Article(id=1322940811998011697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, issueId=1322940717152215106, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14075/j.jgg.2024.04.181, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1713196800000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-16, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793343268632, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1744646400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793343268632, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793343268632, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793343268632, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322940717152215106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, year='2025', volume='45', issue='4', pageStart='331', pageEnd='440', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1744646400000', pubDateStr='2025-04-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793343246019, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793343246019, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=380, endPage=391, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322940812803318066, articleId=1322940811998011697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=EN, title=Regional Earthquake Occurrence Probability Calculation Based on Multifractal Theory, Apparent Stress and b Value: A Case Study of Anqiu-Juxian Section of Tanlu Fault Zone, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This paper attempts to link the strength of regional crustal stress with its earthquake occurrence probability, and proposes a method to calculate regional earthquake occurrence probability based on apparent stress data, which mainly solves the following problems: 1) The singular value is calculated using multifractal theory, and the stress rich region, poor region and background region are revealed. 2) A new method of fitting singular value and b value is derived, and b value under the background of singular value are obtained, so that the strength of crustal stress and b value are unified. 3) A suitable method is designed to calculate the shear stress loading rate of the reference area, and then other shear stress loading rate value are calculated by using the specified formula. 4) When the lognormal model is used to calculate the probability of earthquake occurrence, the fixed integral is used to process the model parameters, and the error of shear stress loading rate is the main source of the uncertainty of the result. 5) Compared with the normal distribution model and the BPT model, it is found that the lognormal distribution model agrees well with the normal distribution model, but there is a big difference between the lognormal distribution model and the BPT model, which may be due to the different algorithms of each model. 6) According to the calculation and analysis, the areas with a higher probability of earthquake occurrence of magnitude 5 or above in the study region are located within the enclosed areas of Yiyuan-Linqu-Anqiu-Zhucheng-Yishui, Yishui-Wulian-Juxian-Yinan and Linqu-Changle in the north of the study area. The conditional probability of earthquake occurrence in 10 years is up to 0.034, and the cumulative probability is up to 0.861. The conditional probability of earthquake occurrence in 30 years is up to 0.097, and the cumulative probability is up to 0.87.The conditional probability of earthquake occurrence in 50 years is up to 0.15, and the cumulative probability is up to 0.878.

, authors=Qiang SUN1, 2, 3, Guoyi LI4, Peng WANG5, Zhengshuai ZHANG4, Cuiqin LI4, Dongmei LI4, authorsList=Qiang SUN, Guoyi LI, Peng WANG, Zhengshuai ZHANG, Cuiqin LI, Dongmei LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

SUN Qiang, senior engineer, majors in seismic stress field and seismic hazard analysis, E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322940819262546250, articleId=1322940811998011697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=CN, title=基于多重分形理论、视应力及b值的区域发震概率计算——以郯庐断裂带安丘-莒县段为例, columnId=1322506193558422163, journalTitle=大地测量与地球动力学, columnName=地震地质, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

通过将区域地壳应力的强弱与其发震概率进行联系,提出以视应力为基础数据来计算区域发震概率的方法,主要得出以下结论:1)运用多重分形理论计算奇异值α, 揭示研究区隐含的应力富集区、贫乏区和背景区。2)推导奇异值α与b值拟合的新方法,得到奇异值背景下的b值,使地壳应力强弱与b值得到统一。3)运用产生随机数的方法计算参考区剪应力加载速率值,并运用指定公式计算其他剪应力加载速率值。4)运用对数正态分布模型计算地震发生概率时,使用定积分进行模型参数处理,结果发现,剪应力加载速率值的计算误差是影响结果不确定性的主要来源。5)与正态分布模型和BPT模型进行对比验证发现,对数正态分布模型与正态分布模型计算结果吻合较好,而与BPT模型差别较大,这可能是各模型算法不同导致的。6)研究区5级以上地震发生概率较高的地区在沂源-临朐-安丘-诸城-沂水围成的区域、沂水-五莲-莒县-沂南围成的区域和研究区北部临朐-昌乐一带。10 a发震的条件概率最高可达0.034, 累积概率可达0.861;30 a发震的条件概率最高可达0.097, 累积概率可达0.87;50 a发震的条件概率最高可达0.15, 累积概率可达0.878。

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孙强, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为地震应力场和地震危险性分析, E-mail:

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The results of kurtosis and skewness of the data and the values of ε and M

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数组 峰度 偏度 ε M
α 2.796 0.047 5 2.6
b 3.938 0.569 10 2.6
a 3.059 -0.205 15 2.6
lgN 3.139 -0.247 20 2.6
lgc 2.473 -0.379 25 2.6
lgρ(ε=5 km) 3.608 -0.588 30 2.6
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数据峰度、偏度结果和ε、M的取值

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数组 峰度 偏度 ε M
α 2.796 0.047 5 2.6
b 3.938 0.569 10 2.6
a 3.059 -0.205 15 2.6
lgN 3.139 -0.247 20 2.6
lgc 2.473 -0.379 25 2.6
lgρ(ε=5 km) 3.608 -0.588 30 2.6
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The magnitude classification of the reference area and its related results

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计算所需地震震级 剪应力加载速率/Pa·a-1
2.1~2.2 308
2.2~2.3 -714(舍去)
2.3~2.4 563
2.4~2.5 1 061
平均值 644
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参考区震级分档和相关结果

