseismic waves without power frequency interference with 3 different types of power frequency interference. The finite impulse response(FIR) filtering, wavelet threshold(WT) filtering, and the method presented in this paper were used for processing. The results indicate that the method in this paper can effectively remove power frequency interference while fully preserving the key time-frequency characteristics of microseismic waves. Furthermore, the application of this method to the microseismic monitoring data processing of Taoyuan coal mine has verified its feasibility and reliability in engineering applications.

, authors=Baolin LIU1, Mingwei ZHANG1, 2, *, Guotao YUAN2, Zhuangcai TIAN1, 2, authorsList=Baolin LIU, Mingwei ZHANG, Guotao YUAN, Zhuangcai TIAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Mingwei ZHANG, authorNote=

LIU Baolin, postgraduate, majors in microseismic monitoring and data analysis, E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322506296813797729, articleId=1322506293030535499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=CN, title=基于STD-RLS自适应算法的微震波工频干扰消除方法研究, columnId=1322506256904994864, journalTitle=大地测量与地球动力学, columnName=观测技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

提出一种结合时间序列季节趋势离散(seasonal trend dispersion, STD)分解和递推最小二乘(recursive least squares, RLS)法的自适应去除工频干扰方法。该方法利用STD分解提取含工频干扰微震波的季节项,作为RLS的参考信号,并动态更新算法系数,使计算信号接近工频干扰信号。设计仿真实验,将1组无工频干扰的微震波与3种不同类型工频干扰叠加,分别使用有限冲击响应(finite impulse response, FIR)滤波、小波阈值(wavelet threshold, WT)滤波和本文方法进行处理。结果表明,本文方法能有效去除工频干扰,同时完整保留微震波的关键时频特征。此外,将本文方法应用于桃园煤矿微震监测数据处理,验证了其工程应用的可行性与可靠性。

, authors=刘宝霖1, 张明伟1, 2, *, 袁国涛2, 田壮才1, 2, authorsList=刘宝霖, 张明伟, 袁国涛, 田壮才, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张明伟, authorNote=

刘宝霖,硕士生,主要研究方向为微震监测与数据解析,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=

张明伟,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为微震(声发射)监测与数据解析、工程地球物理效应探测解析等,E-mail:

ZHANG Mingwei, PhD, associate professor, majors in microseismic(acoustic emission) monitoring and data analysis, engineering geophysical effect detection and analysis, E-mail:

, copyrightStatement=版权所有,未经授权,不得转载。, copyrightOwner=大地测量与地球动力学编辑部, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=zyWyQE9sULZ2SmdEAYWkuA==, magXml=+UcA5HF+HWPW4iKsKA7zSw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=AW0ETk1CLd9M2VMOPbRxXQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=nuc7u0zoid8gdZRtjCekIA==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1322506297275171177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506293030535499, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=baolinliu@cumt.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1322506297367445867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506293030535499, authorId=1322506297275171177, language=EN, stringName=Baolin LIU, firstName=Baolin, middleName=null, lastName=LIU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1 School of Mechanics and Civil Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, 1 Daxue Road, Xuzhou 221116, China, bio={"content":"

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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322506302220255642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506293030535499, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Comparison of microseismic signal before and after depower frequency interference, figureFileSmall=29dOreBj2CrnQNuVJjUqyw==, figureFileBig=8a1Xn0viDo0NLj9v+auSbQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322506303881200027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506293030535499, language=CN, label=图10, caption=微震波去工频干扰前后对比, figureFileSmall=29dOreBj2CrnQNuVJjUqyw==, figureFileBig=8a1Xn0viDo0NLj9v+auSbQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322506303973474716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506293030535499, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Specific parameters of three kinds of power frequency interference signals

