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Article(id=1322959581999149263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, issueId=1322959347470442879, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14075/j.jgg.2024.03.108, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1710345600000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793347743748, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1739548800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793347743748, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793347743748, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793347743748, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322959347470442879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, year='2025', volume='45', issue='2', pageStart='111', pageEnd='220', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1739548800000', pubDateStr='2025-02-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793347687833, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793347687833, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=140, endPage=143, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322959583349715154, articleId=1322959581999149263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=EN, title=Geological Structure Exploration of the Front Area of Mogao Grottoes of Dunhuang Based on ESPAC Method, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

We use the ESPAC method to detect the geological structure below the Mogao Grottoes of Dunhuang using observed data obtained by linear array. The detection results show that the layers determined by microtremor survey method are clearly visible, with significant fluctuations of each layer on the two-dimensional microtremor apparent S-wave velocity profile. The covering layer is thick at both ends and thin in the middle. There is a bedrock intrusion in the middle of profile, and there is a solitary stone with a width of 30 m×40 m. Using geological survey data calibration of the relevant region, we show that the thickness of Quaternary cover layer represented by mixed backfill, fine sand, and gravel sand is about 8 m, and the burial depth of complete bedrock surface is about 30 m. The research results can provide geophysical basis for the protection of cultural relics in the Mogao Grottoes.

, authors=Baiyun LIU1, 2, 3, Shuncheng LI1, *, Yanyun LIU4, Shuai ZHANG3, Zhiwen LIU3, Jing MA2, Li ZHAO5, authorsList=Baiyun LIU, Shuncheng LI, Yanyun LIU, Shuai ZHANG, Zhiwen LIU, Jing MA, Li ZHAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Shuncheng LI, authorNote=

LIU Baiyun, senior engineer, majors in microtremor detection and crustal structure, E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved, without authorization, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322959587795677402, articleId=1322959581999149263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=CN, title=基于ESPAC法探测敦煌莫高窟窟前地质结构, columnId=1322506193558422163, journalTitle=大地测量与地球动力学, columnName=地震地质, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

利用ESPAC探测法在莫高窟窟前布设由线性台阵观测系统组成的测线探测下方地层结构。探测结果表明, 在二维微动视S波速度剖面上, 微动探测法确定的地层分层清晰可见, 各层层位起伏变化较大。剖面揭露的覆盖层两端厚、中间薄, 中部有基岩体侵入并存在宽30 m×40 m大小的“孤石”。采用相关区域地勘资料进行标定, 以杂填土、细砂和砾砂为代表的第四系覆盖层厚度为8 m左右, 完整基岩面埋深约30 m。该成果可为莫高窟文物保护提供地球物理方面的依据。

, authors=刘白云1, 2, 3, 李顺成1, *, 刘艳云4, 张帅3, 刘志文3, 马婧2, 赵莉5, authorsList=刘白云, 李顺成, 刘艳云, 张帅, 刘志文, 马婧, 赵莉, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李顺成, authorNote=

刘白云, 高级工程师, 主要从事微动探测和地壳结构研究, E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=

李顺成, 高级工程师, 主要从事地震台阵建设与观测研究, E-mail:

LI Shuncheng, senior engineer, majors in construction and observation of seismic arrays, E-mail:

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基于ESPAC法探测敦煌莫高窟窟前地质结构
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刘白云 1, 2, 3 , 李顺成 1, * , 刘艳云 4 , 张帅 3 , 刘志文 3 , 马婧 2 , 赵莉 5
大地测量与地球动力学 | 地震地质 2025,45(2): 140-143
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大地测量与地球动力学 |地震地质 2025 , 45 (2) : 140 -143
基于ESPAC法探测敦煌莫高窟窟前地质结构
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刘白云1, 2, 3 , 李顺成1, * , 刘艳云4, 张帅3, 刘志文3, 马婧2, 赵莉5
作者信息
  • 1 中国地震局地质研究所地震动力学国家重点实验室, 北京市华严里甲1号, 100029
  • 2 甘肃省地震局, 兰州市东岗西路450号, 730000
  • 3 甘肃省敦煌文物保护研究中心, 兰州市张苏滩800号, 730000
  • 4 新疆众志盛合建设工程有限公司, 乌鲁木齐市长春中路1555号, 830011
  • 5 中国铁塔股份有限公司甘肃省分公司, 兰州市火星街1201号, 730050
通讯作者:

李顺成, 高级工程师, 主要从事地震台阵建设与观测研究, E-mail:

LI Shuncheng, senior engineer, majors in construction and observation of seismic arrays, E-mail:

作者简介:

刘白云, 高级工程师, 主要从事微动探测和地壳结构研究, E-mail:

Geological Structure Exploration of the Front Area of Mogao Grottoes of Dunhuang Based on ESPAC Method
Baiyun LIU1, 2, 3 , Shuncheng LI1, * , Yanyun LIU4, Shuai ZHANG3, Zhiwen LIU3, Jing MA2, Li ZHAO5
Affiliations
  • 1 State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics, Institute of Geology, CEA, A1 Huayanli, Beijing 100029, China
  • 2 Gansu Earthquake Agency, 450 West-Donggang Road, Lanzhou 730000, China
  • 3 Gansu Provincial Research Center for Conservation of Dunhuang Cultural Heritage, 800 Zhangsutan, Lanzhou 730000, China
  • 4 Xinjiang Zhongzhi Shenghe Construction Engineering Co Ltd, 1555 Mid-Changchun Road, Urumqi 830011, China
  • 5 China Tower Co Ltd, Gansu Branch, 1201 Huoxing Street, Lanzhou 730050, China

    • LIU Baiyun, senior engineer, majors in microtremor detection and crustal structure, E-mail:

出版时间: 2025-02-15 doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.03.108
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摘要
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利用ESPAC探测法在莫高窟窟前布设由线性台阵观测系统组成的测线探测下方地层结构。探测结果表明, 在二维微动视S波速度剖面上, 微动探测法确定的地层分层清晰可见, 各层层位起伏变化较大。剖面揭露的覆盖层两端厚、中间薄, 中部有基岩体侵入并存在宽30 m×40 m大小的“孤石”。采用相关区域地勘资料进行标定, 以杂填土、细砂和砾砂为代表的第四系覆盖层厚度为8 m左右, 完整基岩面埋深约30 m。该成果可为莫高窟文物保护提供地球物理方面的依据。

ESPAC法  /  微动探测  /  地层结构  /  莫高窟

We use the ESPAC method to detect the geological structure below the Mogao Grottoes of Dunhuang using observed data obtained by linear array. The detection results show that the layers determined by microtremor survey method are clearly visible, with significant fluctuations of each layer on the two-dimensional microtremor apparent S-wave velocity profile. The covering layer is thick at both ends and thin in the middle. There is a bedrock intrusion in the middle of profile, and there is a solitary stone with a width of 30 m×40 m. Using geological survey data calibration of the relevant region, we show that the thickness of Quaternary cover layer represented by mixed backfill, fine sand, and gravel sand is about 8 m, and the burial depth of complete bedrock surface is about 30 m. The research results can provide geophysical basis for the protection of cultural relics in the Mogao Grottoes.

