Article(id=1322506711978590311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, issueId=1322506567065383670, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14075/j.jgg.2024.07.368, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1722268800000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793239771122, onlineDateStr=2026-10-29, pubDate=1752508800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793239771122, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793239771122, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793239771122, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322506567065383670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, year='2025', volume='45', issue='7', pageStart='661', pageEnd='770', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1752508800000', pubDateStr='2025-07-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793239736572, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793239736572, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=661, endPage=668, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322506712154751080, articleId=1322506711978590311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=EN, title=Distribution of Rock Porosity and Pore Pressure Effect during Earthquake Swarm Activity in Shanxi Reservoir, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

We attempt to apply rock physics-related techniques to study the mechanism of reservoir-induced earthquakes, use the fluid substitution method to calculate the rock porosity in Shanxi reservoir and employ the pore pressure diffusion equation to estimate the pore pressure diffusion coefficient in reservoir area. The results show that: 1) The porosity is maximized in the shallow part of reservoir area within 2 km depth, followed by the southeastern segment of seismogenic fault and minimized in northwestern segment. This distribution feature has a good correspondence with the grouped activity of earthquake sequence, where higher porosity area with better permeability conditions is the region where the first earthquake occurred after reservoir impoundment. 2) The pore pressure diffusion coefficients of earthquake swarms in 2002, 2006, and 2014 are 5.83 m2/s, 8.19 m2/s, and 0.41 m2/s, respectively. This difference has a good consistency with the local variability in rock porosity distribution in reservoir area, indicating that higher pore pressure diffusion coefficient correspond to higher rock porosity. 3) The diffusion rate in epicentral zone is uneven, and the epicentral zone in 2014 was under a higher stress critical state compared to those in 2002 and 2006.

, authors=Yuyun ZHONG1, Yajing GAO1, Zhenfeng ZHANG1, authorsList=Yuyun ZHONG, Yajing GAO, Zhenfeng ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

ZHONG Yuyun, researcher, majors in reservoir-induced earthquake, E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322506713740198005, articleId=1322506711978590311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=CN, title=珊溪水库岩层孔隙度分布与震群活动过程的孔隙压力作用, columnId=1322506193558422163, journalTitle=大地测量与地球动力学, columnName=地震地质, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

尝试将岩石物理相关技术应用于水库诱发地震成因机制研究,采用流体替换方法计算珊溪水库岩层孔隙度,并使用孔隙压力扩散方程估算水库区的孔隙压力扩散系数。结果表明:1)深度小于2 km的水库区浅部孔隙度最大,发震断裂东北分支和西南分支东南段次之,断裂西南分支西北段最小,该分布特征与地震序列的成组活动具有很好的对应关系,即孔隙度较大的区域渗透条件较好,是水库蓄水后首发地震的区域;2)2002年、2006年、2014年震群孔隙压力扩散系数分别为5.83 m2/s、8.19 m2/s和0.41 m2/s,该差异与水库区岩石孔隙度分布的局部差异性具有很好的一致性,即孔隙压力扩散系数较大的区域岩石孔隙度也较大;3)震中区孔隙压力扩散率不均匀,且震中区2014年与2002年和2006年相比处于更高的应力临界状态。

, authors=钟羽云1, 高雅婧1, 张震峰1, authorsList=钟羽云, 高雅婧, 张震峰, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

钟羽云,研究员,主要从事水库诱发地震研究,E-mail:

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ZHONG Yuyun, researcher, majors in reservoir-induced earthquake, E-mail:

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钟羽云,研究员,主要从事水库诱发地震研究,E-mail:

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钟羽云,研究员,主要从事水库诱发地震研究,E-mail:

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红色圆圈表示2002年地震, 黑色三角表示2006 —2009年地震, 白色星号表示2014—2015年地震

