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Article(id=1322506708837061619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, issueId=1322506567065383670, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14075/j.jgg.2024.07.353, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1721318400000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-19, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793239770372, onlineDateStr=2026-10-29, pubDate=1752508800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793239770372, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793239770372, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793239770372, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322506567065383670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, year='2025', volume='45', issue='7', pageStart='661', pageEnd='770', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1752508800000', pubDateStr='2025-07-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793239736572, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793239736572, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=766, endPage=770, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322506709013222388, articleId=1322506708837061619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=EN, title=Development of Graphene Intelligent Insulation Cover for Seismometer Based on 3D Printing, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In response to the problem that traditional seismometer insulation cover cannot meet the instrument working environment indicators at low temperature and cannot maintain a constant temperature in working environment, an intelligent seismometer insulation cover has been developed using graphene material and popular 3D printing technology, taking into account the observation environment requirements of seismometer. According to indoor and outdoor testing and analysis, the intelligent insulation cover can meet the monitoring environment requirements of seismometer, with a temperature fluctuation of less than 1 ℃, a universal power supply demand of 12 V, intelligent constant temperature, lightweight instrument, simple operation, and wide applicability. It can be used in poorly conditioned observation chamber and low temperature outdoor environment.

, authors=Lei ZHAO1, Haiyan WANG1, *, authorsList=Lei ZHAO, Haiyan WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Haiyan WANG, authorNote=

ZHAO Lei, engineer, majors in maintenance and development of seismic instrument, E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322506710531560448, articleId=1322506708837061619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=CN, title=基于3D打印的石墨烯地震计智能保温罩研制, columnId=1322506256904994864, journalTitle=大地测量与地球动力学, columnName=观测技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对传统地震计保温罩在低温下既不能满足仪器工作环境指标，也不能保持地震计工作环境恒温的问题，结合地震计观测环境需求，采用石墨烯材料，应用现下流行的3D打印技术研制一款地震计智能保温罩。经室内外测试分析表明，地震计智能保温罩能满足地震计监测环境要求，温度浮动小于1℃，12 V通用供电，智能恒温，仪器轻便，操作简单，适用性广，可在条件较差的摆房和低温户外环境使用。

, authors=赵雷1, 王海燕1, *, authorsList=赵雷, 王海燕, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王海燕, authorNote=

赵雷，工程师，主要研究方向为地震仪器维修和研发，E-mail：

, correspAuthorsNote=

王海燕，高级工程师，主要研究方向为地震预报、地球物理观测数据分析，E-mail：

WANG Haiyan, senior engineer, majors in earthquake prediction, geophysical observation data analysis, E-mail:

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ZHAO Lei, engineer, majors in maintenance and development of seismic instrument, E-mail:

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赵雷，工程师，主要研究方向为地震仪器维修和研发，E-mail：

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赵雷，工程师，主要研究方向为地震仪器维修和研发，E-mail：

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基于3D打印的石墨烯地震计智能保温罩研制
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赵雷 1 , 王海燕 1, *
大地测量与地球动力学 | 观测技术 2025,45(7): 766-770
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大地测量与地球动力学 |观测技术 2025 , 45 (7) : 766 -770
基于3D打印的石墨烯地震计智能保温罩研制
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赵雷，工程师，主要研究方向为地震仪器维修和研发，E-mail：

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赵雷1 , 王海燕1, *
作者信息
  • 1 辽宁省地震局, 沈阳市黄河北大街44号, 110034
通讯作者:

王海燕，高级工程师，主要研究方向为地震预报、地球物理观测数据分析，E-mail：

WANG Haiyan, senior engineer, majors in earthquake prediction, geophysical observation data analysis, E-mail:

作者简介:

赵雷，工程师，主要研究方向为地震仪器维修和研发，E-mail：

Development of Graphene Intelligent Insulation Cover for Seismometer Based on 3D Printing
Lei ZHAO1 , Haiyan WANG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Liaoning Earthquake Agency, 44 North-Huanghe Street, Shenyang 110034, China

