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Article(id=1322941197043507473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, issueId=1322940959071285581, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14075/j.jgg.2024.06.300, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1719158400000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-24, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793343360434, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1749916800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793343360434, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793343360434, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793343360434, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322940959071285581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, year='2025', volume='45', issue='6', pageStart='551', pageEnd='660', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1749916800000', pubDateStr='2025-06-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793343303697, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793343303697, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=605, endPage=609, 632, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322941197211279634, articleId=1322941197043507473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=EN, title=Deformation Feature of Changbai Mountain Tianchi Volcano Based on InSAR and GNSS, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To study the surface deformation caused by the 2020 Changbai mountain Tianchi volcanic swarm event, GNSS data from the Tianchi volcanic area were processed, treating GNSS observation points as SBAS-InSAR orbit refinement points. The results from GNSS and SAR data processing were compared and analyzed to obtain the deformation velocity field of Changbai mountain Tianchi volcano. The results show that the deformation near the Tianchi volcanic crater is significant, characterized by expansion and uplift near the crater and slow subsidence in the surrounding areas. Before 2022, the Tianchi volcanic area experienced large-scale uplift, presumably due to the sudden large-scale movement of underground fluids. After 2022, the deformation and deformation rate at the volcanic crater decreased. Specifically, the surface uplift in the north and southeast directions of the Tianchi volcanic crater is more pronounced, while there is a small area of subsidence in the northeast direction. The maximum deformation rate in the northwest direction is -12 mm/a, and in the southeast direction, it is 6.9 mm/a. The results of trend analysis indicate that the eastern and southwestern parts of Tianchi volcano may continue to contract, and the expansion trends of the northern and southern slopes have weakened, with the overall deformation rate being 10 to 14 mm/a lower than before 2023. This suggests that after the swarm event, the overall volcanic activity is weakening.

, authors=Donghan YAN1, Yu ZHANG1, Xiaodong PAN1, Di HAN1, Dan XU1, Zijin WANG1, Lin JIA1, authorsList=Donghan YAN, Yu ZHANG, Xiaodong PAN, Di HAN, Dan XU, Zijin WANG, Lin JIA, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

YAN Donghan, engineer, majors in seismic geology and geodesy, E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322941200960987427, articleId=1322941197043507473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=CN, title=基于InSAR与GNSS的长白山天池火山形变特征分析, columnId=1322506197874356701, journalTitle=大地测量与地球动力学, columnName=地壳运动, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为研究2020年长白山天池火山震群事件产生的地表形变，对长白山天池火山区GNSS数据进行解算，将GNSS观测点视为SBAS-InSAR轨道精练点，并将GNSS与SAR数据处理结果进行对比分析，获取长白山天池火山形变速度场。结果显示，天池火山口附近的形变较为显著，表现为火山口附近扩张抬升及外围地区缓慢沉降。2022年以前，天池火山区经历了大规模抬升，推测是由于地下流体发生了大面积的突然运移；2022年以后，火山口的形变量较小且形变速率降低。具体来看，天池火山口北部与东南方向的地表抬升较为明显，而东北方向则有小范围的下降；西北方向的最大形变速率为-12 mm/a，东南方向的最大形变速率为6.9 mm/a。通过趋势分析法研究表明，天池火山区东部与西南部可能继续收缩，北坡与南坡的扩张趋势减弱，且总体形变速率较2023年以前慢10~14 mm/a，表明震群事件后火山活动整体呈减弱趋势。

, authors=闫东晗1, 张羽1, 盘晓东1, 韩迪1, 徐丹1, 王子衿1, 贾琳1, authorsList=闫东晗, 张羽, 盘晓东, 韩迪, 徐丹, 王子衿, 贾琳, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

闫东晗，工程师，主要从事地震地质与大地测量学研究，E-mail：

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YAN Donghan, engineer, majors in seismic geology and geodesy, E-mail:

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闫东晗，工程师，主要从事地震地质与大地测量学研究，E-mail：