, figureFileSmall=Zi+OU5JY3vtDP/ZayRRMZw==, figureFileBig=bIiBhKqtZgG0B+YXSt7WYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322506718265852056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506711978590311, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Variation of rock porosity with time in Shanxi reservoir, figureFileSmall=DmDKHKvwKLmoLIC+MxDaZA==, figureFileBig=97z0+X5z7wk4kAOMGIxebw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322506718332960921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506711978590311, language=CN, label=图5, caption=珊溪水库岩石孔隙度随时间变化, figureFileSmall=DmDKHKvwKLmoLIC+MxDaZA==, figureFileBig=97z0+X5z7wk4kAOMGIxebw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322506718404264090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506711978590311, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=M-T and r-t diagram of each earthquake swarms in Shanxi reservoir, figureFileSmall=U2kYAvLC0g9iDlwkkki2Ng==, figureFileBig=GN4kONl80jCKeumYc6guVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322506718479761563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506711978590311, language=CN, label=图6, caption=珊溪水库各震群M-T和r-t图, figureFileSmall=U2kYAvLC0g9iDlwkkki2Ng==, figureFileBig=GN4kONl80jCKeumYc6guVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322506718572036252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506711978590311, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Physical parameters of rhyolite in Shanxi reservoir area

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩石物理参数vP/m·s-1密度ρ/kg·m-3孔隙度φ/%泊松比γ杨氏弹性模量E/GPa
流纹岩6 1782.573.410.290.60
), ArticleFig(id=1322506718660116637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506711978590311, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

珊溪水库区流纹岩物理参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩石物理参数vP/m·s-1密度ρ/kg·m-3孔隙度φ/%泊松比γ杨氏弹性模量E/GPa
流纹岩6 1782.573.410.290.60
), ArticleFig(id=1322506718739808414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506711978590311, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Diffusion coefficient of pore pressure of earthquake swarms in Shanxi reservoir

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时段第1次小震最大扩散距离/km最大距离地震扩散时间/h扩散系数/m2·s-1
发震时间纬度/(°)经度/(°)震源深度/kmML
2002-07—2005-122002-07-2827.712 6119.976 87.23.56.0127.45.83
2006-02—2013-122006-02-0427.678 8120.007 06.23.59.3201.08.19
2014-08—2021-122014-08-2527.707 2119.946 64.41.09.72 092.50.41
), ArticleFig(id=1322506718827888799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506711978590311, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

珊溪水库震群孔隙压力扩散系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时段第1次小震最大扩散距离/km最大距离地震扩散时间/h扩散系数/m2·s-1
发震时间纬度/(°)经度/(°)震源深度/kmML
2002-07—2005-122002-07-2827.712 6119.976 87.23.56.0127.45.83
2006-02—2013-122006-02-0427.678 8120.007 06.23.59.3201.08.19
2014-08—2021-122014-08-2527.707 2119.946 64.41.09.72 092.50.41
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珊溪水库岩层孔隙度分布与震群活动过程的孔隙压力作用
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钟羽云 1 , 高雅婧 1 , 张震峰 1
大地测量与地球动力学 | 地震地质 2025,45(7): 661-668
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大地测量与地球动力学 |地震地质 2025 , 45 (7) : 661 -668
珊溪水库岩层孔隙度分布与震群活动过程的孔隙压力作用
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钟羽云1 , 高雅婧1, 张震峰1
作者信息
  • 1 浙江省地震局, 杭州市塘苗路7号, 310013
作者简介:

钟羽云,研究员,主要从事水库诱发地震研究,E-mail:

Distribution of Rock Porosity and Pore Pressure Effect during Earthquake Swarm Activity in Shanxi Reservoir
Yuyun ZHONG1 , Yajing GAO1, Zhenfeng ZHANG1
Affiliations
  • 1 Zhejiang Earthquake Agency, 7 Tangmiao Road, Hangzhou 310013, China
  • ZHONG Yuyun, researcher, majors in reservoir-induced earthquake, E-mail:

出版时间: 2025-07-15 doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.07.368
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尝试将岩石物理相关技术应用于水库诱发地震成因机制研究,采用流体替换方法计算珊溪水库岩层孔隙度,并使用孔隙压力扩散方程估算水库区的孔隙压力扩散系数。结果表明:1)深度小于2 km的水库区浅部孔隙度最大,发震断裂东北分支和西南分支东南段次之,断裂西南分支西北段最小,该分布特征与地震序列的成组活动具有很好的对应关系,即孔隙度较大的区域渗透条件较好,是水库蓄水后首发地震的区域;2)2002年、2006年、2014年震群孔隙压力扩散系数分别为5.83 m2/s、8.19 m2/s和0.41 m2/s,该差异与水库区岩石孔隙度分布的局部差异性具有很好的一致性,即孔隙压力扩散系数较大的区域岩石孔隙度也较大;3)震中区孔隙压力扩散率不均匀,且震中区2014年与2002年和2006年相比处于更高的应力临界状态。