    • ZHAO Lei, engineer, majors in maintenance and development of seismic instrument, E-mail:

出版时间: 2025-07-15 doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.07.353
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摘要
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针对传统地震计保温罩在低温下既不能满足仪器工作环境指标，也不能保持地震计工作环境恒温的问题，结合地震计观测环境需求，采用石墨烯材料，应用现下流行的3D打印技术研制一款地震计智能保温罩。经室内外测试分析表明，地震计智能保温罩能满足地震计监测环境要求，温度浮动小于1℃，12 V通用供电，智能恒温，仪器轻便，操作简单，适用性广，可在条件较差的摆房和低温户外环境使用。

智能保温罩  /  石墨烯  /  地震计  /  3D打印

In response to the problem that traditional seismometer insulation cover cannot meet the instrument working environment indicators at low temperature and cannot maintain a constant temperature in working environment, an intelligent seismometer insulation cover has been developed using graphene material and popular 3D printing technology, taking into account the observation environment requirements of seismometer. According to indoor and outdoor testing and analysis, the intelligent insulation cover can meet the monitoring environment requirements of seismometer, with a temperature fluctuation of less than 1 ℃, a universal power supply demand of 12 V, intelligent constant temperature, lightweight instrument, simple operation, and wide applicability. It can be used in poorly conditioned observation chamber and low temperature outdoor environment.