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闫东晗，工程师，主要从事地震地质与大地测量学研究，E-mail：

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基于InSAR与GNSS的长白山天池火山形变特征分析
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闫东晗 1 , 张羽 1 , 盘晓东 1 , 韩迪 1 , 徐丹 1 , 王子衿 1 , 贾琳 1
大地测量与地球动力学 | 地壳运动 2025,45(6): 605-609, 632
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大地测量与地球动力学 |地壳运动 2025 , 45 (6) : 605 -609, 632
基于InSAR与GNSS的长白山天池火山形变特征分析
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闫东晗1 , 张羽1, 盘晓东1, 韩迪1, 徐丹1, 王子衿1, 贾琳1
作者信息
  • 1 吉林省地震局, 长春市净月大街5788号, 130117
作者简介:

闫东晗，工程师，主要从事地震地质与大地测量学研究，E-mail：

Deformation Feature of Changbai Mountain Tianchi Volcano Based on InSAR and GNSS
Donghan YAN1 , Yu ZHANG1, Xiaodong PAN1, Di HAN1, Dan XU1, Zijin WANG1, Lin JIA1
Affiliations
  • 1 Jilin Earthquake Agency, 5788 Jingyue Street, Changchun 130117, China

    • YAN Donghan, engineer, majors in seismic geology and geodesy, E-mail:

出版时间: 2025-06-15 doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.06.300
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为研究2020年长白山天池火山震群事件产生的地表形变，对长白山天池火山区GNSS数据进行解算，将GNSS观测点视为SBAS-InSAR轨道精练点，并将GNSS与SAR数据处理结果进行对比分析，获取长白山天池火山形变速度场。结果显示，天池火山口附近的形变较为显著，表现为火山口附近扩张抬升及外围地区缓慢沉降。2022年以前，天池火山区经历了大规模抬升，推测是由于地下流体发生了大面积的突然运移；2022年以后，火山口的形变量较小且形变速率降低。具体来看，天池火山口北部与东南方向的地表抬升较为明显，而东北方向则有小范围的下降；西北方向的最大形变速率为-12 mm/a，东南方向的最大形变速率为6.9 mm/a。通过趋势分析法研究表明，天池火山区东部与西南部可能继续收缩，北坡与南坡的扩张趋势减弱，且总体形变速率较2023年以前慢10~14 mm/a，表明震群事件后火山活动整体呈减弱趋势。

长白山  /  天池火山  /  InSAR  /  GNSS  /  形变

To study the surface deformation caused by the 2020 Changbai mountain Tianchi volcanic swarm event, GNSS data from the Tianchi volcanic area were processed, treating GNSS observation points as SBAS-InSAR orbit refinement points. The results from GNSS and SAR data processing were compared and analyzed to obtain the deformation velocity field of Changbai mountain Tianchi volcano. The results show that the deformation near the Tianchi volcanic crater is significant, characterized by expansion and uplift near the crater and slow subsidence in the surrounding areas. Before 2022, the Tianchi volcanic area experienced large-scale uplift, presumably due to the sudden large-scale movement of underground fluids. After 2022, the deformation and deformation rate at the volcanic crater decreased. Specifically, the surface uplift in the north and southeast directions of the Tianchi volcanic crater is more pronounced, while there is a small area of subsidence in the northeast direction. The maximum deformation rate in the northwest direction is -12 mm/a, and in the southeast direction, it is 6.9 mm/a. The results of trend analysis indicate that the eastern and southwestern parts of Tianchi volcano may continue to contract, and the expansion trends of the northern and southern slopes have weakened, with the overall deformation rate being 10 to 14 mm/a lower than before 2023. This suggests that after the swarm event, the overall volcanic activity is weakening.

