Article(id=1322941242438451363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, issueId=1322940959071285581, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14075/j.jgg.2024.06.294, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1718812800000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-20, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793343371256, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1749916800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793343371256, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793343371256, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793343371256, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322940959071285581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, year='2025', volume='45', issue='6', pageStart='551', pageEnd='660', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1749916800000', pubDateStr='2025-06-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793343303697, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793343303697, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=618, endPage=625, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322941244527214759, articleId=1322941242438451363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=EN, title=Interseismic Crustal Deformation and Creep Characteristics along Xianshuihe Fault Based on Time-Series InSAR Techniques, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on the Sentinel-1 ascending and descending orbit images from 2014 to 2023, we use the time network orbit error correction method considering long-term structural rates to remove orbit errors, and the external GACOS atmospheric data and public main image superposition method are combined to remove atmospheric delay errors, obtaining high-precision and high-density InSAR interseismic velocity fields along Xianshuihe fault, revealing the fault movement characteristics dominated by left-lateral strike-slip. We calculate the fault-parallel velocity from InSAR data, which shows that there is a significant difference in the fault-parallel rate on both sides of far-field fault, about 8-11 mm/a. We also obtain the high-precision three-dimensional velocity field using GNSS data, and calculate the maximum shear rate strain field. The results show that the shallow creep movement is significant between Zhuwo to the middle of Kangding segment. Among them, the shear strain in the Songlinkou to the middle of Kangding segment is the strongest, with a maximum magnitude of 0.6 ustrain/a and a maximum creep rate of 7.0 mm/a. This study is helpful to understand the interseismic deformation and creep characteristics and provide high-quality data for interseismic coupling model inversion and earthquake risk assessment.

, authors=Lang XU1, Qiang CHEN1, Yinghui YANG2, Senping LIU1, Yunfeng BAI1, Jingjing ZHAO1, authorsList=Lang XU, Qiang CHEN, Yinghui YANG, Senping LIU, Yunfeng BAI, Jingjing ZHAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

XU Lang, PhD candidate, majors in InSAR technology and its application in earthquake cycles, E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322941251238101197, articleId=1322941242438451363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=CN, title=基于时序InSAR技术的鲜水河断裂震间地壳形变与蠕滑特征研究, columnId=1322506197874356701, journalTitle=大地测量与地球动力学, columnName=地壳运动, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

基于2014—2023年Sentinel-1升降轨影像,利用顾及长期构造速率的时间网络轨道误差校正方法去除轨道误差,同时联合外部GACOS大气数据和公共主影像叠加法去除大气延迟误差,获取高精度、高密度的鲜水河断裂震间InSAR速度场,揭示出鲜水河断裂以左旋走滑为主的断层运动特征。基于升降轨InSAR速度场解算平行断层走向的运动速度场,结果显示断裂远场两侧平行断层走向速率具有显著差异,约为8~11 mm/a。进一步引入GNSS南北向速度场获取高精度震间三维速度场,并计算高分辨率的最大剪切应变场。结果表明,鲜水河断裂侏倭至康定中段浅层蠕滑运动活跃,其中松林口至康定中段剪切应变最显著,最大量级约为0.6 ustrain/a,最大蠕滑速率约为7.0 mm/a。本文研究结果有助于提升对鲜水河断裂震间变形机制和蠕滑运动特征的科学认知,也可为震间耦合模型反演和地震风险评估提供高质量的数据支撑。

, authors=徐浪1, 陈强1, 杨莹辉2, 刘森平1, 白运峰1, 赵晶晶1, authorsList=徐浪, 陈强, 杨莹辉, 刘森平, 白运峰, 赵晶晶, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

徐浪,博士生,主要从事InSAR技术及其在地震周期中的应用研究,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=版权所有,未经授权,不得转载。, copyrightOwner=大地测量与地球动力学编辑部, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=dJb9L3hv4yuBb78DD2x5XQ==, magXml=+s6/9jWr6Hkhwkr3NMAhqQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=qKpIDBMfPdBF3pV460epaQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=1tP24t38aU7HA131rEZHxg==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1322941254115393753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322941242438451363, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=hcdsxl@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1322941254648070365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322941242438451363, authorId=1322941254115393753, language=EN, stringName=Lang XU, firstName=Lang, middleName=null, lastName=XU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1 Faculty of Geosciences and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, 999 Xi'an Road, Chengdu 611756, China, bio={"content":"