ESPAC method  /  microtremor detection  /  stratigraphic structure  /  Mogao Grottoes
刘白云, 李顺成, 刘艳云, 张帅, 刘志文, 马婧, 赵莉. 基于ESPAC法探测敦煌莫高窟窟前地质结构. 大地测量与地球动力学, 2025 , 45 (2) : 140 -143 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.03.108
Baiyun LIU, Shuncheng LI, Yanyun LIU, Shuai ZHANG, Zhiwen LIU, Jing MA, Li ZHAO. Geological Structure Exploration of the Front Area of Mogao Grottoes of Dunhuang Based on ESPAC Method[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 2025 , 45 (2) : 140 -143 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.03.108
正文
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莫高窟为敦煌地区乃至全国重点文物保护单位，属于世界文化遗产。窟区毗邻阿尔金地震带和祁连山地震带，曾多次受到地震破坏，并存在一定程度的损伤。目前关于莫高窟在地震方面的研究大多以数值模拟为主，主要是假定在不同级别地震影响下石窟可能产生的变形，至今还未开展石窟下方介质速度结构探测的研究。近些年发展起来的微动探测方法可为不良地质体、孤石、地层、采空区等地质结构勘察提供一个崭新的方向[1-2]。微动是指地球时刻发生的微小振动[3]，微动台阵技术的探测原理是通过线性、圆形或其他形式的结构台阵在观测时段记录的地脉动信号，根据天然微动面波中瑞利波相速度频散特征来获取相应的频散曲线，然后反演获得地下介质的横波波速结构。本文利用微动台阵技术探测莫高窟窟前第四系覆盖层及地层的岩性分层与结构，并探明地层是否存在错断，以便分析测区有无隐伏断层，从而为后续文物保护提供地球物理方面的依据。
1 区域地质构造
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从自然地理位置上看，莫高窟所在的敦煌市位于甘肃省西部，处于河西走廊西端尽头。该区毗邻地震活动强烈的祁连地块与阿尔金地块，据史料记载，曾有部分强震波及石窟所在地，并对窟区造成一定程度的破坏[4]。
在大地构造上，研究区以三危山断裂为界，可划分为三危山隆起带与敦煌盆地2个构造单元，莫高窟窟体整体位于西水沟堆积阶地前缘部分的半胶结砾石层上，正好处于上述2个构造单元的交界位置。对石窟安全存在一定威胁的全新世活动断裂有5条，分别为阿尔金断裂(东段)、石包城断裂、马家崖-红线线断裂、昌马断裂和祁连山北缘断裂，均具有发生中强地震的构造条件。
2 ESPAC微动探测方法
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SPAC(spatial auto-correlation)是常用的传统微动探测方法，其基本原理是基于常规的多重圆形或三角形台阵拾取微动数据，并从中估算微动波形中包含的瑞利波相速度的频散曲线，再通过反演获得台阵所在位置下方一定深度地层介质的横波速度结构[5]。
扩展的空间自相关法(ESPAC)[6]基本计算过程是在给定的频率f下计算各观测点所在位置r对应的空间自相关系数ρ(f, r)与给定频率f的关系曲线，然后利用第一类零阶贝塞尔函数进行拟合，再计算其宗量y，由公式y＝2πfr/c(f)推导出频率为f时对应的相速度c(f)值。通过模型反演，可由相速度c(f)的频散曲线计算获得不同深度的横波速度结构，最后再对横波速度结构进行内插与光滑等处理，即可得到探测剖面的整体速度图像。ESPAC法突破了SPAC法布设观测台阵方式仅适用于圆形或三角形的限制，可应用于适用于不同地形条件的L形、T型、直线型等多种非圆形台阵。
3 观测系统与数据采集
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3.1 观测系统
本次探测剖面位于莫高窟窟前，地形平坦。考虑到窟前纵向方向分布有建筑物和绿化带等，无法布设观测仪器，因此无法采用圆形或三角形台阵，故台阵结构采用线性台阵。实际测量过程中在窟前布设A-A′直线型测线，总长度为440 m，用16套微动仪分5组进行滚动探测，单条测线长度为88 m，测点间距为5.5 m。在观测前对每台设备进行编号，完成一组观测系统的数据采集后，按照编号顺序将仪器挪到下一组观测系统继续观测。微动数据采集仪器选用中地装(重庆)地质仪器有限公司生产的型号为EPS的便携式、低功耗、一体化短周期微动仪，其工作频带范围为0.005~5 s，采样率可设置为50 sps、100 sps、200 sps、250 sps、500 sps、1 000 sps，自带授时系统。本次观测的采样率设置为200 sps。
3.2 数据采集
先一次性将一组观测系统所需的16台设备全部进行架设，完成后检查所有设备的方位角、水平度、GNSS授时等，确认正常后开始采集数据，期间需保持相对安静的工作环境。每组观测数据的时长约为50 min，并从中选取微动数据记录比较平稳的时段，本文选取的每组观测数据的记录时长均为30 min。
4 微动数据处理过程及结果
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4.1 处理过程
对于每组观测系统获得的台阵记录波形，经滤波、去均值等基础处理后，拟合零阶第一类贝塞尔函数可获得每组数据的频散曲线，再进一步反演得到对应的横波速度结构。这一过程可将相速度频散曲线Vr-f转换成横波速度(视S波速度)随深度H的变化曲线VX-H。每组观测系统的相速度频散曲线与相应的横波速度结构见图1。
4.2 处理结果