Changbai mountain  /  Tianchi volcano  /  InSAR  /  GNSS  /  deformation
闫东晗, 张羽, 盘晓东, 韩迪, 徐丹, 王子衿, 贾琳. 基于InSAR与GNSS的长白山天池火山形变特征分析. 大地测量与地球动力学, 2025 , 45 (6) : 605 -609, 632 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.06.300
Donghan YAN, Yu ZHANG, Xiaodong PAN, Di HAN, Dan XU, Zijin WANG, Lin JIA. Deformation Feature of Changbai Mountain Tianchi Volcano Based on InSAR and GNSS[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 2025 , 45 (6) : 605 -609, 632 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.06.300
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长白山天池火山是一座新生代多成因的中央式火山[1]，火山区从东边的和龙市广坪以西开始，向西和北延伸至松花江流域，向南则延伸至五十岗与望天鹅火山区交会地带。火山活动自新近纪(23.0 Ma BP)开始，一直持续到第四纪全新世(1903年)，其火山爆发指数(VEI)为6或7，是我国最大的具有潜在喷发危险的现代活火山[2]。
2020-12-22 01：00—22:00长白山火山区监测站的长白山台(CBS)和气象站台(QXZ)同时记录到38次火山地震信号，其中包括17次长周期火山地震(LP型事件)和21次构造型地震(VT型事件)，这是2002—2005年长白山火山区发生扰动之后新出现的一次火山震群活动。LP型和HS型(谐频型火山地震)事件通常在流体运移过程中因共振现象被激发，与岩浆活动密切相关，被认为是火山开始活动或即将喷发的指示信号。火山活动和岩浆的运移会导致一系列地表变形。岩浆从深部向浅层岩浆房侵入时，常常引起短暂或永久的膨胀；在火山活动期间，岩浆从地壳向地表喷溢也会引发地表形变的变化；随着岩浆的喷出或向裂隙等处的运移，地表往往会收缩。
合成孔径雷达干涉测量(InSAR)作为一种主动式空间对地微波遥感技术，不易受云雨等条件影响，可以大范围、低成本及高空间分辨率获取地面高程或形变信息。目前，利用InSAR技术获取形变场已成为研究火山岩浆运移机制的热点应用之一[3-13]，国内在利用InSAR技术研究火山形变方面还处于起步阶段[14-17]。全球导航卫星系统(GNSS)作为重要的时空信息基础设施，在国民经济建设和国防安全领域发挥着十分重要的作用。本文主要对2020—2023年长白山火山区GNSS、InSAR等形变监测数据进行分析研究，解算近年来长白山火山区的形变速度场，探讨长白山天池火山形变特征，为长白山火山区火山活动状态及再喷发预测提供参考。
1 研究区与数据概况
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1.1 研究区概况
天池火山作为长白山火山区最具潜在灾害性喷发危险的活火山之一，1万年以来有过多次喷发。约1 000年前发生的一次喷发，其喷发物总体积在30 km3以上，火山灰向东飘落到日本北海道南部一带仍厚达5 cm，造成巨大灾害。研究区内建有5个角反射器和9个可稳定观测的GNSS连续观测站(图1)。
1.2 数据概况
本文选取哨兵1A卫星的18景SLC(单视复数)升轨影像，极化方式为VV极化，影像覆盖时间范围为2020-12-12—2023-07-30。
本文选用的GNSS数据来自于长白山火山区监测站11个连续GNSS测站，时间范围为2022-06—2023-09，采样间隔30 s，海潮模型为otl_FES2004.grid，电离层模型为GAMIT软件自动生成的Ion model。
2 InSAR与GNSS形变监测
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2.1 InSAR形变监测
2.1.1 SBAS-InSAR形变监测
应用SARSCAPE软件，基于SBAS-InSAR技术对2020-12—2023-07长白山天池火山表面形变量进行监测。步骤如下：1)生成连接图；2)干涉处理；3)轨道精练和重去平；4)SBAS第1次反演；5)SBAS第2次反演；6)地理编码。对SBAS的结果进行地理编码，同时可以对地表形变结果添加投影坐标。
