Article(id=1322506703720010683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, issueId=1322506567065383670, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14075/j.jgg.2024.07.357, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1721577600000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-22, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793239769153, onlineDateStr=2026-10-29, pubDate=1752508800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793239769153, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793239769153, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793239769153, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322506567065383670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, year='2025', volume='45', issue='7', pageStart='661', pageEnd='770', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1752508800000', pubDateStr='2025-07-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793239736572, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793239736572, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=754, endPage=757, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322506703933920188, articleId=1322506703720010683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=EN, title=Reducing GRACE North-South Striping Noise Using the Moving Average Spatial Filter, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The gravity recovery and climate experiment(GRACE) mission and followed missions can provide unconstrained monthly time-varying gravity fields that are polluted by north-south striping noise. This noise is defined as a quasi-periodic oscillation along longitude, propagating continuously along latitude. Aiming at this characteristic, we introduce the moving average smoothing technique to suppress the noise in spatial domain, implementing different degrees of smoothing based on the different prior knowledge between ocean and land. Then, the proposed method is compared with common DDK filters in spatial, frequency, and time domains, showing a comparable filtering effect. The evaluation results show that the noise level of proposed method in ocean is about 20 mm, which is lower than that of DDK5-DDK7(26.20-50.25 mm). Although there are limitations such as the setting of sliding window size depends on experience, the proposed method does not need to know the variance information between signal and noise in advance and can provide a new idea for the design of novel filters.

, authors=Songhui ZHAN1, 2, 3, authorsList=Songhui ZHAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

ZHAN Songhui, engineer, majors in surveying data processing, E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322506704961524677, articleId=1322506703720010683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=CN, title=滑动平均空域滤波器处理GRACE南北条带误差, columnId=1322506242858271689, journalTitle=大地测量与地球动力学, columnName=地球物理解释, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

重力恢复与气候实验(gravity recovery and climate experiment, GRACE)卫星任务及后续任务的无约束月时变重力场被南北条带噪声污染。该噪声被定义为沿经度方向的准周期振荡,并沿纬度方向持续传播。鉴于此特性,本文引入滑动平均平滑技术在空域抑制该噪声,并基于海陆差异的先验知识实施不同程度的平滑。将该方法与常用的DDK滤波器在空域、频域和时域进行对比,结果显示,两者滤波效果相当。评估结果表明,本文方法在海洋区域的噪声水平约为20 mm,小于DDK5~DDK7噪声水平(26.20~50.25 mm)。尽管存在滑动窗口大小设置依赖经验等局限性,但本文方法无需预先确定信号与噪声的方差信息,可为新型滤波器的设计提供新思路。

, authors=詹松辉1, 2, 3, authorsList=詹松辉, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

詹松辉,工程师,主要研究方向为测量数据处理,E-mail:

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詹松辉,工程师,主要研究方向为测量数据处理,E-mail:

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詹松辉,工程师,主要研究方向为测量数据处理,E-mail:

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滑动平均空域滤波器处理GRACE南北条带误差
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詹松辉 1, 2, 3
大地测量与地球动力学 | 地球物理解释 2025,45(7): 754-757
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大地测量与地球动力学 |地球物理解释 2025 , 45 (7) : 754 -757
滑动平均空域滤波器处理GRACE南北条带误差
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2 Collaborative Innovation Center for Natural Resources Planning and Marine Technology of Guangzhou, 10 Jianshe Road, Guangzhou 510060, China
3 Guangdong Enterprise Key Laboratory for Urban Sensing, Monitoring and Early Warning, 10 Jianshe Road, Guangzhou 510060, China, bio={"content":"

ZHAN Songhui, engineer, majors in surveying data processing, E-mail:

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詹松辉,工程师,主要研究方向为测量数据处理,E-mail:

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詹松辉1, 2, 3
作者信息
  • 1 广州市城市规划勘测设计研究院有限公司, 广州市建设大马路10号, 510060
  • 2 广州市资源规划和海洋科技协同创新中心, 广州市建设大马路10号, 510060
  • 3 广东省城市感知与监测预警企业重点实验室, 广州市建设大马路10号, 510060
作者简介:

詹松辉,工程师,主要研究方向为测量数据处理,E-mail:

Reducing GRACE North-South Striping Noise Using the Moving Average Spatial Filter
Songhui ZHAN1, 2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1 Guangzhou Urban Planning and Design Survey Research Institute Co Ltd, 10 Jianshe Road, Guangzhou 510060, China
  • 2 Collaborative Innovation Center for Natural Resources Planning and Marine Technology of Guangzhou, 10 Jianshe Road, Guangzhou 510060, China
  • 3 Guangdong Enterprise Key Laboratory for Urban Sensing, Monitoring and Early Warning, 10 Jianshe Road, Guangzhou 510060, China
  • ZHAN Songhui, engineer, majors in surveying data processing, E-mail:

出版时间: 2025-07-15 doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.07.357
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重力恢复与气候实验(gravity recovery and climate experiment, GRACE)卫星任务及后续任务的无约束月时变重力场被南北条带噪声污染。该噪声被定义为沿经度方向的准周期振荡,并沿纬度方向持续传播。鉴于此特性,本文引入滑动平均平滑技术在空域抑制该噪声,并基于海陆差异的先验知识实施不同程度的平滑。将该方法与常用的DDK滤波器在空域、频域和时域进行对比,结果显示,两者滤波效果相当。评估结果表明,本文方法在海洋区域的噪声水平约为20 mm,小于DDK5~DDK7噪声水平(26.20~50.25 mm)。尽管存在滑动窗口大小设置依赖经验等局限性,但本文方法无需预先确定信号与噪声的方差信息,可为新型滤波器的设计提供新思路。

GRACE  /  条带误差  /  滑动平均  /  空域滤波器

The gravity recovery and climate experiment(GRACE) mission and followed missions can provide unconstrained monthly time-varying gravity fields that are polluted by north-south striping noise. This noise is defined as a quasi-periodic oscillation along longitude, propagating continuously along latitude. Aiming at this characteristic, we introduce the moving average smoothing technique to suppress the noise in spatial domain, implementing different degrees of smoothing based on the different prior knowledge between ocean and land. Then, the proposed method is compared with common DDK filters in spatial, frequency, and time domains, showing a comparable filtering effect. The evaluation results show that the noise level of proposed method in ocean is about 20 mm, which is lower than that of DDK5-DDK7(26.20-50.25 mm). Although there are limitations such as the setting of sliding window size depends on experience, the proposed method does not need to know the variance information between signal and noise in advance and can provide a new idea for the design of novel filters.