水库地震  /  孔隙压力扩散  /  岩石孔隙度  /  珊溪水库

We attempt to apply rock physics-related techniques to study the mechanism of reservoir-induced earthquakes, use the fluid substitution method to calculate the rock porosity in Shanxi reservoir and employ the pore pressure diffusion equation to estimate the pore pressure diffusion coefficient in reservoir area. The results show that: 1) The porosity is maximized in the shallow part of reservoir area within 2 km depth, followed by the southeastern segment of seismogenic fault and minimized in northwestern segment. This distribution feature has a good correspondence with the grouped activity of earthquake sequence, where higher porosity area with better permeability conditions is the region where the first earthquake occurred after reservoir impoundment. 2) The pore pressure diffusion coefficients of earthquake swarms in 2002, 2006, and 2014 are 5.83 m2/s, 8.19 m2/s, and 0.41 m2/s, respectively. This difference has a good consistency with the local variability in rock porosity distribution in reservoir area, indicating that higher pore pressure diffusion coefficient correspond to higher rock porosity. 3) The diffusion rate in epicentral zone is uneven, and the epicentral zone in 2014 was under a higher stress critical state compared to those in 2002 and 2006.

reservoir earthquake  /  diffusion of pore pressure  /  rock porosity  /  Shanxi reservoir
钟羽云, 高雅婧, 张震峰. 珊溪水库岩层孔隙度分布与震群活动过程的孔隙压力作用. 大地测量与地球动力学, 2025 , 45 (7) : 661 -668 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.07.368
Yuyun ZHONG, Yajing GAO, Zhenfeng ZHANG. Distribution of Rock Porosity and Pore Pressure Effect during Earthquake Swarm Activity in Shanxi Reservoir[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 2025 , 45 (7) : 661 -668 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.07.368
