Article(id=1322941075073138821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, issueId=1322940829001724376, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14075/j.jgg.2024.07.311, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1719936000000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-03, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793343331353, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1747238400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793343331353, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793343331353, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793343331353, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322940829001724376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, year='2025', volume='45', issue='5', pageStart='441', pageEnd='550', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1747238400000', pubDateStr='2025-05-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793343272686, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793343272686, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=441, endPage=446, 476, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322941075530317958, articleId=1322941075073138821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=EN, title=Activity Characteristics of the Southern Segment of the Jiayuguan Fault in the Hexi Corridor, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Taking the southern section of the Jiayuguan fault as the research subject, the morphology of the hidden segment of the fault was determined through shallow artificial seismic exploration. Based on remote sensing image interpretation and field geological surveys, the fault was found to be exposed at the surface at the southern end of the Jiayuguan fault, forming an anticline fault scarp. Through aerial photogrammetry, combined with dating tests, it was determined that the fault has been active since the late Pleistocene. Using high-precision topographic data, the height of the fault scarp was obtained, and combined with the corresponding geomorphological age, the vertical slip rate of the southern section of the Jiayuguan fault was estimated to be 0.03±0.01 mm/a.

, authors=Xingwang LIU1, 2, Junwen ZHU1, 2, Yunsheng YAO1, 2, Xiaoming ZHAO3, authorsList=Xingwang LIU, Junwen ZHU, Yunsheng YAO, Xiaoming ZHAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

LIU Xingwang, PhD, researcher, majorsin activetectonics, E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322941082467696787, articleId=1322941075073138821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=CN, title=河西走廊嘉峪关断裂南段活动特征, columnId=1322506193558422163, journalTitle=大地测量与地球动力学, columnName=地震地质, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

以嘉峪关断裂南段为研究对象, 通过浅层人工地震勘探, 确定断裂隐伏段形态。根据遥感影像解译和野外地质调查, 在嘉峪关断裂南端发现断裂出露地表, 并形成反向断层陡坎。通过航空摄影测量, 结合年代学测试, 确定断裂晚更新世以来有过活动。利用高精度地形数据, 获得断层陡坎高度, 结合相应的地貌年代, 估算嘉峪关断裂南段垂直滑动速率为0.03±0.01 mm/a。

, authors=刘兴旺1, 2, 朱俊文1, 2, 姚赟胜1, 2, 赵晓明3, authorsList=刘兴旺, 朱俊文, 姚赟胜, 赵晓明, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

刘兴旺, 博士, 研究员, 主要从事活动构造研究, E-mail:

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articleId=1322941075073138821, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

OSL dating results of the Jiayuguan fault

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品编号 埋深/m U-238/10-6 Th-232/10-6 K-40/% 环境剂量率/Ga·ka-1 等效剂量/Ga 年龄/ka BP
JYGOSL-12 1.2 2.35±0.03 8.17±0.09 1.40±0.09 2.83±0.09 186.18±10.9 65.9±4.4
JYGOSL-13 1.1 2.83±0.02 9.98±0.13 1.75±0.02 3.42±0.04 140.35±4.0 41.0±1.2
), ArticleFig(id=1322941091514810569, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322941075073138821, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

嘉峪关断裂光释光样品测年结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品编号 埋深/m U-238/10-6 Th-232/10-6 K-40/% 环境剂量率/Ga·ka-1 等效剂量/Ga 年龄/ka BP
JYGOSL-12 1.2 2.35±0.03 8.17±0.09 1.40±0.09 2.83±0.09 186.18±10.9 65.9±4.4
JYGOSL-13 1.1 2.83±0.02 9.98±0.13 1.75±0.02 3.42±0.04 140.35±4.0 41.0±1.2
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河西走廊嘉峪关断裂南段活动特征
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刘兴旺 1, 2 , 朱俊文 1, 2 , 姚赟胜 1, 2 , 赵晓明 3
大地测量与地球动力学 | 地震地质 2025,45(5): 441-446, 476
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大地测量与地球动力学 |地震地质 2025 , 45 (5) : 441 -446, 476
河西走廊嘉峪关断裂南段活动特征
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刘兴旺1, 2 , 朱俊文1, 2, 姚赟胜1, 2, 赵晓明3
作者信息
  • 1 兰州地球物理国家野外科学观测研究站, 兰州市东岗西路450号, 730000
  • 2 中国地震局兰州岩土地震研究所, 兰州市东岗西路450号, 730000
  • 3 中国科学院大学, 北京市玉泉路19号甲, 100049
作者简介:

刘兴旺, 博士, 研究员, 主要从事活动构造研究, E-mail:

Activity Characteristics of the Southern Segment of the Jiayuguan Fault in the Hexi Corridor
Xingwang LIU1, 2 , Junwen ZHU1, 2, Yunsheng YAO1, 2, Xiaoming ZHAO3
Affiliations
  • 1 Lanzhou Geophysics National Observation and Research Station, 450 West-Donggang Road, Lanzhou 730000, China
  • 2 Lanzhou Institute of Geotechnique and Earthquake, CEA, 450 West-Donggang Road, Lanzhou 730000, China
  • 3 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, A19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
  • LIU Xingwang, PhD, researcher, majorsin activetectonics, E-mail:

出版时间: 2025-05-15 doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.07.311
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以嘉峪关断裂南段为研究对象, 通过浅层人工地震勘探, 确定断裂隐伏段形态。根据遥感影像解译和野外地质调查, 在嘉峪关断裂南端发现断裂出露地表, 并形成反向断层陡坎。通过航空摄影测量, 结合年代学测试, 确定断裂晚更新世以来有过活动。利用高精度地形数据, 获得断层陡坎高度, 结合相应的地貌年代, 估算嘉峪关断裂南段垂直滑动速率为0.03±0.01 mm/a。

河西走廊  /  嘉峪关断裂  /  浅层地震勘探  /  晚更新世

Taking the southern section of the Jiayuguan fault as the research subject, the morphology of the hidden segment of the fault was determined through shallow artificial seismic exploration. Based on remote sensing image interpretation and field geological surveys, the fault was found to be exposed at the surface at the southern end of the Jiayuguan fault, forming an anticline fault scarp. Through aerial photogrammetry, combined with dating tests, it was determined that the fault has been active since the late Pleistocene. Using high-precision topographic data, the height of the fault scarp was obtained, and combined with the corresponding geomorphological age, the vertical slip rate of the southern section of the Jiayuguan fault was estimated to be 0.03±0.01 mm/a.