GRACE  /  striping noise  /  moving average  /  spatial filter
詹松辉. 滑动平均空域滤波器处理GRACE南北条带误差. 大地测量与地球动力学, 2025 , 45 (7) : 754 -757 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.07.357
Songhui ZHAN. Reducing GRACE North-South Striping Noise Using the Moving Average Spatial Filter[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 2025 , 45 (7) : 754 -757 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.07.357
GRACE/GRACE Follow-On(GFO)任务可为监测地球质量分布和重分布提供全新观测手段[1],但其月时变重力场产品均存在明显的南北条带噪声。因此,滤波器的应用显得尤为重要。其中,高斯滤波器因简单有效而成为常用的方法之一[2],另一种方法为拟合南北条带噪声模式。Swenson等[3]提出的空域南北条带噪声在频域表现为次相关模式,可在谱域拟合该误差模式。但在谱域的调整如何潜在影响原始物理信号的完整性和准确性,目前尚缺乏充分的研究[4]。对此,Yi等[5]提出南北条带噪声的空域定义,即沿东西方向的准周期变化同时沿南北方向传播。基于此,本文引入滑动平均法处理空域值,提出一种高效且简易的去条带方法。本研究在空域、频域和时域对比分析本文方法与DDK滤波器的差异,并采用公海残差对改进的方法进行量化评估。
本研究采用美国德克萨斯大学空间研究中心(CSR)发布的RL06截断至60阶次的GRACE/GFO月时变重力场模型(即球谐系数模型)估计全球质量场变化,研究时段为2002-04—2022-12。本文从空域处理南北条带噪声,空域等效水高可表示为[2]:
$\begin{gathered}\Delta h(\theta, \lambda)=\frac{R \rho_e}{3 \rho_w} \sum\limits_{n=0}^{n_{\max }} \sum\limits_{m=0}^n P_{n m}(\cos \theta) \frac{2 n+1}{1+k_n} W_{n m} \times \\{\left[\Delta C_{n m} \cos (m \lambda)+\Delta S_{n m} \sin (m \lambda)\right]}\end{gathered}$
式中,θ、λ分别表示地心余纬与地心经度;nmax为截断阶数,在本文中取60;R为地球平均半径;ρe和ρw分别表示地球平均密度和水密度;ΔCnm和ΔSnm为归一化球谐系数变化量;Pnm为n阶m次归一化缔合勒让德多项式;kn是n阶负荷勒夫数;Wnm为n阶m次平滑核函数。
南北条带噪声被定义为沿经度方向的准周期振荡。为此,本文提出滑动平均空域滤波器,采用滑动平均法抑制该噪声。滑动平均法常被用于压制时间序列中的季节性振荡,可揭示长波信号信息。当观测数据为均匀采样的时间序列ft(1≤t≤N),则其滑动平均值为:
$\bar{f}_t=\frac{\sum\limits_{i=1}^w\left(f_{t-i}+f_{i+t}\right)+f_t}{2 w+1}$
式中,${\rm{\bar f}}$t为t时刻的滑动平均结果;w为滑动窗口半径;N为时间序列长度。依据式(1)计算离散化的Δh,经度和纬度方向的采样率均为1°。经过窗口半径为w的滑动平均法遍历后,即可得到最终的平滑结果。海洋区域以长波特征为主,故海洋区域的w值始终被固定为比陆地区域大5个单位,窗口半径单位在本文采样率设定下为1°。
图 1为不同窗口半径下滑动平均空域滤波器的滤波效果。当w=1°时,滑动平均空域滤波器已经可以很好地抑制海洋区域噪声。随着窗口半径增大,海洋区域未出现显著变化,而陆地区域的南北条带噪声则在减少。当w=3°时,等效水高图仅在高纬度区域残留微弱的南北条带噪声。当w=4°时,等效水高图在南美洲亚马逊流域重新出现南北条带噪声,这可能是因为w=3°与GRACE的分辨率相匹配,而w=4°时则导致较强的信号泄漏。从直观上看,w=3°的滤波结果与常用的DDK滤波器结果相似[6]。此外,常用的高斯滤波器可以很好地抑制噪声,但同时也会导致显著的信号泄漏。
图 2(a)和2(b)分别为2019-12原始球谐系数振幅及其形式误差,图 2(c)~2(h)为滤波后系数振幅与原始系数振幅(图 2(a))的量级差异(滤波后系数振幅量级减去原始系数振幅量级)。滑动平均滤波在海、陆区域会进行不同强度的平滑,因此在频域对球谐系数执行非均匀的调整(图 2(c)~2(f))。随着窗口半径增大,对球谐系数振幅的压制也相应地增强,基本表现为与球谐次数相关的模式,符合南北条带噪声的谱域次相关模式。本文滤波与DDK滤波(图 2(g)~2(h))原理不同,但两者的调整十分相似,且与球谐系数的形式误差(图 2(b))相匹配,说明滑动平均滤波器的设计具有合理性。