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信号编号 子波类型 周期(采样点数) 子波数量 子波频率/Hz 子波幅值/mV 相位(采样点数)
F-01 正弦波 200 1 50 0.300 20
F-02 正弦波 200 2 50 0.300 20
150 0.100 10
F-03 正弦波 200 9 50 0.300 20
100 0.020 0
150 0.100 10
250 0.060 0
350 0.050 0
450 0.045 0
550 0.040 0
750 0.030 0
950 0.020 0
), ArticleFig(id=1322506304057360797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506293030535499, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

3种工频干扰信号的具体参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
信号编号 子波类型 周期(采样点数) 子波数量 子波频率/Hz 子波幅值/mV 相位(采样点数)
F-01 正弦波 200 1 50 0.300 20
F-02 正弦波 200 2 50 0.300 20
150 0.100 10
F-03 正弦波 200 9 50 0.300 20
100 0.020 0
150 0.100 10
250 0.060 0
350 0.050 0
450 0.045 0
550 0.040 0
750 0.030 0
950 0.020 0
), ArticleFig(id=1322506304145441182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506293030535499, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Various indexes of synthetic signal after depower frequency interference

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方法 合成信号 SNR/dB RMSE/% ESN/% 执行时间/ms
FIR F-01 11.362 9 4.39 97.59 71.25
F-02 9.251 0 5.60 85.69 74.04
F-03 6.806 3 7.42 58.67 79.96
WT F-01 7.862 2 6.57 70.99 74.59
F-02 5.293 3 8.33 44.35 75.56
F-03 3.910 4 10.36 28.90 77.17
STD-RLS F-01 24.286 3 0.99 99.88 62.93
F-02 24.974 6 0.92 99.96 63.80
F-03 24.702 1 0.95 99.99 67.43
), ArticleFig(id=1322506304279658911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506293030535499, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

合成信号去工频干扰后的各项指标

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方法 合成信号 SNR/dB RMSE/% ESN/% 执行时间/ms
FIR F-01 11.362 9 4.39 97.59 71.25
F-02 9.251 0 5.60 85.69 74.04
F-03 6.806 3 7.42 58.67 79.96
WT F-01 7.862 2 6.57 70.99 74.59
F-02 5.293 3 8.33 44.35 75.56
F-03 3.910 4 10.36 28.90 77.17
STD-RLS F-01 24.286 3 0.99 99.88 62.93
F-02 24.974 6 0.92 99.96 63.80
F-03 24.702 1 0.95 99.99 67.43
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基于STD-RLS自适应算法的微震波工频干扰消除方法研究
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刘宝霖 1 , 张明伟 1, 2, * , 袁国涛 2 , 田壮才 1, 2
大地测量与地球动力学 | 观测技术 2025,45(9): 954-963
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大地测量与地球动力学 |观测技术 2025 , 45 (9) : 954 -963
基于STD-RLS自适应算法的微震波工频干扰消除方法研究
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刘宝霖1 , 张明伟1, 2, * , 袁国涛2, 田壮才1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 中国矿业大学力学与土木工程学院,江苏省徐州市大学路1号,221116
  • 2 中国矿业大学深部岩土力学与地下工程国家重点实验室,江苏省徐州市大学路1号,221116
通讯作者:

张明伟,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为微震(声发射)监测与数据解析、工程地球物理效应探测解析等,E-mail:

ZHANG Mingwei, PhD, associate professor, majors in microseismic(acoustic emission) monitoring and data analysis, engineering geophysical effect detection and analysis, E-mail:

作者简介:

刘宝霖,硕士生,主要研究方向为微震监测与数据解析,E-mail:

Elimination Method of Power Frequency Interference of Micro-Seismic Wave Based on STD-RLS Adaptive Algorithm
Baolin LIU1 , Mingwei ZHANG1, 2, * , Guotao YUAN2, Zhuangcai TIAN1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Mechanics and Civil Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, 1 Daxue Road, Xuzhou 221116, China
  • 2 State Key Laboratory of Deep Geotechnical Mechanics and Underground Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, 1 Daxue Road, Xuzhou 221116, China
  • LIU Baolin, postgraduate, majors in microseismic monitoring and data analysis, E-mail:

出版时间: 2025-09-15 doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.09.425
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提出一种结合时间序列季节趋势离散(seasonal trend dispersion, STD)分解和递推最小二乘(recursive least squares, RLS)法的自适应去除工频干扰方法。该方法利用STD分解提取含工频干扰微震波的季节项,作为RLS的参考信号,并动态更新算法系数,使计算信号接近工频干扰信号。设计仿真实验,将1组无工频干扰的微震波与3种不同类型工频干扰叠加,分别使用有限冲击响应(finite impulse response, FIR)滤波、小波阈值(wavelet threshold, WT)滤波和本文方法进行处理。结果表明,本文方法能有效去除工频干扰,同时完整保留微震波的关键时频特征。此外,将本文方法应用于桃园煤矿微震监测数据处理,验证了其工程应用的可行性与可靠性。

微震波  /  工频干扰  /  季节趋势离散分解  /  递推最小二乘法  /  自适应算法

An adaptive method for removing power frequency interference is proposed by combining seasonal trend dispersion(STD) decomposition with recursive least squares(RLS). This method utilizes STD decomposition to extract the seasonal component containing power frequency interference from microseismic waves, which serves as the reference signal for RLS, and dynamically updates the algorithm coefficients to make the calculated signal approach the power frequency interference signal. Simulation experiments were designed by superimposing 1 set of microseismic waves without power frequency interference with 3 different types of power frequency interference. The finite impulse response(FIR) filtering, wavelet threshold(WT) filtering, and the method presented in this paper were used for processing. The results indicate that the method in this paper can effectively remove power frequency interference while fully preserving the key time-frequency characteristics of microseismic waves. Furthermore, the application of this method to the microseismic monitoring data processing of Taoyuan coal mine has verified its feasibility and reliability in engineering applications.

