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Article(id=1322959370409083089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, issueId=1322959347470442879, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14075/j.jgg.2024.03.114, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1710604800000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793347693301, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1739548800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793347693301, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793347693301, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793347693301, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322959347470442879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, year='2025', volume='45', issue='2', pageStart='111', pageEnd='220', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1739548800000', pubDateStr='2025-02-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793347687833, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793347687833, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=170, endPage=176, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322959370736238802, articleId=1322959370409083089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=EN, title=Inversion of Surface Deformation and Fault Slip Distribution of Xinjiang Wushi MW7.0 Earthquake in 2024 Based on Sentinel-1A, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on the Sentinel-1A image data covering the epicenter, we use D-InSAR to calculate the surface coseismic deformation field of Xinjiang Wushi MW7.0 earthquake. We use the quadtree method to downsample the coseismic deformation field, and optimize the geometric and physical parameters of the fault by using the downsampling data as constraint conditions. The results show that the maximum uplift values of ascending and descending orbits are 72 cm and 39 cm, respectively. The seismogenic fault is within the Maidan-Shayilamu fault, which is dominated by thrust and has a small amount of left-lateral strike-slip. The fault strike is 230°, the dip is 67°, and the slip angle is about 45°. The maximum slip on the fault plane is 3.53 m, the seismic moment is 3.78×1019Nm, and the calculated magnitude is MW7.02. The results of Coulomb stress show that the Tuoshigan fault, Kuokeshale fault, Dashixia fault, Kurukeyuzumu fault, and northern Kuqi fault are all in the stress loading region, on which we need to pay more attention in the future.

, authors=Jiaojiao LIU1, Yongzhi ZHANG1, 2, *, Xiaoye HAO1, Wenqiang WU1, authorsList=Jiaojiao LIU, Yongzhi ZHANG, Xiaoye HAO, Wenqiang WU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yongzhi ZHANG, authorNote=

LIU Jiaojiao, postgraduate, majors in surface deformation monitoring by InSAR, E-mail:

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基于覆盖震中的Sentinel-1A影像数据, 采用D-InSAR技术解算新疆乌什MW7.0地震地表同震形变场; 利用四叉树方法对同震形变场进行降采样, 以降采样后的数据为约束对断层几何和物理参数进行优化反演。结果表明, 升轨和降轨最大隆升值分别为72 cm和39 cm; 发震断层位于以逆冲为主兼少量左旋走滑的迈丹-沙依拉姆断裂, 断层走向为230°, 倾角为67°, 滑动角约为45°, 断层面上最大滑动量为3.53 m, 地震矩为3.78×1019 Nm, 对应矩震级为MW7.02。库仑应力结果表明, 托什干断裂、阔克沙勒断裂、大石峡断裂、库如克玉祖木断裂、库齐断裂北端等区域均处于应力加载区, 未来需重点关注。

, authors=柳姣姣1, 张永志1, 2, *, 郝小叶1, 吴文强1, authorsList=柳姣姣, 张永志, 郝小叶, 吴文强, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张永志, authorNote=

柳姣姣, 硕士生, 主要从事InSAR地表形变监测研究, E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=

张永志, 博士, 教授, 博士生导师, 主要从事地壳形变、重力测量以及InSAR技术研究, E-mail:

ZHANG Yongzhi, PhD, professor, PhD supervisor, majors in crustal deformation, gravity measurement and InSAR techniques, E-mail:

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图(a)中白色框为影像数据覆盖范围，橙色圆为该区域2000年以来6级以上的历史地震；图(b)中震源机制为USGS给出的2024年乌什MW7.0地震震源机制，各色圆代表震后44 d内的不同震级余震

