Article(id=1322933545915789948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, issueId=1322933542426116991, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14075/j.jgg.2024.02.081, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1708963200000, receivedDateStr=2024-02-27, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793341536262, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1736870400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793341536262, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793341536262, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793341536262, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322933542426116991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, year='2025', volume='45', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='110', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1736870400000', pubDateStr='2025-01-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793341535431, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793341535431, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=29, endPage=35, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322933546301665917, articleId=1322933545915789948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=EN, title=Research on GPS/INS Integrated Navigation Algorithm under Open-Pit Mining Environment, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The road in the open-pit mining area is narrow, with many curves, rubbles, and bumpy roads. The special surface closed loop leads to system model anomalies and measurement noise uncertainty problems during positioning of transport vehicles. To address the above issues, we propose an SVD-AUKF algorithm with a noise estimator. The algorithm suppresses the pathological matrix that occurs during the filtering process by singular value decomposition of the covariance matrix, estimates the measurement noise using the Sage-Husa estimator, reduces the system state error, and introduces an adaptive factor to correct the system model error in real time to suppress the filtering divergence. We apply and test the proposed SVD-AUKF algorithm to the GPS/INS integrated navigation system model on a vehicle in a mining environment. The results show that the new algorithm has good applicability, with position accuracy improvements of approximately 50.69%, 51.20%, and 48.54% compared to the AUKF algorithm; speed accuracy improvements of approximately 31.24%, 33.83%, and 31.30% in E, N, U directions, which can effectively improve the filtering performance and increase system positioning accuracy.

, authors=Ting HAO1, Lizhen CUI1, *, Yongxing DU1, Baoliang MA1, authorsList=Ting HAO, Lizhen CUI, Yongxing DU, Baoliang MA, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Lizhen CUI, authorNote=

HAO Ting, postgraduate, majors in wireless positioning and navigation and inertial navigation fusion positioning algorithm, E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved, without authorization, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322933549124432520, articleId=1322933545915789948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=CN, title=露天矿区环境下GPS/INS组合导航算法研究, columnId=1322506169105633839, journalTitle=大地测量与地球动力学, columnName=现代大地测量, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对露天矿区道路窄、弯道多, 沿途布满碎石、路面颠簸不平, 导致运输车辆在定位时出现系统模型异常及量测噪声不确定性的问题, 提出一种带有噪声估计器的SVD-AUKF算法。该算法通过对协方差矩阵进行奇异值分解, 抑制滤波过程中出现的病态矩阵, 利用Sage-Husa估计器对量测噪声进行估计, 减少系统状态误差, 引入自适应因子实时修正系统模型误差以抑制滤波发散。将提出的SVD-AUKF算法应用于GPS/INS组合导航系统模型, 并在矿山环境下进行车载实验, 结果表明, 新算法适用性好, 相较AUKF算法, 每个定位点在东、北、天方向上的位置精度分别提高50.69%、51.20%、48.54%, 速度精度分别提高31.24%、33.83%、31.30%, 能够有效改善滤波性能, 提高系统定位精度。

, authors=郝婷1, 崔丽珍1, *, 杜永兴1, 马宝良1, authorsList=郝婷, 崔丽珍, 杜永兴, 马宝良, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=崔丽珍, authorNote=

郝婷, 硕士生, 主要研究方向为无线定位导航和惯导融合定位算法, E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=

崔丽珍, 教授, 主要研究方向为无线传感器网络、移动智能感知及定位技术, E-mail:

CUI Lizhen, professor, majors in wireless sensor networks, mobile intelligent perception and positioning technology, E-mail:

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Equipment parameters

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设备 参数 数值
陀螺仪陀螺仪零漂 2.5°/h
角度随机游走 0.3°/ $ $
采样率 200 Hz
加速度计加速度计零偏 30 μg
速度随机游走 66.67 μg/ $ $
采样率 200 Hz
), ArticleFig(id=1322940418228355610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322933545915789948, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

设备参数

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设备 参数 数值
陀螺仪陀螺仪零漂 2.5°/h
角度随机游走 0.3°/ $ $
采样率 200 Hz
加速度计加速度计零偏 30 μg
速度随机游走 66.67 μg/ $ $
采样率 200 Hz
), ArticleFig(id=1322940418656174619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322933545915789948, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Comparison of test sequence data

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序列编号 序列时长/s 序列全长/m
1 641 1 685.22
2 942 3 017.68
3 1 755 5 781.58
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测试序列数据对比

