Article(id=1322506242635973575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, issueId=1322506166672937516, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14075/j.jgg.2024.08.400, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1724083200000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-20, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793239659222, onlineDateStr=2026-10-29, pubDate=1755187200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793239659222, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793239659222, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793239659222, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322506166672937516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, year='2025', volume='45', issue='8', pageStart='771', pageEnd='880', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1755187200000', pubDateStr='2025-08-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793239641110, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793239641110, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=851, endPage=857, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322506242786968520, articleId=1322506242635973575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=EN, title=The Ionospheric Perturbations Prior to Three MS≥6.0 Earthquakes in Western China from 2020 to 2022, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on TEC data obtained from the CODE and electron density(Ne) data acquired by the CSES, the seismo-ionospheric perturbations prior to three MS≥6.0 earthquakes in western China from 2020 to 2022(that is the 2020 Jiashi MS6.4 earthquake, the 2021 Yangbi MS6.4 earthquake and the 2022 Maerkang MS6.0 earthquake) were analyzed. The ionospheric anomalies were found to be concentrated in 1 week before the earthquakes. The synchronization anomalies of CODE TEC and CSES Ne occurred 5 and 2 days before the Jiashi MS6.4 earthquake, 7 days before the Yangbi MS6.4 earthquake and 6 days before the Maerkang MS6.0 earthquake. In addition, it is possible that these three strong earthquakes may affect the ionosphere through the geochemical and electromagnetic channels, as described by the lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere coupling(LAIC) model. There were earthquake precursor anomalies such as geochemical anomalies, water level and electromagnetic anomalies near the focal area in the 5 to 15 days before the earthquakes.

, authors=Yufan GUO1, Jiang LIU2, *, Xiaohui DU3, authorsList=Yufan GUO, Jiang LIU, Xiaohui DU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jiang LIU, authorNote=

GUO Yufan, engineer, majors in earthquake monitoring and forecast, E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322506245756535767, articleId=1322506242635973575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=CN, title=2020—2022年中国西部3次MS≥6.0地震前电离层扰动, columnId=1322506242858271689, journalTitle=大地测量与地球动力学, columnName=地球物理解释, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

基于欧洲轨道测定中心(CODE)总电子含量(TEC)数据和张衡一号卫星电子密度(Ne)数据,分析2020—2022年中国西部3次MS≥6.0浅源地震(2020年伽师MS6.4、2021年漾濞MS6.4和2022年马尔康MS6.0地震)前的电离层扰动现象。结果表明,电离层异常集中在震前1周内,并且在伽师MS6.4地震前5 d和2 d、漾濞MS6.4地震前7 d和马尔康MS6.0地震前6 d出现CODE TEC和张衡一号卫星Ne同步异常。这3次强震可能通过岩石圈-大气层-电离层耦合机理模型的地球化学和电磁波通道影响电离层,震前5~15 d内震源区附近出现地球化学、水位和电磁等地震前兆异常。

, authors=郭雨帆1, 刘江2, *, 杜晓辉3, authorsList=郭雨帆, 刘江, 杜晓辉, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=刘江, authorNote=

郭雨帆,工程师,主要从事地震监测与预报研究,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=

刘江,高级工程师,主要从事地震监测与预报研究,E-mail:

LIU Jiang, senior engineer, majors in earthquake monitoring and forecast, E-mail:

, copyrightStatement=版权所有,未经授权,不得转载。, copyrightOwner=大地测量与地球动力学编辑部, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=orKt4vOxOf4vlUg8rQoIKQ==, magXml=F5xpAwVCWKi1pdXSC5bhPA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=v0CBgQh7AJW9FVLZp7LBBw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=zndJ0D0PlsU4Uxka+ONiCw==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1322506246452790243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506242635973575, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=guoyufan_ouc@126.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1322506246607979493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506242635973575, authorId=1322506246452790243, language=EN, stringName=Yufan GUO, firstName=Yufan, middleName=null, lastName=GUO, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1 Engineering Research Center for Seismic Disaster Prevention and Engineering Geological Disaster Detection of Jiangxi Province(Jiangxi Earthquake Agency), 6929 Changdong Road, Nanchang 330023, China, bio={"content":"