, figureFileSmall=HFMNzsuFN8f/31vLVP+hsw==, figureFileBig=oYup7QPGIZ/SaWxBzBdntg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322959378109825289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322959370409083089, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Line-of-sight coseismic deformation field of Wushi MW7.0 earthquake in 2024, figureFileSmall=Wnheb6Cr9XgCZyX4NgmfJA==, figureFileBig=B9RlDHrkX8FMQbFSU2ULxw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322959378176934154, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322959370409083089, language=CN, label=图2, caption=2024年乌什MW7.0地震视线向同震形变场, figureFileSmall=Wnheb6Cr9XgCZyX4NgmfJA==, figureFileBig=B9RlDHrkX8FMQbFSU2ULxw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322959378248237323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322959370409083089, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Extraction section of LOS coseismic deformation of ascending and descending orbits, figureFileSmall=oiK1vTfbSARZk0VXiRtMRA==, figureFileBig=yR89RJFDLuGQEjtOwED1Pg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322959378315346188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322959370409083089, language=CN, label=图3, caption=升降轨视线向同震形变提取剖面, figureFileSmall=oiK1vTfbSARZk0VXiRtMRA==, figureFileBig=yR89RJFDLuGQEjtOwED1Pg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322959378386649357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322959370409083089, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Comparison of observation, simulation and residual values of coseismic deformation field of ascending and descending orbits obtained from the uniform sliding model, figureFileSmall=3+G9nurVqYBVxuZTQQMvkQ==, figureFileBig=/qzvAahX9rjHyGKY+CllaA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322959378466341134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322959370409083089, language=CN, label=图4, caption=均匀滑动模型反演得到的升降轨同震形变场的观测、模拟和残差值对比, figureFileSmall=3+G9nurVqYBVxuZTQQMvkQ==, figureFileBig=/qzvAahX9rjHyGKY+CllaA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322959378546032911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322959370409083089, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=2D fault slip distribution of Wushi MW7.0 earthquake, figureFileSmall=GxFdCUEdhszmyHvHvbjSVg==, figureFileBig=xLtVvKVqPpmg/8VNr2mznA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322959378625724688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322959370409083089, language=CN, label=图5, caption=乌什MW7.0地震二维断层滑动分布, figureFileSmall=GxFdCUEdhszmyHvHvbjSVg==, figureFileBig=xLtVvKVqPpmg/8VNr2mznA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322959378697027857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322959370409083089, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=3D fault slip distribution of Wushi MW7.0 earthquake, figureFileSmall=31O4C6Cg0DKwkwT//Fwh8g==, figureFileBig=j6RKvTA4+7XChAYZZqMILQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322959378764136722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322959370409083089, language=CN, label=图6, caption=乌什MW7.0地震三维断层滑动分布, figureFileSmall=31O4C6Cg0DKwkwT//Fwh8g==, figureFileBig=j6RKvTA4+7XChAYZZqMILQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322959378831245587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322959370409083089, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Comparison of observation, simulation and residual values of coseismic deformation field of ascending and descending orbits obtained from the distributed sliding model, figureFileSmall=1ArRal8h9A08y2Kwr3vniA==, figureFileBig=ARYLYdWOsSCWTCm6tq6dFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322959378889965844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322959370409083089, language=CN, label=图7, caption=分布式滑动模型反演得到的升降轨同震形变场的观测、模拟和残差值对比, figureFileSmall=1ArRal8h9A08y2Kwr3vniA==, figureFileBig=ARYLYdWOsSCWTCm6tq6dFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322959378965463317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322959370409083089, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Changes of Coulomb stress at different depths of Wushi MW7.0 earthquake in 2024, figureFileSmall=JAjTjZ9kIKeAuWMddaN0FA==, figureFileBig=Lw4b94AhLVu3P28eNh8Qcw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322959379028377878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322959370409083089, language=CN, label=图8, caption=2024年乌什MW7.0地震在不同深度处库仑应力变化, figureFileSmall=JAjTjZ9kIKeAuWMddaN0FA==, figureFileBig=Lw4b94AhLVu3P28eNh8Qcw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322959379103875351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322959370409083089, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Seismogenic fault parameters published by various institutions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源 震中位置 深度/km 震源机制 震级MW
经度/(°) 纬度/(°) 走向/(°) 倾角/(°) 滑动角/(°)
USGS 78.654 41.263 13.0 235 45 42 6.98
113 62 126
GCMT 78.57 41.19 14.0 236 48 47 7.0
110 57 127
CENC 78.63 41.26 22.0 - - - 7.1
), ArticleFig(id=1322959379183567128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322959370409083089, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

