Article(id=1322940830624920024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, issueId=1322940829001724376, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14075/j.jgg.2024.05.231, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1715616000000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793343273072, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1747238400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793343273072, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793343273072, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793343273072, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322940829001724376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, year='2025', volume='45', issue='5', pageStart='441', pageEnd='550', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1747238400000', pubDateStr='2025-05-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793343272686, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793343272686, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=518, endPage=525, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322940831816102361, articleId=1322940830624920024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=EN, title=Atmospheric Precipitable Water Modeling Method Based on Integration Algorithm of Random Forest and Multilayer Perceptron, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on the data of 56 sounding stations in China from 2009 to 2019, we analyze the correlation between precipitable water vapor(PWV) and zenith tropospheric delay(ZTD), water vapor pressure (Es), atmospheric pressure (Ps), surface temperature (Ts), and weighted mean temperature (Tm), and then construct the China PWV models using multiple linear regression (MLR), random forest (RF), multilayer perceptron (MLP), and MLP-RF integration algorithm. The accuracy of these models are evaluated. The results show that the correlation coefficients between PWV and Ts, Ps, Es, Tm and ZTD are 0.78, -0.71, 0.77, 0.74 and 0.99, respectively. The average RMSE of yearly PWV models based on MLR, RF, MLP and MLP-RF are 1.25 mm, 0.44 mm, 0.28 mm, and 0.21 mm, and the average MAE are 0.98 mm, 0.31 mm, 0.18 mm, and 0.14 mm, respectively. The average RMSE of seasonal MLR, RF, MLP, and MLP-RF PWV models are 0.60 mm, 0.45 mm, 0.29 mm, and 0.21 mm, and the MAE are 0.49 mm, 0.33 mm, 0.19 mm, and 0.14 mm, respectively. The yearly MLP-RF PWV model is with the highest accuracy, which is suitable for real time PWV acquisition and research in China region.

, authors=Kai LI1, 2, Li LI1, 2, *, Hang YU1, 2, Zhounan DONG1, 2, Qimin HE1, 2, authorsList=Kai LI, Li LI, Hang YU, Zhounan DONG, Qimin HE, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Li LI, authorNote=

LI Kai, postgraduate, majors in GNSS meteorology, E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322940833741287912, articleId=1322940830624920024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=CN, title=基于随机森林和多层感知机集成算法的大气可降水量建模方法, columnId=1322506169105633839, journalTitle=大地测量与地球动力学, columnName=现代大地测量, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

基于2009-2019年中国地区56个探空站资料, 分析大气可降水量(PWV)与天顶对流层延迟(ZTD)、水汽压(Es)、大气压(Ps)、地面温度(Ts)、加权平均温度(Tm)之间的相关性; 然后基于多元线性回归法(MLR)、随机森林(RF)、多层感知机(MLP)和MLP-RF集成算法分别构建中国地区的PWV模型, 并评估各类PWV模型精度。结果表明, PWV与Ts、Ps、Es、Tm和ZTD之间的相关系数分别为0.78、-0.71、0.77、0.74和0.99;基于MLR、RF、MLP与MLP-RF的全年PWV模型的平均RMSE分别为1.25 mm、0.44 mm、0.28 mm和0.21 mm, 平均MAE分别为0.98 mm、0.31 mm、0.18 mm和0.14 mm; 基于MLR、RF、MLP与MLP-RF的分季度PWV模型的平均RMSE分别为0.60 mm、0.45 mm、0.29 mm和0.21 mm, 平均绝对偏差分别为0.49 mm、0.33 mm、0.19 mm和0.14 mm; 基于MLP-RF的全年PWV模型精度最高, 可用于中国地区PWV的获取及研究。

, authors=李锴1, 2, 李黎1, 2, *, 余航1, 2, 董州楠1, 2, 何琦敏1, 2, authorsList=李锴, 李黎, 余航, 董州楠, 何琦敏, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李黎, authorNote=

李锴, 硕士生, 主要从事GNSS气象学研究, E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=

李黎, 博士, 副教授, 主要从事GNSS精密定位及GNSS气象学研究, E-mail:

LI Li, PhD, associate professor, majors in GNSS precise positioning and GNSS meteorology, E-mail:

, copyrightStatement=版权所有,未经授权,不得转载。, copyrightOwner=大地测量与地球动力学编辑部, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=QHUj6gwnEeVNJSqoXYrdhA==, magXml=hW972ubnDPzq07RuyjsNsw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=XWeyCgr3mYa1CjsAt8qSKg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=QBLXJu0kOKFDzxis6FhC3A==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1322940834131358192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322940830624920024, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=2213021026@post.usts.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1322940834211049971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322940830624920024, authorId=1322940834131358192, language=EN, stringName=Kai LI, firstName=Kai, middleName=null, lastName=LI, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1 School of Geography Science and Geomatics Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, 99 Xuefu Road, Suzhou 215009, China
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stations, figureFileSmall=1hl2M3zaB2jfBKCI5QyYtQ==, figureFileBig=Om8dBO8czT0GBmHDqcNLrg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322940838040449571, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322940830624920024, language=CN, label=图7, caption=长春、玉树、郑州、宜昌、银川、章丘和伊宁站分季度PWV模型精度, figureFileSmall=1hl2M3zaB2jfBKCI5QyYtQ==, figureFileBig=Om8dBO8czT0GBmHDqcNLrg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322940838124335652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322940830624920024, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Correlation coefficients between PWV and Tm, Ts, Ps, Es, ZHD, ZWD and ZTD

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因变量 自变量 R 自变量 自变量 R 自变量 自变量 R
PWV Ts 0.78 Ts Ps -0.81 Ps Tm -0.82
PWV Ps -0.71 Ts Es 1.00 Ps ZTD -0.59
PWV Es 0.77 Ts Tm 0.94 Es Tm 0.94
PWV Tm 0.74 Ts ZTD 0.70 Es ZTD 0.70
PWV ZTD 0.99 Ps Es -0.81 Tm ZTD 0.66
), ArticleFig(id=1322940838204027429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322940830624920024, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

PWV与Tm、Ts、Ps、Es、ZHD、ZWD和ZTD之间的相关系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因变量 自变量 R 自变量 自变量 R 自变量 自变量 R
PWV Ts 0.78 Ts Ps -0.81 Ps Tm -0.82
PWV Ps -0.71 Ts Es 1.00 Ps ZTD -0.59
PWV Es 0.77 Ts Tm 0.94 Es Tm 0.94
PWV Tm 0.74 Ts ZTD 0.70 Es ZTD 0.70
PWV ZTD 0.99 Ps Es -0.81 Tm ZTD 0.66
), ArticleFig(id=1322940838279524902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322940830624920024, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Tolerance between PWV, Tm, Ts, Ps, Es, ZHD, ZWD and ZTD

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
自变量 自变量 Tol 自变量 自变量 Tol
Ts Ps 0.34 Ps Tm 0.33
Ts Es 0 Ps ZTD 0.65
Ts Tm 0.12 Es Tm 0.12
Ts ZTD 0.51 Es ZTD 0.51
Ps Es 0.34 Tm ZTD 0.56
), ArticleFig(id=1322940838350828071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322940830624920024, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

PWV、Tm、Ts、Ps、Es、ZHD、ZWD和ZTD之间的容忍度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
自变量 自变量 Tol 自变量 自变量 Tol
Ts Ps 0.34 Ps Tm 0.33
Ts Es 0 Ps ZTD 0.65
Ts Tm 0.12 Es Tm 0.12
Ts ZTD 0.51 Es ZTD 0.51
Ps Es 0.34 Tm ZTD 0.56
), ArticleFig(id=1322940838417936936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322940830624920024, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Yearly and seasonal PWV conversion models based on multiple linear regression

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间分辨率 模型
全年 PWV=0.105 2×Ts-0.324 6×Ps+ 0.144 5×ZTD-3.618 0
春 PWV=0.242 6×Ts-0.244 1×Ps+ 0.112 1×ZTD-8.660 7
夏 PWV=0.060 1×Ts-0.368 2×Ps+ 0.162 2×ZTD-2.631 8
秋 PWV=0.014 3×Ts-0.364 4×Ps+ 0.160 5×ZTD-1.465 3
冬 PWV=0.124 4×Ts-0.255 9× Ps+0.115 0×ZTD-3.399 4
), ArticleFig(id=1322940838476657193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322940830624920024, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

基于多元线性回归的全年和分季度PWV转换模型

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间分辨率 模型
全年 PWV=0.105 2×Ts-0.324 6×Ps+ 0.144 5×ZTD-3.618 0
春 PWV=0.242 6×Ts-0.244 1×Ps+ 0.112 1×ZTD-8.660 7
夏 PWV=0.060 1×Ts-0.368 2×Ps+ 0.162 2×ZTD-2.631 8
秋 PWV=0.014 3×Ts-0.364 4×Ps+ 0.160 5×ZTD-1.465 3
冬 PWV=0.124 4×Ts-0.255 9× Ps+0.115 0×ZTD-3.399 4
), ArticleFig(id=1322940838552154666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322940830624920024, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