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计算所需地震震级 剪应力加载速率/Pa·a-1
2.1~2.2 308
2.2~2.3 -714(舍去)
2.3~2.4 563
2.4~2.5 1 061
平均值 644
), ArticleFig(id=1322940828561318307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322940811998011697, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Sources of model parameters

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模型 参数及来源
对数正态分布模型 均值,式(30) 标准差,式(32)
正态分布模型 均值,式(30) 标准差,$\sigma=\sqrt{\frac{\int_{m_1}^{m_2}\left(T(M)-T_{\text {ave }}\right)^2 \mathrm{~d} M}{m_2-m_1}}$
BPT模型 均值,式(30) 变异系数,取0.6[28]
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各模型参数来源

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模型 参数及来源
对数正态分布模型 均值,式(30) 标准差,式(32)
正态分布模型 均值,式(30) 标准差,$\sigma=\sqrt{\frac{\int_{m_1}^{m_2}\left(T(M)-T_{\text {ave }}\right)^2 \mathrm{~d} M}{m_2-m_1}}$
BPT模型 均值,式(30) 变异系数,取0.6[28]
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基于多重分形理论、视应力及b值的区域发震概率计算——以郯庐断裂带安丘-莒县段为例
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孙强 1, 2, 3 , 李国一 4 , 王鹏 5 , 张正帅 4 , 李翠芹 4 , 李冬梅 4
大地测量与地球动力学 | 地震地质 2025,45(4): 380-391
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大地测量与地球动力学 |地震地质 2025 , 45 (4) : 380 -391
基于多重分形理论、视应力及b值的区域发震概率计算——以郯庐断裂带安丘-莒县段为例
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孙强1, 2, 3 , 李国一4, 王鹏5, 张正帅4, 李翠芹4, 李冬梅4
作者信息
  • 1 淄博市应急救援指挥保障服务中心, 山东省淄博市鲁泰大道57号, 255000
  • 2 淄博市防震减灾中心, 山东省淄博市鲁泰大道57号, 255000
  • 3 淄博遥测地震台网, 山东省淄博市鲁泰大道57号, 255000
  • 4 山东省地震局, 济南市港西路2066号, 250102
  • 5 山东石油化工学院, 山东省东营市北二路271号, 257061
作者简介:

孙强, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为地震应力场和地震危险性分析, E-mail:

Regional Earthquake Occurrence Probability Calculation Based on Multifractal Theory, Apparent Stress and b Value: A Case Study of Anqiu-Juxian Section of Tanlu Fault Zone
Qiang SUN1, 2, 3 , Guoyi LI4, Peng WANG5, Zhengshuai ZHANG4, Cuiqin LI4, Dongmei LI4
Affiliations
  • 1 Zibo Emergency and Rescue Command Support Service Center, 57 Lutai Road, Zibo 255000, China
  • 2 Earthquake Prevention and Disaster Reduction Center of Zibo, 57 Lutai Road, Zibo 255000, China
  • 3 Zibo Telemetry Seismic Network, 57 Lutai Road, Zibo 255000, China
  • 4 Shandong Earthquake Agency, 2066 Gangxi Road, Jinan 250102, China
  • 5 Shandong Institute of Petroleum and Chemical Technology, 271 Beier Road, Dongying 257061, China
  • SUN Qiang, senior engineer, majors in seismic stress field and seismic hazard analysis, E-mail:

出版时间: 2025-04-15 doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.04.181
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通过将区域地壳应力的强弱与其发震概率进行联系,提出以视应力为基础数据来计算区域发震概率的方法,主要得出以下结论:1)运用多重分形理论计算奇异值α, 揭示研究区隐含的应力富集区、贫乏区和背景区。2)推导奇异值α与b值拟合的新方法,得到奇异值背景下的b值,使地壳应力强弱与b值得到统一。3)运用产生随机数的方法计算参考区剪应力加载速率值,并运用指定公式计算其他剪应力加载速率值。4)运用对数正态分布模型计算地震发生概率时,使用定积分进行模型参数处理,结果发现,剪应力加载速率值的计算误差是影响结果不确定性的主要来源。5)与正态分布模型和BPT模型进行对比验证发现,对数正态分布模型与正态分布模型计算结果吻合较好,而与BPT模型差别较大,这可能是各模型算法不同导致的。6)研究区5级以上地震发生概率较高的地区在沂源-临朐-安丘-诸城-沂水围成的区域、沂水-五莲-莒县-沂南围成的区域和研究区北部临朐-昌乐一带。10 a发震的条件概率最高可达0.034, 累积概率可达0.861;30 a发震的条件概率最高可达0.097, 累积概率可达0.87;50 a发震的条件概率最高可达0.15, 累积概率可达0.878。