对上述过程获得的每组观测系统横波速度(视S波速度)相互间进行插值与光滑处理，最终获得A-A′整条测线的横波速度(视S波速度)结构剖面。为验证本文反演的横波速度(视S波速度)剖面结果的合理性，分别给出2条长度均为400 m、深度分别为40 m和120 m的剖面(图2和3)。对比这2条剖面可以看出，总体上速度剖面所反映的地层分层基本一致，均可细分为4层；层位起伏变化较大，反映覆盖层两端厚、中间薄，剖面中部有基岩体侵入，存在30 m×40 m大小的“孤石”。采用相关区域地勘资料[7]进行标定，认为莫高窟窟区存在厚约0.70~2.80 m的杂填土，之下为细砂和砾砂，厚度约为8 m，下伏有完整基岩。张裕明等[8]在研究敦煌三危山断层第四纪活动特征及其与地震活动的关系时，对该区第四系覆盖层进行了研究，认为其表层粉砂、细沙厚度约为3 m，下覆砂砾石厚度约为5 m。根据上述资料分析本文反演的各层对应横波速度(视S波速度)结构，并将其作为追踪速度结构剖面、解译各地层的依据，再考虑其速度形态、梯度及梯度变化等多种因素，对反演的速度剖面中各地层及其分界面作定量及定性解释。
本文VX实测(A-A′)剖面具有以下特征：
1) 杂填土层：VX小于300 m/s，在观测场地内均有分布，成分以粉砂为主，含植物毛细根系，干燥且松散。局部为人工扰动的风化剥蚀堆积物。层厚0.70~2.80 m。
2) 细砂层：VX介于350~550 m/s，在观测场地内均有分布，颗粒均匀，成分主要以母岩搬运而来的结晶岩屑为主。层厚0.70~2.30 m。
3) 砾砂：VX介于600~750 m/s，层位稳定，厚度大。下部岩芯多呈块状及次棱角状，稍湿，中密。层厚3.20~8.10 m。
4) 基岩面：VX大于750 m/s。本层为完整的基岩面层，整体深度在30 m以下。层位稳定，是较好的持力层。
此外，测区地层整体较为平坦，无明显错动，应无隐伏断层等不良地质体存在。
5 结语
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本文基于ESPAC微动探测法，利用间距为5.5 m、总长度为440 m的线性小台阵实测莫高窟窟前区，获得深度分别为40 m和120 m的2条二维横波速度(视S波速度)剖面，直观显示了微动探测地区岩土性质的横向、纵向变化。结合已有地勘资料可知，窟前地层可分为4层，每层的平均视S波波速从上到下依次增大。揭示的覆盖层总体呈两边厚、中间薄的形态。本文首次发现剖面中部存在30 m×40 m大小的“孤石”。ESPAC微动探测法可突破传统SPAC法的技术限制，台阵布设方式更灵活。本文研究成果可为莫高窟重点文物保护及加固等提供准确的物探依据和地质资料保障。
基金
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  • 中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项(LISCEA202401)
  • 甘肃省科技重点研发计划(22YF7FA079)
  • 甘肃省科技重点研发计划(22YF7GA056)
  • 甘肃省科技重点研发计划(23YFFA0029)
  • 地震动力学国家重点实验室开放基金(LED2020B01)
  • 中国地震局地震预测研究所基本科研业务专项(2017IESLZ02)
文献
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参考文献 引证文献
排序方式：
1
李应战, 计鹏, 张德强, 等. 综合物探技术在城市轨道交通不良地质体探测中的应用分析[J]. 工程地球物理学报, 2023, 20 (4): 471- 479
Li Yingzhan , Ji Peng , Zhang Deqiang , et al. Application Analysis of Comprehensive Investigation Technology in the Detection of Unfavorable Geological Bodies in Urban Railway Engineering[J]. Chinese Journal of Engineering Geophysics, 2023, 20 (4): 471- 479
2
姚金, 徐佩芬, 凌甦群, 等. 地铁线路采空区微动剖面法探测研究: 以广州地铁14号线二期为例[J]. 地球物理学报, 2023, 66 (10): 4279- 4289
Yao Jin , Xu Peifen , Ling Suqun , et al. Research on Microtremor Profile Method to Detection of Goaf along Subway Line: A Case Study in the Second Phase of Subway Line 14[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 2023, 66 (10): 4279- 4289
3
Okada H . Theory of Efficient Array Observations of Microtremors with Special Reference to the SPAC Method[J]. Exploration Geophysics, 2006, 37 (1): 73- 85
4
袁道阳, 石玉成, 王旭东. 敦煌莫高窟地区断裂新活动特征及其对石窟的影响[J]. 敦煌研究, 2000, (1): 56- 64
Yuan Daoyang , Shi Yucheng , Wang Xudong . The Features of Fracture-Induced New Activity in Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes Region and Its Influence on Curves[J]. Dunhuang Research, 2000, (1): 56- 64