Optimal parameter values for seasonal and yearly PWV models based on RF and MLP algorithms

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型 参数可选值 时间分辨率 最优参数组合
RF 决策树数量: 20、50、80、110、140、170、200;决策树最大深度: 10、20、30、40、50;分裂内部节点最小样本数: 2、4、6;叶子节点所需的最小样本数: 1、2、3 全年 决策树数量: 50;决策树最大深度: 20;分裂内部节点最小样本数: 2;叶子节点所需的最小样本数: 1
春 决策树数量: 20;决策树最大深度: 10;分裂内部节点最小样本数: 2;叶子节点所需的最小样本数: 1
夏 决策树数量: 200;决策树最大深度: 100;分裂内部节点最小样本数: 2;叶子节点所需的最小样本数: 1
秋 决策树数量: 50;决策树最大深度: 20;分裂内部节点最小样本数: 2;叶子节点所需的最小样本数: 1
冬 决策树数量: 20;决策树最大深度: 10;分裂内部节点最小样本数: 2;叶子节点所需的最小样本数: 1
MLP 最大迭代次数: 200、300、400、500、600;隐藏层神经元: 50/50、100/50、150/50、200/50、250/50、50/100、100/100、150/100、200/100、250/100、50/150、100/150、150/150、200/150、250/150、50/200、100/200、150/200、200/200、250/200、50/250、100/250、150/250、200/250、250/250 全年 最大迭代次数: 500;隐藏层神经元: 100/50
春 最大迭代次数: 500;隐藏层神经元: 100/50
夏 最大迭代次数: 500;隐藏层神经元: 100/50
秋 最大迭代次数: 500;隐藏层神经元: 100/50
冬 最大迭代次数: 500;隐藏层神经元: 100/50
), ArticleFig(id=1322940838623457835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322940830624920024, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

基于RF和MLP算法的分季度和全年PWV模型最优参数值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型 参数可选值 时间分辨率 最优参数组合
RF 决策树数量: 20、50、80、110、140、170、200;决策树最大深度: 10、20、30、40、50;分裂内部节点最小样本数: 2、4、6;叶子节点所需的最小样本数: 1、2、3 全年 决策树数量: 50;决策树最大深度: 20;分裂内部节点最小样本数: 2;叶子节点所需的最小样本数: 1
春 决策树数量: 20;决策树最大深度: 10;分裂内部节点最小样本数: 2;叶子节点所需的最小样本数: 1
夏 决策树数量: 200;决策树最大深度: 100;分裂内部节点最小样本数: 2;叶子节点所需的最小样本数: 1
秋 决策树数量: 50;决策树最大深度: 20;分裂内部节点最小样本数: 2;叶子节点所需的最小样本数: 1
冬 决策树数量: 20;决策树最大深度: 10;分裂内部节点最小样本数: 2;叶子节点所需的最小样本数: 1
MLP 最大迭代次数: 200、300、400、500、600;隐藏层神经元: 50/50、100/50、150/50、200/50、250/50、50/100、100/100、150/100、200/100、250/100、50/150、100/150、150/150、200/150、250/150、50/200、100/200、150/200、200/200、250/200、50/250、100/250、150/250、200/250、250/250 全年 最大迭代次数: 500;隐藏层神经元: 100/50
春 最大迭代次数: 500;隐藏层神经元: 100/50
夏 最大迭代次数: 500;隐藏层神经元: 100/50
秋 最大迭代次数: 500;隐藏层神经元: 100/50
冬 最大迭代次数: 500;隐藏层神经元: 100/50
), ArticleFig(id=1322940838698955308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322940830624920024, language=EN, label=Tab. 5, caption=

Accuracy statistics of yearly and seasonal PWV models

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时间分辨率 RF-PWV/mm MLP-PWV/mm MLP-RF-PWV/mm MLR-PWV/mm
MAE RMSE MAE RMSE MAE RMSE MAE RMSE
全年 0.31 0.44 0.18 0.28 0.14 0.21 0.98 1.25
春 0.35 0.43 0.16 0.25 0.13 0.16 0.36 0.44
夏 0.30 0.45 0.19 0.36 0.16 0.30 0.44 0.57
秋 0.30 0.43 0.19 0.27 0.15 0.19 0.24 0.30
冬 0.38 0.49 0.20 0.26 0.12 0.17 0.91 1.10
均值 0.33 0.45 0.19 0.29 0.14 0.21 0.49 0.60
), ArticleFig(id=1322940838774452781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322940830624920024, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