多重分形理论  /  视应力  /  b值  /  剪应力加载速率  /  发震概率

This paper attempts to link the strength of regional crustal stress with its earthquake occurrence probability, and proposes a method to calculate regional earthquake occurrence probability based on apparent stress data, which mainly solves the following problems: 1) The singular value is calculated using multifractal theory, and the stress rich region, poor region and background region are revealed. 2) A new method of fitting singular value and b value is derived, and b value under the background of singular value are obtained, so that the strength of crustal stress and b value are unified. 3) A suitable method is designed to calculate the shear stress loading rate of the reference area, and then other shear stress loading rate value are calculated by using the specified formula. 4) When the lognormal model is used to calculate the probability of earthquake occurrence, the fixed integral is used to process the model parameters, and the error of shear stress loading rate is the main source of the uncertainty of the result. 5) Compared with the normal distribution model and the BPT model, it is found that the lognormal distribution model agrees well with the normal distribution model, but there is a big difference between the lognormal distribution model and the BPT model, which may be due to the different algorithms of each model. 6) According to the calculation and analysis, the areas with a higher probability of earthquake occurrence of magnitude 5 or above in the study region are located within the enclosed areas of Yiyuan-Linqu-Anqiu-Zhucheng-Yishui, Yishui-Wulian-Juxian-Yinan and Linqu-Changle in the north of the study area. The conditional probability of earthquake occurrence in 10 years is up to 0.034, and the cumulative probability is up to 0.861. The conditional probability of earthquake occurrence in 30 years is up to 0.097, and the cumulative probability is up to 0.87.The conditional probability of earthquake occurrence in 50 years is up to 0.15, and the cumulative probability is up to 0.878.