microseismic wave  /  power frequency interference  /  seasonal trend discrete decomposition  /  recursive least squares method  /  adaptive algorithm
刘宝霖, 张明伟, 袁国涛, 田壮才. 基于STD-RLS自适应算法的微震波工频干扰消除方法研究. 大地测量与地球动力学, 2025 , 45 (9) : 954 -963 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.09.425
Baolin LIU, Mingwei ZHANG, Guotao YUAN, Zhuangcai TIAN. Elimination Method of Power Frequency Interference of Micro-Seismic Wave Based on STD-RLS Adaptive Algorithm[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 2025 , 45 (9) : 954 -963 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.09.425
不同震源产生的微震信号在时频特征上存在差异[1],通过对采集到的微震波进行深度解析,可以反演监测对象的内部损伤机制,从而对煤岩体的动力灾害和破裂趋势进行预警[1],这对于矿山灾害防控具有重要意义。
微震信号是震源反演的基础,在实际工程中,通过拾取微震波的初至,可以确定震源的发震时刻和位置[2];评估震源破裂强度时,需要结合微震波的主频[3]和最大振幅[1];求解震源机制时,通常利用微震波的初动方向和振幅信息[4]。微震监测仪器采集到的信号通常混有多种震源,如人为噪音、机械信号、工频干扰和煤岩破裂的微震波,导致部分微震信号被掩盖[5],其中工频干扰尤为显著,可能造成虚警和漏报,影响预警的准确性[6]。目前,微震监测系统的传感器通常布置在两巷内[7],但由于两巷内设备众多,50 Hz的交流电会以电磁波形式辐射出倍频噪声,产生工频干扰[8]。这种干扰不仅在矿山震动信号中存在,还影响物探、脑电波采集等其他测量系统[9]。抑制工频干扰的方法较多,主要包括时域滤波、频域滤波和时频分析3类[10]。其中,时域滤波方法包括独立分量分析(ICA)[11]等。ICA通过单独测量或构造工频干扰作为参考信号以实现干扰分离。频域滤波方法涵盖FIR滤波器和IIR滤波器[12],其中FIR与IIR在工频干扰去除上效果良好,但它们存在一个共性问题:为了减少信号失真,频带的设置较窄,导致当干扰频率有偏差时,滤波失效;同时,长瞬态时间也是一个限制[13]。时频滤波中,常用的小波滤波具有良好的时频局部化特性,但由于工频干扰常位于微震波的低频段,小波滤波的频窗较宽,可能会同时滤除工频及其附近的有效信号,导致过滤或欠滤现象[14]。
综上所述,虽然现有方法在去除工频干扰方面取得了一定进展,但仍会导致微震波细节特征丢失,影响时频特性。因此,开发一种既能去除工频干扰又能保持时频特征的方法至关重要。为此,本文提出一种基于季节性趋势(STD)分解和递归最小二乘(RLS)法的自适应去工频算法。通过合成和实际微震波的测试,并与有限冲击响应(FIR)滤波、小波阈值(WT)滤波等方法进行对比,定性分析去除工频干扰对微震波时频特征的影响;采用信噪比、均方根误差和能量百分比等指标定量评估降噪效果。结果验证了该方法的有效性和优势,并成功应用于桃园煤矿的微震监测系统。
以安徽宿州桃园煤矿II1011工作面底板微震监测工程为基础,结合该矿的地质条件和工作需求,在该工作面布设微震监测系统。由于两巷内设备和电线较多,电器设备或输电线运行时,会产生50 Hz的电磁波倍频噪声,导致工频干扰在微震波信号中尤为突出。从监测系统获取的微震波数据中,选取1组不含干扰的纯净微震波,如图 1所示。该微震信号具有突发性,波形表现为振幅突然增大,突增点即为初至点,振幅持续一段时间后消失,标志着微震事件的结束,波形最终趋于平稳。频谱图显示,微震波的频率主要集中在0~600 Hz范围内。另选取3组仅含工频干扰的微震波,其波形和频谱图如图 2(a)所示。波形在初始阶段出现周期性振荡,掩盖了初至点,即使微震事件结束,波形仍持续表现为周期性振荡,频谱图显示其主频为50 Hz。