2.1.2 时空基线分布
基于短时空基线首先得到18幅影像的连接图(其中第1副为主影像)，生成了17幅差分干涉图，空间基线在-150~120 m之间，时空基线分布见图2。
2.2 GNSS形变监测
本文对长白山天池火山区10个GNSS站的数据(2022-09—2023-09)进行统计，其中9个GNSS站分析结果显示数据质量较好，以CBSA站为例(图3)。可以看出，CBSA站数据完整性好，没有丢失数据，数据有效率在80%左右，MP1、MP2(L1、L2载波上的多路径效应对伪距和相位影响的综合指标)值较小且较为稳定，CSR(1 000×周跳/观测值)维持在0.2~0.3之间，数据整体质量较好。
其余测站数据质量如下：CXTA站数据完整性较好，仍有部分数据丢失，数据有效率波动较大(30%~80%)，多路径效应较差(超过0.5 m)且具有季节性变化特征，该站上述变化可能与仪器性能和观测环境(积雪和数据遮挡)有关。FSTA站数据完整性好，不存在数据丢失现象，数据有效率高于90%，多路径效应较小(MP1 < 0.5，但MP2>0.5)。HSAA站数据完整性好，数据有效率接近90%，多路径效应较小(MP1和MP2均小于0.5 m)，观测环境优。JJTA站观测数据完整性差，存在数据中断，多路径效应小(MP1和MP2均小于0.5 m)，数据有效率较高(大于95%)，观测环境优。NLWT站存在数据中断，数据有效率不稳定，存在数据丢失现象，多路径效应较小(MP1和MP2均小于0.5 m)，观测环境优。QXZA站数据完整性好，数据没有中断，数据有效率较高(超过85%)，不存在数据丢失，且多路径效应小(MP1和MP2均小于0.5 m)，观测环境优。SMFA站数据完整性好，不存在数据中断和丢失现象，多路径效应不稳定，尤其冬季期间部分时段多路径效应影响较大。TDZA站数据有效率较高，但多路径效应偏高(MP1和MP2均大于0.5 m)。YYCA站数据质量稳定，但多路径效应严重(MP1和MP2均大于0.5 m)。
3 结果与分析
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3.1 InSAR监测结果分析
利用18景VV极化的升轨单视复数(SLC)影像进行SBAS-InSAR处理，18景影像分为主影像(2020-12-12)与辅影像(其余17景)，对影像进行干涉、滤波。可以观察到，长白山天池火山山体部分相干性较好，对山体进行的InSAR处理结果可信度较高。未进行滤波处理的干涉图干涉条纹较明显，说明在短时间内该区域发生了明显的形变，将长白山天池火山山体上人工角反射器(CR点)与GNSS观测点视为轨道精练点(在InSAR处理的轨道精练过程中，输入人工角反射器和干涉图中一些相对稳定点的坐标值，用于修正干涉相位和解缠后的相位)，减轻植被等不良因素对InSAR技术的影响，并获取长白山天池火山2020-12—2023-07的形变时序特征及速度场。
对形变数据进行密度分割并配色展示，成果见图4，截取3个时段数据，分别为2020-12-12—2022-02-05(图4(a))、2022-02-05—2022-08-16(图4(b))、2022-08-16—2023-07-30(图4(c))。结果表明，长白山天池火山整体在2022年以前有大面积抬升，但火山口正北方向5 km下降的形变量约为14 mm(图4(a)中disp1点)；火山口正南方向3 km上升的形变量约为12 mm(图4(a)中disp2点)，推测这一范围内的浅部地表有岩浆或其他流体活动。Trasatti等[18]于2021年应用ALOS-2的SAR数据反演了长白山火山区2018—2020年的形变，结果显示，2020年以前长白山一直处于隆升阶段，最大上升速度为15~20 mm/a，其结果与近火山口处得到的定性结果相似。从形变结果中可以发现，2022年以后火山口形变量较小且形变速率降低(图4(b)和4(c))。长白山天池火山口附近的形变较为明显，在火山口区域选取2处特征点(图4(a)中disp1与disp2点)进行形变速率对比分析，发现火山口附近整体呈扩张趋势，外围地区在缓慢沉降(图5)。
对各个时段的形变量进行叠加，得到年平均形变速率，天池火山口北部与东南方向的地表抬升趋势较为明显，东北方向有小范围沉降；西北方向最大年变化率为-12 mm/a，东南方向最大年变化率为6.9 mm/a(图6)。
3.2 GNSS监测结果分析