multifractal theory  /  apparent stress  /  b value  /  shear stress loading rate  /  earthquake occurrence probability
孙强, 李国一, 王鹏, 张正帅, 李翠芹, 李冬梅. 基于多重分形理论、视应力及b值的区域发震概率计算——以郯庐断裂带安丘-莒县段为例. 大地测量与地球动力学, 2025 , 45 (4) : 380 -391 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.04.181
Qiang SUN, Guoyi LI, Peng WANG, Zhengshuai ZHANG, Cuiqin LI, Dongmei LI. Regional Earthquake Occurrence Probability Calculation Based on Multifractal Theory, Apparent Stress and b Value: A Case Study of Anqiu-Juxian Section of Tanlu Fault Zone[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 2025 , 45 (4) : 380 -391 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.04.181
视应力作为与震源动力过程密切相关的动力学参数,可评估区域地壳应力场的强弱,是区域平均应力场的下限估计[1],在地壳应力场监视和地震监测预报工作中有着广泛的应用。目前关于视应力的研究多集中于较大区域的时空特征分析和强震前震中地区视应力分析,尚无将视应力作为基础数据来计算区域发震概率的研究。
计算地震发生概率的模型一般有2种:1)时间相依的概率模型,应用较多的有对数正态分布模型、正态分布模型和布朗过程时间模型,前2种模型是统计模型,而布朗模型则包含地震孕育发生的物理机制;2)与时间无关的模型,应用较多的是泊松模型。这些发震概率模型都需要地震复发周期值,以往研究一般使用古地震和历史地震发生的平均时间间隔、断层滑动速率、每次地震的同震位移和G-R关系式推导等方式获得,但得到的地震复发周期值的不确定性较大,有些地区甚至无法获得。因此,本文提出一种运用产生随机数的方法得到剪应力加载速率和应力降,进而计算地震复发周期。
郯庐断裂带是我国东部规模最大的深大断裂带,在我国境内的长度超过2 400 km[2],其在山东段部分又被称为沂沭断裂带,是郯庐断裂带中切割最深、规模最大、新构造活动最强烈的段落[3],其中安丘-莒县段曾多次发生强震和震群,是重点关注区域[4-5]。
选取山东地震台网中心提供的2004-06—2022-12郯庐断裂带安丘-莒县段及周边50 km范围内ML≥2.0震相清晰且信噪比较高的130个地震的波形数据(图1)。视应力计算公式为:
$\begin{equation*}\sigma_{\mathrm{app}}=\mu \frac{E_{s}}{M_{0}} \end{equation*}$
式中,μ为剪切模量,取3×104 MPa;Es和M0分别为地震辐射能量和标量地震矩。一般来说,在频率域对台站记录的地震波资料进行场地响应、仪器响应、几何扩散、非弹性和非均匀性衰减、震源辐射方向性校正后,采用Brune模型[6]获得低频极限、拐角频率等固有参数[7],再根据相应的理论公式就可计算出地震视应力值。
地震视应力与震级的相关性存在区域性差异[5]。经计算发现,研究区的地震视应力平均值为0.473 MPa,将视应力与震级的关系进行拟合,得到两者之间的关系式为$\lg\sigma_{\mathrm{app}}=0.403 M_{\mathrm{L}}-1.518$,相关系数为0.374,小于0.4,为弱相关。由此可见,视应力有随震级增大而增大的趋势,但不明显。
震级-频度关系可以用幂率关系$\lg N(M)=a$ $-b M$近似描述[8],其中N为震级$\geqslant M\left(M \geqslant M_{\mathrm{C}}\right.$,MC为最小完整性震级)的地震总数;a为区域地震活动性水平;b为大、小地震的比例,b值越小,大地震的数量相对就多。岩石破裂实验表明,b值随介质应力水平的增加而降低,即b值与应力大小呈负相关关系。
利用1970-01—2023-04的地震数据进行b值空间分布计算,结果见图2。首先,将研究区以0.1°×0.1°进行网格化,统计以网格点为圆心、r为半径的区域包含地震的个数;然后,确定各区域内最小完整性震级MC,应用最大似然法计算b值,计算结果作为每个网格点的b值,进而获得b值的空间分布。计算时,震级间隔取0.1,每个统计单元内的地震数不少于30个,半径r取20 km,r在地震稀疏地区可适当扩大,最大不超过40 km。
本文选取的地震视应力平均值为0.473 MPa,比郯庐断裂带南段及邻区的地震视应力均值0.2 MPa大,比李翠芹等[4]计算的沂沭断裂带地震视应力均值0.38 MPa略大,这可能与研究区域和研究选取的时段不同有关。由图1(b)可知,研究区内高视应力主要分布在诸城-高密、周村-青州、郯城-河东-苍山一带及莒县、莒南附近。由图2(b)可知,低b值主要分布在研究区北部和莒县-五莲南部区域。对比可知,高视应力和低b值区域并不完全重合。
分形是对没有特征长度,但具有一定意义的自相似图形和结构的总称。将在很小的时间-空间范围具有巨大能量释放或巨量物质形成的现象称为具有奇异性[9]。非线性理论和复杂性理论的最新研究结果表明,奇异性通常具有尺度不变性特征,奇异性现象往往是分形的或多重分形的[10],而这种多重分形局部奇异性特征能较好地分析和反映能量和物质局部的富集程度[11]。其基本原理为:
假设Bx(ε)为能量场中任意空间位置x、尺度大小为ε的盒子(任意形状),在盒子覆盖区域内的平均能量含量为μ(Bx(ε)),如果能量含量在区域内符合多重分形特征,那么μ(Bx(ε))和Bx(ε)符合幂率函数分布[10],则有:
$\begin{equation*}\mu\left(B_{x}(\varepsilon)\right)=c(x) \varepsilon^{\alpha(x)} \end{equation*}$
式中,α(x)为空间位置x处的局部奇异性指数,表征奇异性的强弱,是与尺度无关的量,无量纲;c(x)表征奇异程度的变化幅度。如果该盒子内的能量密度为ρ(Bx(ε)),则有:
$\begin{equation*}\rho\left(B_{x}(\varepsilon)\right)=c(x) \varepsilon^{\alpha(x)-E} \end{equation*}$
式中,E为欧氏平面维数,当取1、2、3时分别代表线状、面状和体状。当研究区域为二维平面场时,式(3)可变为:
$\begin{equation*}\rho\left(B_{x}(\varepsilon)\right)=c(x) \varepsilon^{\alpha(x)-2} \end{equation*}$
两边取对数得到:
$\begin{gather*}\lg \left(\rho\left(B_{x}(\varepsilon)\right)\right)= \\\lg (c(x))+(\alpha(x)-2) \lg \varepsilon \end{gather*}$
式中,当α(x)-2 < 0时,ρ(Bx(ε))随尺度ε的减小而急剧增加,当ε→0时,有ρ(Bx(ε))→∞,表示局部正异常,该区域是能量富集区,能量密度随分布范围的缩小而增大;当α(x)-2>0时,ρ(Bx(ε))随尺度ε的减小而急剧减少,当ε→0时,有ρ(Bx(ε))→0,表示局部负异常,该区域是能量贫乏区,能量密度随分布范围的缩小而减小;当α(x)-2=0时,ρ(Bx(ε))为常数,在局部范围内其值与尺度无关,表示无异常,属于背景值。
用矩方法进行多重分形谱的计算,定义分割函数为:
$\begin{align*}\mathit{χ}_{q}(\varepsilon) & =\sum\limits_{i=1}^{N(\varepsilon)} \mu_{i}^{q}(\varepsilon) \sim \varepsilon^{\tau(q)}, \\- & \infty \leqslant q \leqslant+\infty \end{align*}$
其中,定义χq(ε)是为了显示μi(ε)的作用。当q>0时,χq(ε)反映的是μi(ε)高值区域的性质;当q < 0时,χq(ε)反映的是μi(ε)低值区域的性质;τ(q)为质量指数。
$\begin{equation*}\tau(q)=\lim\limits _{\varepsilon \rightarrow 0} \frac{\lg \mathit{χ}_{q}(\varepsilon)}{\lg \varepsilon} \end{equation*}$
定义广义分形维数Dq为:
$\begin{gather*}D_{q}=\frac{1}{q-1} \lim _{\varepsilon \rightarrow 0} \frac{\lg \mathit{χ}_{q}(\varepsilon)}{\lg \varepsilon}=\frac{\tau(q)}{q-1}, q \neq 1 \end{gather*}$
$\begin{gather*}D_{q}=\lim _{\varepsilon \rightarrow 0} \frac{\sum \mu_{i}(\varepsilon) \lg \mu_{i}(\varepsilon)}{\lg \varepsilon}, q=1 \end{gather*}$
由勒让德变换可得:
$\begin{gather*}\alpha(q)=\frac{\mathrm{d}(\tau(q))}{\mathrm{d} q} \end{gather*}$
$ f(\alpha)=q \alpha(q)-\tau(q) $
由此可见,只要知道q和Dq(或τ(q)),就可求出α(q)和f(α)。
地壳应力场的形成是不同地质历史时期构造运动的结果,与板块运动、断层分布和地壳的物质组成有紧密的联系。区域应力场的应力增强和应力减弱本身就是一种奇异性过程,视应力是区域应力场的间接估计。根据奇异性的定义,区域视应力的分布符合奇异性的特征。
计算奇异值的流程为:1)在给定的区域Bx(ε)内,以某一具体点为圆心,根据式(5)分别取圆心半径ε=5 km、10 km、15 km、20 km、25 km、30 km,以ε为半径的圆内包含的视应力平均值为ρ(Bx(ε));2) 以双对数坐标轴$\lg \varepsilon-$ $\lg \left(\rho\left(B_{x}(\varepsilon)\right)\right)$来线性拟合lgε和lgρ(Bx(ε)) 的关系式,其中拟合直线的斜率为α(x)-2,与纵轴的截距为lg(c(x)),进而求出α和c的值;3)将窗口移至别处,依照上述步骤,可求出其他α和c的值,遍历整个研究区就可得到奇异值α的等值线。
由于计算视应力的地震个数较少、分布不均匀,所以对研究区内的视应力点位进行补充加密。仿照万永革等[12]和Shen等[13]处理应力场数据和大地测量数据的方法,对距网格点一定距离的地震的视应力值进行加权:
$\begin{equation*}W=\mathrm{e}^{-r^{2} / d^{2}} \end{equation*}$
$r=\sqrt{\left[111.199 \times\left(\varphi-\varphi_0\right) \cos \frac{\left(\theta+\theta_0\right)}{2}\right]^2+\left[111.199 \times\left(\theta-\theta_0\right)\right]^2+\left(z-z_0\right)^2}$
式中,W为每个地震视应力的权重;r为折合距离,经纬度1°约为111.199 km;d为距离衰减常数。d的取值对视应力值起到一定的平滑作用,如果d值较小、网格较大,表明仅考虑距离网格点附近的地震视应力值,各网格点计算的视应力值较为独立;如果d值较大、网格较小,所得各网格点的视应力值较为平滑。综合以上因素,取d=10 km。(φ0,θ0,z0)为网格点的经纬度和深度值,其中z0取10 km;(φ,θ,z)为每个地震的经纬度和震源深度值。
郯庐断裂带安丘-莒县段多重分形奇异性分析主要依据130个地震视应力值和根据万永革等[12]及Shen等[13]的方法计算的1 080个补充视应力值,结果介于0.019~3.12 MPa,涵盖了全部研究区。由图3(b)可知,视应力的分布并不均匀,主要受断层、地壳物质组成、地壳运动等多因素影响。研究区内视应力富集区主要分布在青州、潍城-奎文-坊子东北、沂源-诸城和莒县一带,视应力富集区与贫乏区大致呈NS向间隔分布,这可能与沂沭断裂带两侧地块相对运动呈右旋走滑兼挤压状态,且断裂带内部各段断层活动速率不同有关。
奇异值的高低代表了区域内视应力的变化,高值区和低值区为区域内视应力分布异常区,依据得到的奇异值结果,可根据=2、 < 2、>2等3个类别确定计算点位及附近区域为视应力分布的正常区、富集区和贫乏区。对称性是描述多重分形谱的一个参量。一般情况下,多重分形谱呈钩状,若呈左钩状,表明大概率子集的数目大于小概率子集的数目,即视应力相对低值的区域较大;若呈右钩状,表明小概率子集的数目大于大概率子集的数目,即视应力相对高值的区域较大。由图4(a)可知,随着q向左右方向取值,Dq的最小值和最大值趋于两极限值;由图4(b)可知,研究区视应力高值较大。