各机构公布的发震断层参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源 震中位置 深度/km 震源机制 震级MW
经度/(°) 纬度/(°) 走向/(°) 倾角/(°) 滑动角/(°)
USGS 78.654 41.263 13.0 235 45 42 6.98
113 62 126
GCMT 78.57 41.19 14.0 236 48 47 7.0
110 57 127
CENC 78.63 41.26 22.0 - - - 7.1
), ArticleFig(id=1322959379259064601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322959370409083089, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Sentinel-1A data parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
轨道 主影像日期 从影像日期 空间基线/m 入射角/(°) 时间基线/d 模式
T56 2024-01-14 2024-01-26 -19.77 33.66 12 升轨
T34 2024-01-13 2024-01-25 -6.42 33.60 12 降轨
), ArticleFig(id=1322959379330367770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322959370409083089, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

Sentinel-1A数据参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
轨道 主影像日期 从影像日期 空间基线/m 入射角/(°) 时间基线/d 模式
T56 2024-01-14 2024-01-26 -19.77 33.66 12 升轨
T34 2024-01-13 2024-01-25 -6.42 33.60 12 降轨
), ArticleFig(id=1322959379393282331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322959370409083089, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Inversion parameters of uniform sliding model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
长度/km 宽度/km 深度/km 倾角/(°) 走向/(°) X中点/m Y中点/m 走滑距/m 倾滑距/m
最低 1 1 1 0 180 -20 -20 -3 -3
最高 80 30 30 90 360 20 20 3 3
最优 35.61 15.16 16.71 67.21 230 2.52 16.49 1.4 2.16
2.5% 21.31 9.32 11.73 55.86 228 -1.8 9.15 1.04 -0.09
97.5% 47.17 17.43 22.34 87.37 233 8.3 19.06 2.88 2.91
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均匀滑动模型反演参数

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长度/km 宽度/km 深度/km 倾角/(°) 走向/(°) X中点/m Y中点/m 走滑距/m 倾滑距/m
最低 1 1 1 0 180 -20 -20 -3 -3
最高 80 30 30 90 360 20 20 3 3
最优 35.61 15.16 16.71 67.21 230 2.52 16.49 1.4 2.16
2.5% 21.31 9.32 11.73 55.86 228 -1.8 9.15 1.04 -0.09
97.5% 47.17 17.43 22.34 87.37 233 8.3 19.06 2.88 2.91
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基于Sentinel-1A的2024年新疆乌什MW7.0地震地表形变与断层滑动分布反演
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柳姣姣 1 , 张永志 1, 2, * , 郝小叶 1 , 吴文强 1
大地测量与地球动力学 | 地壳运动 2025,45(2): 170-176
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大地测量与地球动力学 |地壳运动 2025 , 45 (2) : 170 -176
基于Sentinel-1A的2024年新疆乌什MW7.0地震地表形变与断层滑动分布反演
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柳姣姣1 , 张永志1, 2, * , 郝小叶1, 吴文强1
作者信息
  • 1 长安大学地质工程与测绘学院, 西安市雁塔路126号, 710054
  • 2 地理信息工程国家重点实验室, 西安市雁塔路中段1号, 710054
通讯作者:

张永志, 博士, 教授, 博士生导师, 主要从事地壳形变、重力测量以及InSAR技术研究, E-mail:

ZHANG Yongzhi, PhD, professor, PhD supervisor, majors in crustal deformation, gravity measurement and InSAR techniques, E-mail:

作者简介:

柳姣姣, 硕士生, 主要从事InSAR地表形变监测研究, E-mail:

Inversion of Surface Deformation and Fault Slip Distribution of Xinjiang Wushi MW7.0 Earthquake in 2024 Based on Sentinel-1A
Jiaojiao LIU1 , Yongzhi ZHANG1, 2, * , Xiaoye HAO1, Wenqiang WU1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Geological Engineering and Geomatics, Chang'an University, 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710054, China
  • 2 State Key Laboratory of Geo-Information Engineering, 1 Mid-Yanta Road, Xi'an 710054, China