将含有工频干扰的微震波中的纯工频段截取出来,进行傅里叶变换后得到的波形图和频谱图如图 2(b)所示。工频干扰具有时变性,通常在50 Hz基频处干扰最为显著,但在基频的谐波频率处,尤其是前几个奇数次谐波频率处,也存在较强的干扰[15]。根据谐波干扰的数量和强度,可将工频干扰分为3类。第1类仅包含50 Hz基频干扰,几乎没有谐波干扰,或仅含一个幅值极小的谐波,且对微震波的影响可忽略不计,波形如图 2(b)中的信号1,整体平滑,接近正弦波。第2类除50 Hz基频外,还含有少量谐波干扰,通常是1个或2个较强的谐波,波形如图 2(b)中的信号2,呈现三角形尖峰状。第3类除50 Hz基频外,还包含多个较强的谐波干扰,且这些谐波均匀分布在整个频域内,幅值随频率增加逐渐减小,波形较为复杂,如图 2(b)中的信号3。
周期性分解是研究具有周期变化特性的时间序列的重要方法,其通过时域到频域的变换,分离出特定频率的分量信号,实质上是一种特殊的时频域分析方法。目前,常用的周期分解算法有STL分解法[16]和STD分解法[17]。STL分解法采用鲁棒的局部加权回归进行平滑,生成稳健的周期项,但计算复杂,在处理微震信号时,优势不明显。STD分解法基于时间序列方差,原理简单、效率高,能够有效识别微震信号中的周期性成分。
STD分解法有2种分解方式:含无规则成分和不含无规则成分[17]。在对微震信号进行时间序列分解时,本文采用带有不规则组件的STD分解方法。基于周期性假设,假定时间序列具有固定的周期,并将时间序列按照加法模型分解为趋势项、季节项、离散项和不规则余项4个部分:
$\boldsymbol{X}(t)=\boldsymbol{T}(t)+\boldsymbol{S}(t) \times \boldsymbol{D}(t)+\boldsymbol{R}(t) $
式中,X(t)为时间序列观测值;T(t)为时间序列的趋势项;S(t)为时间序列的季节项、D(t)为时间序列的离散项,两者共同反映时间序列里面含有的周期性成分;R(t)为时间序列的余项。
图 3给出STD分解法的具体流程。以含工频干扰的微震信号为例,假设微震波的长度为N个采样点,所含工频干扰信号的1个周期内的采样点数为n,其中信号的长度N为n的整数倍。算法的实现步骤如下:
1) 将含工频干扰的微震时间序列X(t)划分为K个季节序列,其中K=N/n,时间序列X(t)可以写为:
$\boldsymbol{X}(t)=\left\{\left\{x_{1, j}\right\}_{j=1}^{n}, \cdots, \left\{x_{i, j}\right\}_{j=1}^{n}, \cdots, \left\{x_{1, j}\right\}_{j=1}^{n}\right\}$
式中,i=1, 2, …, K为季节周期的次数索引;j=1, 2, …, n为给定季节周期内的采样点索引;时间序列的全局索引t=n(i-1)+j。
2) 计算每个季节序列的均值与标准差。
第i个季节序列的平均值定义为:
$\bar{x}_{i}=\frac{1}{n} \sum\limits_{j=1}^{n} x_{i, j}$
第i个季节序列的标准差的定义为:
$\tilde{x}_{i}=\sqrt{\sum\limits_{j=1}^{n}\left(x_{i, j}-\bar{x}_{i}\right)^{2}} $
3) 计算时间序列的趋势项T(t)与离散项D(t)。T(t)定义为季节性序列的平均值:
$\boldsymbol{T}(t)=\left\{\left\{\bar{x}_{i}, \cdots, \bar{x}_{i}\right\}_{j=1}^{n}\right\}_{i=1}^{K}$
D(t)定义为季节性序列的标准差:
$\boldsymbol{D}(t)=\left\{\left\{\widetilde{x}_{i}, \cdots, \widetilde{x}_{i}\right\}_{j=1}^{n}\right\}_{i=1}^{K}$
4) 引入一个中间变量W(t):
$\boldsymbol{W}(t)=\frac{\boldsymbol{X}(t)-\boldsymbol{T}(t)}{\boldsymbol{D}(t)} $
按照步骤1)将W(t)划分为K个子序列,得到 W(t)={{W1, j}j=1n, …, {Wi, j}j=1n, …, {WK, j}j=1n},用于求解时间序列中的季节项。
5) 求解时间序列中的季节项S(t)。季节项使用平均季节性模式{ j}j=1n来定义,其表达式为:
$\boldsymbol{S}(t)=\left\{\left\{\bar{S}_{j}\right\}_{j=1}^{n}, \cdots, \left\{\bar{S}_{j}\right\}_{j=1}^{n}\right\}_{i=1}^{K} $