intelligent insulation cover  /  graphene  /  seismometer  /  3D printing
赵雷, 王海燕. 基于3D打印的石墨烯地震计智能保温罩研制. 大地测量与地球动力学, 2025 , 45 (7) : 766 -770 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.07.353
Lei ZHAO, Haiyan WANG. Development of Graphene Intelligent Insulation Cover for Seismometer Based on 3D Printing[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 2025 , 45 (7) : 766 -770 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.07.353
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我国测震观测系统大量使用宽频带地震计和甚宽频带地震计，温度、湿度等因素对精密测量仪器的材料性能、元件参数的影响普遍存在，不可忽视[1-3]。《中国数字测震台网技术规程》规定：宽频带地震计安装的摆房应设有保温防潮密封隔离间或隔离带，湿度小于95%，扰动气流速度低于5.0 km/h，且温度变化小于2 ℃/d和15 ℃/a；对于甚宽频带地震计的安装环境要求更为严格，湿度小于90%，扰动气流速度低于3.0 km/h，且温度变化小于1 ℃/d和10 ℃/a[4]。在实际台站运行中，大部分仪器的观测效果和数据质量依赖于台站环境参数，但温度对观测仪器的影响目前尚无准确认识。以宽频带地震计为例，各分向电压灵敏度在±30 ℃之间，且随温度升高而增大，灵敏度变化率为2%~3%，尤其在－15 ℃和15 ℃温度点左右变化率最大[4]，考虑到高灵敏度和灵敏度变化区间，地震计温度最好保持在15~30 ℃范围内的恒温。辽宁各地累年最低气温为－43.4~－19.0 ℃，日温度变化一般大于10 ℃，年温度变化一般大于50 ℃，最低气温普遍出现在1月份，个别地区出现在12月下旬或2月上旬，位于辽东南沿海的东港则出现在3月份[5]，温度环境都无法满足地震计良好工作的需求。在辽宁省2015-03预警项目地震台阵堪选中，部分使用普通保温罩的地震计出现零点漂移和内部机械结构卡死等现象，导致采集数据不稳或中断，产生无效观测数据或数据缺失。
目前我国测震观测系统普遍使用的地震计保温罩多是在塑料桶或者铁桶里面加上隔热海棉泡沫自制而成，在保暖条件不佳的观测摆房或户外其保温性能极差，地震计内部机械结构都会受到影响，易出现零点漂移、三分项波形不稳定甚至机械结构卡死等问题；尤其是地震计内部的垂直摆结构，受温度影响簧片会产生较大形变，导致垂直分向波形产生严重漂移且持续时间很长。针对这些情况，本文设计一种地震计智能恒温罩，使地震计符合《中国数字测震台网技术规程》中对于工作温度的要求，从而使地震计在温度条件不佳的环境中能获得稳定的波形数据。
1 地震计智能保温罩设计
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1.1 地震计智能保温罩恒温系统设计
为实现保温和恒温功能，地震计智能保温罩采用12 V供电的柔性石墨烯作为发热材料。石墨烯是目前世界上最薄且强度最高的材料，具有优异的力学、热学、电学和光学性能，且其柔韧性强，可卷成筒状结构，均匀地贴合在保温罩发热层内壁，发热快且均匀，热转化效率高，结实耐用，应用前景十分广阔[6-9]。
地震计智能保温罩使用环境温度范围为－30~30 ℃，一般地震计在实际使用时环境温度在15 ℃以上就不需要智能保温罩，本文设计初衷主要为实用抗寒和轻便适合野外流动地震计架设，具体温度设置要依据环境温度范围，并非绝对的恒温仪器。考虑到高灵敏度和灵敏度变化区间，地震计温度最好保持在15~30 ℃范围内，因此保温罩的设置温度一般为15~30 ℃。本文地震计智能保温罩以石墨烯加热为方案，使用时地震计保温罩的设置温度要高于环境温度范围以达到恒温的效果。
为实现恒温系统的智能控制，使用ST芯片(STM8S003F3P6)控制电路收集温度传感器的温度数据，进而判断是否让石墨烯发热膜进行加热工作。为使ST芯片更好地采集温度，选用应用广泛的Pt100传感器[10]作为保温罩温度传感器，在正常条件下，该传感器是一种非常精确且稳定的温度测量传感器[11]。Pt100温度传感器测量范围在－50~200 ℃之间，Pt100铂热电阻因具有稳定性高、测温精度高、温度监测区间广、抗干扰能力强等优势，广泛应用于工程领域[12]。在恒温系统设置所需的温度参数后，Pt100温度传感器负责将保温罩内的温度数据实时发送到ST芯片控制电路，然后ST芯片控制电路对温度数据进行处理，发出指令到继电器，通过继电器开关来控制石墨烯发热膜是否工作。保温罩温控设置精度为0.1 ℃，当温度达到预设温度时，继电器开关断开，停止加热；当温度低于预设温度0.1 ℃时，继电器开关闭合，系统开始加热，不断反复，从而控制保温罩内的温度。为能监控保温罩内的温度，恒温系统需配有液晶显示器，可以实时显示保温罩内的温度。