GUO Yufan, engineer, majors in earthquake monitoring and forecast, E-mail:

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GUO Yufan, engineer, majors in earthquake monitoring and forecast, E-mail:

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郭雨帆,工程师,主要从事地震监测与预报研究,E-mail:

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郭雨帆,工程师,主要从事地震监测与预报研究,E-mail:

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departmentName=null, remark=3 School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan 430072, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322506246373098465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506242635973575, companyId=1322506246238880735, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 武汉大学电子信息学院,武汉市八一路299号,430072)])])], keywords=[Keyword(id=1322506247279068145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506242635973575, language=EN, orderNo=1, keyword=western China), Keyword(id=1322506247333594098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506242635973575, language=EN, orderNo=2, keyword=strong earthquakes), Keyword(id=1322506247400702963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506242635973575, language=EN, orderNo=3, keyword=CODE TEC), Keyword(id=1322506247459423220, 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Keyword(id=1322506247820133370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506242635973575, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=圈层耦合机理)], refs=[Reference(id=1322506252362563602, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506242635973575, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=2, issue=6, pageStart=515, pageEnd=526, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=1, rfOrder=0, authorNames=Yan R, Shen X H, Huang J P, journalName=Earth and Planetary Physics, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Yan R , Shen X H , Huang J P , et al. 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remark=3 武汉大学电子信息学院,武汉市八一路299号,430072)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322506247929185275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506242635973575, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Plate tectonic model, block division and epicenters distribution in western China, figureFileSmall=JJZuPlPHEAPlxVpnQrlSKw==, figureFileBig=v0CBgQh7AJW9FVLZp7LBBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322506248017265660, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506242635973575, language=CN, label=图1, caption=中国西部板块构造模式、地块划分和震中分布

黑线为板块分界线, 灰线为块体分界线

, figureFileSmall=JJZuPlPHEAPlxVpnQrlSKw==, figureFileBig=v0CBgQh7AJW9FVLZp7LBBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322506249787261949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506242635973575, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Spatial weather index chart, figureFileSmall=5Xex/l4jsbSsIKY+79hSlA==, figureFileBig=ZOF8Z2Tqt12CzBGzATD7qg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322506249841787902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506242635973575, language=CN, label=图2, caption=空间天气指数图, figureFileSmall=5Xex/l4jsbSsIKY+79hSlA==, figureFileBig=ZOF8Z2Tqt12CzBGzATD7qg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322506249900508159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506242635973575, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Global TEC anomalies, figureFileSmall=a7y/8tTjiis8r74Y3LcnKA==, figureFileBig=aWXGFuIxEM6AWF1VUYwcmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322506249963422720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506242635973575, language=CN, label=图3, caption=全球TEC异常, figureFileSmall=a7y/8tTjiis8r74Y3LcnKA==, figureFileBig=aWXGFuIxEM6AWF1VUYwcmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322506250022141952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506242635973575, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=CSES Ne anomalies, figureFileSmall=Mse7sUO6Dj/jXke7Fl4B1w==, figureFileBig=FYb2nWLOr47SNsJPiM+FeQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322506250080862209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506242635973575, language=CN, label=图4, caption=张衡一号卫星Ne异常, figureFileSmall=Mse7sUO6Dj/jXke7Fl4B1w==, figureFileBig=FYb2nWLOr47SNsJPiM+FeQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322506250143776770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506242635973575, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Statistical results of ionospheric anomalies and other precursor anomalies occurrence time within 15 days before 3 strong earthquakes, figureFileSmall=8EOJKfgMPy2KjsIbMUZ5SA==, figureFileBig=4NKOJDE8wKR+yrq7F38TjQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322506250210885635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506242635973575, language=CN, label=图5, caption=3次强震前15 d内电离层异常和其他前兆异常出现时间统计

灰正方形为受空间天气干扰日期, 黑正方形为CODETEC和张衡一号卫星Ne同步异常日期, 粗黑框和粗红框分别为电离层异常和其他前兆异常集中时间

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Information about 3 strong earthquakes