Hexi corridor  /  Jiayuguan fault  /  shallow seismic exploration  /  late Pleistocene
刘兴旺, 朱俊文, 姚赟胜, 赵晓明. 河西走廊嘉峪关断裂南段活动特征. 大地测量与地球动力学, 2025 , 45 (5) : 441 -446, 476 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.07.311
Xingwang LIU, Junwen ZHU, Yunsheng YAO, Xiaoming ZHAO. Activity Characteristics of the Southern Segment of the Jiayuguan Fault in the Hexi Corridor[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 2025 , 45 (5) : 441 -446, 476 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.07.311
酒泉盆地是祁连山山前河西走廊一系列新生代前陆盆地之一,历史上发生过180年高台7 1/2级地震、756年张掖-酒泉7级地震、1609年红崖堡7 1/4级地震、1785年玉门惠回堡6 3/4级地震等中强地震,近年来又发生2002年玉门5.9级地震,是一个受断裂活动控制、构造运动强烈、地震频发的构造单元[1-5]。盆地内部北北向的嘉峪关-文殊山隆起带将酒泉盆地分隔为酒东盆地和酒西盆地。嘉峪关断裂是嘉峪关-文殊山隆起的控制性断裂,经过多年的研究,对嘉峪关断裂的几何展布、活动分段、活动时代、古地震及滑动速率等方面均有较系统的认识[6-10],然而,这些认识多是基于嘉峪关断裂北段裸露段开展的,对于断裂南段则未开展有效研究。
嘉峪关断裂南段位于北大河以南,未出露地表而成为隐伏断裂。长久以来,对此段断裂的活动性和参数多以北段代替,从未开展过实际的研究工作。本文通过浅层人工地震勘探,确定北大河以南断裂的准确位置和几何形态,并在断裂南端发现断裂出露地表的特征。根据无人机摄影测量及第四纪年代学测试,确定了断裂的活动时代和垂直滑动速率,为认识断裂危险性提供了新的证据。
新生代以来,印度板块与欧亚大陆碰撞导致青藏高原的隆升,并产生持续向北东的推挤,在高原东北缘形成以左旋走滑为显著特征的阿尔金断裂和祁连-海原断裂带,派生了祁连山北缘断裂带、龙首山断裂带等逆冲断裂带,形成河西走廊压陷性盆地[11-16],其新生代沉积厚度达到3 500~4 000 m,第四纪沉积厚度超过1 000 m[6]。同时,由于和北侧阿拉善块体的相互作用,在河西走廊内部形成3个北北西向隆起,将河西走廊分隔为4个次级盆地。嘉峪关-文殊山隆起位于河西走廊最西端,是规模最小的隆起带,分隔酒西盆地与酒东盆地,嘉峪关断裂位于该隆起带的北东侧,与该隆起带相伴相生。
嘉峪关断裂北起黑山南侧格拉子沟,南至文殊滚矾片一带,长约40 km(图1),断裂倾角可达70°~85°,除逆冲外,还表现出右旋走滑特征[6-8]。嘉峪关断裂走向北北西,倾向南西。根据几何展布特征,嘉峪关断裂可分为3段[8]。北段格拉子沟段主要位于黑山奥陶系地层与全新世冲洪积扇之间,长约10 km,山前地貌不明显,基本沿着残余冲洪积扇前缘陡坎分布,但沿山前零星出露的断层面和次级断层面揭示了该断层存在,黄草营一带仍见断层断错了低一级地貌面,表明断层全新世以来仍有活动。嘉峪关断裂中段发育比较连续的10~30 m的断层陡坎,根据陡坎高度差分GPS测量及地貌面宇宙成因核素测年,确定断裂晚更新世以来垂直滑动速率为0.22±0.03 mm/a[9];沿断层陡坎有冲沟右旋发育,根据位移量测量及热释光测年,确定断裂第四纪晚期以来右旋走滑速率为0.54 ±0.02 mm/a[8]。古地震研究表明,断裂中段最新一次活动在约5 ka BP左右[10]。南段位于北大河以南,长约15 km,断裂呈隐伏状态,多年以来一直无确切的研究资料。
为查明嘉峪关断裂隐伏段是否确切存在及断错地层特征,首先在北大河两侧布置两条浅层地震勘探测线(图1),以期对裸露段和隐伏段断裂进行对比,初步判断上断点埋深。两条剖面均不是很长,主要沿北大河阶地或洪积台地分布。本次研究采用多次覆盖观测系统的纵波反射波法,由于地震测线主要位于戈壁砾石区,激发能量衰减很快,浅部反射较发育,中、深部反射波一般。因此,地震勘探以浅部资料为主,同时兼顾中、深部反射波资料。采用480道排列内部激发不对称接收,道距3 m,炮距18 m,叠加次数40次,记录长度2 s,采样率0.5 ms。酒泉盆地区内沉积厚度较大的第四系砂砾石层,全新统和上更新统主要为河流相沉积的中、粗砾石层,难以形成地震反射波,下更新统玉门砾岩胶结较好,内部可形成弱反射层。新近系地层主要为泥岩,与围岩物理性质差异较大,可形成强波阻抗界面,新生界地层下伏白垩系,与新近系岩层差异明显,容易形成反射波组。因此第四系地层底界、新近系底界是识别岩层分界的明显标志。