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序列编号 序列时长/s 序列全长/m
1 641 1 685.22
2 942 3 017.68
3 1 755 5 781.58
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Statistics on positioning accuracy of different sequences under different algorithms

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序列名称 算法 位置RMSE/m 速度RMSE/m·s-1
东向 北向 天向 东向 北向 天向
序列1UKF 1.717 0 2.070 8 0.687 6 0.027 6 0.034 5 0.037 1
AUKF 1.019 2 0.938 9 0.385 6 0.017 4 0.016 1 0.010 9
SVD-AUKF 0.484 2 0.416 0 0.193 8 0.011 6 0.010 7 0.007 7
序列2UKF 1.661 7 2.062 8 1.498 4 0.048 4 0.060 5 0.060 7
AUKF 0.981 5 0.983 8 0.529 1 0.027 9 0.028 6 0.018 5
SVD-AUKF 0.506 6 0.507 2 0.300 3 0.018 8 0.018 3 0.011 8
序列3UKF 2.029 8 2.247 9 1.464 4 0.058 9 0.065 1 0.056 7
AUKF 1.261 6 1.229 9 0.934 5 0.036 0 0.035 7 0.024 7
SVD-AUKF 0.615 8 0.621 4 0.442 5 0.026 0 0.024 3 0.017 7
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不同序列在不同算法下的定位精度统计

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序列名称 算法 位置RMSE/m 速度RMSE/m·s-1
东向 北向 天向 东向 北向 天向
序列1UKF 1.717 0 2.070 8 0.687 6 0.027 6 0.034 5 0.037 1
AUKF 1.019 2 0.938 9 0.385 6 0.017 4 0.016 1 0.010 9
SVD-AUKF 0.484 2 0.416 0 0.193 8 0.011 6 0.010 7 0.007 7
序列2UKF 1.661 7 2.062 8 1.498 4 0.048 4 0.060 5 0.060 7
AUKF 0.981 5 0.983 8 0.529 1 0.027 9 0.028 6 0.018 5
SVD-AUKF 0.506 6 0.507 2 0.300 3 0.018 8 0.018 3 0.011 8
序列3UKF 2.029 8 2.247 9 1.464 4 0.058 9 0.065 1 0.056 7
AUKF 1.261 6 1.229 9 0.934 5 0.036 0 0.035 7 0.024 7
SVD-AUKF 0.615 8 0.621 4 0.442 5 0.026 0 0.024 3 0.017 7
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露天矿区环境下GPS/INS组合导航算法研究
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郝婷 1 , 崔丽珍 1, * , 杜永兴 1 , 马宝良 1
大地测量与地球动力学 | 现代大地测量 2025,45(1): 29-35
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大地测量与地球动力学 |现代大地测量 2025 , 45 (1) : 29 -35
露天矿区环境下GPS/INS组合导航算法研究
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郝婷1 , 崔丽珍1, * , 杜永兴1, 马宝良1
作者信息
  • 1 内蒙古科技大学数智产业学院, 内蒙古自治区包头市阿尔丁大街7号, 014010
通讯作者:

崔丽珍, 教授, 主要研究方向为无线传感器网络、移动智能感知及定位技术, E-mail:

CUI Lizhen, professor, majors in wireless sensor networks, mobile intelligent perception and positioning technology, E-mail:

作者简介:

郝婷, 硕士生, 主要研究方向为无线定位导航和惯导融合定位算法, E-mail:

Research on GPS/INS Integrated Navigation Algorithm under Open-Pit Mining Environment
Ting HAO1 , Lizhen CUI1, * , Yongxing DU1, Baoliang MA1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Digital and Intelligent Industry, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, 7 Alding Street, Baotou 014010, China
  • HAO Ting, postgraduate, majors in wireless positioning and navigation and inertial navigation fusion positioning algorithm, E-mail:

出版时间: 2025-01-15 doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.02.081
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针对露天矿区道路窄、弯道多, 沿途布满碎石、路面颠簸不平, 导致运输车辆在定位时出现系统模型异常及量测噪声不确定性的问题, 提出一种带有噪声估计器的SVD-AUKF算法。该算法通过对协方差矩阵进行奇异值分解, 抑制滤波过程中出现的病态矩阵, 利用Sage-Husa估计器对量测噪声进行估计, 减少系统状态误差, 引入自适应因子实时修正系统模型误差以抑制滤波发散。将提出的SVD-AUKF算法应用于GPS/INS组合导航系统模型, 并在矿山环境下进行车载实验, 结果表明, 新算法适用性好, 相较AUKF算法, 每个定位点在东、北、天方向上的位置精度分别提高50.69%、51.20%、48.54%, 速度精度分别提高31.24%、33.83%、31.30%, 能够有效改善滤波性能, 提高系统定位精度。