XU Lang, PhD candidate, majors in InSAR technology and its application in earthquake cycles, E-mail:

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XU Lang, PhD candidate, majors in InSAR technology and its application in earthquake cycles, E-mail:

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徐浪,博士生,主要从事InSAR技术及其在地震周期中的应用研究,E-mail:

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基于时序InSAR技术的鲜水河断裂震间地壳形变与蠕滑特征研究
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徐浪 1 , 陈强 1 , 杨莹辉 2 , 刘森平 1 , 白运峰 1 , 赵晶晶 1
大地测量与地球动力学 | 地壳运动 2025,45(6): 618-625
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大地测量与地球动力学 |地壳运动 2025 , 45 (6) : 618 -625
基于时序InSAR技术的鲜水河断裂震间地壳形变与蠕滑特征研究
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[Author(id=1322941254115393753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322941242438451363, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=hcdsxl@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1322941254648070365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322941242438451363, authorId=1322941254115393753, language=EN, stringName=Lang XU, firstName=Lang, middleName=null, lastName=XU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1 Faculty of Geosciences and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, 999 Xi'an Road, Chengdu 611756, China, bio={"content":"

XU Lang, PhD candidate, majors in InSAR technology and its application in earthquake cycles, E-mail:

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XU Lang, PhD candidate, majors in InSAR technology and its application in earthquake cycles, E-mail:

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徐浪,博士生,主要从事InSAR技术及其在地震周期中的应用研究,E-mail:

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徐浪1 , 陈强1, 杨莹辉2, 刘森平1, 白运峰1, 赵晶晶1
作者信息
  • 1 西南交通大学地球科学与工程学院, 成都市犀安路999号, 611756
  • 2 成都理工大学地质灾害防治与地质环境保护国家重点实验室, 成都市东三路1号, 610059
作者简介:

徐浪,博士生,主要从事InSAR技术及其在地震周期中的应用研究,E-mail:

Interseismic Crustal Deformation and Creep Characteristics along Xianshuihe Fault Based on Time-Series InSAR Techniques
Lang XU1 , Qiang CHEN1, Yinghui YANG2, Senping LIU1, Yunfeng BAI1, Jingjing ZHAO1
Affiliations
  • 1 Faculty of Geosciences and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, 999 Xi'an Road, Chengdu 611756, China
  • 2 State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, 1 Dongsan Road, Chengdu 610059, China
  • XU Lang, PhD candidate, majors in InSAR technology and its application in earthquake cycles, E-mail:

出版时间: 2025-06-15 doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.06.294
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基于2014—2023年Sentinel-1升降轨影像,利用顾及长期构造速率的时间网络轨道误差校正方法去除轨道误差,同时联合外部GACOS大气数据和公共主影像叠加法去除大气延迟误差,获取高精度、高密度的鲜水河断裂震间InSAR速度场,揭示出鲜水河断裂以左旋走滑为主的断层运动特征。基于升降轨InSAR速度场解算平行断层走向的运动速度场,结果显示断裂远场两侧平行断层走向速率具有显著差异,约为8~11 mm/a。进一步引入GNSS南北向速度场获取高精度震间三维速度场,并计算高分辨率的最大剪切应变场。结果表明,鲜水河断裂侏倭至康定中段浅层蠕滑运动活跃,其中松林口至康定中段剪切应变最显著,最大量级约为0.6 ustrain/a,最大蠕滑速率约为7.0 mm/a。本文研究结果有助于提升对鲜水河断裂震间变形机制和蠕滑运动特征的科学认知,也可为震间耦合模型反演和地震风险评估提供高质量的数据支撑。