    • LIU Jiaojiao, postgraduate, majors in surface deformation monitoring by InSAR, E-mail:

出版时间: 2025-02-15 doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.03.114
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摘要
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基于覆盖震中的Sentinel-1A影像数据, 采用D-InSAR技术解算新疆乌什MW7.0地震地表同震形变场; 利用四叉树方法对同震形变场进行降采样, 以降采样后的数据为约束对断层几何和物理参数进行优化反演。结果表明, 升轨和降轨最大隆升值分别为72 cm和39 cm; 发震断层位于以逆冲为主兼少量左旋走滑的迈丹-沙依拉姆断裂, 断层走向为230°, 倾角为67°, 滑动角约为45°, 断层面上最大滑动量为3.53 m, 地震矩为3.78×1019 Nm, 对应矩震级为MW7.02。库仑应力结果表明, 托什干断裂、阔克沙勒断裂、大石峡断裂、库如克玉祖木断裂、库齐断裂北端等区域均处于应力加载区, 未来需重点关注。

乌什地震  /  InSAR同震形变场  /  断层滑动  /  库仑应力

Based on the Sentinel-1A image data covering the epicenter, we use D-InSAR to calculate the surface coseismic deformation field of Xinjiang Wushi MW7.0 earthquake. We use the quadtree method to downsample the coseismic deformation field, and optimize the geometric and physical parameters of the fault by using the downsampling data as constraint conditions. The results show that the maximum uplift values of ascending and descending orbits are 72 cm and 39 cm, respectively. The seismogenic fault is within the Maidan-Shayilamu fault, which is dominated by thrust and has a small amount of left-lateral strike-slip. The fault strike is 230°, the dip is 67°, and the slip angle is about 45°. The maximum slip on the fault plane is 3.53 m, the seismic moment is 3.78×1019Nm, and the calculated magnitude is MW7.02. The results of Coulomb stress show that the Tuoshigan fault, Kuokeshale fault, Dashixia fault, Kurukeyuzumu fault, and northern Kuqi fault are all in the stress loading region, on which we need to pay more attention in the future.