奇异值由视应力值计算得到,代表区域视应力的相对大小,而b值也与区域应力场相关,所以奇异值和b值之间理应有合理的相关关系。如果通过最小二乘法对奇异值和b值直接进行拟合,两者的相关系数为0.411 7,奇异值的取值范围为1.689~2.4,依据拟合函数得到b值的范围为[-0.263 6,2.116 4],这显然不符合研究区应力场情况和b值的合理取值。因此,本文提出奇异值与b值拟合的新方法。
由式(4)可知,ρ=cεα-2,其中ρ为通过公式右端反算的视应力值,c值和α值由§2.3得到,α为奇异值,ε取5 km、10 km、15 km、20 km、25 km、30 km。对式(4)两边取对数并移项变换,得到:
$\begin{equation*}(\alpha-2) \lg \varepsilon+\lg c-\lg \rho=0 \end{equation*}$
由震级-频度关系$\lg N(M)=a-b M$可得:
$\begin{equation*}\lg N-a+b M=0 \end{equation*}$
于是可得:$(\alpha-2) \lg \varepsilon+\lg c-\lg \rho=\lg N-a$ $+b M_{\text {。}}$ 将$\lg c$移到右侧,lgN移到左侧,因为$\lg c \neq$ $\lg N$,可以进行左右两端相除的操作:
$\begin{equation*}(\alpha-2) \lg \varepsilon-(\lg N+\lg \rho)=b M-(\lg c+a) \end{equation*}$
将式(16)的左端除以右端,得到:
$\begin{equation*}\frac{(\alpha-2) \lg \varepsilon-(\lg N+\lg \rho)}{b M-(\lg c+a)}=1 \end{equation*}$
式(14)是关于lgε和lgρ的直线方程,式(15)是关于M和lgN的直线方程,所以式(17)是式(14)和式(15)两直线方程的交点方程。
另外,计算奇异值的点位和计算b值的点位都是108个,且两者的点位重合。由于点位较少,所以采用数据峰度和偏度的标准来判断数据是否符合正态分布,如果数据的峰度是3、偏度为0,则数据符合正态分布。如表1所示,式(17)中所有分项都基本符合正态分布,因此公式左侧的分子、分母分别符合一维正态分布,分子、分母符合相关系数为r的二维正态分布,其比值等于二维正态分布不同置信水平椭圆长轴的斜率[14],即式(17)右侧的数值1。继续对式(17)左侧进行变换,分别拆取$\lg N+\lg \rho$ 和$\lg c+a$ 的均值$j_{1}$ 和$j_{2}$,则$\lg N$ $+\lg \rho=j_{1}+e_{1}, \lg c+a=j_{2}+e_{2}$,其中$e_{1}$ 和$e_{2}$分别代表均值为0、标准差为σ1和σ2的数组。于是可以得到:
$\begin{equation*}\frac{\left((\alpha-2) \lg \varepsilon-j_{1}\right)-e_{1}}{\left(b M-j_{2}\right)-e_{2}}=1 \end{equation*}$
显然可以将e1和e2视为$(\alpha-2) \lg \varepsilon-j_{1}$ 和$b M-j_{2}$的随机误差[15],于是得到:
$\begin{equation*}(\alpha-2) \lg \varepsilon-j_{1}=b M-j_{2} \end{equation*}$
式中,ε取5 km、10 km、15 km、20 km、25 km、30 km。为照顾到计算b值时的108个点位M,取108个点位最小完整性震级中的最大值为M值,由此得到6个一次方程式。分别取6个方程的斜率和截距的平均值组成新的方程,就得到奇异值α和b值的关系式(图5):
$\begin{equation*}\alpha=2.358 b-0.233 \end{equation*}$
奇异值的取值范围为1.689~2.4,依据式(20)得到b值的范围为0.815~1.117。平均方程与其他拟合方程在同一α前提下,b值最大相差0.055 8。在奇异值背景下,b值分布更为集中,其值大小也符合研究区近20 a来的地震形势和近期地震趋势。
环境剪应力是指中小地震震源处的剪应力强度值,而区域剪应力可理解为大范围的环境剪应力平均值。研究表明,环境剪应力的大小对地震的发生起着主导作用,如果测得一定区域内的剪应力值,了解其剪应力状态,通过分析剪应力的空间分布和时间变化,就可以圈定中强地震的孕震区,并判定其地震危险性[16]。陈培善等[17-18]从断裂力学的观点出发,在假设摩擦剪应力和终剪应力均为0的前提下,获得了多个利用不同震源参数求解环境剪应力的公式[19],其中之一为:
$\begin{equation*}\lg E_{s}=\lg M_{0}+2 \lg \tau_{0}+C_{3} \end{equation*}$
式中,τ0为剪应力值;Es为地震辐射能量;M0为标量地震矩;C3=-5.707。对式(21)进行变换得到:
$\begin{equation*}\tau_{0}=\left(\frac{E_{s}}{M_{0} \times 10^{C_{3}}}\right)^{\frac{1}{2}} \end{equation*}$
又由式(1)可得:
$\begin{equation*}\frac{E_{s}}{M_{0}}=\frac{\sigma_{\mathrm{app}}}{\mu} \end{equation*}$
将式(23)代入式(22)得到:
$\begin{equation*}\tau_{0}=\left(\frac{\sigma_{\mathrm{app}}}{\mu \times 10^{C_{3}}}\right)^{\frac{1}{2}} \end{equation*}$
式(24)即为利用视应力计算剪应力的公式。
由于计算剪应力的地震分布不均,因此选择一处地震分布较密集的区域(图1(a)黄框)来计算剪应力加载速率,将其作为研究区剪应力加载速率的参考值。由§1.2可知,研究区视应力(剪应力)有随震级增大而增大的趋势,虽然不明显,但震级对视应力(剪应力)确有影响。为消除该影响,将该区域地震按照震级分为4档:2.1~2.2、2.2~2.3、2.3~2.4、2.4~2.5,首先计算每档震级地震序列(i个地震)的剪应力、均值和标准差,并以均值和3倍标准差随机生成200组剪应力和时间值。将200+i个地震的剪应力和时间两两相减,得到C200+i2组数据,这样就满足了正态分布计算的数据量要求。剪应力加载速率=剪应力增加值÷时间跨度,由前文二维正态分布方法可知,二维正态分布置信椭圆的长轴斜率便是剪应力加载速率值。将以上过程重复10 000次,求平均值,可以得到应用本档震级地震计算的区域剪应力加载速率值。将全部档震级的剪应力加载速率值求平均值,就得到参考区剪应力加载速率值644 Pa/a(表2)。该值比唐山MS7.8地震断层的剪应力加载速率值1 000~1 200 Pa/a[20]小。