鲜水河断裂  /  时序InSAR技术  /  震间蠕滑  /  地壳形变

Based on the Sentinel-1 ascending and descending orbit images from 2014 to 2023, we use the time network orbit error correction method considering long-term structural rates to remove orbit errors, and the external GACOS atmospheric data and public main image superposition method are combined to remove atmospheric delay errors, obtaining high-precision and high-density InSAR interseismic velocity fields along Xianshuihe fault, revealing the fault movement characteristics dominated by left-lateral strike-slip. We calculate the fault-parallel velocity from InSAR data, which shows that there is a significant difference in the fault-parallel rate on both sides of far-field fault, about 8-11 mm/a. We also obtain the high-precision three-dimensional velocity field using GNSS data, and calculate the maximum shear rate strain field. The results show that the shallow creep movement is significant between Zhuwo to the middle of Kangding segment. Among them, the shear strain in the Songlinkou to the middle of Kangding segment is the strongest, with a maximum magnitude of 0.6 ustrain/a and a maximum creep rate of 7.0 mm/a. This study is helpful to understand the interseismic deformation and creep characteristics and provide high-quality data for interseismic coupling model inversion and earthquake risk assessment.

Xianshuihe fault  /  time-series InSAR techniques  /  interseismic creep  /  crustal deformation
徐浪, 陈强, 杨莹辉, 刘森平, 白运峰, 赵晶晶. 基于时序InSAR技术的鲜水河断裂震间地壳形变与蠕滑特征研究. 大地测量与地球动力学, 2025 , 45 (6) : 618 -625 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.06.294
Lang XU, Qiang CHEN, Yinghui YANG, Senping LIU, Yunfeng BAI, Jingjing ZHAO. Interseismic Crustal Deformation and Creep Characteristics along Xianshuihe Fault Based on Time-Series InSAR Techniques[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 2025 , 45 (6) : 618 -625 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.06.294