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发震时间纬度/(°) 经度/(°) 深度/km 震级MS 位置 所属地块
北京时 世界时
2020-01-19 21:27 2020-01-19 13:27 39.83 77.21 16 6.4 新疆喀什地区伽师县 西域
2021-05-21 21:48 2021-05-21 13:48 25.67 99.87 8 6.4 云南大理州漾濞县 滇缅
2022-06-10 01:28 2022-06-09 17:28 32.25 101.82 13 6.0 四川阿坝州马尔康市 青藏
), ArticleFig(id=1322506250785505287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506242635973575, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

3次强震信息

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发震时间纬度/(°) 经度/(°) 深度/km 震级MS 位置 所属地块
北京时 世界时
2020-01-19 21:27 2020-01-19 13:27 39.83 77.21 16 6.4 新疆喀什地区伽师县 西域
2021-05-21 21:48 2021-05-21 13:48 25.67 99.87 8 6.4 云南大理州漾濞县 滇缅
2022-06-10 01:28 2022-06-09 17:28 32.25 101.82 13 6.0 四川阿坝州马尔康市 青藏
), ArticleFig(id=1322506251007803400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506242635973575, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Earthquake precursor anomalies within the earthquake preparation zone within 15 d before 3 strong earthquakes

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震例支持岩石圈-大气圈-电离层耦合(LAIC)模型的地震前兆异常证据
地球化学通道 声重波通道 电磁波通道
伽师MS6.4地震 震前9 d塔合曼温泉Na+↑、Cl–↑、SO42–↑、Li+↑、Sr2+↑、Rb2+↑ 暂无 震前5 d喀什台地磁垂直强度极化异常
漾濞MS6.4地震 震前11 d洱源水位↑ 暂无 震前15 d洱源台地电场优势方位角异常;震前15 d祥云台地电场优势方位角异常
马尔康MS6.0地震 震前13 d新兴温泉SO42–↑ 暂无 暂无
), ArticleFig(id=1322506251091689481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506242635973575, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

3次强震前15 d内孕震范围内出现的地震前兆异常

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
震例支持岩石圈-大气圈-电离层耦合(LAIC)模型的地震前兆异常证据
地球化学通道 声重波通道 电磁波通道
伽师MS6.4地震 震前9 d塔合曼温泉Na+↑、Cl–↑、SO42–↑、Li+↑、Sr2+↑、Rb2+↑ 暂无 震前5 d喀什台地磁垂直强度极化异常
漾濞MS6.4地震 震前11 d洱源水位↑ 暂无 震前15 d洱源台地电场优势方位角异常;震前15 d祥云台地电场优势方位角异常
马尔康MS6.0地震 震前13 d新兴温泉SO42–↑ 暂无 暂无
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2020—2022年中国西部3次MS≥6.0地震前电离层扰动
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郭雨帆 1 , 刘江 2, * , 杜晓辉 3
大地测量与地球动力学 | 地球物理解释 2025,45(8): 851-857
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大地测量与地球动力学 |地球物理解释 2025 , 45 (8) : 851 -857
2020—2022年中国西部3次MS≥6.0地震前电离层扰动
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郭雨帆,工程师,主要从事地震监测与预报研究,E-mail:

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郭雨帆1 , 刘江2, * , 杜晓辉3
作者信息
  • 1 江西省防震减灾与工程地质灾害探测工程研究中心(江西省地震局),南昌市昌东大道6929号,330023
  • 2 四川省地震局,成都市人民南路三段29号,610041
  • 3 武汉大学电子信息学院,武汉市八一路299号,430072
通讯作者:

刘江,高级工程师,主要从事地震监测与预报研究,E-mail:

LIU Jiang, senior engineer, majors in earthquake monitoring and forecast, E-mail:

作者简介:

郭雨帆,工程师,主要从事地震监测与预报研究,E-mail:

The Ionospheric Perturbations Prior to Three MS≥6.0 Earthquakes in Western China from 2020 to 2022
Yufan GUO1 , Jiang LIU2, * , Xiaohui DU3
Affiliations
  • 1 Engineering Research Center for Seismic Disaster Prevention and Engineering Geological Disaster Detection of Jiangxi Province(Jiangxi Earthquake Agency), 6929 Changdong Road, Nanchang 330023, China
  • 2 Sichuan Earthquake Agency, 29 Section 3 of South-Renmin Road, Chengdu 610041, China
  • 3 School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan 430072, China
  • GUO Yufan, engineer, majors in earthquake monitoring and forecast, E-mail:

出版时间: 2025-08-15 doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.08.400
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基于欧洲轨道测定中心(CODE)总电子含量(TEC)数据和张衡一号卫星电子密度(Ne)数据,分析2020—2022年中国西部3次MS≥6.0浅源地震(2020年伽师MS6.4、2021年漾濞MS6.4和2022年马尔康MS6.0地震)前的电离层扰动现象。结果表明,电离层异常集中在震前1周内,并且在伽师MS6.4地震前5 d和2 d、漾濞MS6.4地震前7 d和马尔康MS6.0地震前6 d出现CODE TEC和张衡一号卫星Ne同步异常。这3次强震可能通过岩石圈-大气层-电离层耦合机理模型的地球化学和电磁波通道影响电离层,震前5~15 d内震源区附近出现地球化学、水位和电磁等地震前兆异常。

中国西部  /  强震  /  CODE TEC  /  张衡一号卫星Ne  /  圈层耦合机理

Based on TEC data obtained from the CODE and electron density(Ne) data acquired by the CSES, the seismo-ionospheric perturbations prior to three MS≥6.0 earthquakes in western China from 2020 to 2022(that is the 2020 Jiashi MS6.4 earthquake, the 2021 Yangbi MS6.4 earthquake and the 2022 Maerkang MS6.0 earthquake) were analyzed. The ionospheric anomalies were found to be concentrated in 1 week before the earthquakes. The synchronization anomalies of CODE TEC and CSES Ne occurred 5 and 2 days before the Jiashi MS6.4 earthquake, 7 days before the Yangbi MS6.4 earthquake and 6 days before the Maerkang MS6.0 earthquake. In addition, it is possible that these three strong earthquakes may affect the ionosphere through the geochemical and electromagnetic channels, as described by the lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere coupling(LAIC) model. There were earthquake precursor anomalies such as geochemical anomalies, water level and electromagnetic anomalies near the focal area in the 5 to 15 days before the earthquakes.