由于水库地震背景的复杂性和诱发机制的多样性[1],目前关于水库诱发地震机理的研究仍处在定性与半定量阶段。自从Talwani等[2]提出水库地震的发生是由于孔隙水压力扩散使水压力峰面达到震源处的观点后,国内学者引用这一观点对水库地震震群前缘边界进行研究,发现广东新丰江、广西龙滩、福建仙游等水库地震活动均表现出流体孔隙压力扩散作用的特征[3-5]。通过分类总结注水诱发地震、水库诱发地震、火山地震和余震的时空分布,陈涛等[6]认为,孔隙压力扩散系数是表征震群包络面的传播方向和速度的物理量。孔隙压力扩散遵循达西定律,孔隙压力扩散系数与流体黏度、岩石孔隙度、渗透率和恒温压缩系数等有关。研究水库区岩石孔隙度分布和渗透特征,对深入剖析诱发地震水库的渗透条件,分析水库地震与水库区地质构造和水文地质条件的关系,探索水库诱发地震成因机制具有重要意义。
地震岩石物理学研究表明,岩石压力、饱和度、孔隙度等因素都会影响岩石的地震特性,当这些因素中的一个或多个发生变化时,岩石的地震特性将随之发生变化[7]。岩石中流体的存在会影响岩石介质的地震波传播特性,含水量的增加可使纵波速度增加30%左右[8],且与不同饱和阶段的孔隙流体分布有关[9]。岩石物理技术广泛用于估算岩石孔隙度、饱和度,预测储层条件下油气层的横波和纵波速度等,在油田勘探开发中具有重要作用[10-12]。本文尝试将岩石物理相关技术应用于水库诱发地震成因机制研究,采用流体替换方法求取水库区岩石饱和度、孔隙度,使用孔隙压力扩散方程估算水库区的孔隙压力扩散系数,分析孔隙度分布与孔隙压力扩散特征,探索珊溪水库地震发震机制。
珊溪水库位于华南褶皱系浙东南褶皱带的温州-临海坳陷,出露的断裂构造走向以NW向和NE向为主,少量为NS向、EW向。库区断裂无深部构造背景,多为盖层断裂,主要发育在侏罗系火山岩及白垩系火山沉积岩中(图 1)。NE向断裂倾向以NW为主,倾角60°~80°,多为逆走滑断层,断裂带宽约20~30 m,带内挤压构造透镜体、劈理发育,破碎带剥蚀较浅;NW向断裂倾向以SW为主,倾角60°~70°,多为逆断层和逆走滑断层,也有部分正断层,带内挤压构造透镜体、断层泥及片理发育,其中NE向洪口-章坑断裂(F1)、江口-汇溪断裂(F2)和NW向双溪-焦溪垟断裂(F4)控制着飞云江水系部分地段的分布。
珊溪水库位于浙江省温州市飞云江流域中上游,坝址位于文成县珊溪镇上游1 km的峡谷地段,水库绝对坝高156.8 m,坝长308 m,设计最高库容为18.24亿m3,最高水位154.75 m。水库于2000-05-12开始下闸蓄水,2002-07-28发生ML3.5地震,之后库区每年都有地震活动,截至2023-12-31,地震台网记录到0级以上地震8 632次(图 2),其中ML4.0以上地震21次,最大为2006-02-09的ML4.6地震。地震序列具有成丛、成组分布的特点,按照丛集-平静特征可将地震序列大致分为3个时段:1)2002-07—09,发生ML2.0以上地震25次,最大为ML3.9地震;2)2006-02—12,发生ML2.0以上地震270次,最大为ML4.6地震;3)2014-09—2015-02,发生ML2.0以上地震229次,最大为ML4.4地震。水库水位变化与地震活动的关系比较复杂,时段1与时段2地震活动开始于高水位后的低水位,地震主要发生在水位上升阶段,时段3地震活动开始于高水位,地震主要发生在水位下降阶段。
2002-07水库区开始发生地震时,震中50 km范围内无地震台站,100 km范围内仅有温州和庆元2个地震台站。水库区地震监测能力为ML2.0,定位精度不高,有近一半地震定位精度为Ⅱ类,即震中误差为5~15 km。2003年库区新建珊溪、黄坛2个地震台站,监测能力大大提高,定位精度得到一定改善;2006-02-04地震后,震中区先后新建5个地震台站;2010年以后,水库区30 km范围内有8个测震台站(图 1),监测能力提升至0级。地震主要发生在水库大坝上游的库首区,基本分布在水库淹没区及两侧沿岸,震中离水库淹没区的最大距离小于5 km。震中分布优势方向总体呈NW向,与穿过水库淹没区的NW向双溪-焦溪垟断裂走向一致,该断裂为珊溪水库地震发震断层[13]。