$\bar{S}_{j}=\frac{1}{K} \sum\limits_{i=1}^{K} W_{i, j}$
自适应滤波器根据输入信号和参考噪声的统计特性自动调整参数,以实现最佳滤波性能[18]。其通过学习参考噪声特性,实时调整参数以去除噪声。常用的自适应滤波算法包括最小均方(LMS)[19]和递归最小二乘(RLS)[18]。由于RLS算法收敛速度快且无特征值扩散问题,本研究采用该算法设计滤波器。图 4为RLS自适应滤波器结构,图中d(k)为主输入信号,即有效信号和噪声信号之和;s(k)为参考信号,代表与真实噪声相关的干扰信号;y(k)为s(k)经过自适应算法后的估计噪声信号;输出的误差信号e(k)为有效信号x(k)的最佳估计。
RLS算法从给定的初始条件出发,通过应用新的数据计算多次迭代权向量的最新估计。RLS算法使用误差平方和的指数加权因子作为代价函数,其表达式为[20]:
$\begin{gather*}\boldsymbol{J}(k)=\sum\limits_{i=0}^{k} \lambda^{k-i}|\boldsymbol{e}(i)|^{2}= \\\sum\limits_{i=0}^{k} \lambda^{k-i}\left|\boldsymbol{d}(i)-\boldsymbol{w}^{\mathrm{T}}(k) \boldsymbol{s}(i)\right|^{2} \end{gather*}$
式中,J(k)为代价函数;λ为遗忘因子,0 < λ≤1,随着迭代次数的增加之前的数据将被逐渐遗忘;w(k)为迭代权重向量;i=0, 1, …, k代表信号序列长度。为使代价函数J(k)取值最小,需对权重向量w(k)求导:
$\frac{\partial \boldsymbol{J}(k)}{\partial \boldsymbol{w}(k)}=0$
通过式(10)和(11)计算优化后的w(k):
$\boldsymbol{\omega}_{\mathrm{opt}}(k)=\boldsymbol{R}^{-1}(k) * \boldsymbol{x}(k) $
式中,$\boldsymbol{R}(k)=\sum\limits_{i=0}^{k} \lambda^{k-i} \boldsymbol{s}(i) \boldsymbol{s}^{\mathrm{T}}(i) ; \boldsymbol{x}(k)=\sum\limits_{i=0}^{k} \lambda^{k-i} \times \boldsymbol{s}(i) \boldsymbol{d}(i)$。权重向量$\boldsymbol{w}(k)$经过$M$次迭代更新,具体过程描述如下[18, 21]:
$\boldsymbol{g}(k)=\frac{\boldsymbol{p}(k-1) \boldsymbol{s}(k)}{\lambda+\boldsymbol{s}^{\mathrm{T}}(k) \boldsymbol{p}(k-1) \boldsymbol{s}(k)}$
$\boldsymbol{y}(k)=\boldsymbol{w}^{\mathrm{T}}(k-1) \boldsymbol{s}(k) $
$\boldsymbol{e}(k)=\boldsymbol{d}(k)-\boldsymbol{y}(k)$
$\boldsymbol{w}(k)=\boldsymbol{w}(k-1)+\boldsymbol{g}(k) \boldsymbol{e}(k) $
$\boldsymbol{p}(k)=\frac{1}{\lambda}\left[\boldsymbol{p}(k-1)-\boldsymbol{g}(k) \boldsymbol{s}^{\mathrm{T}}(k) \boldsymbol{p}(k-1)\right]$
在迭代过程中,需要初始化遗忘因子λ和迭代次数M(M≥1,反映0滤波器的阶数);k的取值从1到M。由式(16)可见,权重向量w(k)的迭代与增益向量g(k)及输出信号e(k)相关。其中,e(k)可以根据式(15)更新,g(k)可根据式(17)得到协方差矩阵p(k)后由式(13)计算得到。
将上述STD分解算法和RLS自适应算法结合,实现对含工频干扰的微震波高质量降噪,其联合方法简称STD-RLS降噪方法,流程如图 5所示,具体步骤如下:
1) 输入含工频干扰的微震信号X(t),并确定信号采样点数N,确定方法如前文所述。