western China  /  strong earthquakes  /  CODE TEC  /  CSES Ne  /  sphere coupling mechanism
郭雨帆, 刘江, 杜晓辉. 2020—2022年中国西部3次MS≥6.0地震前电离层扰动. 大地测量与地球动力学, 2025 , 45 (8) : 851 -857 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.08.400
Yufan GUO, Jiang LIU, Xiaohui DU. The Ionospheric Perturbations Prior to Three MS≥6.0 Earthquakes in Western China from 2020 to 2022[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 2025 , 45 (8) : 851 -857 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.08.400
我国于2018-02-02发射张衡一号电磁监测试验卫星,其朗缪尔探针(LAP)能有效记录地震前的电离层扰动[1-2]。本文基于CODE TEC和张衡一号卫星Ne数据,对2020—2022年中国西部3次MS≥6.0地震(2020年新疆伽师MS6.4、2021年云南漾濞MS6.4和2022年四川马尔康MS6.0地震)前的电离层扰动现象进行分析对比。在此基础上,结合构造背景及地震前兆异常,探讨这3次强震前的地震-电离层耦合机理。
在印度板块和欧亚板块的碰撞作用下,位于中国西部的西域地块、滇缅地块和青藏地块构造复杂,地震频发(图 1)。分别挑选位于这3个地块,并且在不同年份发生的3次MS6.0~6.4浅源地震作为本文研究对象:2020-01-19新疆伽师MS6.4地震,该地震位于南天山西段,震源机制以逆冲为主兼具走滑分量[3];2021-05-21云南漾濞MS6.4地震,其位于滇南块体北部,距离川滇块体很近,发震构造具有右旋走滑性质[4];2022-06-09四川马尔康MS6.0地震,其位于巴颜喀拉块体东部,震源机制解显示为走滑型[5],3次强震具体信息见表 1。
为了从太阳和地磁活动引起的电离层扰动中区分地震电离层效应,使用F10.7、Kp、Dst和AE指数(数据来自中国科学院国家空间科学中心空间环境预报中心和世界数据中心东京站)衡量研究期间的电离层异常是否受太阳和地磁活动影响。若满足以下条件之一,则认为当天电离层受空间天气扰动影响:F10.7≥120 sfu、Kp≥3、Dst≤-30 nT、AE≥500 nT。
CODE发布的全球电离层二维图像(GIM)数据能提供来自大约200个GPS或GLONASS站点的GIM TEC数据,应用范围广泛。纬度和经度的空间分辨率分别为2.5°和5°,时间分辨率为1 h[6]。
张衡一号卫星是我国研制发射的首颗地震电磁监测试验卫星,为搭建天地立体观测链路提供了天基平台。该卫星是一颗太阳同步卫星,轨道高度为507 km,降升交点分别为当地时间14:00和02:00,重访周期为5 d。其装载了8个科学载荷,其中LAP可以记录Ne和电子温度(Te)数据[2],本文使用的是2级夜间[7]Ne数据(数据来自应急管理部国家自然灾害防治研究院空间信息研究中心)。
需要说明的是,2020—2024年处于第25个太阳活动周期,由于2023年开始太阳活动周期逐步进入峰年阶段,电离层扰动受太阳活动影响较大,难以从中区分出地震相关电离层异常,所以§1.1舍弃了2023—2024年中国西部强震,而挑选了受太阳活动影响较小的2020—2022年中国西部强震作为震例进行研究。
基于CODE TEC数据,采用上下四分位距(IQR)法分析强震前电离层效应特征。以15 d为背景值,每天可以得到124 392(73×71×24) 个背景中值和四分位距值,按照式(1)[8]提取TEC异常:
$\Delta \mathrm{TEC}=\left\{\begin{array}{cc}\mathrm{TEC}-\left(\mathrm{TEC}_m+k \mathrm{IQR}\right) & \mathrm{TEC}>\mathrm{TEC}_m+k \mathrm{IQR} \\0 & \mathrm{TEC}_m-k \mathrm{IQR} \leqslant \mathrm{TEC} \leqslant \mathrm{TEC}_m+k \mathrm{IQR} \\\mathrm{TEC}-\left(\mathrm{TEC}_m-k \mathrm{IQR}\right) & \mathrm{TEC}<\mathrm{TEC}_m-k \mathrm{IQR}\end{array}\right.$
式中,TEC为观测数据;TECm为背景中值;k为倍数,本文取1.5;IQR为四分位距。
根据孕震半径计算公式[9],计算得到MS6.4和MS6.0地震孕震范围分别为565 km和380 km。剔除空间天气干扰,如果孕震范围内出现持续时间超过2 h的|ΔTEC| ≥ 1 TECu异常,则认定该日为TEC异常日。
基于张衡一号卫星观测到的Ne数据,采用IQR法分析强震前电离层效应特征。挑选每日落入震中±10°范围的卫星轨道,纬度方向以0.5°为间隔对原始数据重采样,使用该轨道对应的前5条卫星重访轨道数据计算背景值。在此基础上,计算每个纬度网格对应的背景中值和1.5倍四分位距,当其超出IQR阈值上下限时,可以按照式(2)计算Ne相对变化百分比[10-11]:
$\Delta \mathrm{obs}=\left\{\begin{array}{cc}\frac{\mathrm{obs}-(\text { median }+k \mathrm{IQR})}{\text { median }+k \mathrm{IQR}} \times 100 \% & \text { obs }>\text { median }+k \mathrm{IQR} \\0 & \text { median }-k \mathrm{IQR} \leqslant \text { obs } \leqslant \text { median }+k \mathrm{IQR} \\\frac{\text { obs }-(\text { median }-k \mathrm{IQR})}{\text { median }-k \mathrm{IQR}} \times 100 \% & \text { obs }<\text { median }-k \mathrm{IQR}\end{array}\right.$
式中,obs为观测数据;median为背景中值;k为倍数,本文取1.5;IQR为四分位距。Ne观测数据上下阈值分别为median+kIQR和median-kIQR,当Ne观测值数据超出阈值上、下限时,则分别对应Ne正、负相对变化百分比。根据前人经验[10, 12],本文设置Ne异常阈值为±50%。空间天气平静时,若Ne相对变化百分比绝对值高于50%,则判定该日出现Ne异常。
分析3次强震前空间天气指数,发现震前15 d内电离层受太阳活动影响相对较小,但仍然受一定程度磁暴活动影响(图 2)。经计算,2020-01-05、2020-01-06、2020-01-09、2021-05-12、2021-05-13、2021-05-15、2021-05-17、2021-05-18、2021-05-20、2021-05-21、2022-05-25、2022-05-26、2022-05-27、2022-05-28、2022-05-29、2022-05-30、2022-05-31、2022-06-01、2022-06-06、2022-06-07受磁暴活动影响,分析电离层异常时需要剔除这些日期。
图 3为采用CODE提供的GIM TEC数据分析得到的这3次强震前15 d内的典型TEC异常图。结果显示,在空间天气平静的情况下,伽师MS6.4地震前5 d 20:00—22:00 UT,前2 d 14:00—22:00 UT和前1 d 00:00—02:00 UT出现正异常;漾濞MS6.4地震前7 d 16:00—18:00 UT出现正异常;马尔康MS6.0地震前6 d 08:00—10:00 UT和前5 d 08:00—10:00 UT出现负异常。这些异常具有局地性,出现在震中及附近,初步判定与3次强震相关。
为验证CODE TEC异常结果的可靠性,计算得到这3次强震前15 d内的夜晚Ne时序数据及其相对变化百分比数据,见图 4,图中红色虚线为判定是否存在Ne异常的阈值线(±50%)。排除空间天气干扰后发现,伽师MS6.4地震前5 d和前2 d Ne相对变化超过50%阈值上限,异常幅度分别为125%和75%;漾濞MS6.4地震前7 d和前5 d Ne相对变化超过50%阈值上限,异常幅度分别为190%和95%;马尔康MS6.0地震前7 d、前6 d和前1 d Ne相对变化低于-50%阈值下限,异常幅度分别为-60%、-55%和-55%。
将CODE TEC异常结果和张衡一号卫星Ne进行对比(图 5),发现3次强震前均出现电离层异常,异常集中在地震前1周内(图 5粗黑框)。同时发现,在某些日期出现CODE TEC和张衡一号卫星Ne数据同步异常:伽师MS6.4地震前5 d和前2 d出现TEC和Ne同步上升异常;漾濞MS6.4地震前7 d出现TEC和Ne同步上升异常;马尔康MS6.0地震前6 d出现TEC和Ne同步下降异常。地基和天基数据在这3次强震前出现异常的日期和正负性一致,表明这些同步异常很有可能是与地震孕育相关的电离层异常。地基和天基电离层探测数据能相互交叉验证,从而提高地震电离层异常的可靠性,降低虚报率。
据张学民等[13]的总结,地震-电离层耦合机理模型包括多途径岩石圈-大气圈-电离层耦合(lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere coupling, LAIC)模型、统一圈层耦合模型和岩石圈-盖层-大气圈耦合模型。多途径LAIC模型包括地球化学通道、声重波通道和电磁波通道。收集并筛选这3次强震前15 d内孕震范围内出现的地震前兆异常(表 2),并绘制电离层异常和其他前兆异常出现时间统计图(图 5),以此为依据分析这3次强震是否通过这3条通道引起电离层扰动。
伽师MS6.4地震前存在1项流体异常和1项电磁异常,分别为震前9 d塔合曼温泉Na+、Cl–、SO42–、Li+、Sr2+、Rb2+浓度突升异常[14]和震前5 d喀什台地磁垂直强度极化异常[15]。漾濞MS6.4地震前存在1项流体异常和2项电磁异常,分别为震前11 d洱源水位上升异常[16]和震前15 d洱源台和祥云台地电场优势方位角异常[17]。马尔康MS6.0地震前存在1项流体异常,为震前13 d新兴温泉SO42–浓度升高异常[18]。