Wushi earthquake  /  InSAR coseismic deformation field  /  fault slip  /  Coulomb stress
柳姣姣, 张永志, 郝小叶, 吴文强. 基于Sentinel-1A的2024年新疆乌什MW7.0地震地表形变与断层滑动分布反演. 大地测量与地球动力学, 2025 , 45 (2) : 170 -176 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.03.114
Jiaojiao LIU, Yongzhi ZHANG, Xiaoye HAO, Wenqiang WU. Inversion of Surface Deformation and Fault Slip Distribution of Xinjiang Wushi MW7.0 Earthquake in 2024 Based on Sentinel-1A[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 2025 , 45 (2) : 170 -176 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.03.114
正文
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根据中国地震台网中心(CENC)发布，北京时间2024-01-23 02:09:05，新疆阿克苏地区乌什县境内发生MW7.0地震，震中位于78.63°E、41.26°N，震源深度22 km，为浅源地震，地震最大烈度为Ⅸ度。截至2024-03-06，共记录余震超过4 000次，最大余震为5.8级，综合分析认为此次地震为主震余震型。地震发生后，各机构分别发布此次地震的震源机制(表1)，初步判定发震断层为位于天山地震带的迈丹-沙依拉姆断裂。迈丹-沙依拉姆断裂上地震活动相对较少，仅发生过2次6级以上地震，距今已长达40余年，最近一次地震为2009年阿合奇MS5.4地震。王子韬等[1]以GPS观测数据为约束建立有限元数值模型，结果表明，迈丹-沙依拉姆断裂的静态库仑应力明显增大。野外地质考察中也发现，迈丹-沙依拉姆断裂存在错断地表的全新断裂和清晰分布的历史地震形变带，这些研究结果均表明，迈丹-沙依拉姆断裂未来有发生较大地震的可能。因此，研究乌什MW7.0地震对于进一步分析迈丹-沙伊拉姆断裂的孕震机制和天山地震带断裂构造体系具有重要意义。
InSAR技术具有探测精度高、全天时全天候监测和成本低等独特优势，在地震同震监测方面取得了大量成果[2-3]。本文以覆盖乌什MW7.0地震震中区域的Sentinel-1A升降轨影像为数据源，采用D-InSAR技术获取新疆乌什MW7.0地震的同震形变场，利用四叉树降采样后的InSAR数据反演发震断层的几何参数，并对发震断层精细滑动分布进行分析，探讨此次地震的震源机制。同时，结合静态库仑破裂准则评估区域未来地震危险性，为该区防震减灾工作提供一定参考。
1 研究区地质构造背景
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2024-01-23新疆乌什县MW7.0地震发生在天山地震带柯坪推覆体东端与南天山交接的乌什凹陷内(图1)。柯坪推覆构造在地下5~9 km发生的滑脱面集中在迈丹-沙依拉姆断裂，断裂两侧40 km范围内盆山落差达5 000 m以上。迈丹-沙依拉姆断裂位于柯坪推覆构造根部[4]，总体走向NEE，为NW倾断层，倾角30°~80°。
2 InSAR数据处理与分析
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为获取新疆乌什MW7.0地震完整的同震形变场信息，本文收集覆盖该区域的震前震后Sentinel-1A卫星宽幅干涉模式(IW)升降轨单视复数影像数据，具体参数见表2。
在获取卫星影像数据后进行干涉差分处理，首先对T56轨道影像进行拼接，并对升轨影像和拼接后的降轨影像按照所需区域进行裁剪，以减少数据冗余。在数据预处理过程中，采用美国宇航局(NASA)发布的空间分辨率为30 m×30 m的SRTM DEM数据消除地形相位影响[5]，对影像进行距离向∶方位向为10 ∶2的多视处理，以最大程度抑制干涉相位的噪声误差，配准过程中需要确保影像配准精度小于0.2个像元。为消除噪声影响因素，降低后续相位解缠难度，采用Goldstein自适应滤波算法对原始干涉相位以64×64滤波窗口进行滤波，采用最小费流法(MCF)对干涉相位以相干性系数0.3为解缠阈值进行数据处理[6]，以确保形变结果的可靠性。根据相位与形变量的关系实现视线向形变信息的提取，并结合DEM数据对形变信息进行地理编码，实现雷达坐标系至WGS-84坐标系的转化，最终得到乌什地震高精度视线向(LOS)同震形变场(图2)。