无迹卡尔曼滤波  /  Sage-Husa估计器  /  SVD-AUKF  /  松组合  /  露天矿区

The road in the open-pit mining area is narrow, with many curves, rubbles, and bumpy roads. The special surface closed loop leads to system model anomalies and measurement noise uncertainty problems during positioning of transport vehicles. To address the above issues, we propose an SVD-AUKF algorithm with a noise estimator. The algorithm suppresses the pathological matrix that occurs during the filtering process by singular value decomposition of the covariance matrix, estimates the measurement noise using the Sage-Husa estimator, reduces the system state error, and introduces an adaptive factor to correct the system model error in real time to suppress the filtering divergence. We apply and test the proposed SVD-AUKF algorithm to the GPS/INS integrated navigation system model on a vehicle in a mining environment. The results show that the new algorithm has good applicability, with position accuracy improvements of approximately 50.69%, 51.20%, and 48.54% compared to the AUKF algorithm; speed accuracy improvements of approximately 31.24%, 33.83%, and 31.30% in E, N, U directions, which can effectively improve the filtering performance and increase system positioning accuracy.

unscented Kalman filter  /  Sage-Husa estimator  /  SVD-AUKF  /  loose combination  /  open-pit mine
郝婷, 崔丽珍, 杜永兴, 马宝良. 露天矿区环境下GPS/INS组合导航算法研究. 大地测量与地球动力学, 2025 , 45 (1) : 29 -35 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.02.081
Ting HAO, Lizhen CUI, Yongxing DU, Baoliang MA. Research on GPS/INS Integrated Navigation Algorithm under Open-Pit Mining Environment[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 2025 , 45 (1) : 29 -35 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.02.081
发展矿山智能化、改革矿山开采方式,已成为全球矿业未来发展的必然趋势。露天矿区运输不同于一般道路运输,其环境恶劣、扬尘严重、道路狭窄弯道众多、路面颠簸不平,特殊的地表封闭圈要求车辆在运输过程中需贴着道路侧边行驶[1]。为实现对矿区环境下运输车辆的安全导航,需要有高精度、高适用性的定位导航技术。
惯性导航系统(INS)能够在任何工作环境下实现全天候实时高精度定位输出,但由于其系统误差会随时间积累,使用时间越长误差越大,定位精度越低。全球定位系统(GPS)能够及时反馈定位信息,长时间使用不会出现误差累积,但环境的干扰会导致GPS定位精度下降,甚至无法工作[2]。对于矿车安全导航的实现,单一定位技术难以同时满足定位精度、稳定性和适用性的需求[3]。由于INS定位技术和GPS定位技术天然的互补特性[4],能够使用GPS/INS组合导航系统来获取车辆位置估计的最优解,实现运输路径的全局定位。GPS与INS定位技术结合能够充分发挥各自优势[5],有效提高系统的抗干扰和防故障能力,保证系统长期稳定运行。在露天矿区环境下,若直接将导航参数输入组合导航模型进行滤波处理,无法有效去除传感器测量中的噪声和干扰,容易受到环境条件影响导致输出结果不稳定。因此,GPS/INS组合导航的实现须建立非线性模型来描述导航参数误差的完整传播过程,传感器融合也需要采用非线性滤波器[6]。