岩石流体分布及其饱和度变化对岩石物理性质的影响一直是岩石物理学研究的重点问题,其中流体替换是一种重要的研究方法[14]。岩石物理性质主要由岩石组分、岩石内部结构及其所处的热力学环境三方面特征决定。岩石通常可以描述为固体骨架和孔隙流体组成的双相介质,当地震波波长远大于岩石的非均匀尺度(颗粒尺度)时,可将岩石等效为统计意义上的均匀物体。Gassmann方程常被用来研究饱和流体对岩石弹性特征的影响,是近代沉积岩的弹性理论与岩石物性研究的基础[15]。本文采用Wood流体等效模型、Gassmann方程和Pride岩石骨架模型反演珊溪水库岩石饱和度和孔隙度。
Gassmann[16]假设岩石是均匀的、所有孔隙都连通和充满流体、岩石-流体为封闭系统且流体不对岩石骨架产生软化或硬化作用,推导出各向同性饱和岩石体积模量表达式为:
$K_e=K_b+\frac{\left(1-\frac{K_b}{K_o}\right)^2}{\frac{\varphi}{K_f}+\frac{1-\varphi}{K_o}-\frac{K_b}{K_a^2}}$
$\mu_e=\mu_b$
式中,Kf为孔隙流体体积模量;Ko为岩石基质体积模量;Kb为干燥岩石体积模量;φ为孔隙度;μe、μb分别为饱和岩石和干岩石的剪切模量。
岩石骨架体积模量和剪切模量是Gassmann方程中非常重要的参数,但方程并未阐述岩石骨架与岩石基质的关系,后续研究者分别从不同角度建立岩石骨架与岩石基质之间的函数关系,如Krief模型、Nur模型(临界孔隙度模型)和Pride模型等。张佳佳等[17]认为,Pride模型的适用范围比Krief模型和Nur模型更广,本文采用Pride模型计算岩石骨架体积模量。Pride等[18]将固结岩石的体积模量与剪切模量的关系表述为:
$K_b=\frac{K_o(1-\varphi)}{(1+c \varphi)}$
$\mu_b=\frac{\mu_o(1-\varphi)}{(1+1.5 c \varphi)}$
式中,c为固结系数。等效介质理论指出,固结系数c与孔隙形状、基质的体积模量和剪切模量之比$\frac{K_o}{\mu_o}$有关。对于砂岩,通常取2<c<20,本文珊溪水库流纹岩取c=3.39[19]。
在地震波挤压含两相流体(如水和气)岩石的过程中,如果地震波频率足够低,水气混合物可以作为整体用一个等效流体进行替换,等效流体的等效体积模量与2种流体的体积模量之间服从Wood定律[20]:
$K_f=\left(\frac{S_1}{K_{f_1}}+\frac{S_2}{K_{f_2}}\right)^{-1}$
式中,Kf为混合流体的等效体积模量;Kf1与Kf2分别为2种流体的体积模量;S1与S2分别为2种流体的饱和度,且有S1+S2=1,即2种流体的饱和度之和为1。
弹性模量、传播速度、密度之间存在如下关系[21-22]:
$v_{\mathrm{P}}^2=\frac{1}{\rho}\left(K_e+\frac{4}{3} \mu_e\right)$
$v_{\mathrm{S}}^2=\frac{\mu_e}{\rho}$
$\rho=(1-\varphi) \rho_o+\varphi \rho_f$
$\rho_f=s_w \rho_w+\left(1-s_w\right) \rho_g$
式中,ρ为饱和岩石的等效密度;ρo为岩石基质密度;ρf为孔隙流体密度;ρw为地层水密度;ρg为气体密度;Sw为含水饱和度;vP为纵波速度;vS为横波速度。将式(1)和式(2)代入式(6)和式(7),可以得到含流体岩石的纵波速度vP、横波速度vS及波速比γ表达式为:
$v_{\mathrm{P}}^2=\frac{1}{\rho}\left[K_b+\frac{4}{3} \mu_b+\frac{\left(1-\frac{K_b}{K_o}\right)^2}{\frac{\varphi}{K_f}+\frac{1-\varphi}{K_o}-\frac{K_b}{K_o^2}}\right]$
$v_{\mathrm{S}}^2=\frac{\mu_b}{\rho}$
$\gamma=\frac{v_{\mathrm{P}}}{v_{\mathrm{S}}}=\\\operatorname{sqrt}\left\{\frac{1}{\mu_b}\left[K_b+\frac{4}{3} \mu_b+\frac{\left(1-\frac{K_b}{K_o}\right)^2}{\frac{\varphi}{K_f}+\frac{1-\varphi}{K_o}-\frac{K_b}{K_o^2}}\right]\right\}$