2) 基于STD分解法获取微震信号的季节项S(t),如图 3所示。季节项与微震信号中的真实工频干扰相关。
3) 将含工频干扰的微震信号X(t)作为RLS算法当中的输入信号d(k);将季节项S(t)作为RLS算法当中的输入参考信号s(k)。
4) 选取合适的RLS算法参数(遗忘因子λ和滤波器阶数M),执行迭代过程,如图 4所示。
5) 输出误差信号e(k),即得到去工频干扰后的微震信号。
为验证本文方法去除工频干扰的效果,采用实测不含干扰的微震波信号,加入工频干扰后,通过MATLAB进行降噪实验。并将降噪结果与现有的一些表现优异的去工频干扰方法(包括有限冲激响应(FIR)滤波[21]和小波阈值(WT)滤波[22])进行对比分析。
选用的纯净微震信号的波形图和频谱图如图 1所示,信号的采样频率为1×104 Hz,信号长度(采样点数)为4 000。在纯净微震波中加入3种不同类型的工频干扰信号作为合成信号,编号分别为F-01、F-02和F-03,3种不同类型的工频干扰信号参数如表 1所示,合成信号的波形图和频谱图如图 6所示。
对上述3组合成信号依次进行FIR、WT和STD-RLS去工频干扰处理。为了对比3种方法的去工频干扰效果,先对处理后的信号进行定性分析,再进行定量分析。
在进行去工频干扰前,需要确定STD算法中的n。假设采样频率为Fs=104 Hz,工频基频为fs=50 Hz,则1个周期内的采样点数为n=Fs/fs=200。当工频干扰信号存在谐波成分时,考虑到谐波的频率均为50 Hz的整数倍,所以其谐波对应的n也为基频50 Hz对应的n。因此,可以直接采用基频对应的周期内的采样点数。
在使用RLS自适应滤波前,需要确定2个参数:遗忘因子λ(0<λ≤1)和滤波器阶数(M≥1)[23]。为了获得最佳滤波效果,需要优化这2个参数。本研究通过选取不同的M和λ值,分别对3组含工频干扰的信号进行降噪处理,并以降噪后微震信号的信噪比作为评价标准,最终选取信噪比最高的M和λ值作为最优参数。信噪比的定义见式(18)[24],处理结果如图 7所示。
$\operatorname{SNR}=10 \lg \left\{\frac{\sum\limits_{i=1}^{N} x^{2}(i)}{\sum\limits_{i=1}^{N}[x(i)-y(i)]^{2}}\right\}$
式中,x(i)为不含噪声的纯净微震信号序列;y(i)为降噪后的微震信号序列。
从图 7可以看出,3组合成信号在去除工频干扰后的信噪比表现出共同的特征。当λ保持不变时,随着M的增加,信号的信噪比逐渐减小;当M保持不变时,信噪比随着λ的增加而逐渐增大。当M、λ的取值同为1时,降噪后信号的信噪比达到最大值。
根据前述分析,使用STD-RLS算法去除工频干扰时,应设滤波器阶数为1,遗忘因子为1。图 8展示了3种降噪方法对3种合成信号去除工频干扰后的波形和频谱。从图 8中可知,3种方法均能有效滤除合成信号中的工频成分。FIR和WT方法在处理仅有单频干扰的信号时,波形和频谱与原始微震波较为一致。然而,随着谐波干扰的增加,滤波效果下降,波形和频谱与纯净微震波的吻合度显著降低,且FIR方法在信号前后端存在较长的瞬态响应。相比之下,STD-RLS方法在处理多谐波工频干扰时,去噪后的波形和频谱与纯净信号完全一致,显示出无损滤波的显著优势。
在微震信号分析中,通常需提取最大振幅、主频、初至时刻、初动方向和初动振幅等关键参数。从图 8可见,FIR和WT方法对最大振幅有衰减作用,且随着干扰谐波数量增加,衰减程度加重,但3种方法对主频无影响。相比之下,STD-RLS方法去除工频干扰后,最大振幅和主频保持不变。图 9显示了去除工频干扰后的波形局部细节。可以看出,FIR和WT方法改变了原始信号的初至时刻和初动振幅,可能影响震源参数分析;STD-RLS方法则保持了初至时刻、初动方向和振幅的稳定。综上,STD-RLS方法在保留微震波特征参数方面优于其他方法。
为了直观衡量不同方法的降噪效果,使用信噪比(SNR)、均方根误差(RMSE)和能量百分比(ESN)进行定量分析。表 2列出了合成信号去除工频干扰后的各项指标。可以看出,STD-RLS方法在所有定量指标上均优于其他方法。具体而言,信噪比提升至少13 dB,均方根误差小于1%,能量保持率超过99%。随着工频干扰中谐波成分的增加,FIR和WT方法的降噪性能明显下降,而STD-RLS方法保持了卓越的稳定性。
此外,STD-RLS方法在执行时间上优于FIR和WT。这是因为STD-RLS方法无需针对噪声频带特征进行额外分析,参数设置在不同幅值的谐波干扰下保持一致,而FIR和WT方法需要根据谐波频带特征调整参数,导致计算时间延长。综上所述,STD-RLS方法在去除工频干扰方面具有显著优势,有助于提高后续震源参数解析的准确性。