基于前人研究成果[7-12],针对露天矿区颠簸的路面环境以及特殊的行驶路线,提出一种带有噪声估计器的SVD-AUKF GPS/INS组合导航算法。该算法将传统UKF算法中的Cholesky分解替换为奇异值分解(SVD),以抑制系统状态方差矩阵的负定性[13];同时利用Sage-Husa估计器估计系统噪声的统计特性,减小估计误差;再通过引入自适应因子Δ实时修正系统模型误差,抑制滤波发散。将提出的SVD-AUKF算法应用于GPS/INS组合导航系统,并在矿山环境下进行车载实验,结果证明,新算法能够有效提高矿区车辆的定位精度。
在GPS/INS组合导航系统的非线性滤波中,根据耦合形式及观测信息的不同,可以分为松组合、紧组合和深组合。为实现高精度、易操作的定位系统,本文选择结构简单的松组合模型进行导航解算,导航坐标系为东北天坐标系,载体坐标系为右前上。GPS/INS组合导航系统的状态方程和量测方程如下:
组合导航的状态量选取为15维,分别由惯导系统误差、陀螺仪常值漂移误差及加速度计常值偏置误差构成,具体定义为:
$\begin{array}{l}\boldsymbol {X}(t) = \left[ {{\varphi _{\rm{E}}}{\rm{ }}{\varphi _{\rm{N}}}{\rm{ }}{\varphi _{\rm{U}}}{\rm{ }}\delta {v_{\rm{E}}}{\rm{ }}\delta {v_{\rm{N}}}{\rm{ }}\delta {v_{\rm{U}}}{\rm{ }}\delta L{\rm{ }}\delta \lambda } \right.\\{\rm{ }}\left. {\begin{array}{*{20}{l}}{\delta h{\rm{ }}{\varepsilon _{bx}}}&{{\varepsilon _{by}}}&{{\varepsilon _{bz}}}&{{\nabla _{bx}}}&{{\nabla _{by}}}&{{\nabla _{bz}}}\end{array}} \right]\end{array}$
式中,φE、φN、φU分别为东、北、天方向的姿态角误差;δvE、δvN、δvU分别为东、北、天方向的速度误差; δL、δλ、δh分别为纬度、经度和高度误差; εbx、εby、εbz分别为陀螺仪3个轴向的零漂误差; $\nabla_{b x}$、$\nabla_{b y}$、$\nabla_{b z}$分别为加速度计3个轴向的零偏误差。
系统状态方程为:
$\dot{\boldsymbol{X}}(t)=\boldsymbol{f}(\boldsymbol{X}(t))+\boldsymbol{W}(t)$
式中,f (∙)为状态转移矩阵;X (t)为系统状态量;W(t)为系统噪声向量。利用姿态误差方程、速度误差方程、位置误差方程, 及陀螺仪加速度计的随机误差方程能够确定系统的f (∙)与W (t)。
组合导航系统将GPS与INS输出的速度差与位置差作为量测量,定义如下:
$\begin{gathered}\boldsymbol{Z}(t)=\left[\begin{array}{c}\boldsymbol{Z}_{\mathrm{v}}(t) \\\boldsymbol{Z}_{\mathrm{p}}(t)\end{array}\right]= \\{\left[\Delta v_{\mathrm{E}} \quad \Delta v_{\mathrm{N}} \quad \Delta v_{\mathrm{U}} \quad \Delta L \quad \Delta \lambda \quad \Delta h\right]^{\mathrm{T}}}\end{gathered}$
式中,ΔvE、ΔvN、ΔvU分别表示GPS输出与惯导系统输出的速度差;ΔL、Δλ、Δh分别为GPS输出与惯导系统输出的位置差。
系统量测方程为:
$\boldsymbol{Z}(t)=\boldsymbol{H}(t) \boldsymbol{X}(t)+\boldsymbol{V}(t)$
式中,H (t)为量测矩阵;Z (t)为系统量测量;V (t)为量测噪声向量。
本文针对露天矿区颠簸的路面环境及特殊的行驶路线造成定位过程中存在的系统模型异常及量测噪声不确定的问题,提出一种带有估计器的SVD-AUKF算法。该算法通过奇异值分解抑制分解过程中的病态矩阵,利用Sage-Husa估计器对量测噪声进行估计,引入自适应因子修正系统模型误差,抑制滤波发散,提高定位准确性和稳定性。
在UKF算法运行过程中,需要对状态方差矩阵P进行Cholesky分解,利用得到的$\sqrt{\boldsymbol{P}}$进行Sigma采样点计算。在系统应用中,由于迭代过程中模型扰动、系统及噪声的不确定性可能造成P失去正定性[14],系统矩阵出现病态问题,Cholesky分解失效,导致滤波无法进行。SVD分解[15]不需要被分解的矩阵P是对称正定矩阵,且SVD分解精度高,易于在计算机上实现。因此,本文采用SVD分解进行Sigma采样点计算,保证P在失去正定性的情况下仍能正常计算。
假设存在一个m×n维的矩阵A,满足A ∈ R m×n(m≥n),则A的SVD分解式为:
$\boldsymbol{A}=\boldsymbol{U} \boldsymbol{\mathit \Lambda} \boldsymbol{V}^{\mathrm{T}}=\boldsymbol{U}\left[\begin{array}{ll}\boldsymbol{L} & 0 \\0 & 0\end{array}\right] \boldsymbol{V}^{\mathrm{T}}$