从图2可以看出，升降轨形变区完整，相干性较好，同震形变场具有明显的隆升与沉降区域，呈非对称的近椭圆状分布。由图2(a)和2(c)可知，升降轨干涉条纹整体连续且清晰。Sentinel-1A升轨影像LOS向最大抬升量约为0.72 m，LOS向最大沉降量约为0.15 m；降轨影像LOS向最大抬升量约为0.39 m，LOS向最大沉降量约为0.18 m，符合逆冲型地震的运动特征。通过对同震形变场进行综合分析，判定此次地震的发震断层走向为NEE-SWW向，迈丹-沙依拉姆断裂由北向南穿过同震变形区中心，表明此次地震的发生受该断裂控制。为进一步了解乌什地震形变场的空间分布特征，分别绘制垂直断层走向并通过升降轨同震形变场峰值中心的剖面线，获取对应的形变值与DEM信息(灰色区域)，结果见图3。由图可知，升降轨形变剖面线变化趋势基本一致，且形变值基本为正值，表明地表运动以抬升为主，符合逆冲型地震的地表运动特征。
3 断层滑动分布反演
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利用基于D-InSAR技术获取的乌什MW7.0地震升降轨形变数据，对发震断层滑动分布进行反演计算分析。首先采用非线性方法反演发震断层的几何参数，并在此基础上利用分布式滑动模型线性反演方法计算发震断层面上每个子断层的滑动分布情况。
3.1 均匀滑动模型
由于反演发震断层的几何参数缺少先验信息，因此需要采用非线性方法设置基本搜索区间进行计算。本文采用基于弹性半空间矩形位错模型[7]的大地测量贝叶斯反演软件包GBIS(geodetic Bayesian inversion software)反演发震断层的最优几何参数[8]，以升降轨InSAR观测获取的同震形变场数据为约束条件，选用可以增加位移梯度较高区域数据点密度的四叉树采样方法进行采样[9]，设置采样阈值为0.02×102，升轨数据降采样后为1 278个数据点，降轨数据降采样后为673个数据点。在反演过程中对断层几何参数的范围加以约束，设置断层长度搜索区间为[1, 80] km，宽度搜索区间为[1, 30] km，断层走向搜索区间为(180°, 360°)，倾向搜索区间为(0°, 90°)，设置迭代次数为106次，经多次实验后得到断层几何参数最优模拟结果(表3)。由表可知，本次反演得到的乌什MW7.0地震的破裂断层面约为35.6 km×15 km，走向为230°，倾角为67°，表明发震断层具有逆冲兼左旋走滑运动性质，这与各机构发布的震源机制解节面Ⅰ(表1)基本一致。断层滑动基本集中在16.7 km深度处，该深度处存在2.16 m的倾滑和1.4 m的走滑。在均匀滑动模型反演中，设置剪切模量为3.32×1010 N/m2，泊松比为0.25[10]，计算得到的地震矩为3.65×1019 Nm，对应矩震级为MW7.01。
图4为利用均匀滑动模型反演得到的同震形变场观测、模拟和残差结果，可以看出，反演得到的InSAR模拟形变值与观测形变值具有较高的一致性，在主要形变区可实现最佳拟合，升轨数据拟合均方根误差为6 cm，降轨数据拟合均方根误差为4 cm。均匀滑动模型断层几何参数的置信区间(表3)与拟合数据的均方根误差均说明，该模型参数反演结果具有稳定性。
3.2 分布式滑动模型
对于发震断层面精细滑动分布的研究，首先基于四叉树方法对D-InSAR获取的同震形变场进行采样，分别保留1 514个升轨数据点和1 390个降轨数据点。以降采样后的升降轨数据为约束，采用最速下降法(steepest descent method，SDM)对发震断层的精细滑动分布进行反演[11]。本文采用地球介质分层模型，输入震中经纬度以计算分层介质模型随地壳深度变化的参数，进而得到格林函数。以均匀滑动模型非线性反演得到的断层几何参数作为最速下降法线性反演的初始参考值，将断层起点设置为78.04°E、41.4°N。假设断层上边界深度为0 km，将断层面区域扩大至80 km×30 km；假设断层是按照一定函数分布的非均匀滑动，可将矩形断层细分为600个离散的2 km×1 km小单元断层来构建单一断层滑动模型，以均匀滑动模型反演的断层最优几何参数为参考，限制断层走向为230°，倾角为67°，设置走向搜索区间为(225°, 235°)，倾向搜索区间为(55°, 70°)，滑动角搜索区间为(0°, 90°)。为确保反演结果的合理性与稳定性，引入最优平滑因子0.05进行约束。经多次实验，发震断层中每个小单元断层的精细滑动分布结果见图5和6，图中黑色箭头方向及大小表示小单元断层的滑动方向及滑动量。
由图5和6可知，破裂断层表现出以逆冲运动为主，兼少量左旋走滑性质，滑动角约为45°，滑动沿走向主要分布在17~61 km处，沿倾向主要分布在5~25 km处，在沿走向39 km、深度13 km处的最大滑动量为3.53 m。非均匀滑动分布模型结果表明，震中位于78.63°E、41.22°N，地震释放的能量为3.78×1019 Nm，对应的矩震级为MW7.02，与其他学者[12]和USGS等机构发布的结果基本一致。
图7为基于分布式滑动模型反演得到的升降轨观测值、模拟值及残差值，升轨与降轨的拟合相关度分别为98.69%和97.82%，升轨视线向形变观测值与模拟值的拟合均方根误差为3 cm，降轨视线向形变观测值与模拟值间拟合均方根误差为2.8 cm。与均匀滑动模型反演结果残差相比，非均匀滑动模型反演结果残差更低，总体上同震滑动模型均能较好地拟合观测数据。