剖面1(QC1)测线位于北大河北侧,NE向布设,剖面长度约1.8 km,起于G30高速,终于嘉峪关市内的嘉墩路尽头,约1 km位于戈壁滩,0.8 km位于嘉墩路上。图2是西侧跨断层的地震反射时间剖面及解译图。由于测线表层砾石层较厚,浅层难以形成反射波组。测线上共解释了3个强反射界面(TQ1、TN1和TN2),时间剖面显示,由于断层的控制作用,改变了第四纪地层的产状,断层上、下盘地层产状发生了改变。
剖面1上共解释了4条断层:F1、F1-1、F1-2和F1-3。F1断层(嘉峪关断层)上断点位于CDP1207处,为逆断层,视倾向SW,视倾角约54°,错断TQ1~TN2界面,可分辨上断点埋深约104 m,推测TQ1界面断距约60 m,TN2界面断距约160 m。由于受到多次的挤压作用,上盘地层弯曲变形严重,古近系逆冲到第四系之上,推测该断点为嘉峪关断层的主断点。F1-1、F1-2及F1-3为次级断裂,F1-1上断点位于CDP742处,为逆断层,视倾向SW,视倾角约68°,错断TN1~TN2界面,TN2界面断距约30 m,其下部交于F1断层,可分辨上断点埋深约98 m,断层两侧地层倾向相反。F1-2上断点位于CDP704处,为逆断层,视倾向SW,视倾角约69°,错断TN1~TN2界面,TN2界面断距约31 m,可分辨上断点埋深96 m。F1-3上断点位于CDP325处,为逆断层,视倾向SW,视倾角约72°,错断TN1~TN2界面,TN2界面断距45 m,可分辨上断点埋深119 m。
剖面2(QC2)位于文殊山山前的冲、洪积扇上,表层被全新世戈壁砾石层覆盖,测线近NE向布设,剖面长度约1.4 km,起于文殊山东侧,终于铁路桥下。图3是QC2测线的地震反射时间剖面及解释剖面,测线上共解释了3个强反射界面(TQ1、TN1和TK1)。时间剖面显示,TQ1、TN1和TK1反射波组连续性均较好,且易于对比追踪。第四系中TQ1界面和新近系TN1界面由于受到断层的控制作用,在断面附近弯曲变形,但中生代地层中的TK1界面没有受到影响。
剖面2上解释了两条断层,F1为主断层(嘉峪关断层),上断点位于CDP743处,为逆断层,视倾向SW,视倾角约52°,错断TQ1~TK1界面。其错断新生界及白垩系,且白垩系逆冲到新近系之上,新生界中TQ1界面断距约63 m,白垩系中断距大于200 m,可分辨上断点埋深约103 m。断层上盘地层受逆冲挤压作用,新生界地层弯曲变形严重,形成局部挤压背斜,且第四系和新近系角度不整合接触。F1-1上断点位于CDP514处,为逆断层,视倾向SW,视倾角约8°,只错断TQ1界面,TQ1界面断距约8 m,可分辨上断点埋深约93 m。根据F1-1只错断TQ1界面,推测该断层是F1断层形成时,第四系受到冲断作用而形成的,该断层是F1断层的次级小断层。
两条测线都有嘉峪关断层及其次级断层显示(图2、3),断层具有相似的特征,断层表面出露的角度较陡,向下变缓,具有上陡下缓的铲形特征;倾向都为SW,视倾角超过50°。此外,两条剖面均显示嘉峪关断裂断错TQ1界线,QC1测线TQ1界面断距约63 m;QC2测线TQ1界面断距约60 m。但需要指出的是,两条测线探测区第四系主要为戈壁砾石层,探测在性质相近的砾石层中难以形成反射波;且断层为逆冲断层,上盘第四系覆盖很薄,故地震时间剖面显示和断层上断点错断的最新地层基本为第四纪及前第四纪地层,依据地震资料较难判定断层错断的最新地层。
自北大河阶地向南,嘉峪关断裂主要位于文殊山东侧。由于人类活动,该地区地貌后期改造较大,很难识别断层是否存在活动的迹象,多年来也一直以隐伏状态标识于文殊山山前,但在断裂最南端的滚矾片一带,通过遥感影像解译及野外实地调查,发现断裂活动保留的线性断层陡坎。
在嘉峪关断裂最南端,地势上西高东低,各冲沟水系均向东流,冲沟两侧发育多期洪积扇。断裂活动断错多期洪积扇,发育高度不等的断层陡坎,陡坎坡向西,形成与地形相反的反向断层陡坎。利用无人机摄影测量技术[17-19],经后期处理,获得研究点高精度数字高程模型(digital elevation model, DEM)影像(图4(a))。根据影像解译,并结合野外验证,研究点主要识别出5期洪积扇(图4(b))。A0期洪积扇为现今有水流经过,正在形成的最新洪积扇面,包括河道及漫滩的部分。A1期洪积扇高于河道1~2 m,扇面相对完整,冲沟不太发育,其上有断层陡坎发育。A2洪积扇高于现代冲沟约2~3 m,受后期侵蚀,多保留在断层陡坎东侧(图5(a))。A3期洪积扇高于现代冲沟7~8 m,主要保留在研究区北侧,冲沟切割较深,使断层陡坎后期受到侵蚀(图5(b))。A4期洪积扇高于现代冲沟约25 m,受后期侵蚀,扇面保留较小,多呈圆锥状。