全年和分季度PWV模型精度统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间分辨率 RF-PWV/mm MLP-PWV/mm MLP-RF-PWV/mm MLR-PWV/mm
MAE RMSE MAE RMSE MAE RMSE MAE RMSE
全年 0.31 0.44 0.18 0.28 0.14 0.21 0.98 1.25
春 0.35 0.43 0.16 0.25 0.13 0.16 0.36 0.44
夏 0.30 0.45 0.19 0.36 0.16 0.30 0.44 0.57
秋 0.30 0.43 0.19 0.27 0.15 0.19 0.24 0.30
冬 0.38 0.49 0.20 0.26 0.12 0.17 0.91 1.10
均值 0.33 0.45 0.19 0.29 0.14 0.21 0.49 0.60
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基于随机森林和多层感知机集成算法的大气可降水量建模方法
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李锴 1, 2 , 李黎 1, 2, * , 余航 1, 2 , 董州楠 1, 2 , 何琦敏 1, 2
大地测量与地球动力学 | 现代大地测量 2025,45(5): 518-525
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大地测量与地球动力学 |现代大地测量 2025 , 45 (5) : 518 -525
基于随机森林和多层感知机集成算法的大气可降水量建模方法
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李锴1, 2 , 李黎1, 2, * , 余航1, 2, 董州楠1, 2, 何琦敏1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 苏州科技大学地理科学与测绘工程学院, 江苏省苏州市学府路99号, 215009
  • 2 苏州科技大学北斗导航与环境感知研究中心, 江苏省苏州市学府路99号, 215009
通讯作者:

李黎, 博士, 副教授, 主要从事GNSS精密定位及GNSS气象学研究, E-mail:

LI Li, PhD, associate professor, majors in GNSS precise positioning and GNSS meteorology, E-mail:

作者简介:

李锴, 硕士生, 主要从事GNSS气象学研究, E-mail:

Atmospheric Precipitable Water Modeling Method Based on Integration Algorithm of Random Forest and Multilayer Perceptron
Kai LI1, 2 , Li LI1, 2, * , Hang YU1, 2, Zhounan DONG1, 2, Qimin HE1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Geography Science and Geomatics Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, 99 Xuefu Road, Suzhou 215009, China
  • 2 Research Center of Beidou Navigation and Environmental Remote Sensing, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, 99 Xuefu Road, Suzhou 215009, China
  • LI Kai, postgraduate, majors in GNSS meteorology, E-mail:

出版时间: 2025-05-15 doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.05.231
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基于2009-2019年中国地区56个探空站资料, 分析大气可降水量(PWV)与天顶对流层延迟(ZTD)、水汽压(Es)、大气压(Ps)、地面温度(Ts)、加权平均温度(Tm)之间的相关性; 然后基于多元线性回归法(MLR)、随机森林(RF)、多层感知机(MLP)和MLP-RF集成算法分别构建中国地区的PWV模型, 并评估各类PWV模型精度。结果表明, PWV与Ts、Ps、Es、Tm和ZTD之间的相关系数分别为0.78、-0.71、0.77、0.74和0.99;基于MLR、RF、MLP与MLP-RF的全年PWV模型的平均RMSE分别为1.25 mm、0.44 mm、0.28 mm和0.21 mm, 平均MAE分别为0.98 mm、0.31 mm、0.18 mm和0.14 mm; 基于MLR、RF、MLP与MLP-RF的分季度PWV模型的平均RMSE分别为0.60 mm、0.45 mm、0.29 mm和0.21 mm, 平均绝对偏差分别为0.49 mm、0.33 mm、0.19 mm和0.14 mm; 基于MLP-RF的全年PWV模型精度最高, 可用于中国地区PWV的获取及研究。