3次强震前15 d内都出现流体异常。伽师MS6.4地震和漾濞MS6.4地震前均出现电磁异常,而马尔康MS6.0地震前暂未发现电磁异常,可能与该地震震级比前2个地震小有关。流体异常和电磁异常集中出现在震前5~15 d(图 5粗红框),出现时间早于或等于同一个地震前的电离层异常。据此推测,这3次强震可能通过LAIC模型的地球化学通道和电磁波通道引起电离层扰动。
结合区域地质构造环境,建立中国西部3次强震前LAIC初步模型(图 6)。在印度板块和欧亚板块碰撞作用下,西域地块、滇缅地块和青藏地块构造复杂,地震频发。位于这些地块上的新疆伽师、云南漾濞和四川马尔康震源区是构造应力变化、微破裂发育、流体和气体扩散的集中区域。震中区附近化学参数的改变(气体释放和水位变化等)开启了地球化学通道,使得大气成分和电导率随之发生变化,从而引起局地电场异常和云对地闪电回击降低、云内放电增加,导致电子密度向下漂移和加热及电离作用[13]。震前构造应力变化、微破裂和微小震动会引起地电场和地磁场变化,电磁异常变化可能导致超低频(ULF)信号产生,该信号穿透电离层,与磁层中高能粒子作用引起粒子沉降至电离层,最终导致电离层等离子体密度产生波动[13]。
本文基于CODE TEC和张衡一号卫星Ne数据,采用上下四分位距法,研究2020—2022年中国西部3次MS≥6.0地震前的电离层效应特征,结果发现:
1) 震前出现电离层异常的可能性较大,CODE TEC异常和张衡一号卫星Ne异常集中在震前1周内。地基和天基数据在2020-01-19新疆伽师MS6.4地震前5 d和前2 d出现同步正异常;在2021-05-21云南漾濞MS6.4地震前7 d出现同步正异常;在2022-06-09四川马尔康MS6.0地震前6 d出现同步负异常。这些同步异常很可能是这3次强震引起的电离层异常。
2) 这3次强震可能通过岩石圈-大气圈-电离层耦合(LAIC)模型的地球化学和电磁波通道影响电离层,本文据此建立了中国西部这3次强震前LAIC初步模型。3次强震前5~15 d内震源区附近均出现了地球化学或水位等流体地震前兆异常,新疆伽师MS6.4地震和云南漾濞MS6.4地震前还出现了电磁地震前兆异常。
  • 中国地震局地震科技星火计划(XH24023YA)
  • 中国地震局地震预测研究所基本科研业务费专项(CEAIEF20230401)
  • 江西省防震减灾与工程地质灾害探测工程研究中心开放基金(SDGD202211)
  • 江西省防震减灾与工程地质灾害探测工程研究中心开放基金(SDGD202219)
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2025年第45卷第8期
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doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.08.400
  • 接收时间:2024-08-20
  • 首发时间:2026-10-29
  • 出版时间:2025-08-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-20
基金
The Spark Program of Earthquake Technology of CEA(XH24023YA)
中国地震局地震科技星火计划(XH24023YA)
Special Fund for Basic Scientific Research of Institute of Earthquake Forecasting, CEA(CEAIEF20230401)
中国地震局地震预测研究所基本科研业务费专项(CEAIEF20230401)
Open Fund of Engineering Research Center for Seismic Disaster Prevention and Engineering Geological Disaster Detection of Jiangxi Province(SDGD202211)
江西省防震减灾与工程地质灾害探测工程研究中心开放基金(SDGD202211)
Open Fund of Engineering Research Center for Seismic Disaster Prevention and Engineering Geological Disaster Detection of Jiangxi Province(SDGD202219)
江西省防震减灾与工程地质灾害探测工程研究中心开放基金(SDGD202219)
作者信息
    1 江西省防震减灾与工程地质灾害探测工程研究中心(江西省地震局),南昌市昌东大道6929号,330023
    2 四川省地震局,成都市人民南路三段29号,610041
    3 武汉大学电子信息学院,武汉市八一路299号,430072

通讯作者:

刘江,高级工程师,主要从事地震监测与预报研究,E-mail:

LIU Jiang, senior engineer, majors in earthquake monitoring and forecast, E-mail:

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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