Article(id=1322940605004919261, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, issueId=1322940449979244751, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14075/j.jgg.2024.04.168, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1712851200000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793343219280, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1741968000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793343219280, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793343219280, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793343219280, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322940449979244751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, year='2025', volume='45', issue='3', pageStart='221', pageEnd='330', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1741968000000', pubDateStr='2025-03-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793343182320, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793343182320, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=297, endPage=302, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322940605428543968, articleId=1322940605004919261, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=EN, title=A PPP Adaptive Stochastic Model for Low-Cost GNSS Receivers in Complex Environments, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

We propose an adaptive stochastic model for low-cost receiver precise point positioning(PPP) in complex environments. The model improves PPP performance by adaptively adjusting the weight ratio of pseudorange observations and carrier phase observations of all GNSS satellites in a single epoch. We take the Hexinxingtong UM982 low-cost GNSS receiver to conduct PPP tests in three complex environments, including tree shade, high buildings and glass walls. The static PPP results show that the positioning accuracy of adaptive stochastic model is improved by 24%, 45% and 50% in three complex environments, respectively, and the convergence time is shortened by 49%, 27% and 24%, respectively, compared with the traditional empirical weighted stochastic model. The kinematic PPP results show that the positioning accuracy of adaptive stochastic model is improved by 35% in complex environment.

, authors=Jianwen YAN1, Changsheng CAI1, 2, *, Minsi AO3, Chunhuaianwen CHEN3, authorsList=Jianwen YAN, Changsheng CAI, Minsi AO, Chunhuaianwen CHEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Changsheng CAI, authorNote=

YAN Jianwen, postgraduate, majors in GNSS data processing and precise positioning, E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322940614995751411, articleId=1322940605004919261, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=CN, title=一种复杂环境下低成本GNSS接收机PPP自适应随机模型, columnId=1322506169105633839, journalTitle=大地测量与地球动力学, columnName=现代大地测量, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

提出一种适用于复杂环境下低成本接收机精密单点定位(PPP)的自适应随机模型,该模型通过对单个历元所有GNSS卫星的伪距观测值和载波相位观测值的权重比进行自适应调节,以提升PPP性能。采用和芯星通UM982型号低成本GNSS接收机,在树荫、高楼和玻璃墙3种复杂环境下进行PPP实验。静态PPP实验结果表明,相比传统的经验定权随机模型,自适应随机模型定位精度在3种复杂环境下分别提升24%、45%和50%,收敛时间分别缩短49%、27%和24%。动态PPP实验结果表明,自适应随机模型定位精度在复杂环境下提升35%。

, authors=闫健文1, 蔡昌盛1, 2, *, 敖敏思3, 陈春花3, authorsList=闫健文, 蔡昌盛, 敖敏思, 陈春花, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=蔡昌盛, authorNote=

闫健文,硕士生,主要从事高精度GNSS数据处理和精密定位研究,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=

蔡昌盛,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事GNSS导航和精密定位研究,E-mail:

CAI Changsheng, PhD, professor, PhD supervisor, majors in GNSS navigation and precise positioning, E-mail:

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1, caption=

RMS of three-dimensional position errors and convergence time for static PPP using UM982 receiver under different environments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
环境 随机模型 E方向误差/m N方向误差/m U方向误差/m 三维误差/m 收敛时间/min
开阔传统 0.062 0.025 0.073 0.099 19.8
自适应 0.048 0.024 0.074 0.092 10.0
树荫传统 0.090 0.036 0.086 0.130 35.0
自适应 0.052 0.031 0.078 0.099 17.9
高楼传统 0.083 0.083 0.147 0.188 68.7
自适应 0.074 0.041 0.059 0.103 49.8
玻璃墙传统 0.129 0.133 0.227 0.293 110.4
自适应 0.116 0.053 0.068 0.145 84.3
), ArticleFig(id=1322940660256485949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322940605004919261, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同环境下UM982接收机静态PPP三维位置误差RMS值与收敛时间