大气可降水量  /  随机森林  /  多层感知机  /  多元线性回归

Based on the data of 56 sounding stations in China from 2009 to 2019, we analyze the correlation between precipitable water vapor(PWV) and zenith tropospheric delay(ZTD), water vapor pressure (Es), atmospheric pressure (Ps), surface temperature (Ts), and weighted mean temperature (Tm), and then construct the China PWV models using multiple linear regression (MLR), random forest (RF), multilayer perceptron (MLP), and MLP-RF integration algorithm. The accuracy of these models are evaluated. The results show that the correlation coefficients between PWV and Ts, Ps, Es, Tm and ZTD are 0.78, -0.71, 0.77, 0.74 and 0.99, respectively. The average RMSE of yearly PWV models based on MLR, RF, MLP and MLP-RF are 1.25 mm, 0.44 mm, 0.28 mm, and 0.21 mm, and the average MAE are 0.98 mm, 0.31 mm, 0.18 mm, and 0.14 mm, respectively. The average RMSE of seasonal MLR, RF, MLP, and MLP-RF PWV models are 0.60 mm, 0.45 mm, 0.29 mm, and 0.21 mm, and the MAE are 0.49 mm, 0.33 mm, 0.19 mm, and 0.14 mm, respectively. The yearly MLP-RF PWV model is with the highest accuracy, which is suitable for real time PWV acquisition and research in China region.