由同震滑动分布反演结果可知，2024年新疆乌什MW7.0地震的发震断层以逆冲运动为主，兼有少量左旋走滑分量，整体呈NEE-SWW向，这与迈丹-沙特拉姆断裂的运动性质一致，因此可以判定本次地震受迈丹-沙依拉姆断裂控制。
4 区域应力场变化与未来地震危险性分析
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地震发生时，断层近场的应力状态会随之改变，从而对周围断裂活动产生一定影响。乌什MW7.0地震作为有地震记录以来迈丹-沙依拉姆断裂发生的最大地震，对评估周边地区现存活动断层的潜在地震风险具有重要意义。本文利用Coulomb3.3软件[13]，结合InSAR观测反演获取的最优滑动分布结果，将接收断层的走向设置为230°，倾角设置为67°，滑动角设置为45°，有效摩擦系数设置为0.4[14]，分别计算10 km、15 km、20 km深度处区域库仑应力变化。
图8为不同深度处区域库仑应力变化情况，红色代表库仑应力加载区，为未来危险区，蓝色代表库仑应力卸载区。由图可知，本次地震在发震断层两端及垂直于断层一定区域内为应力加载区，南北向区域多为应力卸载区。随着深度的变化，地震的发生使应力向断层两端及垂直于断层方向转移，南北向区域应力值逐渐减小，断层两端库仑应力明显增大。综合不同深度库仑应力结果可知，托什干断裂、阔克沙勒断裂、大石峡断裂、库如克玉祖木断裂、喀拉铁克断裂西南部、阿布拉衣布拉克-皮羌断裂、库齐断裂北端等区域都处于应力加载区，具有较高的地震危险性，未来需重点关注。
5 结语
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本文以Sentinel-1A升降轨SAR影像数据为基础，获取新疆乌什MW7.0地震视线向同震形变场，并对原始同震形变数据进行降采样，以降采样后的形变信息为约束条件，使用GBIS软件包反演发震断层几何参数，以此作为先验信息，采用SDM方法反演断层精细滑动分布，结合反演结果讨论和分析乌什MW7.0地震发震断层的运动学与地质构造特征，并计算区域不同深度处静态库仑应力变化，得出以下结论：
1) 2024年乌什MW7.0地震升降轨同震形变场均呈近椭圆状，同震干涉条纹清晰连续，升轨形变场视线向最大形变量约为72 cm，降轨形变场视线向最大形变量约为39 cm，地表运动整体以隆升为主，发震断层呈以逆冲运动为主的运动特征。
2) 结合震源机制解与同震形变场分析可知，断层走向为230°，倾角为67°，滑动角为45°，发震断层为NW倾断层，与USGS等机构的研究结果相近。在沿走向39 km、深度13 km处最大滑动量为3.53 m，反演得到的矩震级约为MW7.02，震中位于78.63°E、41.22°N。
3) 根据库仑应力变化可知，在乌什MW7.0地震的影响下，托什干断裂、阔克沙勒断裂、大石峡断裂、库如克玉祖木断裂、喀拉铁克断裂西南部、阿布拉衣布拉克-皮羌断裂、库齐断裂北端等区域都处于应力加载区，具有一定的地震危险性，需要多加关注。
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  • 国家重点研发计划(2019YFC1509201)
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doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.03.114
  • 接收时间：2024-03-17
  • 首发时间：2026-10-30
  • 出版时间：2025-02-15
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  • 收稿日期：2024-03-17
基金
National Key Research and Development Program of China(2019YFC1509201)
国家重点研发计划(2019YFC1509201)
作者信息
    1 长安大学地质工程与测绘学院, 西安市雁塔路126号, 710054
    2 地理信息工程国家重点实验室, 西安市雁塔路中段1号, 710054

通讯作者:

张永志, 博士, 教授, 博士生导师, 主要从事地壳形变、重力测量以及InSAR技术研究, E-mail:

ZHANG Yongzhi, PhD, professor, PhD supervisor, majors in crustal deformation, gravity measurement and InSAR techniques, E-mail:

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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