根据以上设计需求，地震计智能保温恒温系统由以下模块构成：以STM8S003F3P6芯片为核心的控制电路、温度传感器、柔性石墨烯、继电器、均热膜和液晶显示器。为使地震计智能保温罩应用更广泛，恒温系统中的控制电路、柔性石墨烯和继电器在设计时都选用12 V供电规格。
1.2 地震计智能保温罩结构设计
根据本文地震计保温罩恒温系统设计要求，地震计智能保温罩结构由保温罩主体、透明上盖、底座组成(图 1)。保温罩分上下两层空间，上层空间为ST芯片控制电路、继电器和液晶显示器放置空间，下层空间为恒温室，恒温室内壁贴有保温层和石墨烯加热层，恒温室顶部放置温度传感器以采集温度数据。地震计智能保温罩为高50 cm、上下直径均为40 cm的圆柱体，能适用于绝大部分不同型号的地震计。考虑到后续保温罩主体加工采用3D打印技术，而3D打印技术主要是通过对材料的逐层堆积来构建物体，当熔融沉积3D打印的模型具有悬空结构时，切片软件会自动生成支撑结构，以辅助模型实体部分的打印[13]。3D打印支撑结构不仅会造成打印材料的浪费，还会延长打印时间并对模型外表造成损伤[14]。为让地震计保温罩主体在打印过程中去掉3D打印支撑，保温罩顶盖和隔离板的支架设计为边长为1 cm的三角支架，以避免3D打印过程中的悬空打印。经反复实验，三角支架边长打印极限为1 cm，超过会出现悬空打印的情况，无法避免3D打印支撑。
2 主体结构加工方法
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现下流行的3D打印技术能够在不牺牲产品性能的情况下打印出复杂的产品，摒弃生产线且降低成本，大幅减少材料浪费。相对于传统的制造技术，3D打印可为设计者提供广阔的设计空间[15]，让设计方案更加自由。因此，本文地震计智能保温罩主要由3D打印制造而成，制作材料选择与3D机专门配套的PLA耗材。PLA具有的硬度和韧性能够满足地震计智能保温罩所需的结构强度，并且是一种具有良好生物降解性和生物相容性的热塑性脂肪族聚酯[16]，非常适用于设计结构，期间产生的大量失败实验品无毒可降解，不会对环境造成污染。保温罩主体制作流程如下：
1) 首先使用三维建模软件SolidWorks 3D绘制地震计保温罩三维模型，然后选用STL格式进行打印文件储存。由计算机读取STL文件，通过文件数据和一定的切片算法对模型进行切片运算[17]，最后使用Ultimaker Cura 4. 2. 1 3D打印切片软件进行切片，利用计算机模拟打印过程。在模拟打印过程中出现不合理或者错误的地方需要及时修正。
2) 重新使用三维建模软件SolidWorks 3D绘制地震计保温罩模型，重新对3D模型文件进行格式转换，并采用Ultimaker Cura 4. 2. 1 3D打印切片软件进行切片，然后利用计算机模拟打印过程，如发现可以去掉3D打印支撑，就可以进行3D实体打印。
3) 调整打印参数，如打印速度、打印头温度、打印版温度，进行3D实体打印，并收集实体打印中的问题，如打印体积较大的模型时出现中途脱落的现象，就要重新设计打印平台附着。分别测试Skirt、Brim、Raft方案，最后选用Brim方案并调整参数，开始制作打印；打印结束后，使用专用铲刀取下打印的主体结构，至此主体结构制作完成。
3 智能保温罩功能测试
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为确定制造完成的智能保温罩能否实现设计的功能，需要进行室内和室外工作测试，室内测试主要是确认能否满足设计需求，而室外测试主要是通过对比地震计智能保温罩与普通保温罩在相同环境下的温度曲线，验证地震计智能保温罩的恒温性能和优越性。
3.1 室内测试
地震计智能保温罩制造完成后首先进行室内测试，实验时间为2023-12-06 16:30—12-07 09:00，实验地点为辽宁省地震局办公楼内。测试方法：将地震计智能保温罩温度设置为25 ℃，室内起始温度为22 ℃，采用2个温度记录仪，其中一个放在室内采集室内温度数据，另一个放在地震计保温罩内进行温度采集。实验开始后，打开室内窗户，让室温逐渐降低，对比室内温度和地震计智能保温罩内温度。实验历时17 h，可以明显看出两者温度曲线存在差异(图 2)：保温罩外温度直线下降，而地震计智能保温罩内可以保持在设定温度，上下浮动不超过1 ℃，基本保持不变。确定地震计智能保温罩室内实验测试结果满足设计功能后，在室外0 ℃以下进行低温测试。
3.2 室外测试
室外测试为还原东北冬天日夜温差大的情景，室外测试时间为2023-12-19 18:00—12-21 18:00，测试环境为温度可以达到－20 ℃的雪天，测试地点为辽宁省地震局院内。测试方法：将地震计智能保温罩和地震计普通保温罩一同放置于雪天室外(图 3)，然后采用3个同型号温度记录仪，其中2个分别放在地震计智能保温罩内和普通保温罩内，采集不同保温罩内的温度，另一个温度计放在室外采集室外温度，连续采集48 h数据后对比三方温度数据(图 4)。选用2台GL-PCS60型地震计，分别放在智能保温罩和普通保温罩内，进行简单的地震计数据对比实验。
在48 h数据无问题后，为取得更长的实验数据，以同样的方式进行7 d室外测试，然后对比三方温度数据(图 5)。