式中,L =diag(l1, l2, …, lr)为A的奇异值,其中l1≥l2≥…≥lr≥0,Λ ∈ R m×n;U和V分别为矩阵A的左、右奇异向量,U ∈ R m×m,V ∈ R n×n。
针对定位过程中量测噪声的不确定性,可以使用Sage-Husa估计器对Rk进行估计。对于时变噪声而言,大量利用历史数据进行估计会存在误差,应该强调新近数据的作用,采用渐消记忆指数加权法给每项值乘以不同的加权系数,改变新旧数据的权重,提高对时变噪声的估计精度[16]。利用Sage-Husa估计器对 Rk估计过程如下:
$\boldsymbol{R}_k=\left(1-d_k\right) \boldsymbol{R}_{k-1}+d_k\left(\boldsymbol{\varepsilon}_k \boldsymbol{\varepsilon}_k^{\mathrm{T}}-\boldsymbol{H}_k \boldsymbol{P}_{k-1} \boldsymbol{H}_k^{\mathrm{T}}\right)$
式中,dk=(1-b)/(1-bk+1);b为遗忘因子。遗忘因子通常表示新近量测数据对当前估计过程的作用,噪声统计变化较快时,b应取值偏大;估计参数变化较慢时,b应取值偏小,但不能取值过小,否则会造成噪声估计值产生剧烈跳变。因此,b的取值范围通常为0.95 < b < 0.99[17]。Hk代表量测矩阵。$\boldsymbol{\varepsilon}_k=\boldsymbol{Z}_k-\boldsymbol{H}_k \hat{\boldsymbol{X}}_{k / k-1}-\hat{\boldsymbol{r}}_{k-1}$,其中,Zk代表实际的量测量,$\hat{\boldsymbol{X}}_k$代表预测的状态估计量,$\hat{\boldsymbol{r}}_k$代表量测噪声的协方差矩阵。
针对定位过程中存在的系统模型异常问题,传统UKF算法对于组合导航系统已建立确定的状态和量测模型,无法根据系统异常变化对模型进行调节,这会造成滤波后的导航定位效果不佳,甚至出现滤波发散问题[18]。为解决上述问题,本文基于新息构造出系统状态模型的误差判别统计量,并引入自适应因子Δ。
构建非线性系统模型,系统状态方程和量测方程式为:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\boldsymbol{X}_k=\boldsymbol{f}\left(\boldsymbol{X}_{k-1}\right)+\boldsymbol{W}_{k-1} \\\boldsymbol{Z}_k=\boldsymbol{H}_k \boldsymbol{X}_k+\boldsymbol{V}_k\end{array}\right.$
式中,X k为k时刻的系统状态量;Zk为k时刻的量测量;f (·)为非线性函数的状态模型;Hk为量测矩阵;系统噪声Wk-1和量测噪声Vk满足以下条件:
$\begin{aligned}& E\left[\boldsymbol{W}_k\right]=E\left[\boldsymbol{V}_k\right]=0, E\left[\boldsymbol{W}_k \boldsymbol{V}_j^{\mathrm{T}}\right]=0, \\& E\left[\boldsymbol{W}_k \boldsymbol{W}_j^{\mathrm{T}}\right]=\boldsymbol{Q}_k, E\left[\boldsymbol{V}_k \boldsymbol{V}_j^{\mathrm{T}}\right]=\boldsymbol{R}_k\end{aligned}$
式中, Qk和 Rk分别为系统噪声和量测噪声的自协方差矩阵。
定义量测值与预测量测值之间的差(即预测量测误差)为新息,即
$\boldsymbol{e}_k=\boldsymbol{Z}_k-\boldsymbol{H}_k \hat{\boldsymbol{X}}_{k \mid k-1}$
在组合导航系统中,量测量的个数通常比状态量个数少。为判断系统状态是否异常,可根据新息的协方差理论值和估计值构建状态模型的误差判别统计量Δek:
$\Delta \boldsymbol{e}_k=\frac{\operatorname{tr}\left(\hat{\boldsymbol{S}}_k\right)}{\operatorname{tr}\left(\boldsymbol{S}_k\right)}$
式中,tr(·)为矩阵的迹,即矩阵对角线元素之和;Sk为新息协方差的理论计算值,$\hat{\boldsymbol{S}}_k$为新息协方差估计值,定义如下:
$\boldsymbol{S}_k=\boldsymbol{H}_k \boldsymbol{P}_{k \mid k-1} \boldsymbol{H}_k^{\mathrm{T}}+\boldsymbol{R}_k$
$\hat{\boldsymbol{S}}_k=\frac{1}{N} \sum\limits_{i=1}^N \boldsymbol{e}_{k+1-i} \boldsymbol{e}_{k+1-i}^{\mathrm{T}}$