precipitable water vapor(PWV)  /  random forest(RF)  /  multilayer perceptron(MLP)  /  multiple linear regression(MLR)
李锴, 李黎, 余航, 董州楠, 何琦敏. 基于随机森林和多层感知机集成算法的大气可降水量建模方法. 大地测量与地球动力学, 2025 , 45 (5) : 518 -525 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.05.231
Kai LI, Li LI, Hang YU, Zhounan DONG, Qimin HE. Atmospheric Precipitable Water Modeling Method Based on Integration Algorithm of Random Forest and Multilayer Perceptron[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 2025 , 45 (5) : 518 -525 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.05.231
大气水汽是对流层气体的重要组成部分,获取精确且完整的大气可降水量(precipitable water vapor, PWV)对于气象学研究具有重要意义[1]。地基GNSS-PWV可通过若干气象参数与GNSS天顶对流层延迟(zenith tropospheric delay, ZTD)反演得到。传统PWV计算过程较为复杂繁琐,依赖于对流层湿延迟(zenith wet delay, ZWD)和加权平均温度(Tm)等关键参数;而基于ZTD和大气压(Ps)等关键参数构建的多因子线性回归模型可简化PWV计算过程[2]。
Bevis等[3]最早提出基于GPS的PWV反演方法,可用于估算大气中水汽含量的水平和垂直分布。杨鹏飞等[4]认为,ZWD是黄土高原地区GNSS-PWV反演的主要影响因素。韦云等[2]对ZTD、气压(Ps)、地表温度(Ts)与PWV之间的相关性进行分析,并建立一种新的多因子线性回归PWV拟合模型,结果表明,该模型精度较高。王帅民[5]分析2016-2018年ERA5再分析资料的PWV与ZTD之间的相关性,结果表明,PWV与ZTD之间的相关性超过0.90,可直接利用ZTD估算PWV。易正晖等[6]基于线性回归方法分别构建分季度和全年PWV模型,结果表明,分季度PWV模型结果优于全年PWV模型。李黎等[7]针对中国地区缺乏统一的高精度转换系数(K值)模型问题,分析测站经纬度和高程与K值之间的相关性,并利用K值和多元线性拟合法构建Emardson-I和Emardson-H模型,结果表明,Emardson-H模型精度优于Emardson-I模型。但上述研究大多采用线性回归拟合方法构建PWV模型,未充分考虑影响因子与目标参数之间存在的复杂非线性关系。
随着人工智能算法的不断发展,大量研究表明,人工智能算法能够有效解决影响因子与目标参量之间存在的非线性问题。Cai等[8]基于人工神经网络方法构建中国南方地区的PWV模型,并验证该模型在该地区具有良好的精度和适应性。Ju等[9]基于卷积神经网络和轻量梯度提升机(light gradient boosting machine, LightGBM)集成算法构建风电功率超短期预测模型,得到高精度的风电功率预测数据。Li等[10]基于回归树、支持向量机、LightGBM和随机森林(random forest, RF)分别构建长三角地区的Tm模型,结果表明,全年LightGBM-Tm模型精度最优。Saber等[11]基于LightGBM模型构建河谷山洪敏感性预测模型,并通过多次实验验证该模型在山洪预测中的有效性。
鉴于人工智能算法具备强大的非线性拟合能力,可有效避免传统PWV计算过程中可能产生的误差积累。本文利用2009-2019年中国地区56个探空站资料,基于多元线性回归法(multiple linear regression, MLR)、RF、多层感知机(multilayer perceptron, MLP)以及MLP-RF集成算法,分别构建中国地区的分季度和全年PWV模型,并评估各类模型精度。
本文探空资料来源于2009-2019年全国范围内均匀分布的56个无线探空站实测数据,采样间隔为12 h,垂直分辨率为1 km。实测探空资料包括露点温度、气压、地表温度、高度、相对湿度等气象要素(可通过美国怀俄明大学天气数据网获取),资料符合世界气象组织制定的质量检查标准。
使用2009-2016年中国地区49个探空站资料,基于MLR、RF、MLP和MLP-RF算法分别构建PWV模型,然后用2017-2019年长春、玉树、郑州、宜昌、银川、伊宁和章丘等7个探空站资料验证4类PWV模型精度。图1为中国地区56个探空站分布情况。
ZTD、Ts、Ps、Es、Tm等均为PWV反演过程中的重要参数,因此需要分析参数之间的相关性,本文采用皮尔逊相关系数(R)作为评定影响因子与目标参量之间相关性的指标[12],计算公式如下:
$R=\frac{\sum\limits_{i=1}^n\left(X_i-\bar{X}\right) \cdot\left(Y_i-\bar{Y}\right)}{\sqrt{\sum\limits_{i=1}^n\left(X_i-\bar{X}\right)^2 \cdot \sqrt{\sum\limits_{i=1}^n\left(Y_i-\bar{Y}\right)^2}}}$
式中,n为观测值总数;Xi为X变量的第i个观测值;${\bar X}$为X变量的均值;Yi为Y变量的第i个观测值;${\bar Y}$为Y变量的均值。
图2为PWV与Ts、Ps、Es、Tm和ZTD之间的线性关系。可以看出,PWV与ZTD的相关系数为0.99,表现出极强的线性正相关;PWV与Es、Tm、Ts的相关系数分别为0.77、0.74和0.78,表现出较强的线性正相关;PWV与Ps的相关系数为-0.71,表现出较强的线性负相关。由此可知,PWV与Ts、Ps、Es、Tm和ZTD均存在强相关,在中国地区PWV模型构建过程中需考虑Ts、Ps、Es、Tm和ZTD等参数。