3.3 测试结果分析
3.3.1 保温罩保温效果对比
地震计智能保温罩的保温及恒温效果良好，温度基本稳定在设定温度，上下浮动不超出1 ℃；而地震计普通保温罩只具有微弱的保温效果，无法维持地震仪器所需的稳定工作温度，并随着室外温度变化而变化，因此两者温度曲线极其相似(图 4和图 5)，且温度波动幅度非常明显。从结果来看，地震计普通保温罩保温效果微弱，与室外温度相比仅提高0~3 ℃，无法大幅提高保温罩内温度并保持罩内温度恒定；相比之下，地震计智能保温罩可智能保温，并维持地震计所需的稳定工作温度，满足地震计工作要求。
3.3.2 使用不同保温罩的地震计观测数据对比
对比分别放在智能保温罩和普通保温罩内的GL-PCS60型地震计采集的数据发现，地震计放在石墨烯智能保温罩内所采集数据的灵敏度要比放在普通保温罩内高，并且在长尺度对比上也非常直观明显，符合以往研究中地震计各分向电压灵敏度在±30 ℃之间随温度升高而增大的结论[1, 4]，可见石墨烯地震计智能保温罩不仅能给地震计提供良好的温度环境，还可提高地震计灵敏度，使地震计能更好、更清晰地记录地震数据。
3.4 智能保温罩功耗分析
关于石墨烯地震计智能保温罩的功耗，其设计初衷是为满足地震计户外架设的供电需求。由于普通电瓶(60 Ah)能工作48 h，可满足地震计流动台基本站和基准站连续24~48 h数据测试，保温罩前端供电为稳定12 V/1.5 A供电，即功耗全开供电情况下最大不超过18 W，且达到设定温度后会转变为恒温模式。在上述48 h测试中，室外温度在－20~－16 ℃随机变化，真实还原了东北冬天户外架设的地震计智能保温罩的功耗。保温罩为密闭空间积累发热，开始加热为峰值功率18 W，25 min后上升到设定温度，之后转换为恒温加热方式，功耗大幅度降低，每4 s约有2 s加热、2 s断开加热，实际耗电量在7~9 Wh，十分省电，足以保证户外地震计架设基准站和基本站24~48 h的供电需求。
4 结语
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本文应用石墨烯材料采用3D打印技术设计和制造一种地震计智能保温罩，并通过室内、室外测试及两种不同保温罩内温度对比分析，得到以下结论：
1) 地震计智能保温罩在低温工作环境下具有很好的保温及恒温效果，可以智能地控制地震计所需的工作温度，解决地震计在寒冷温度环境下工作状态不佳的问题，满足地震计工作要求，且轻便适用于野外观测，完全可以替代我国测震观测系统目前普遍使用的地震计保温罩。
2) 地震计智能保温罩采用石墨烯作为材料，其柔韧性强，可卷成筒状结构，均匀地贴合在保温罩发热层内壁，发热快且均匀，热转化效率高，结实耐用，可迅速提高周围温度。
3) 地震计智能保温罩采用现下流行的3D打印技术进行制作，造价低，制作速度快，便于设计；合理设计地震计智能保温罩结构，可以去除3D打印支撑，从而节省制作成本。
基金
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  • 辽宁省地震局青年基金(2022020)
文献
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2025年第45卷第7期
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引用本文
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文章信息
doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.07.353
  • 接收时间：2024-07-19
  • 首发时间：2026-10-29
  • 出版时间：2025-07-15
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  • 收稿日期：2024-07-19
基金
Youth Fund of Liaoning Earthquake Agency(2022020)
辽宁省地震局青年基金(2022020)
作者信息
    1 辽宁省地震局, 沈阳市黄河北大街44号, 110034

通讯作者:

王海燕，高级工程师，主要研究方向为地震预报、地球物理观测数据分析，E-mail：

WANG Haiyan, senior engineer, majors in earthquake prediction, geophysical observation data analysis, E-mail:

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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/ddcl/CN/10.14075/j.jgg.2024.07.353
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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