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
环境 随机模型 E方向误差/m N方向误差/m U方向误差/m 三维误差/m 收敛时间/min
开阔传统 0.062 0.025 0.073 0.099 19.8
自适应 0.048 0.024 0.074 0.092 10.0
树荫传统 0.090 0.036 0.086 0.130 35.0
自适应 0.052 0.031 0.078 0.099 17.9
高楼传统 0.083 0.083 0.147 0.188 68.7
自适应 0.074 0.041 0.059 0.103 49.8
玻璃墙传统 0.129 0.133 0.227 0.293 110.4
自适应 0.116 0.053 0.068 0.145 84.3
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一种复杂环境下低成本GNSS接收机PPP自适应随机模型
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闫健文 1 , 蔡昌盛 1, 2, * , 敖敏思 3 , 陈春花 3
大地测量与地球动力学 | 现代大地测量 2025,45(3): 297-302
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大地测量与地球动力学 |现代大地测量 2025 , 45 (3) : 297 -302
一种复杂环境下低成本GNSS接收机PPP自适应随机模型
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闫健文1 , 蔡昌盛1, 2, * , 敖敏思3, 陈春花3
作者信息
  • 1 中南大学地球科学与信息物理学院, 长沙市麓山南路932号, 410083
  • 2 地理信息工程国家重点实验室, 西安市雁塔路中段1号, 710054
  • 3 湖南省测绘科技研究所, 长沙市韶山中路693号, 410007
通讯作者:

蔡昌盛,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事GNSS导航和精密定位研究,E-mail:

CAI Changsheng, PhD, professor, PhD supervisor, majors in GNSS navigation and precise positioning, E-mail:

作者简介:

闫健文,硕士生,主要从事高精度GNSS数据处理和精密定位研究,E-mail:

A PPP Adaptive Stochastic Model for Low-Cost GNSS Receivers in Complex Environments
Jianwen YAN1 , Changsheng CAI1, 2, * , Minsi AO3, Chunhuaianwen CHEN3
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, 932 South-Lushan Road, Changsha 410083, China
  • 2 State Key Laboratory of Geo-Information Engineering, 1 Mid-Yanta Road, Xi' an 710054, China
  • 3 Hunan Institute of Surveying and Mapping Technology, 693 Mid-Shaoshan Road, Changsha 410007, China
  • YAN Jianwen, postgraduate, majors in GNSS data processing and precise positioning, E-mail:

出版时间: 2025-03-15 doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.04.168
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提出一种适用于复杂环境下低成本接收机精密单点定位(PPP)的自适应随机模型,该模型通过对单个历元所有GNSS卫星的伪距观测值和载波相位观测值的权重比进行自适应调节,以提升PPP性能。采用和芯星通UM982型号低成本GNSS接收机,在树荫、高楼和玻璃墙3种复杂环境下进行PPP实验。静态PPP实验结果表明,相比传统的经验定权随机模型,自适应随机模型定位精度在3种复杂环境下分别提升24%、45%和50%,收敛时间分别缩短49%、27%和24%。动态PPP实验结果表明,自适应随机模型定位精度在复杂环境下提升35%。

低成本接收机  /  精密单点定位  /  自适应随机模型

We propose an adaptive stochastic model for low-cost receiver precise point positioning(PPP) in complex environments. The model improves PPP performance by adaptively adjusting the weight ratio of pseudorange observations and carrier phase observations of all GNSS satellites in a single epoch. We take the Hexinxingtong UM982 low-cost GNSS receiver to conduct PPP tests in three complex environments, including tree shade, high buildings and glass walls. The static PPP results show that the positioning accuracy of adaptive stochastic model is improved by 24%, 45% and 50% in three complex environments, respectively, and the convergence time is shortened by 49%, 27% and 24%, respectively, compared with the traditional empirical weighted stochastic model. The kinematic PPP results show that the positioning accuracy of adaptive stochastic model is improved by 35% in complex environment.