鉴于自变量之间存在一定的线性关系,为探索输入特征及验证其与自变量之间的相关性对模型精度的影响,需要分析自变量之间的共线性。由表1可知,自变量之间存在显著的相关性,可能导致模型整体精度下降。因此,需对自变量进行共线性分析,以确保模型的可靠性和准确性。
本文采用容忍度(Tol=1-R2)评估自变量的共线性,其中R2表示不同变量之间相关系数的平方,即决定系数。由表2可知,Ts与Tm、Ts与Es、Tm与Es之间的容忍度均小于0.2,存在严重的共线性问题。
本文分别采用均方根误差(RMSE)和平均绝对误差(MAE)来衡量模型预测值与真实观测值之间的平均绝对差异与平均差异,表达式为:
$\mathrm{MAE}=\frac{1}{n} \sum\limits_{i=1}^n\left|y_i-\hat{y}_i\right|$
$\mathrm{RMSE}=\sqrt{\frac{1}{n} \sum\limits_{i=1}^n\left(y_i-\hat{y}_i\right)^2}$
式中,n为样本数量;yi为第i个样本的真实观测值;$ \hat{y}_i$为第i个样本值。
首先使用2009-2016年中国地区49个探空站资料,分别基于MLR、RF、MLP以及MLP-RF集成算法构建全年和分季度PWV模型,然后以2017-2019年长春、玉树、伊宁、银川、宜昌、章丘和郑州等7个探空站资料验证模型精度。
由于PWV与Ts、Ps、Es、Tm和ZTD之间存在强相关性,同时Ts与Tm、Ts与Es、Tm与Es之间存在严重的共线性现象。因此,本文选用Ts、Ps及ZTD等因子,利用多元函数回归拟合方法分别构建分季度和全年PWV模型[13]:
$\mathrm{PWV}=a \times \mathrm{ZTD}+b \times T_s+c \times P_s+d$
式中,a、b、c为系数;d为常数项。将2009-2016年中国地区49个探空站资料的PWV、ZTD、Ts及Ps等气象参数代入式(4),建立全年及分季度PWV转换模型,结果见表3。
以往的PWV线性转换模型未能很好地捕捉季节性变化规律,也未同时顾及Ts、Ps、Es、Tm和ZTD等因子的影响。人工智能算法具备较强的非线性拟合能力,并能有效处理共线性问题,因此能够更好地适应复杂数据的季节性变化。通过正则化方法以及增加数据量等方式,人工智能算法能够在建模过程中有效处理自变量之间的共线性问题,从而提高模型的预测性能和泛化能力。因此,本文基于RF、MLP及MLP-RF集成算法分别构建PWV模型,将Ts、Ps、Es、Tm和ZTD等参数作为建模过程的输入特征,将PWV作为输出标签。建模数据集分为训练集和验证集,其中训练集为2009-2016年中国地区49个探空站资料,验证集为2017-2019年长春、玉树、郑州、宜昌、银川、伊宁和章丘等7个探空站资料。
在建模过程中,数据预处理和超参数选择是确保模型精度的重要步骤。数据预处理过程中采用2种方法替换异常值,当异常值为中度偏差时,采用插值法;对于极度偏差的异常值,采用K-近邻算法;对于缺失数据,采用插值法填补空白。考虑到变量的取值范围不同,为避免模型在训练过程中更多地关注范围较大数值的特征,需要进行数据标准化处理,通过式(5)将原始数据集映射到[0, 1]范围内:
$x^{\prime}=\frac{(x-\min (x))}{(\max (x)-\min (x))}$
式中,x为原始数据;x′为归一化后的数据;min(x)为数据集中的最小值;max(x)为数据集中的最大值。
在模型超参数选择过程中,本文采用交叉验证网格搜索(grid search cross validation, GridSearchCV)算法自动搜索并择优训练参数。GridSearchCV算法的核心思想是根据每次训练结果,从参数列表中找到最优参数。首先设置每个参数的可选值,然后通过GridSearchCV算法随机分成不同参数组合,经过不断训练和评估,最终获得适用于该模型的最优参数。表4为本文参与网格搜索的参数可选值及最优参数组合。
由于深度学习算法(如MLP等)对大规模数据和复杂模式识别任务的表现优异,而传统机器学习算法(如RF、支持向量机等)更适用于需要解释性需求且数据集较小的场景。因此,本研究提出一种融合MLP和RF的集成算法,该模型可充分发挥RF和MLP各自的优点,增强模型整体的性能,同时可提高模型的鲁棒性和稳定性,降低过拟合风险,在处理复杂的非线性关系和大规模数据集时表现出更优异的性能。
限于篇幅,图3仅分析2017-2019年玉树和郑州探空站全年MLR-PWV、RF-PWV、MLP-PWV及MLP-RF-PWV模型的预测值与探空PWV真值的时序变化及其偏差变化。由图可知,不同模型预测值与真值并未完全吻合,但变化趋势大致相同;基于MLP-RF集成算法的PWV模型偏差较小,而MLR-PWV模型偏差较大。
图4为长春、玉树、郑州、宜昌、银川、章丘和伊宁站全年MLR-PWV、RF-PWV、MLP-PWV和MLP-RF-PWV模型精度。利用2017-2019年长春、玉树、郑州、宜昌、银川、章丘和伊宁探空资料验证各个模型精度,其中MLP-RF-PWV模型的年均RMSE和MAE最小,分别为0.21 mm和0.14 mm,相较于RF-PWV、MLP-PWV和MLR-PWV模型,其年均RMSE分别降低0.23 mm、0.07 mm和1.04 mm,年均MAE分别降低0.17 mm、0.04 mm和0.84 mm。
限于篇幅,图5~6仅分析2017-2019年玉树和郑州站分季度RF-PWV、MLP-PWV、MLP-RF-PWV及MLR-PWV模型的偏差变化。可以看出,MLP-RF-PWV模型的偏差变化最小,其原因为该模型结合了MLP和RF各自的优点,可提升模型的鲁棒性和稳定性,在处理复杂的非线性关系和大规模数据集时能够更有效地适应数据中的复杂模式和季节性变化,表现出更优的性能。MLR-PWV模型的偏差变化最大,其原因为MLR模型无法有效捕捉数据中的季节性变化,夏季高温和高湿度环境导致大气中水汽含量迅速上升,冬季则因低温和低湿度使得大气中水汽含量迅速下降,从而导致模型值与真实值之间的偏差较大。