如果已知纵波速度和波速比,通过求解式(10)和式(12)可以得到岩石孔隙度和饱和度。
对于均匀介质,通过直达Pg波走时和Pg、Sg波到时差的线性关系可以得到波速比值γ和线性相关系数Rγ(式(13)和式(14)),通过Pg波走时和相应台站震中距的线性关系可以得到纵波速度vP和线性相关系数Rv(式(15)和式(16))。
$\gamma=\frac{v_{\mathrm{P}}}{v_{\mathrm{S}}}=1+\frac{n \sum\limits_{i=1}^n \Delta t_i^2-\left(\sum\limits_{i=1}^n \Delta t_i\right)^2}{n \sum\limits_{i=1}^n \Delta t_i t_{\mathrm{P}_i}-\sum\limits_{i=1}^n t_{\mathrm{P}_i} \sum\limits_{i=1}^n \Delta t_i}$
$R_\gamma=\frac{\sum\limits_{i=1}\left(t_{\mathrm{P}_i}-\overline{t_{\mathrm{P}_i}}\right)\left(\Delta t_i-\overline{\Delta t_i}\right)}{\left[\sum\limits_{i=1}^n\left(t_{\mathrm{P}_i}-\overline{t_{\mathrm{P}_i}}\right)^2 \sum\limits_{i=1}^n\left(\Delta t_i-\overline{\Delta t_i}\right)^2\right]^{1 / 2}}$
$v_{\mathrm{P}}=\frac{n \sum\limits_{i=1}^n D_i^2-\left(\sum\limits_{i=1}^n D_i\right)^2}{n \sum\limits_{i=1}^n D_i t_{\mathrm{P}_i}-\sum\limits_{i=1}^n t_{\mathrm{P}_i} \sum\limits_{i=1}^n D_i}$
$\begin{array}{c}&R_v=\\&\frac{n \sum\limits_{i=1}^n\left(D_i t_{\mathrm{P}_i}-\sum\limits_{i=1}^n t_{\mathrm{P}_i} \sum\limits_{i=1}^n D_i\right)}{\left\{\left[n \sum\limits_{i=1}^n D_i^2-\left(\sum\limits_{i=1}^n D_i\right)^2\right]\left[n \sum\limits_{i=1}^n t_{\mathrm{P}_i}^2-\left(\sum\limits_{i=1}^n t_{\mathrm{P}_i}\right)^2\right]\right\}^{1 / 2}}\end{array}$
式中,$\Delta t_i=t_{\mathrm{S}_i}-t_{\mathrm{P}_i}, t_{\mathrm{P}_i}, t_{\mathrm{S}_i}, D_i$分别为第i个台站的Pg波到时、Sg波到时和震源距;n为每次地震到时数据的个数[23]。
影响波速比计算精度的主要因素有:直达Pg和Sg波的到时判读精度、参与拟合的台站个数及地震定位精度等。Pg和Sg波到时差Δti的选择很重要,若太大则样本太多,信息可能会被平滑掉;若太小则样本太少,求得的波速比误差太大[24]。钟羽云等[25]对研究区2002—2010年地震进行重新定位,重定位后走时平均残差为0.036 s。2010年以后水库区30 km范围内有8个测震台站,区域台网定位精度大幅提高,走时残差为0.001~0.291 s。计算时选取2002—2010年重定位得到的1 810次地震及2011年以后区域台网地震观测报告中残差不超过0.04 s的4 268次地震,并选择Pg和Sg震相到时差Δti≤14 s的台站直达波到时资料进行计算。珊溪水库地震震中非常集中,能减小地震分布过于分散而导致路径差异增大的影响,提高波速比计算的稳定性。选取相关系数R≥0.99的计算结果,得到3 989次地震的P波速度和波速比,其中P波速度为5.50~6.94 km/s,平均值为6.13 km/s,波速比为1.63~1.78,平均值为1.69(图 3)。