本文选取非洲维多利亚湖的格网点质量变化与独立数据进行对比(图 3)。独立数据采用卫星测高结果估计的等效水高,并结合GLDAS水文模型的土壤水(0~2 m)补充其余分量。合成数据被截断至60阶,并且移除2004—2010年均值。图 3中还包含时间序列的拟合线性趋势及其不确定性信息。DDK滤波与本文方法均能减少时间序列中的离散点,还可揭示时间序列的时变特征。但在2020年之后,随着平滑的增强,该时期水储量显著减少,进而导致线性趋势也显著变小。独立数据的趋势为33.58 mm/a,而w=2°和w=3°方案的趋势分别为33.55 mm/a和29.07 mm/a,最平滑的高斯滤波器导致线性趋势减小至21.89 mm/a。在强信号时期,可以考虑使用更弱的滑动平均空域滤波器(w=2°)来保留更多的时变信息。
本节采用海洋残差评估不同方案的噪声水平,图 4为不同滤波方案的残差序列均方根空间分布[7]。本文方法在海洋区域施加极强的平滑,因此海洋区域具有较低的残差水平,其残差均方根均值(19.45~24.64 mm)都小于DDK方案(26.20~50.25 mm)。对于本文方法,海洋区域残差均方根与上述公海残差的假设不匹配,即同一纬度的海、陆区域噪声水平一致。该评估结果仅可反映本文方案在海洋区域实现了比DDK更低的噪声水平,而无法真实反映本文方案在陆地区域的噪声水平。尽管如此,可以考虑利用DDK5评估的海洋区域残差水平(26.20 mm)近似地评估w=3°方案在陆地区域的噪声水平。这是因为DDK5在同一纬度海、陆区域的平滑程度相近,且w=3°方案在陆地区域的残差均方根与DDK5相近。
为处理GRACE/GFO时变重力场模型的条带噪声,本文引入滑动平均滤波器,并基于先验知识对海陆采用不同程度的平滑,得到以下结论:1)在空域中,本文方法可抑制60°S~60°N区域的条带误差噪声;2)在频域中,本文方法对系数的调整与DDK滤波器相似,且与球谐系数的形式误差相匹配;3)公海残差结果表明,本文方法可有效抑制海洋区域噪声(19.45~24.64 mm),小于DDK5~DDK7噪声水平(26.20~50.25 mm)。
本文所设计的滤波器仍存在一定局限性:一是对于海陆交界区域的复杂环境处理尚存挑战;二是参数选取依赖经验。尽管如此,本文方法无需预先确定信号与噪声的方差信息,可简化数据处理流程,与DDK滤波器效果相当。本文研究结果可为滤波器的设计与开发提供宝贵的参考与启示。
  • 广州市资源规划和海洋科技协同创新中心项目(2023B04J0301)
  • 广州市资源规划和海洋科技协同创新中心项目(2023B04J0191)
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林家益, 许闯, 简光煜, 等. 利用改进的PnMl方法处理GRACE南北条带误差[J]. 大地测量与地球动力学, 2024, 44 (3): 299- 303 http://www.jgg09.com/CN/Y2024/V44/I3/299
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2025年第45卷第7期
31
12
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doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.07.357
  • 接收时间:2024-07-22
  • 首发时间:2026-10-29
  • 出版时间:2025-07-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-22
基金
Collaborative Innovation Center for Natural Resources Planning and Marine Technology of Guangzhou(2023B04J0301)
广州市资源规划和海洋科技协同创新中心项目(2023B04J0301)
Collaborative Innovation Center for Natural Resources Planning and Marine Technology of Guangzhou(2023B04J0191)
广州市资源规划和海洋科技协同创新中心项目(2023B04J0191)
作者信息
    1 广州市城市规划勘测设计研究院有限公司, 广州市建设大马路10号, 510060
    2 广州市资源规划和海洋科技协同创新中心, 广州市建设大马路10号, 510060
    3 广东省城市感知与监测预警企业重点实验室, 广州市建设大马路10号, 510060
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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