已有研究给出了b值的变化与断层上应力加载速率变化的近似关系[21-22],假设所有网格点附近区域造成相同a值、b值的介质特性和应力状态是相同,如果已知一点的a值、b值、剪应力加载速率和另一点的a值、b值,就可求出另一点的剪应力加载速率(图6):
$\frac{\dot{\tau}}{\dot{\tau}_r}=\frac{b_1\left(1.5-b_r\right)}{b_r\left(1.5-b_1\right)} 10^{a_1-a_r} \times 10^{\left(b_r-b_1\right) m_{\max }}$
式中,$\dot{\tau}_{r}$为a=ar、b=br下的剪应力加载速率,即本文所指的参考值;$\dot{\tau}$为a=a1、b=b1下的剪应力加载速率;mmax为区域内的最大震级。
研究表明,背景剪应力加载速率$\dot{\tau}$与背景地震活动率r之间存在近似统计关系[23]:
$\begin{equation*}\dot{\tau} \cong r M_{0}^{*} W_{\text {seism }}^{-1} \frac{b}{1.5-b}\left[10^{(1.5-b)\left(m_{\max }-m_{0}\right)}-1\right] \end{equation*}$
式中,b为区域b值;Wseism为孕震层厚度,对应于该区地震活动可能达到的最大深度。
另外,根据Console等[23]的推导,得到另一个剪应力加载速率$\dot{\tau}$与背景地震活动率r和某震级应力降Δτs的关系式为:
$\begin{equation*}\dot{\tau}=\mathsf{π} r \frac{b}{1.5-b}\left(\frac{7}{16} M_{0}^{*}\right)^{2 / 3} \Delta \tau_{s}^{1 / 3} 10^{(1-b)\left(m_{\max }-m_{0}\right)} \end{equation*}$
由式(26)和式(27)可得:
$\begin{equation*}\Delta \tau_{s}=\left[\left(\frac{7}{16}\right)^{-2 / 3} \frac{M_{0}^{* 1 / 3}\left[10^{(1.5-b)\left(m_{\max }-m_{0}\right)}-1\right]}{\mathsf{π} W_{\text {seism }} 10^{(1.5-b)\left(m_{\max }-m_{0}\right)}}\right]^{3} \end{equation*}$
地震的平均复发周期T可以近似等于地震应力降Δτs与剪应力加载速率$\dot{\tau}$的比值,即
$ \begin{array}{c}T(M) = \\{\left[ {{{\left( {\frac{7}{{16}}} \right)}^{ - 2/3}}\frac{{M_0^{*1/3}\left[ {{{10}^{(1.5 - b)\left( {{m_{\max }} - {m_0}} \right)}} - 1} \right]}}{{{\rm{}}{\mathsf{π} W_{{\rm{seism }}}}{{10}^{(1.5 - b)\left( {{m_{\max }} - {m_0}} \right)}}}}} \right]^3}/\dot \tau \end{array} $
式中,m0为起算震级,取2.0;M0*为m0地震的地震矩,用M0*=109.1+1.5ms计算;根据郯庐断裂带地震活动的震源深度统计,Wseism取20 km。这样,式(29)便成为以mmax为自变量、T(M)为因变量的函数。如果在任意网格点处有恒定的剪应力加载速率$\dot{\tau}$,那么该网格点及周边附近区域5级以上地震的平均复发周期可表示为:
$\begin{equation*}T_{\mathrm{ave}}=\frac{\int_{m_{1}}^{m_{2}} T(M) \mathrm{d} M}{m_{2}-m_{1}} \end{equation*}$
在应用式(30)时,m1为5.0级,m2为研究区最大震级,这里取7.0级(公元前70年安丘7.0级地震)。
由于Nishenko-Buland(NB)模型是使用板缘地震资料得到的,有研究者认为大陆板块内部在地壳结构、介质物性、构造活动速率等方面与之有较大区别,因此不建议将NB模型直接用于我国大陆,而是应用其经过演变后的模型[24]。设某区域(n+1)次特征地震的复发间隔分别为T1到Tn,则复发时刻t的概率密度函数为:
$\begin{equation*}f(t)=\frac{1}{t \sigma_{\ln T_{i}} \sqrt{2 \mathsf{π} }} \exp \left(\frac{-\left[\ln \left(\frac{t}{T_{\mathrm{ave}}}\right)\right]^{2}}{2 \sigma_{\ln T_{i}}^{2}}\right) \end{equation*}$
式中,Tave为平均复发间隔;$\sigma_{\ln T_{i}}$ 为固有标准差,满足$\sigma_{\ln T_{i}}=\sqrt{\frac{1}{n} \sum\limits_{i=1}^{n}\left(\ln T_{i}-\ln T_{\mathrm{ave}}\right)^{2}}$。结合式(29)和式(30)可得:
$\begin{equation*}\sigma_{\ln T_{i}}=\sqrt{\frac{\int_{m_{1}}^{m_{2}}\left(\ln T(M)-\ln T_{\mathrm{ave}}\right)^{2} \mathrm{~d} M}{m_{2}-m_{1}}} \end{equation*}$
由此可以得到f(t)的完整表达式,继而得到指定点位地震发生的累积概率和条件概率。设自上一次地震发生以来的离逝时间为te,若到te时刻下一次地震仍未发生,则地震在(te+Δt)时段内发生的累积概率和条件概率分别为:
$\begin{gather*}P_{\mathrm{cum}}=\int_{0}^{t_{e}+\Delta t} f(t) \mathrm{d} t \end{gather*}$
$ P_{\mathrm{con}}=\frac{\int_{0}^{t_{e}+\Delta t} f(t) \mathrm{d} t-\int_{0}^{t_{e}} f(t) \mathrm{d} t}{1-\int_{0}^{t_{e}} f(t) \mathrm{d} t} $