图7为长春、玉树、郑州、宜昌、银川、章丘和伊宁站分季度RF-PWV、MLP-PWV、MLP-RF-PWV和MLR-PWV模型精度。由图可知,RF-PWV模型的MAE和RMSE分别为0.35 mm、0.30 mm、0.30 mm和0.38 mm以及0.43 mm、0.45 mm、0.43 mm和0.49 mm;MLP-PWV模型的MAE和RMSE分别为0.16 mm、0.19 mm、0.19 mm和0.20 mm以及0.25 mm、0.36 mm、0.27 mm和0.26 mm;MLP-RF-PWV模型的MAE和RMSE分别为0.13 mm、0.16 mm、0.15 mm和0.12 mm以及0.16 mm、0.30 mm、0.19 mm和0.17 mm;MLR-PWV模型的MAE和RMSE分别为0.36 mm、0.44 mm、0.24 mm和0.91 mm以及0.44 mm、0.57 mm、0.30 mm和1.10 mm。其中,MLR-PWV模型在夏季和冬季的RMSE及MAE较大,其原因为夏季高温和高湿度使得大气中水汽含量迅速升高,冬季则因低温和低湿度使得大气中水汽含量迅速下降,而MLR模型无法有效捕捉这些变化。
表5为全年和分季度RF-PWV、MLP-PWV、MLP-RF-PWV和MLR-PWV模型精度统计。由表5可知,2017-2019年MLR-RF-PWV模型的平均RMSE和MAE最小,分别为0.21 mm和0.14 mm,相较于RF-PWV、MLP-PWV及MLR-PWV模型,其平均MAE分别降低0.17 mm、0.04 mm和0.84 mm,平均RMSE分别降低0.23 mm、0.07 mm和1.04 mm。
综上所述,通过对RF-PWV、MLP-PWV、MLP-RF-PWV以及MLR-PWV模型在季节性变化和不同地理位置泛化能力的全面评估可知,MLP-RF-PWV模型在不同季节及不同地理位置中均表现出一定的预测优势,该模型在不同季节的预测精度均高于其他模型,同时在不同地理位置的泛化能力上也显示出更高的稳定性和准确性。
从表5可以看出,全年和分季度的RF-PWV、MLP-PWV和MLP-RF-PWV模型与MLR-PWV模型的精度变化规律不同,全年RF-PWV、MLP-PWV和MLP-RF-PWV模型精度明显高于分季度RF-PWV、MLP-PWV和MLP-RF-PWV模型,时间分辨率越高,模型精度反而越低,其原因可能为在深度学习和机器学习中,当建模所需的训练数据越多、质量越高时,RF和MLP算法可以更全面地挖掘出输入特征与目标变量之间的内在关联,更好地反映出PWV的年内变化特征和规律,减少模型过度拟合,因此建模精度越高。
本文选取2009-2016年中国地区49个探空站资料,基于MLR、RF、MLP和MLP-RF构建适用于中国地区的PWV模型,并以2017-2019年探空资料检验分季度和全年PWV模型精度,得到以下结论:
1) PWV与Tm、Ts、Ps、Es和ZTD之间具有强相关性,可将Tm、Ts、Ps、Es和ZTD作为构建RF-PWV、MLP-PWV和MLP-RF-PWV模型的输入特征,采用Ts、Ps及ZTD建立3因子MLR-PWV模型。
2) MLP-RF-PWV模型精度优于RF-PWV、MLP-PWV和MLR-PWV模型。MLP-RF-PWV模型的年均RMSE和MAE分别为0.21 mm和0.14 mm;分季度MLP-RF-PWV模型平均RMSE和平均MAE分别为0.21 mm和0.14 mm。
3) 全年RF-PWV、MLP-PWV和MLP-RF-PWV模型(精度最高)精度优于分季度PWV模型,不仅可解决PWV与气象因素或时空因素之间的非线性关系,且其模型精度也更高更稳定。
  • 江苏省研究生科研与实践创新计划(SJCX23_1718)
  • 江苏省研究生科研与实践创新计划(SJCX24_1901)
  • 江苏省科技计划(BK20230660)
  • 国家自然科学基金(42204014)
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2025年第45卷第5期
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doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.05.231
  • 接收时间:2024-05-14
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-05-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-14
基金
Research and PracticeInnovation Programfor Graduate Students ofJiangsu Province(SJCX23_1718)
江苏省研究生科研与实践创新计划(SJCX23_1718)
Research and PracticeInnovation Programfor Graduate Students ofJiangsu Province(SJCX24_1901)
江苏省研究生科研与实践创新计划(SJCX24_1901)
Science and Technology Program of Jiangsu Province(BK20230660)
江苏省科技计划(BK20230660)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(42204014)
国家自然科学基金(42204014)
作者信息
    1 苏州科技大学地理科学与测绘工程学院, 江苏省苏州市学府路99号, 215009
    2 苏州科技大学北斗导航与环境感知研究中心, 江苏省苏州市学府路99号, 215009

通讯作者:

李黎, 博士, 副教授, 主要从事GNSS精密定位及GNSS气象学研究, E-mail:

LI Li, PhD, associate professor, majors in GNSS precise positioning and GNSS meteorology, E-mail:

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