珊溪水库主要出露侏罗系火山岩和白垩系火山沉积岩。在水库工程可行性研究阶段,华东勘测设计研究院通过室内声波法对岩石物理力学参数进行测试,获得水库区流纹岩的弹性模量、密度、泊松比、孔隙度和纵波速度等参数(表 1)。
假设岩石含有气和水两相流体,参考前人研究结果[26-27],取水的体积模量Kf1=2.25 GPa,水的密度ρw=1.04 kg/m3,气体的体积模量Kf2=0.001 GPa,气体的密度ρg=0.01 kg/m3。由式(5)可以求出混合流体的等效体积模量,由式(9)可以求出孔隙流体密度。以流纹岩为例,利用表 1中的岩石物理参数和3 989次地震的P波速度、波速比,通过式(10)和式(12)可以得到3 989个饱和度值和孔隙度值,饱和度最小值为0.738 0,132个饱和度值小于1,占总数的3.3%;孔隙度值为0.001~0.104 6,其中分布在0.028~0.062之间的占86.7%,这与表 1中室内声波法测得的流纹岩孔隙度结果基本一致,说明利用流体替换方法反演震中区岩石孔隙度是可行的。采用基于三角形的三次插值(triangle-based cubic interpolation)方法得到岩石孔隙度空间分布,具体见图 4。图 4(b)显示孔隙度分布具有局部差异性特征,即小于2 km的浅部区域孔隙度最大(均值0.062),NW向发震断裂双溪-焦溪垟断裂东北分支和西南分支东南段次之(均值0.054),断裂西南分支西北段最小(均值0.044)。为更好地分析孔隙度分布的差异性特征,选取震源深度大于3 km的地震,按照5次地震为滑动步长、10次地震为统计窗长计算孔隙度平均值,得到各时段的岩石孔隙度。图 5显示2002—2010年岩石孔隙度基本大于0.05,2011—2020年岩石孔隙度小于0.05,即2010年前地震发生在孔隙度较大的岩层中,2011年后地震则发生在孔隙度较小的岩层中。
岩石孔隙度的时空分布与地震序列的成组活动具有很好的对应关系。水库蓄水后,2002年地震首先发生在孔隙度较大的双溪-焦溪垟断裂东北分支,之后逐渐扩展到断裂西南分支中段和东南段,2006年地震主要发生在孔隙度较大的双溪-焦溪垟断裂西南分支东南段,2014年地震开始向孔隙度较小的断裂西南分支西北段扩展,并且主要发生在断裂西北段,2016年以后地震则无规律地发生在整条断裂上。如果3 989个孔隙度值和饱和度值反映了地震发生时水库区岩石的孔隙度和饱和状态,则:1)地震发生时岩石基本处于饱和状态;2)2002年、2006年地震主要发生在孔隙度较大的双溪-焦溪垟断裂东北分支和西南分支东南段,2014年地震主要发生在孔隙度较小的双溪-焦溪垟断裂西南分支西北段;3)深度小于2 km的浅部区域孔隙度最大,可能反映了浅层岩石由于风化作用具有较大的孔隙度及水库区分布有多组规模较小、切割不深的断裂,并进一步说明水库区具有较好的渗透条件。
Shapiro等[28-29]基于孔隙压力扩散机制,从各向异性弹性孔隙介质中的孔隙压力扩散方程出发,提出一种分析地震事件的方法,用以描述地震活动区孔隙流体动力学特征,即抛物线特征和延时特征。
假设在无限均匀各向同性饱和孔隙弹性介质中的某点处注入流体,孔隙压力突然增加后会在介质中发生扩散,通过求解孔隙压力扩散方程,从流体注射点到孔隙压力传播的前包络面的距离r可表示为:
$r=\sqrt{4 \pi D t}$
式中,D为孔隙压力扩散系数;r为前包络面半径(即震群中某个地震的震源到首发地震之间的距离);t为时间。式(17)在r-t图中所呈现的抛物包络线特征是分析孔隙压力扩散触发震群或余震活动的重要理论基础。延时特征是指流体注入期间或停止注入后,触发地震的过程可能持续一定时间,由于受到地震活动的不确定性和数据长度的限制,并非所有扩散过程都能观察到延时特征。