low-cost receiver  /  precise point positioning  /  adaptive stochastic model
闫健文, 蔡昌盛, 敖敏思, 陈春花. 一种复杂环境下低成本GNSS接收机PPP自适应随机模型. 大地测量与地球动力学, 2025 , 45 (3) : 297 -302 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.04.168
Jianwen YAN, Changsheng CAI, Minsi AO, Chunhuaianwen CHEN. A PPP Adaptive Stochastic Model for Low-Cost GNSS Receivers in Complex Environments[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 2025 , 45 (3) : 297 -302 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.04.168
在卫星导航技术发展过程中,低成本GNSS接收机的高精度应用已经成为未来行业发展的主要方向之一。据不完全统计,全球有60亿设备使用GNSS定位芯片,并且未来用户数量以及应用场景将持续增加。这意味着低成本芯片或低成本接收机在大众市场中占据重要地位,是未来GNSS应用市场的主导力量[1]。
利用低成本接收机实现稳定、可靠、高精度的定位还面临诸多挑战。首先就硬件因素而言,低成本接收机采用低功耗的芯片和天线,其次就观测环境而言,低成本接收机大多应用于复杂场景,这2个因素可能导致低成本接收机采集的数据质量较差,进而增加数据处理的复杂性。已有不少学者针对低成本接收机的数据质量展开研究,结果表明,低成本接收机较大地型接收机而言观测值载噪比更低[2],伪距观测值和载波相位观测值噪声均更大,其载波相位噪声比大地型接收机大一个量级[3]。此外,低成本接收机的伪距多路径效应更为严重[4]。在精密单点定位中,通常采用基于卫星高度角或载噪比的定权随机模型[5-7],而对于伪距观测值和载波相位观测值,通常设定经验方差值对这2类观测值进行定权。针对低成本接收机随机模型,龙驰宇等[3]对开阔环境下天宝测量型接收机和u-blox低成本接收机测量的GNSS载噪比与高度角的关系进行对比分析,发现2种不同接收机接收到的信号载噪比均随高度角降低而减小,故认为u-blox低成本接收机可以采用和测量型接收机同样的高度角定权策略。董鑫媛[1]在开阔环境下利用u-blox F9P低成本接收机对比分析高度角与载噪比/高度角耦合2类随机模型,实验结果表明,采用高度角随机模型的PPP定位精度和收敛速度反而更优。
从已有研究来看,对低成本接收机随机模型的分析大多是在观测环境良好的条件下进行的,而在复杂环境下,低成本接收机的数据质量往往存在较大变化,对于伪距观测值和载波相位观测值,采用经验定权策略会对定位结果造成较大影响。针对该问题,本文提出一种复杂环境下低成本接收机PPP自适应随机模型算法,该算法根据每个历元所有GNSS卫星的伪距观测值和载波相位观测值的验后残差来自适应调整伪距观测值和载波相位观测值的权重比。最后在复杂环境下开展静态和动态低成本接收机PPP实验,验证算法的有效性。
随机模型可描述观测误差的统计特征,用于确定观测值的方差或权重。已有研究表明,低成本接收机采用高度角定权的随机模型更为合理,故在精密单点定位中初始定权方式采用高度角定权的随机模型:
$\sigma^2=a^2+b^2 / \sin ^2 \varphi$
式中,σ2表示观测噪声的方差;φ表示高度角;a、b表示经验系数,对于测量型接收机伪距观测值,通常取a=b=0.3 m,对于测量型接收机载波相位观测值,通常取a=b=0.003 m。
低成本接收机由于硬件因素等导致其伪距观测值精度差,多路径效应易发。特别是在复杂环境下,如果仍采用与测量型接收机相同的经验系数,可能会使定位精度下降。因此,本文在初始定权方式的基础上,进一步引入Helmert方差分量估计方法[8]来自适应调整伪距观测值和载波相位观测值的权重比。具体实现过程如下:
1) 根据式(1)高度角定权公式,初始化伪距观测值的权阵Pp和载波相位观测值的权阵Pl。
2) 采用无电离层组合模型进行PPP处理,分别计算伪距观测值和载波相位观测值的验后残差Vp、Vl。
3) 估计伪距观测值和载波相位观测值的方差分量:
$\left[\begin{array}{c}\sigma_p^2 \\\sigma_l^2\end{array}\right]=\boldsymbol{S}^{-1}\left[\begin{array}{c}\boldsymbol{V}_p^{\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{P}_p \boldsymbol{V}_p \\\boldsymbol{V}_l^{\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{P}_l \boldsymbol{V}_l\end{array}\right]$
式中,S由式(3)~(5)计算得到,其中np、nl分别表示伪距观测值和载波相位观测值的个数,Ap、Al分别表示伪距观测值和载波相位观测值的系数矩阵。
$\boldsymbol{N}_p=\boldsymbol{A}_p^{\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{P}_p \boldsymbol{A}_p, \boldsymbol{N}_l=\boldsymbol{A}_l^{\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{P}_l \boldsymbol{A}_l$
$\boldsymbol{N}=\boldsymbol{N}_p+\boldsymbol{N}_l$
$\begin{gathered}\boldsymbol{S}=\left[\begin{array}{c}n_p-2 \operatorname{tr}\left(\boldsymbol{N}^{-1} \boldsymbol{N}_p\right)+\operatorname{tr}\left(\boldsymbol{N}^{-1} \boldsymbol{N}_p\right)^2 \\\operatorname{tr}\left(\boldsymbol{N}^{-1} \boldsymbol{N}_p \boldsymbol{N}^{-1} \boldsymbol{N}_l\right)\end{array}\right. \\\left.\begin{array}{c}\operatorname{tr}\left(\boldsymbol{N}^{-1} \boldsymbol{N}_p \boldsymbol{N}^{-1} \boldsymbol{N}_l\right) \\n_l-2 \operatorname{tr}\left(\boldsymbol{N}^{-1} \boldsymbol{N}_l\right)+\operatorname{tr}\left(\boldsymbol{N}^{-1} \boldsymbol{N}_l\right)^2\end{array}\right]\end{gathered}$
4) 更新伪距观测值和载波相位观测值的权阵,其中c为任意常数:
$\hat{P}_i=\frac{c P_i}{\sigma_i^2}(i=p、l)$
5) 迭代步骤2)~4),直到0.99<σp2/σl2<1.01。
上述步骤即为自适应PPP随机模型的建立过程。针对不同环境下低成本接收机获取的每个历元观测值精度的差异,根据伪距观测值和载波相位观测值的验后残差进行Helmert方差分量估计,自适应调整二者的权重比,对权阵进行更新;然后再次进行卡尔曼滤波,直到满足终止条件,最后输出定位结果。图1为低成本接收机PPP自适应随机模型算法流程。
UM982是和芯星通推出的一款新一代基于GNSS SoC芯片设计的高精度定位模组,支持GPS、GLONASS、Galileo和BDS,能接收GPS L1/L2、GLONASS G1/G2、Galileo E1/E5a、BDS B1/B3双频信号,可导出RINEX格式文件。与大地型接收机相比,UM982具有体积小、质量轻、功耗低、稳定性良好、价格便宜等优点。本次实验采用该型号接收机,于2023-06-10—12在中南大学新校区开阔环境、高楼环境、玻璃墙环境和树荫环境等4种不同环境下进行时长为2 h的静态数据采集,采样率为1 Hz,截止高度角为7°。图2为本次实验的观测环境和采用的仪器装置,包括UM982模组、低成本天线和供电设备。在低成本接收机数据采集的同时,增加一台天宝NetR9大地型接收机进行同步观测,以便进行对比分析。图2(a)~(d)分别为实验所处的开阔环境、树荫环境、高楼环境和玻璃墙环境,图中蘑菇头形状为大地型天线,柱状为低成本天线。采用千寻知寸FindCM产品获取实验测站参考坐标,该产品通过获取虚拟基准站的观测值文件,与实验测站进行差分定位,可以实现mm级或cm级定位[9]。