为了验证本文方法在实际工程应用中的可行性,选取桃园煤矿Ⅱ1011工作面的微震波进行研究。根据前期分析,在对微震监测系统采集到的微震波进行自适应滤波时,滤波器阶数与遗忘因子均设为1,周期采样点数设为200。基于此,对桃园煤矿实际监测的6个典型含工频干扰的微震波进行去工频干扰处理,处理前后的波形图和时频谱图如图 10所示。可以看出,经过本文方法处理后,工频干扰得到明显去除。波形图显示,该方法能够有效去除工频噪声,恢复出被工频噪声湮没的微震波。然而,信号中仍可能存在高频噪声,本文未对高频噪声的去除方法进行详细讨论,未来需要结合其他方法进一步处理。从时频分析图来看,去噪前的噪声具有宽带特性,且某些频率的噪声较为明显。经过STD-RLS方法处理后,工频噪声被有效去除,频率分布更加均匀,微震波的特征波形得到较好的保留。
综上所述,本文提出的方法能够显著去除工频干扰,成功提取微震波并有效保留其特征,具有良好的工程应用前景。
本研究提出一种结合季节趋势离散分解和递推最小二乘法去除工频干扰的方法STD-RLS,并与FIR和WT方法进行对比分析,主要结论如下:
1) 实际监测中采集的微震波工频干扰可分为3类:第1类仅包含50 Hz基频干扰或幅值极小的谐波干扰;第2类除50 Hz基频干扰,还包含少量强谐波;第3类包括多个较强谐波,且谐波在频域内均匀分布。
2) 在纯净微震信号的基础上合成3种类型的工频干扰信号,并对比3种降噪方法。结果表明,随着谐波数量的增加,FIR和WT方法的去噪效果明显下降,而STD-RLS方法不受谐波数量的影响,在保留微震波时频特征方面表现出显著优势。
3) 通过对实际监测数据的去工频分析,验证了STD-RLS方法在去除工频干扰时的有效性,证明其能够有效保留波形的真实性和微震波特征。在实际工程应用中,建议首先采用物理隔离措施,以减少工频干扰对微震信号的影响,从而进一步提升数据质量。
  • 淮北矿业集团打造原创技术策源地重点项目(淮矿计合字2024第217号)
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2025年第45卷第9期
28
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doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.09.425
  • 接收时间:2024-09-06
  • 首发时间:2026-10-29
  • 出版时间:2025-09-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-06
基金
Original Technology Source Key Projects of Huaibei Mining Group(淮矿计合字2024第217号)
淮北矿业集团打造原创技术策源地重点项目(淮矿计合字2024第217号)
作者信息
    1 中国矿业大学力学与土木工程学院,江苏省徐州市大学路1号,221116
    2 中国矿业大学深部岩土力学与地下工程国家重点实验室,江苏省徐州市大学路1号,221116

通讯作者:

张明伟,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为微震(声发射)监测与数据解析、工程地球物理效应探测解析等,E-mail:

ZHANG Mingwei, PhD, associate professor, majors in microseismic(acoustic emission) monitoring and data analysis, engineering geophysical effect detection and analysis, E-mail:

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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属
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species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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