假设珊溪水库震区有3个主要的渗水点,由于压力扰动先后触发2002年、2006年和2014年地震活动。利用式(17)拟合各丛地震外包络线r-t图(图 6),得到与各丛地震震中区相对应区域的孔隙压力扩散系数(表 2)。珊溪水库地震具有很明显的成丛活动特征,即同一丛地震的发生时间很密集,丛与丛之间不密集。计算选取各丛地震密集活动的首次地震作为该丛的第1个地震,并假设当距离该丛第1个地震最远的地震发生时,该阶段的流体扩散作用结束。2002年震群是水库蓄水后记录到的第1丛地震,地震持续时间较短,释放的能量在3次震群中最小,2002-07-28首发地震后震中不断向外扩展,08-03在相距约6.0 km的地区发生ML2.0地震,之后地震均发生在距离首发地震更近的区域,该震群孔隙压力扩散系数为5.83 m2/s,需要指出的是,该震群中最大地震(ML3.9)发生于震中向外扩散结束后的09-05。2006年震群持续时间长,释放的能量大,共发生13次ML≥4.0地震,在3次震群中发生地震次数最多,2006-02-04的ML3.5地震后震中向外扩散速度较快,02-12在相距9.3 km的地区发生ML1.7地震,孔隙压力扩散系数为8.19 m2/s,该震群13次ML≥4.0地震中有10次发生在震中向外扩散过程中。2014-08-25的ML1.0地震后震中开始向外扩散,11-20在相距9.7 km处发生ML1.1地震,孔隙压力扩散系数为0.41 m2/s,该震群8次ML≥4.0地震均发生在震中向外扩散过程中。3次震群中2014年震群震中区范围最大,向外扩散速度最慢,孔隙压力扩散系数最小。3次震群拟合的r-t图抛物包络线上方均有少许地震,这种现象在2014年震群更加明显。此外,2014年震群具有较为明显的同一时间点上地震成簇分布的现象,即地震事件在垂直时间轴方向上密集成簇排列。结合图 4可以发现,孔隙压力扩散系数与水库岩石孔隙度的不均匀分布具有较好的一致性,即2014年震群孔隙压力扩散系数较小,震中区孔隙度也较小,2002年和2006年震群孔隙压力扩散系数较大,震中区孔隙度也相对较大。
综合珊溪水库岩石孔隙度分布和震群活动过程的孔隙压力扩散特征,得到如下结论:
1) 水库区岩石孔隙度为0.001~0.104 6,孔隙度分布具有局部差异性特征:深度小于2 km的浅部区域孔隙度最大,NW向双溪-焦溪垟断裂东北分支和西南分支东南段次之,断裂西南分支西北段最小。该分布特征与3次震群活动区域具有很好的对应关系,2002年地震首先发生在孔隙度较大的双溪-焦溪垟断裂东北分支,2006年地震主要发生在孔隙度较大的双溪-焦溪垟断裂西南分支东南段,2014年地震开始向孔隙度较小的断裂西南分支西北段扩展,并且主要发生在断裂西北段。此外,浅部孔隙度最大可能反映了浅层岩石由于风化作用具有较大的孔隙度及水库区有多组规模较小、切割不深的断裂,并进一步说明水库区具有较好的渗透条件。
2) 2002年、2006年和2014年震群孔隙压力扩散系数分别为5.83 m2/s、8.19 m2/s和0.41 m2/s。2002年震群孔隙压力扩散系数与2006年相近,但比2014年大1个数量级,这一差异与水库区岩石孔隙度分布的局部差异性具有较好的一致性,即震群孔隙压力扩散系数较大的地区岩石孔隙度也相对较大。水库蓄水后水的渗透和扩散反映了其在水头梯度和水饱和度梯度作用下穿过孔隙介质的过程,孔隙度越大、介质的渗透性和扩散性越强,水在介质中的扩散就越快。2002年、2006年震群发生在孔隙度较大的区域,孔隙压力在不到10 d时间就扩散到6.0~9.3 km远处,之后不再向外扩散,且2002年震群的最大地震和2006年震群的部分ML≥4.0地震发生在扩散结束后。但发生在孔隙度较小区域的2014年震群,孔隙压力扩散持续近3个月,扩散距离为9.7 km,且震群8次ML≥4.0地震均发生在扩散过程中。
3) 在同一次震群的数据拟合中,出现抛物包络线之上有少许地震、同一时间点上地震成簇分布的现象。流体触发震群活动主要受孔隙压力扩散系数和岩石应力临界状态2个因素控制,不均匀的孔隙压力扩散系数和较高的岩石应力临界状态会影响地震事件演化的方向和速度[30]。按照该观点,3次震群r-t图抛物包络线上方都有地震分布,说明3次震群震中区的孔隙压力扩散率不均匀,而2014年震群在时间上成簇分布的现象可能说明该震群震中区处于比2002年和2004年更高的应力临界状态。

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doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.07.368
  • 接收时间:2024-07-30
  • 首发时间:2026-10-29
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