鲜水河断裂位于青藏高原东南缘,与玉树-甘孜断裂带共同构成巴颜喀拉块体的南边界,是中国大陆内部构造活动最剧烈的断裂带之一[1]。1725年以来鲜水河断裂发生8次7级以上地震,除雅拉河段外几乎整条断裂都发生过破裂[2]。鲜水河断裂是中国大陆少数具有浅层蠕滑运动的断裂带[3],因此受到国内外学者的广泛关注。利用大地测量数据可对断裂闭锁深度、浅层蠕滑、长期构造运动速率等进行研究,提高对震间地壳变形机制和强震孕育过程的认知[3-4]。部分学者利用地质资料、蠕变仪、跨断裂近场短基线和短水准及GNSS大地测量数据等形变资料对鲜水河断裂震间形变和运动特征进行了研究[5-7],但由于观测数据较为离散,无法获取整条断裂带连续的形变信息,难以对其开展精细的震间断层运动研究。
合成孔径雷达干涉测量(InSAR)是一种新兴的大地测量观测技术,可为地球物理和地质灾害等研究提供大范围、高密度的观测数据,近年来被广泛应用于断裂带的震间形变监测。国内外学者利用InSAR技术对鲜水河断裂的形变特征和运动机理进行研究,取得了一定的科学认知,但大多研究获取的震间InSAR速度场受残余轨道误差和大气误差的影响,难以精细揭示鲜水河断裂的浅层蠕滑空间分布和量级大小[8-10]。本文在对震间干涉图进行精确的轨道趋势面分离和大气延迟误差削弱后,使用Stacking技术解算鲜水河断裂高精度、高密度的震间InSAR速度场;然后忽略垂直断层走向的运动分量,利用升降轨InSAR速度场解算平行断层走向的运动速度场和垂向运动速度场,估计沿断层走向变化的浅层蠕滑运动速率,并联合GNSS速度场解算鲜水河断裂区域高精度震间三维速度场,获取高分辨率的最大剪切应变率分布;最后综合利用沿走向的蠕滑速率分布与最大剪切应变场对鲜水河断裂蠕滑运动特征进行详细分析。
本文收集的Sentinel-1卫星影像数据,包括轨道号为A26的升轨影像和轨道号为D33和D135的降轨影像,其成像模式均为干涉宽幅模式,3轨影像完全覆盖整条鲜水河断裂,覆盖范围见图1。A26、D33和D135轨影像覆盖时段分别为2014-10—2021-11、2014-10—2023-02和2014-10—2021-01。此外,本文还收集了中国大陆GNSS水平速度场[11],用于震间升降轨InSAR速度场可靠性评价、参考框架转换和三维形变解算,并利用覆盖青藏高原的垂向速度场[12]进行可靠性验证。
对本文覆盖冬季时段的3轨Sentinel-1影像数据进行时空构网,其中时间基线阈值设置为4 a,空间垂直基线阈值设置为100 m,构成的时空基线网络见图2,图中横轴为影像获取时刻,纵轴为空间垂直基线长度,蓝色圆点为参与干涉的各景影像,灰色线段表示干涉对,其中A26、D33和D135三轨影像分别构成635、882和353对干涉对。本文使用GAMMA软件对SAR影像进行二轨法D-InSAR处理[13],生成解缠后的差分干涉图,其中距离向和方位向的多视比设置为20 ∶5,采用30 m空间分辨率的SRTM DEM去除地形相位,后续为提高影像处理效率和相干性将干涉图再次进行5 ∶4多视处理,然后利用GACOS大气数据对干涉图进行大气校正[14],并使用Goldstein滤波器进行滤波以提高信噪比。解缠时选取3轨影像共同覆盖范围内的断层近场相干性高于0.8的像素点作为解缠参考点,使用最小费用流算法进行相位解缠,最终将解缠相位图编码至90 m格网分辨率的地理坐标系下。
经GACOS大气校正后的干涉图,其中与地形相关的对流层延迟误差被削弱,但震间构造信号仍易被轨道误差和大气残余误差所掩盖。为进一步去除误差源,本文使用顾及长期构造速率的时间网络轨道误差校正方法去除轨道误差[15],利用公共主影像叠加法对残余的大气延迟误差进行再次校正[16]。为提高Stacking解算时目标点的密度,筛选出平均空间相干性高于0.5的干涉对,同时为防止短时间基线干涉对对震间速度场解算产生系统偏差,剔除时间基线阈值低于1 a的干涉对。此外,为避免康定地震同震形变信号参与速度场解算,本文未使用包含康定地震震前影像构成的干涉对进行Stacking处理。最终,A26、D33和D135轨数据分别保留113、202和131对干涉对进行时序解算,具体见图2中紫色线段。