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徐佩芬, 李世豪, 凌甦群, 等. 利用SPAC法估算地壳S波速度结构[J]. 地球物理学报, 2013, 56 (11): 3846- 3854
Xu Peifen , Li Shihao , Ling Suqun , et al. Application of SPAC Method to Estimate the Crustal S-Wave Velocity Structure[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 2013, 56 (11): 3846- 3854
6
Ling S Q. Research on the Estimation of Phase Velocities of Surface Waves in Microtremors[D]. Sapporo: Hokkaido University, 1994
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金地岩土工程有限公司. 敦煌莫高窟文物保护利用设施建设项目岩土工程详细勘察报告[R]. 敦煌, 2019
Jindi Geotechnical Engineering Co Ltd. Detailed Geotechnical Investigation Report of the Mogao Grottoes of Dunhuang Cultural Relics Protection and Utilization Facilities Construction Project[R]. Dunhuang, 2019
8
张裕明, 柳覃卓. 敦煌三危山断层: 一条无强震的第四纪活动断层[J]. 中国地震, 1989, 5 (3): 37- 48
Zhang Yuming , Liu Tanzhuo . The Sanweishan Fault: A Quaternary Active Fault without Large Earthquakes[J]. Earthquake Research in China, 1989, 5 (3): 37- 48
2025年第45卷第2期
26
9
引用本文
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文章信息
doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.03.108
  • 接收时间：2024-03-14
  • 首发时间：2026-10-30
  • 出版时间：2025-02-15
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文章信息
作者
出版历史
  • 收稿日期：2024-03-14
基金
Special Fund for Basic Scientific Research of Central Public Research Institutes(LISCEA202401)
中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项(LISCEA202401)
Science and Technology Key Research and Development Program of Gansu Province(22YF7FA079)
甘肃省科技重点研发计划(22YF7FA079)
Science and Technology Key Research and Development Program of Gansu Province(22YF7GA056)
甘肃省科技重点研发计划(22YF7GA056)
Science and Technology Key Research and Development Program of Gansu Province(23YFFA0029)
甘肃省科技重点研发计划(23YFFA0029)
Open Fund of State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics(LED2020B01)
地震动力学国家重点实验室开放基金(LED2020B01)
Special Fund for Basic Scientific Research of Institute of Earthquake Forecasting(2017IESLZ02)
中国地震局地震预测研究所基本科研业务专项(2017IESLZ02)
作者信息
    1 中国地震局地质研究所地震动力学国家重点实验室, 北京市华严里甲1号, 100029
    2 甘肃省地震局, 兰州市东岗西路450号, 730000
    3 甘肃省敦煌文物保护研究中心, 兰州市张苏滩800号, 730000
    4 新疆众志盛合建设工程有限公司, 乌鲁木齐市长春中路1555号, 830011
    5 中国铁塔股份有限公司甘肃省分公司, 兰州市火星街1201号, 730050

通讯作者:

李顺成, 高级工程师, 主要从事地震台阵建设与观测研究, E-mail:

LI Shuncheng, senior engineer, majors in construction and observation of seismic arrays, E-mail:

参考文献
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/ddcl/CN/10.14075/j.jgg.2024.03.108
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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