在复杂观测环境下,多路径误差是低成本接收机的主要误差源之一,特别是伪距多路径效应,其最大误差超过100 m。通过双频伪距和载波相位观测值的组合获得伪距多路径效应[10],本文对UM982型号低成本接收机和天宝接收机在开阔环境和树荫、高楼、玻璃墙3种复杂环境下的多路径效应进行对比分析,图3为天宝接收机和UM982接收机在不同环境下不同星座各频率的伪距多路径效应均方根(RMS)值。由图可知,在开阔环境下,UM982和天宝接收机的伪距多路径误差并无显著差别。但在复杂环境下,UM982接收机不同星座各频率的多路径误差相较开阔环境明显更大,特别是GLONASS G1频率在3种复杂环境下的多路径误差均达到1 m左右。从图3可以看出,复杂环境下低成本接收机的伪距多路径效应更为显著,采用经验定权将会影响PPP性能。因此,本研究提出一种自适应随机模型,根据伪距和载波相位观测值的验后残差自适应调整2种观测值的权重比,提升低成本接收机PPP性能。
基于传统的消电离层组合模型进行PPP处理,利用德国地学研究中心(GFZ)提供的事后精密星历和精密钟差产品削弱卫星轨道误差和钟误差的影响,采用Saastamoinen模型[11]对对流层干延迟进行改正,湿延迟部分作为未知参数进行估计。对于天线相位缠绕、地球自转效应、相对论效应和潮汐等误差,采用相应的模型进行改正[12]。使用卡尔曼滤波器[13]对接收机三维坐标、模糊度、接收机钟差、系统间偏差、湿对流层延迟等未知参数进行估计,前2个参数在静态处理时当作常量,后3个参数模拟为随机游走过程。在选择观测值随机模型时,对于不同星座间的观测值定权,GPS、Galileo、BDS观测值采取等权策略。根据前文数据质量分析可以看出,GLONASS数据质量明显更差,观测值采取降半权策略。对于伪距和载波相位观测值的定权,采用本文提出的自适应随机模型算法,并与传统随机模型进行对比,将载波相位观测值与伪距观测值的初始权比设置为100。
图4为4种不同环境下UM982接收机四星座组合的可用卫星数及PDOP分布。由图可知,在开阔、树荫、高楼和玻璃墙4种不同环境下,UM982低成本接收机在观测时段内四星座GNSS平均可用卫星数分别为42.9、38.7、17.8和14.4颗,平均PDOP值分别为0.75、0.83、2.47和3.02。可以看出,在复杂环境下,可见卫星数减少,PDOP增加。
进一步对2个频率的伪距多路径效应均值和采用自适应随机模型获得的载波相位与伪距观测值的权重比进行统计。从统计结果来看,在开阔、树荫、高楼和玻璃墙4种环境下,观测时段内伪距多路径效应均值分别为0.33 m、0.69 m、0.82 m和0.84 m,载波伪距权重比均值分别为128、261、305和329。结果表明,在开阔环境下载波伪距权重比与传统随机模型相差不大,但在树荫、高楼和玻璃墙3种复杂环境下载波伪距权重比约为传统随机模型的3倍。
图5为UM982接收机采用自适应随机模型与传统随机模型在4种不同环境下静态PPP定位误差。可以看出,在开阔环境下,采用自适应随机模型对收敛性能的提升幅度较小,但在3种复杂环境下,PPP收敛性能均有较大幅度提升。
定位精度和收敛时间是衡量PPP性能的2个关键指标。为便于分析UM982低成本接收机的收敛时间,定义水平方向连续10 min的位置误差小于0.2 m、高程方向定位误差小于0.4 m为收敛。根据此收敛条件,表1为UM982低成本接收机PPP采用自适应随机模型与传统随机模型收敛后的三维位置误差RMS值和收敛时间。可以看出,在开阔环境下,采用自适应随机模型可加速PPP收敛,但对定位精度的提升不显著;在树荫、高楼和玻璃墙3种复杂环境下,定位精度分别提升24%、45%和50%,收敛时间分别缩短49%、27%和24%。
为进一步验证本文算法的有效性,在中南大学新校区内树荫、高楼、玻璃墙等复杂环境下开展动态实验,测试始于2024-01-17 08:37:39(GPS时间00:37:39),持续约1 h,实验中电动自行车携带UM982低成本接收机和低成本螺旋天线以8 km/h的速度沿同一路线重复行驶,同样采用千寻知寸产品RTK固定解作为坐标参考值(图6)。