式中,N为估计窗口宽度,通常取值为1~3,本文取值为2。
自适应因子Δ可以表示为:
$\Delta=\left\{\begin{array}{l}1, \Delta \boldsymbol{e}_k \leqslant c \\\frac{c}{\Delta \boldsymbol{e}_k}, \Delta \boldsymbol{e}_k>c\end{array}\right.$
式中,c为检验常数,通常情况下为1~3,本文取值为1。
1) 初始化状态变量X0的估计值$\hat{\boldsymbol{X}}_0$、误差协方差矩阵P0及滤波过程中的加权系数:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\hat{\boldsymbol{X}}_0=E\left(\boldsymbol{X}_0\right) \\\boldsymbol{P}_0=E\left[\left(\boldsymbol{X}_0-\hat{\boldsymbol{X}}_0\right)\left(\boldsymbol{X}_0-\hat{\boldsymbol{X}}_0\right)^{\mathrm{T}}\right]\end{array}\right.$
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\omega_0^{\mathrm{m}}=\frac{\lambda}{n+\lambda} \\\omega_0^{\mathrm{c}}=\frac{\lambda}{n+\lambda}+\left(1-\alpha^2+\beta\right) \\\omega_i^{\mathrm{m}}=\omega_i^{\mathrm{c}}=\frac{1}{2(n+\lambda)}, i=1 \sim 2 n\end{array}\right.$
式中,ωm、ωc为计算Sigma点均值和方差时的权重系数;n为状态变量的维数;α决定Sigma采样点的离散度,通常满足10-4≤α≤1,选取α为10-3;β为一个负的权系数,用于融合分布的先验内容,通常取β=2;λ为比例因子,计算公式为:
$\lambda=\alpha^2(n+\kappa)-n$
式中,κ为二次缩放参数,通常为0。
2) 基于SVD分解构建Sigma点对协方差矩阵Pk-1进行分解:
$\boldsymbol{P}_{k-1}=\boldsymbol{U}_{k-1} \boldsymbol{\Lambda}_{k-1} \boldsymbol{V}_{k-1}^{\mathrm{T}}$
式中,Λk-1为矩阵Pk-1的奇异值矩阵,根据SVD分解后的Pk-1计算Sigma点:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\boldsymbol{\chi}_{0, k-1}=\hat{\boldsymbol{X}}_{k-1} \\\boldsymbol{\chi}_{i, k-1}=\hat{\boldsymbol{X}}_{k-1}+\left(\rho \boldsymbol{U}_{k-1} \sqrt{\boldsymbol{\Lambda}_{k-1}}\right)_i, i=1, \cdots, n \\\boldsymbol{\chi}_{i, k-1}=\hat{\boldsymbol{X}}_{k-1}-\left(\rho \boldsymbol{U}_{k-1} \sqrt{\boldsymbol{\Lambda}_{k-1}}\right)_i, i=n+1, \cdots, 2 n\end{array}\right.$
式中,ρ表示缩放比例因数,取值为1≤ρ≤ $\sqrt 2 $。
3) 利用k-1时刻的Sigma点进行时间更新,通过状态模型计算k时刻的状态量:
$\boldsymbol{\chi}_{i, k \mid k-1}=f\left(\boldsymbol{\chi}_{i, k-1}\right), i=0, \cdots, 2 n$
$\hat{\boldsymbol{X}}_{k \mid k-1}=\sum\limits_{i=0}^{2 n} W_i^{\mathrm{m}} \boldsymbol{\chi}_{i, k \mid k-1}$
$\boldsymbol { \mathit\Lambda}_{i, k / k-1}=\operatorname{SVD}\left(\sqrt{W_i^c}\left(\boldsymbol{\chi}_{i, k-1}-\hat{\boldsymbol{X}}_{k \mid k-1}\right)\right)$
$\overline{\boldsymbol{\mathit \Lambda}}_{i, k / k-1}=\frac{\boldsymbol{\mathit \Lambda}_{i, k / k-1}}{\sqrt{\Delta}}$