断层陡坎主要发育于A1~A4期洪积扇上,A4期洪积经后期侵蚀,陡坎已后退,断层西侧也无对应的地貌面,研究中并未对此地貌面开展详细的研究。利用影像解译结果,结合调查,确定了限定各期断层陡坎高度的剖面位置(图4(b)中P1、P2及P3)。根据高精度DEM数据,获得发育于A1、A2、A3期洪积扇面上的断层陡坎高度分别为1.1±0.2 m、1.8±0.2 m和2.6±0.4 m(图5(c))。
为限定断裂活动时代及滑动速率,野外对各级地貌面进行年代学样品的采集。研究点位于河西走廊干旱区,有机物沉积稀少,很难采集到有机碳沉积物进行测年,故采用光释光测年方法,该方法可以很好地限定细粒沉积的粉细砂、黄土年代[20-21]。研究点沉积以洪积物为主,细粒沉积也相对缺乏,在A3期洪积扇无法找到适合的测年样品,故只采集A2和A1期洪积扇两个年代样品(图4(b))。样品在中国地震局黄土地震工程重点实验室完成测试,详细参数和年代结果如表1所示。A2和A1期洪积扇采集样品编号分别为JYGOSL-12和JYGOSL-13,采样位置主要集中在洪积扇上部冲洪积砾石层夹层内的细砂层,采样深度分别为1.2 m和1.1 m,定年结果分别为65.9±4.4 ka BP和41.0±1.2 ka BP(图6)。
根据地貌面上保留的断层陡坎高度和相应的地貌面年代,可以获得断裂的垂直滑动速率。A1和A2期洪积扇上陡坎高度分别为1.1±0.2 m和1.8±0.2 m,相应的年代结果41.0 ±1.2 ka BP和65.9 ±4.4 ka BP,据此估算断裂垂直滑动速率为0.03±0.01 mm/a。
通过浅层人工地震勘探可以确定,嘉峪关断裂南段确实存在,几何形态与中段较为类似,均表现出上陡下缓的铲性结构,上断点埋深也较为类似,但仅根据物探资料很难确定断裂最新的活动时代。根据遥感影像解译和野外地质调查,在嘉峪关断裂南端发现断层陡坎。为确定断层陡坎的活动时代,对陡坎发育的洪积扇进行分期和定年,断层陡坎发育处主要发育5期洪积扇,断层主要发育于A1、A2和A3期洪积扇表面,形成高度不等的断层陡坎。根据光释光样品年代测试,A1和A2期洪积扇形成年代分别约为41.0 ±1.2 ka BP和65.9 ±4.4 ka BP,形成时代主要为晚更新世,表明断裂晚更新世以来有过明显的活动。根据A1和A2期洪积扇上陡坎高度1.1 ±0.2 m和1.8 ±0.2 m估算,嘉峪关断裂南段垂直滑动速率为0.03 ±0.01 mm/a。
根据研究点断错地貌特征,断裂活动最新错断的地貌面为晚更新世,全新世地貌上未见断裂活动的迹象,也可能是因为研究点全新世地貌面的缺失,而A0期洪积扇仍在遭受侵蚀,断层陡坎未被保留。但A1期洪积扇上断层陡坎的高度较低,仅约1 m,据此获得的断裂垂直滑动速率为0.03±0.01 mm/a。该滑动速率远小于断裂中段的滑动速率0.22±0.03 mm/a[9],反映两段断裂活动是有所区别的。目前的证据表明,断裂南段可能为晚更新世断裂。
以往对嘉峪关断裂危险性及震级的判断,是基于嘉峪关断裂全段作为全新世活动断裂进行估计的[10]。根据本次研究,嘉峪关断裂南段若为晚更新世断裂,则断裂具有分段活动的特征,原来对断裂震级的估计是过高的。根据嘉峪关断裂全新世活动段为25 km,利用Wells等[22]建立的震级-破裂长度经验公式MW =5.08+1.16×lgSRL(SRL为破裂带长度)进行估算,嘉峪关断裂的发震震级为MW6.7,小于原来估计的震级MW7.0[10]。
  • 国家自然科学基金(42072246)
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2025年第45卷第5期
29
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doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.07.311
  • 接收时间:2024-07-03
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-05-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-03
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(42072246)
国家自然科学基金(42072246)
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    1 兰州地球物理国家野外科学观测研究站, 兰州市东岗西路450号, 730000
    2 中国地震局兰州岩土地震研究所, 兰州市东岗西路450号, 730000
    3 中国科学院大学, 北京市玉泉路19号甲, 100049
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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