应用GAMIT软件解算单日解，用GLOBK软件进行平差，对2022-06—2023-09长白山天池火山表面形变量进行监测，获取测站在ITRF2014框架下的坐标定量变化，并结合实际火山地貌进行初步分析(图7)。结果表明，2022—2023年长白山天池火山区出现了较为明显的地表形变，其水平形变表现为以天池火山口为中心的线性扩张运动，InSAR形变监测结果为天池火山口北侧与东南侧有抬升形变，这与SBAS-InSAR形变监测结果大致相同，可以相互验证。
3.3 天池火山形变模型预测
为估算长白山天池火山后期的形变量及速度场，应用趋势分析法对长白山天池火山形变进行趋势分析。趋势分析法是一种对随时间变化的变量进行线性回归分析，从而预测其变化趋势的方法[19]。公式如下：
$\text { Slope }=\frac{n \sum\limits_{i=1}^n\left(i \times \mathrm{VEL}_i\right)-\sum\limits_{i=1}^n i \times \sum\limits_{i=1}^n \mathrm{VEL}_i}{n \sum\limits_{i=1}^n i^2-\left(\sum\limits_{i=1}^n i\right)^2}$
式中，Slope为长白山天池火山形变趋势方程的斜率；n为年份数；VELi为第i年的速率平均值。当Slope>0时，表示该点的VEL趋势为增长；当Slope=0，表示该点的VEL趋势基本不变；当Slope < 0时，表示该点的VEL趋势为降低。
从最终垂直形变速率预测结果(图8)可以看出，天池火山东部与西南部可能继续收缩，东南部的收缩可能会影响东部山区一起沉降，预估最大下降速率为12 mm/a。天池火山口北坡与南坡可能继续抬升，但北坡与南坡扩张趋势减弱，且总体形变速率较前期慢10~14 mm/a，说明震群事件之后，火山活动正在整体减弱。
4 结语
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本文通过SBAS-InSAR与GNSS技术对长白山天池火山进行形变监测，并对形变结果进行对比分析。结果表明，在长白山火山区，以天池火山为中心，中心部分持续抬升，外围持续沉降。长白山天池火山在2022年以前有大面积抬升，2022年以后火山口形变量较小且趋于稳定，推测火山口正南部的浅部地表有岩浆或其他流体活动。应用趋势分析法得到的结果显示，天池火山东部与西南部可能继续收缩，北坡与南坡扩张趋势减弱，且总体形变速率较2023年以前慢10~14 mm/a，可见震群事件之后，火山活动正在整体减弱。
基金
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  • 国家自然科学基金(41861144025)
  • 国家自然科学基金(20230203132SF)
  • 吉林长白山火山国家野外科学研究站基金(NORSCBS22-07)
文献
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2025年第45卷第6期
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doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.06.300
  • 接收时间：2024-06-24
  • 首发时间：2026-10-30
  • 出版时间：2025-06-15
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  • 收稿日期：2024-06-24
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(41861144025)
国家自然科学基金(41861144025)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(20230203132SF)
国家自然科学基金(20230203132SF)
Jilin Changbai Mountain Volcano National Field Science Research Station Fund(NORSCBS22-07)
吉林长白山火山国家野外科学研究站基金(NORSCBS22-07)
作者信息
    1 吉林省地震局, 长春市净月大街5788号, 130117
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/ddcl/CN/10.14075/j.jgg.2024.06.300
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