式中,Δ为自适应因子,通过Δ对 Λ i, k/k-1和$\overline{\boldsymbol{\mathit \Lambda}}_{i, k / k-1}$进行修正,用于调整更新后的状态量。其协方差矩阵Pk|k-1计算如下:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\boldsymbol{\chi}_{0, k / k-1}=\boldsymbol{\chi}_{0, k-1} \\\boldsymbol{\chi}_{i, k / k-1}=\boldsymbol{\chi}_{i, k-1}+\left(\rho \boldsymbol{U}_{k-1} \sqrt{\boldsymbol{\mathit \Lambda}_{k / k-1}}\right)_i, \\\quad i=1, \cdots, n \\\boldsymbol{\chi}_{i, k / k-1}=\boldsymbol{\chi}_{i, k-1}+\left(\rho \boldsymbol{U}_{k-1} \sqrt{\boldsymbol{\mathit \Lambda}_{k / k-1}}\right)_i, \\\quad i=n+1, \cdots, 2 n\end{array}\right.$
$\hat{\boldsymbol{X}}_{k \mid k-1}=\sum\limits_{i=0}^{2 n} W_i^{\mathrm{m}} \boldsymbol{\chi}_{i, k \mid k-1}$
$\begin{gathered}\boldsymbol{P}_{k \mid k-1}=\sum\limits_{i=0}^{2 n} W_i^c\left(\boldsymbol{\chi}_{i, k \mid k-1}-\hat{\boldsymbol{X}}_{k \mid k-1}\right) \cdot \\\left(\boldsymbol{\chi}_{i, k \mid k-1}-\hat{\boldsymbol{X}}_{k \mid k-1}\right)^{\mathrm{T}}+\boldsymbol{Q}_{k-1}\end{gathered}$
4) 量测更新:
$\hat{\boldsymbol{Z}}_{k \mid k-1}=\boldsymbol{H}_k \hat{\boldsymbol{X}}_{k \mid k-1}$
$\hat{\boldsymbol{r}}_k=\left(1-d_k\right) \hat{\boldsymbol{r}}_{k-1}+d_k\left(\boldsymbol{Z}_k-\boldsymbol{H}_k \hat{\boldsymbol{X}}_{k-1}\right)$
$\boldsymbol{R}_k=\left(1-d_k\right) \boldsymbol{R}_{k-1}+d_k\left(\boldsymbol{\varepsilon}_k \boldsymbol{\varepsilon}_k^{\mathrm{T}}-\boldsymbol{H}_k \boldsymbol{P}_{k-1} \boldsymbol{H}_k^{\mathrm{T}}\right)$
$d_k=\frac{(1-b)}{\left(1-b^{k+1}\right)}$
$\boldsymbol{P}_{Z Z}=\boldsymbol{H}_k \boldsymbol{P}_{k \mid k-1} \boldsymbol{H}_k^{\mathrm{T}}+\boldsymbol{R}_k$
$\boldsymbol{P}_{X Z}=\boldsymbol{P}_{k \mid k-1} \boldsymbol{H}_k^{\mathrm{T}}$
5) 计算滤波增益:
$\boldsymbol{K}_k=\boldsymbol{P}_{X Z} \boldsymbol{P}_{Z Z}^{-1}$
6) 当前时刻状态量均值$\hat{\boldsymbol{X}}_k$与方差Pk校正:
$\hat{\boldsymbol{X}}_k=\hat{\boldsymbol{X}}_{k \mid k-1}+\boldsymbol{K}_k\left(\boldsymbol{Z}_k-\hat{\boldsymbol{Z}}_{k \mid k-1}\right)$
$\boldsymbol{P}_k=\boldsymbol{P}_{k \mid k-1}-\boldsymbol{K}_k \boldsymbol{P}_{Z Z} \boldsymbol{K}_k^{\mathrm{T}}$
7) 自适应因子Δ更新:
$\Delta=\left\{\begin{array}{l}1, \Delta \boldsymbol{e}_k \leqslant c \\\frac{c}{\Delta \boldsymbol{e}_k}, \Delta \boldsymbol{e}_k>c\end{array}\right.$
为进一步验证本文算法的有效性,于2023-06-23在内蒙古哈尔乌素露天煤矿进行数据采集,该矿区道路崎岖不平,路面布满山石碎块。
露天矿区实地数据采用超核电子CH110型九轴惯导作为惯性测量单元,使用北斗星通C200卫星接收机进行GPS定位。为满足行驶速度要求,露天矿区实地采集搭载平台为矿用皮卡。GPS数据更新率为1 Hz,IMU器件性能参数如表1所示。
本文选取3条不同长度、不同路面颠簸程度的实测序列,采用传统UKF算法、AUKF算法与提出的SVD-AUKF算法进行滤波处理,对定位结果进行对比分析。测试序列参数如表2所示,3条序列的路面颠簸程度由重到轻为:序列2>序列3>序列1。