如果网格点附近30 km范围内没有发生5级以上地震的历史记录,即没有离逝时间的点位,应用泊松概率模型计算点位的发震概率[25]。泊松过程是无记忆性的,即点位附近给定时间段内的发震概率与该点位附近历史上发生地震的时间和地点是无关的,从而可以得到在未来Δt时段内发生n次≥M级地震的概率为:
$\begin{equation*}P_{b}=\frac{(v \times \Delta t)^{n}}{n!} \exp (-v \times \Delta t) \end{equation*}$
式中,v为≥M级地震的年发生率,即1/Tave。
正态分布模型[26]和布朗过程时间模型(BPT模型)[27]是经常用到的地震复发概率模型,使用这2种模型与本文对数正态分布模型进行对比验证。表3列出各模型使用参数的数据来源,图7为某网格点使用各模型得到的条件概率,图8为108个网格点使用各模型得到的未来30 a 5级以上地震发生的条件概率。结果表明,对数正态分布模型与正态分布模型的计算结果吻合较好,与BPT模型的结果差别较大。在各模型参数的数据来源相同的情况下,概率结果的不同是由于各模型算法不同导致的。
由图9~11可知,研究区5级以上地震发生概率较高的地区在沂源-临朐-安丘-诸城-沂水围成的区域、沂水-五莲-莒县-沂南围成的区域和研究区北部临朐-昌乐一带,10 a发震的条件概率最高可达0.034,累积概率可达0.861;30 a发震的条件概率最高可达0.097,累积概率可达0.87;50 a发震的条件概率最高可达0.15,累积概率可达0.878。在上述发震概率较高的区域内,历史上曾发生过公元前70年山东安丘7.0级、1672-06山东莒县6.0级、1668-07山东安丘6.75级、1668-08山东临朐5.75级、1829-11山东益都6.25级和1852-11山东诸城5.0级地震。该发震概率较高的区域与图8的剪应力加载速率高值区基本吻合,说明在本文的研究方法中,剪应力加载速率对发震概率的计算影响较大;发震概率较高区域与视应力高值区域和b值低值区域不完全重合,说明视应力高的区域并不一定具有高的发震概率,这与以往认识可能存在差异,说明了地震发生的复杂性,这在以后的工作中将进行进一步研究讨论。李腊月等[29]认为,郯庐断裂带莒县以北部分断层闭锁程度较高,断层闭锁较深;王鹏等[5]认为,郯庐断裂带安丘-莒县段具有高视应力、低b值现象,说明该段可能处于断层闭锁的后期阶段。这些都与本文计算的发震概率高值区具有较好的对应,说明本文结果具有可靠性。
计算2004-06—2022-12研究区130个地震的视应力值,并运用1970年以来的地震进行b值空间分布计算,同时对视应力值与震级的关系进行拟合,得到相关系数为0.374,相关度较低。后续计算采用0.1级的震级区间,所以视应力值与震级的拟合关系对研究影响较小。另外,通过充分挖掘视应力基础数据蕴含的内容,应用多重分形理论计算奇异性指数,勾画研究区应力的富集区、贫乏区和背景区。
1) 虽然区域b值与地壳应力的强弱呈负相关关系,奇异值代表地壳应力的相对大小,但一般的拟合方法相关系数小、误差大,不能精确地揭示b值与奇异值的数学关系,因此本文提出b值与奇异值拟合的新方法。该方法经过严格的公式推导,具有较强的理论基础。经过新方法的拟合,得到奇异值背景下的b值,这里的b值描述了地壳应力的大小,与奇异值表达的应力场进行了统一;且b值计算误差较小,平均方程与其他拟合方程在同一奇异值前提下,b值最大相差0.055 8。
2) 在计算参考区剪应力加载速率时,对参与计算的地震进行震级分档,基本消除了震级对视应力值的影响。由于每档地震数量较少,以每个震级档地震数据的均值和标准差为参数,在±3倍标准差范围内进行随机数的生成,再将全部数据进行两两组合,使数据量达到10 000以上,满足了进行正态分布计算的要求。整个研究区(108个点位)的剪应力加载速率在1 000 Pa/a以下的占64%、1 000~2 000 Pa/a的占11%、2 000~3 000 Pa/a的占14%、3 000~4 000 Pa/a的占3.6%、4 000 Pa/a以上的占7.4%,最大为10 483 Pa/a,平均为1 418 Pa/a。
3) 在计算地震平均复发周期及其标准差时,利用定积分进行处理,只要确定所求地震的上下限震级即可。这里地震平均复发周期计算的不确定性主要来源于所对应的剪应力加载速率值,只要将剪应力加载速率值误差控制在合理的范围,得到的地震平均复发周期就是合理的,进而得到的未来一定时期的发震概率也是合理的。
4) 将本文对数正态分布模型与正态分布模型和BPT模型进行对比验证,发现对数正态分布模型与正态分布模型计算结果吻合较好,而与BPT模型差别较大,这可能是因为各模型算法不同。
  • 山东省地震局一般科研项目(YB2522)
  • 中国地震局震情跟踪定向工作任务(2020020102)
  • 中国地震局震情跟踪定向工作任务(2022010106)
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2025年第45卷第4期
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doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.04.181
  • 接收时间:2024-04-16
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-04-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-16
基金
General Scientific Research Project of Shandong Earthquake Agency(YB2522)
山东省地震局一般科研项目(YB2522)
The Earthquake Tracking Task of CEA(2020020102)
中国地震局震情跟踪定向工作任务(2020020102)
The Earthquake Tracking Task of CEA(2022010106)
中国地震局震情跟踪定向工作任务(2022010106)
作者信息
    1 淄博市应急救援指挥保障服务中心, 山东省淄博市鲁泰大道57号, 255000
    2 淄博市防震减灾中心, 山东省淄博市鲁泰大道57号, 255000
    3 淄博遥测地震台网, 山东省淄博市鲁泰大道57号, 255000
    4 山东省地震局, 济南市港西路2066号, 250102
    5 山东石油化工学院, 山东省东营市北二路271号, 257061
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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