图7为UM982接收机GNSS四星座组合的可用卫星数与PDOP值。可以看出,整个动态实验期间,由于GNSS信号受到观测环境的影响,可用卫星数变化较大,进而导致PDOP值波动较大。由于动态实验路线重叠,因此可用卫星数及PDOP值呈周期性变化。经统计,整个实验过程中平均可用卫星数为31.7颗,平均PDOP值为1.20。
与静态PPP实验类似,统计2个频率的伪距多路径效应均值和采用自适应随机模型获得的载波相位与伪距观测值的权重比。由统计结果可知,载波伪距权重比也随伪距多路径的变化而变化。
图8为UM982接收机采用自适应随机模型和传统随机模型在动态复杂环境下的PPP定位误差。可以看出,采用自适应随机模型能显著提升E方向和U方向定位精度。三维位置误差RMS值从0.652 m减少到0.425 m,精度提升35%。
本文针对复杂环境下低成本接收机伪距多路径效应严重,在精密单点定位中采用经验随机模型不适用的问题,提出一种低成本接收机自适应随机模型算法,该算法根据各历元所有卫星的伪距和载波相位观测值的验后残差进行Helmert方差分量估计,自适应调整不同环境下各个历元的伪距和载波相位观测值的权重比,以提升低成本接收机PPP性能。利用UM982低成本接收机,在开阔、树荫、高楼和玻璃墙4种不同环境下开展静态PPP实验和在信号遮挡的复杂环境下开展动态PPP实验,验证算法的有效性。
结果表明,自适应随机模型与传统的经验随机模型相比,在静态树荫、高楼和玻璃墙3种复杂环境下,UM982接收机PPP定位精度分别提升24%、45%和50%,收敛时间分别缩短49%、27%和24%。在动态复杂环境下,采用自适应随机模型后,UM982接收机PPP定位精度相较传统随机模型提升35%。
  • 地理信息工程国家重点实验室开放基金(SKLGIE2021-Z-2-1)
  • 国家自然科学基金(42174040)
  • 国家自然科学基金(42388102)
  • 湖南省自然资源厅项目(HNGTCH-2023-05)
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2025年第45卷第3期
33
12
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doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.04.168
  • 接收时间:2024-04-12
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-03-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-12
基金
Open Fund of State Key Laboratory of Geo-Information Engineering(SKLGIE2021-Z-2-1)
地理信息工程国家重点实验室开放基金(SKLGIE2021-Z-2-1)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(42174040)
国家自然科学基金(42174040)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(42388102)
国家自然科学基金(42388102)
Project of Department of Natural Resources of Hunan Province(HNGTCH-2023-05)
湖南省自然资源厅项目(HNGTCH-2023-05)
作者信息
    1 中南大学地球科学与信息物理学院, 长沙市麓山南路932号, 410083
    2 地理信息工程国家重点实验室, 西安市雁塔路中段1号, 710054
    3 湖南省测绘科技研究所, 长沙市韶山中路693号, 410007

通讯作者:

蔡昌盛,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事GNSS导航和精密定位研究,E-mail:

CAI Changsheng, PhD, professor, PhD supervisor, majors in GNSS navigation and precise positioning, E-mail:

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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