本文以时间基线为2019-02-26—2021-02-15的D135降轨干涉图为例,图3为其大气误差和轨道误差校正前后的干涉相位变化。可以看出,原始干涉图中部分与地形相关的大气误差被GACOS大气数据有效削弱,但GACOS校正后的干涉图仍被轨道误差和残余大气误差所掩盖,难以清晰地发现震间构造信号。经过进一步的轨道趋势面和大气残余误差去除,从最终校正的干涉图可以发现,校正后的干涉图以震间形变信号为主,震间形变呈现沿鲜水河断裂轨迹线分盘的空间特征,且未出现利用传统多项式对震间信号进行轨道趋势面去除时,由于长波长震间信号的远场过拟合而导致干涉图远场出现显著误差信号的现象。校正后的干涉图中震间信号较为纯净,未出现明显的大气残余误差。
图4(a)和4(b)为InSAR参考框架下的鲜水河断裂震间InSAR速度场,图中黄点为相位解缠参考点。可以看出,除了磨西段失相干严重、监测目标点较少外,沿断裂走向从甘孜至康定均保留密集的目标点。在升轨速度场中,断裂北盘速率为正,即北盘目标点朝雷达卫星视线向运动,断裂南盘速率为负,即南盘目标点远离雷达卫星视线向运动,南北盘呈现相反的运动趋势。而在降轨速度场中,南北盘运动趋势与升轨相反,即断裂北盘远离雷达卫星视线向运动,而南盘靠近雷达卫星视线向运动。升降轨震间InSAR速度场的空间分布特征表明鲜水河断裂北盘朝北西方向运动,南盘朝南东方向运动,断裂带以左旋走滑运动为主。同时可以发现,断裂南北盘远场区域表现出明显的速度差异,降轨速率量级相较于升轨更为显著,且升降轨震间InSAR速率均清晰地显示出断裂轨迹线两侧具有分盘信号特征。
为了将升降轨InSAR震间速度场统一至欧亚参考框架下,本文根据SAR成像的几何视角,首先将GNSS水平速率转换至LOS向,然后计算其与InSAR速率的差值。通过加权最小二乘法对速率差值进行平面拟合,最后将拟合的平面从InSAR速率中扣除,即可获得欧亚参考坐标系下的震间InSAR速度场。该方法仅校正震间InSAR速度场的参考框架,实际转换过程中并不会影响长波长震间构造信号趋势和具有蠕滑运动的局部短波长信号特征。图4(c)和4(d)为欧亚参考框架下的升降轨震间InSAR速度场,可以看出,升轨速度场表现为从断裂北西段到南东段速率逐渐增大,而降轨速度场则相反,从断裂北西段到南东段速率逐渐减小,揭示出断裂主要以水平运动为主,且整个监测区域呈现顺时针运动趋势,表明川滇块体整体表现为向东南挤出逃逸。
为验证本文获取的震间速度场的可靠性,将Wang等[11]的GNSS水平速度场投影至LOS向,对升降轨震间InSAR速度场进行可靠性评价。由图5可知,GNSS数据投影至LOS向的速率与本文解算结果一致性很好,其中升轨InSAR速率与GNSS数据差异均值为-0.14 mm/a,标准差为0.82 mm/a;降轨InSAR速率与GNSS数据差异均值为0.08 mm/a,标准差为0.71 mm/a。表明本文提取的InSAR速度场可靠性高,也间接说明InSAR速度场精度较高。
鲜水河断裂震间运动特征以左旋走滑为主,其垂直断层走向运动分量较小[17],因此本文忽略该维运动分量,将其分解为平行断层走向运动和垂向运动分量。
在分解过程中,首先将升降轨InSAR数据均采样至0.005°格网下,在给定鲜水河断裂平均走向角(140°)后对其进行分解。图6为鲜水河断裂两侧约100 km范围的平行断层走向运动速率和垂向运动速率,图6(a)中负值表示朝北西方向运动,正值表示朝南东方向运动,图6(b)中正值表示隆升运动,负值表示沉降运动。从平行断层走向运动速度场可以发现明显的分盘信号,且与已有断层轨迹线吻合很好,鲜水河断裂远场两侧速度差由鲜水河北西段约8 mm/a逐渐增大至南东段约11 mm/a;而垂向运动分量明显量级较小,断裂近场大部分区域速率差异在1 mm/a以内。速度场分解结果表明,鲜水河断裂主要以水平运动为主。
本文获得的2轨InSAR速度场无法直接进行三维速度分解,因此拟引入南北向GNSS速度进行约束,最终实现三维速度分解。具体思路为:首先将垂向速率VU和南北向速率VN合成为VNU分量,然后利用InSAR升降轨速度场直接分解出东西向速率VE和VNU分量,最后从VNU分量中扣除南北向速率VN的贡献,即可获得垂向速率VU[18]。
具体而言,首先按照下式将升降轨InSAR速率分解为VE和VNU:
$\begin{gathered}{\left[\begin{array}{c}V_{\mathrm{Asc}} \\V_{\mathrm{Des}}\end{array}\right]=} \\{\left[\begin{array}{c}-\sin \theta_{\mathrm{Asc}} \cos \eta_{\mathrm{Asc}} \sqrt{1-\sin ^2 \theta_{\mathrm{Asc}} \cos ^2 \eta_{\mathrm{Asc}}} \\-\sin \theta_{\mathrm{Des}} \cos \eta_{\mathrm{Des}} \sqrt{1-\sin ^2 \theta_{\mathrm{Des}} \cos ^2 \eta_{\mathrm{Des}}}\end{array}\right] \cdot} \\{\left[\begin{array}{c}V_{\mathrm{E}} \\V_{\mathrm{NU}}\end{array}\right]}\end{gathered}$
然后从解算的合成速率VNU分量中扣除由GNSS速度场插值获得的南北向速率VN的贡献,即可获得垂向速率VU:
$\begin{gathered}V_{\mathrm{U}}=V_{\mathrm{NU}} \frac{\sqrt{1-\sin ^2 \theta \cos ^2 \eta}}{\cos \theta}- \\V_{\mathrm{N}} \tan \theta \sin \eta\end{gathered}$
利用gpsgridder算法[19]将GNSS南北向速度场插值至0.005°分辨率格网下,结果见图7(b);采用上述提及的三维速率解算方法解算出欧亚参考框架下的东西向和垂向速度场,结果见图7(a)和7(c)。可以看出,鲜水河断裂南北盘东西向运动速率存在显著差异,其中断裂北盘处于巴颜喀拉块体一侧的目标点东西向运动速率相对较小,约为6~15 mm/a,而断裂南盘处于川滇块体一侧的目标点东西向运动速率相对较大,约为12~20 mm/a。插值后的南北向速度场同样显示出鲜水河断裂南北盘存在速率差异,其中南盘存在较显著的向南运动分量,而北盘运动速率则较小。从欧亚参考框架下的垂向速度场可以看出,鲜水河断裂整体呈现隆升运动趋势,泸定东侧贡嘎山区域隆升速率最大(图7(c)中椭圆虚线),约为3.6 mm/a。此外,本文同样利用GNSS速度场对分解出的东西向和垂向速度场进行可靠性评价,结果发现,InSAR解算的东西向速度场与GNSS东西向速率的差异均值为0.2 mm/a,标准差为1.0 mm/a;垂向速度场可靠性略低,与GNSS垂向速率的差异均值为0.5 mm/a,标准差为1.4 mm/a。上述评价结果表明,本文解算的三维震间速度场可靠性高,可为后续计算高分辨率最大剪切应变场提供数据支撑。
为揭示鲜水河断裂的蠕滑运动特征,利用前文InSAR数据解算的东西向速度场和GNSS数据插值的南北向速度场计算鲜水河断裂最大剪切应变场[18]。由于东西向速度场精度为1 mm/a,如直接使用其计算剪切应变则噪声强度较大,因此对其进行窗口大小为20 km×20 km的中值滤波。图8(a)为高分辨率的鲜水河断裂最大剪切应变场,可以看出,沿鲜水河断裂近场区域的剪切应变最为显著,表明巴颜喀拉块体与川滇块体间存在显著的相互剪切作用。最大剪切应变场还清晰地揭示出鲜水河断裂北西段至康定中段区域处于高剪切应变状态,表明该区域浅层蠕滑运动较为强烈,仅在格篓至炉霍区域剪切应变相对较小。为更清晰地揭示最大剪切应变随断层走向的变化,沿断层走向每隔2 km计算垂直断层走向长约1 km剖面内的平均最大剪切应变率,结果见图8(b)。可以看出,松林口至康定中段区域剪切应变最强烈,最大量级约为0.6 ustrain/a。
此外,本文利用前文解算的平行断层走向运动速率场计算沿断裂走向的蠕滑速率分布(图8(c))。具体而言,利用垂直断裂走向两侧1.0~2.5 km处的速度剖面进行线性拟合,将拟合后的两侧±1.0 km处的速率差作为该处的断裂浅层蠕滑运动速率[20]。图8(c)为鲜水河断裂浅层蠕滑速率沿走向的变化,可以看出,最大剪切应变率与蠕滑运动速率沿走向变化的空间特征基本一致。由蠕滑速率分布特征可知,除康定尾段和磨西段外,整条鲜水河断裂浅层蠕滑现象较为普遍,大部分区域蠕滑运动速率大于2 mm/a,其中八美至康定中段蠕滑运动最为显著,最大蠕滑速率约为7.0 mm/a。鲜水河断裂北西段仅在格篓至炉霍区域蠕滑运动相对较弱,浅层蠕滑速率约为1.3 mm/a。