在相同的实验条件下,使用矿山实测数据中单点定位结果作为GPS/INS松组合模型的量测值,将具有cm级精度的RTK定位结果作为运行过程中的参考真值。鉴于露天矿山的特殊地形条件,对3条序列的天向位置变化进行对比分析,序列1~3的天向位置变化曲线如图1~3所示。
结合图1~3进行对比分析发现,传统UKF算法对于颠簸程度较严重的序列2和序列3的定位效果较差,SVD-AUKF算法在不同颠簸路面下的定位效果均表现良好。在环境异常时,协方差矩阵易失去正定性,UKF算法中的Cholesky分解失效,导致定位失败;连续颠簸的车辆运动容易造成量测数据突变,AUKF算法无法有效估计量测噪声,定位结果也不准确。而SVD-AUKF算法中的SVD分解在出现非正定矩阵的情况下也能保持算法的稳定性,在面对突发变化时,Sage-Husa估计器能够更快地适应新的噪声特性,根据当前k时刻输入的量测数据更新噪声Rk;通过更新后的Rk构建状态模型的误差判别统计量Δ ek,对自适应因子Δ进行调整;利用计算得到的Δ对下一时刻的状态协方差矩阵进行修正,实现在露天矿区复杂多变的环境下,准确稳定地提供定位信息。
本文仅给出序列3的位置误差和速度误差曲线,如图4和5所示。为更直观地对3种不同算法进行分析,对前文所述位置与速度误差进行均方根统计,结果如表3所示。
由图4和5能够看出,相对于传统UKF算法及改进的AUKF算法,本文提出的SVD-AUKF算法在定位精度上有明显提高,对速度滤波效果同样较优。SVD-AUKF算法更适用于露天矿区颠簸复杂的路面及地理环境,能有效提高组合导航系统的定位精度。同时,结合图1~3及表3可见,SVD-AUKF算法的滤波效果较UKF算法及AUKF算法均有所提升,且对于不同长度、不同颠簸程度的序列,其滤波效果均有所改进,说明该算法适用性较好。SVD-AUKF算法较AUKF算法在东、北、天方向上位置精度分别提高50.69%、51.20%、48.54%,速度精度分别提高31.24%、33.83%、31.30%。
本文针对露天矿区颠簸的路面环境及特殊的行驶路线造成定位过程中系统模型异常及量测噪声不确定的问题,提出一种带有噪声估计器的SVD-AUKF GPS/INS组合导航算法。为避免非正定矩阵造成系统分解失效,对协方差矩阵进行奇异值分解;利用Sage-Husa估计器估计系统噪声的统计特性,减小估计误差;通过引入自适应因子实时修正系统模型误差,在抑制滤波发散的同时提高定位精度。结果表明,本文基于估计器的SVD-AUKF算法滤波效果及适用性均有所提升,较AUKF算法每个定位点在东、北、天方向上的位置精度分别提高50.69%、51.20%、48.54%,速度精度分别提高31.24%、33.83%、31.30%。
  • 国家自然科学基金(62261042)
  • 内蒙古自治区科技计划(2019GG328)
  • 内蒙古自治区科技计划(2022YFSH0051)
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2025年第45卷第1期
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文章信息
doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.02.081
  • 接收时间:2024-02-27
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-01-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-02-27
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(62261042)
国家自然科学基金(62261042)
Science and Technology Project of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region(2019GG328)
内蒙古自治区科技计划(2019GG328)
Science and Technology Project of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region(2022YFSH0051)
内蒙古自治区科技计划(2022YFSH0051)
作者信息
    1 内蒙古科技大学数智产业学院, 内蒙古自治区包头市阿尔丁大街7号, 014010

通讯作者:

崔丽珍, 教授, 主要研究方向为无线传感器网络、移动智能感知及定位技术, E-mail:

CUI Lizhen, professor, majors in wireless sensor networks, mobile intelligent perception and positioning technology, E-mail:

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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/ddcl/CN/10.14075/j.jgg.2024.02.081
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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