对于鲜水河断裂北西段,孙凯等[9]利用螺旋位错模型反演得到蠕滑速率为3.27~4.18 mm/a;Qiao等[21]基于高密度震间InSAR形变场估计的炉霍段和道孚段浅层蠕滑速率分别为2.9 mm/a和2.8 mm/a,上述结果与本文计算的鲜水河断裂北西段蠕滑速率基本一致。而对于康定段,Qiao等[21]研究发现该段受到震后余滑影响,其估计的蠕滑速率为8.5 mm/a,略大于本文结果;Li等[20]计算的鲜水河断裂沿走向变化的蠕滑速率分布结果表明康定段蠕滑运动最为显著,康定地震同震破裂区域的浅层蠕滑速率约为5~8 mm/a,与本文结果相当。上述已有研究结果和本文获取的鲜水河断裂浅层蠕滑速率分布均表明,鲜水河断裂北西段至康定中段浅层蠕滑分布广泛。
为更直观地展示鲜水河断裂浅层蠕滑特征,绘制4条平行断层走向的速度剖面,剖面位置见图6(a),结果见图9,图中左侧子图为垂直断层走向两侧各40 km、沿走向宽2 km的平行断层走向运动速度剖面。可以看出,p1~p3剖面为典型的走滑断裂震间速率剖面曲线形态,呈现“反正切”空间特征;而p4剖面则呈现震后形变特征,具体表现为断层近场两侧速率差异大于远场区域,且该剖面位于康定地震同震破裂区,表明该区域可能受到康定地震震后影响,从而表现出显著的浅层蠕滑运动特征。图9中右侧子图为利用垂直断层走向两侧1.0~2.5 km处的平行断层走向运动速率进行线性拟合计算的蠕滑速率,可以看出,断裂近场速率变化显著,其中p4速度剖面计算的蠕滑速率高达7.0±0.2 mm/a,该处剖面为鲜水河断裂蠕滑速率量级最大的区域之一。
本文收集了2014—2023年Sentinel-1影像,去除长波长轨道误差和大气延迟误差后,利用Stcaking方法获取高精度、高密度的鲜水河断裂升降轨震间InSAR速度场,其中升降轨InSAR速率与GNSS速率投影至LOS向速率的标准差分别为0.82 mm/a和0.71 mm/a。InSAR速度场揭示出鲜水河断裂远场两侧存在显著的速度差异,其运动特征以左旋走滑的水平运动为主。利用解算的InSAR速度场融合GNSS南北向速度场解算鲜水河断裂三维震间速度场,进而获取高分辨率的最大剪切应变场,结果表明沿鲜水河断裂近场区域处于显著的剪切应变状态。综合最大剪切应变场和沿断层走向变化的蠕滑速率分布可知,鲜水河断裂侏倭至康定中段浅层蠕滑现象普遍,其中松林口至康定中段剪切应变最强烈,最大量级约为0.6 ustrain/a,最大蠕滑速率约为7.0 mm/a。在蠕滑运动活跃的北西段中,格篓至炉霍区域蠕滑运动相对较弱,浅层蠕滑速率约为1.3 mm/a。
  • 地质灾害防治与地质环境保护国家重点实验室自主研究课题(SKLGP2021Z016)
  • 国家自然科学基金(42471485)
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2025年第45卷第6期
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doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.06.294
  • 接收时间:2024-06-20
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-06-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-20
基金
Independent Research Project of State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection(SKLGP2021Z016)
地质灾害防治与地质环境保护国家重点实验室自主研究课题(SKLGP2021Z016)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(42471485)
国家自然科学基金(42471485)
作者信息
    1 西南交通大学地球科学与工程学院, 成都市犀安路999号, 611756
    2 成都理工大学地质灾害防治与地质环境保护国家重点实验室, 成都市东三路1号, 610059
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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