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Article(id=1239152905433969126, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238822807409311748, issueId=1239152904658022886, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11686/cyxb2019543, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1575907200000, receivedDateStr=2019-12-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773366675002, onlineDateStr=2026-03-13, pubDate=1605801600000, pubDateStr=2020-11-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773366675002, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773366675002, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773366675002, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1239152904658022886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238822807409311748, year='2020', volume='29', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='204', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773366674818, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773366910226, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1239153892072673913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238822807409311748, issueId=1239152904658022886, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1239153892072673914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238822807409311748, issueId=1239152904658022886, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=10, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1239152909506638345, articleId=1239152905433969126, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238822807409311748, language=EN, title=Dynamic monitoring of net primary productivity and its response to climate factors in native grassland in Inner Mongolia using a light-use efficiency model, columnId=0, journalTitle=Acta Prataculturae Sinica, columnName=, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on a light-use efficiency model and MODIS data, the net primary productivity (NPP) of grassland during the growing seasons from 2000 to 2018 in native grassland in Inner Mongolia was continuously estimated, and the spatial-temporal change trend of NPP over the past 20 years was also analyzed using a least square method at pixel scale to determine the degree of grassland degradation. It was found that NPP increased from west to east across Inner Mongolia, with an annual average of 198.04 g C·m-2·yr-1. An area of potential grassland degradation of 162200 km2 was identified. The areas of severely and heavily degraded grassland identified were 2000 and 11100 km2, respectively. The latter were mainly distributed in areas with intensive human activities, such as mining areas, or construction land and its surrounding areas. In terms of grassland types, the potentially degraded areas of temperate steppe, temperate meadow, temperate desert and temperate desert-steppe were 52200, 14000, 40400 and 22100 km2 respectively. Through analyzing the correlation between NPP and climate factors in the last two decades, it was found that NPP is significantly correlated with precipitation, but has no correlation with temperature. The response of NPP to precipitation was the most sensitive in temperate meadow, that of temperate desert steppe was the second, and that of temperate steppe was the lowest. Based on the above results, this paper puts forward some suggestions for grassland ecological protection.

, correspAuthors=Gui-xiang LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*Corresponding author. E-mail:
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利用光能利用率模型和MODIS数据对内蒙古天然草原2000-2018年植被生长期草原净初级生产力进行连续动态监测,并在像元尺度利用最小二乘法分析了近20年植被净初级生产力(NPP)时空变化规律。结果表明:近20年中,内蒙古天然草原NPP在空间上呈由西向东递增分布规律,年均NPP为198.04 g C·m-2·a-1,潜在草地退化面积16.22万km2,其中重度、较重度面积分别为0.20万和1.11万km2,主要分布于人类活动密集区域,如矿区、建设用地及周边;在草地类型上,温性草原、温性草甸草原、温性荒漠以及温性荒漠草原潜在退化面积分别为5.22万、1.40万、4.04万和2.21万km2。通过分析NPP与气候因子的相关性表明:近20年,内蒙古草原NPP与降水具有显著相关性,与温度无相关性;温性草甸草原NPP对降水的响应最敏感,温性荒漠草原其次,温性草原对降水响应最低。研究还根据上述结果,围绕草地生态保护提出了建议。

, correspAuthors=刘桂香, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*通信作者. E-mail:
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作者简介:乌尼图(1988-),男,蒙古族,内蒙古锡林浩特人,在读博士。E-mail:

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Grassland Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot 010010, China)]), AuthorCompany(id=1239152909997371938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238822807409311748, articleId=1239152905433969126, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239152910001566244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238822807409311748, articleId=1239152905433969126, companyId=1239152909997371938, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China)]), AuthorCompany(id=1239152910060286501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238822807409311748, articleId=1239152905433969126, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239152910068675111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238822807409311748, articleId=1239152905433969126, companyId=1239152910060286501, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3. Grassland Investigation and Planning Institute of Inner Mongolia, Hohhot 010051, China)]), AuthorCompany(id=1239152910186115629, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238822807409311748, articleId=1239152905433969126, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239152910194504237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238822807409311748, articleId=1239152905433969126, companyId=1239152910186115629, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.中国农业科学院草原研究所,内蒙古 呼和浩特010010)]), AuthorCompany(id=1239152910274196017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238822807409311748, articleId=1239152905433969126, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239152910286778932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238822807409311748, articleId=1239152905433969126, companyId=1239152910274196017, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.中国农业科学院研究生院,北京100081)]), AuthorCompany(id=1239152910379053632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238822807409311748, articleId=1239152905433969126, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239152910387442241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238822807409311748, articleId=1239152905433969126, companyId=1239152910379053632, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.内蒙古自治区草原勘察规划院,内蒙古 呼和浩特010051)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1239152914472694606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238822807409311748, articleId=1239152905433969126, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=

Map of study area

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研究区概况

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Linear regression analysis of simulated and measured values of NPP in the study area

, figureFileSmall=oeyNB6GbPQKfnk91/hmrzw==, figureFileBig=NZYz8vPaEKsOeZ9xXT4yoQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239152914959233918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238822807409311748, articleId=1239152905433969126, language=CN, label=图2, caption=

研究区NPP模拟值与实测值线性回归分析

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Spatial distribution of NPP in Inner Mongolia native grassland in recent 20 years

, figureFileSmall=qT9JXB3jEQUX1jWlx764kQ==, figureFileBig=7rWz7Yfmg4xn9pFqPPoBvA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239152915168949133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238822807409311748, articleId=1239152905433969126, language=CN, label=图3, caption=

近20年内蒙古天然草地NPP空间分布规律

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The variation trend of NPP in Inner Mongolia native grassland in recent 20 years

, figureFileSmall=QOA/MT0/7qUwsxB7qAtlIA==, figureFileBig=OIehUp4Rwx0lKUXFfjInkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239152915387052961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238822807409311748, articleId=1239152905433969126, language=CN, label=图4, caption=

近20年内蒙古天然草原NPP变化趋势

, figureFileSmall=QOA/MT0/7qUwsxB7qAtlIA==, figureFileBig=OIehUp4Rwx0lKUXFfjInkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239152915491910575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238822807409311748, articleId=1239152905433969126, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=

Potential grassland degradation area and restoration area of main grassland types in Inner Mongolia in recent 20 years

, figureFileSmall=5wU/43g79x84YaSjIHjHaQ==, figureFileBig=LtFzDQm7FeuligGLHpz7Ug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239152915588379576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238822807409311748, articleId=1239152905433969126, language=CN, label=图5, caption=

近20年内蒙古主要草地类型潜在草地退化面积和草地NPP恢复面积
A: 温性草原 Temperate steppe; B:温性草甸草原 Temperate meadow; C: 温性荒漠 Temperate desert; D: 温性荒漠草原 Temperate desert-steppe; E: 全区草地 Grassland of Inner Mongolia.

, figureFileSmall=5wU/43g79x84YaSjIHjHaQ==, figureFileBig=LtFzDQm7FeuligGLHpz7Ug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239152915730985920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238822807409311748, articleId=1239152905433969126, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=

Response of NPP and precipitation (A) and temperature (B) in Inner Mongolia native grassland in recent 20 years

, figureFileSmall=4KLZm3vFMIkYJ8yED25igg==, figureFileBig=Lek0gECVUqjvHPKwGoGzjA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239152915840037835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238822807409311748, articleId=1239152905433969126, language=CN, label=图6, caption=

近20年内蒙古天然草原NPP与降水(A)和温度(B)的响应关系

, figureFileSmall=4KLZm3vFMIkYJ8yED25igg==, figureFileBig=Lek0gECVUqjvHPKwGoGzjA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239152917379347415, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238822807409311748, articleId=1239152905433969126, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=

Correlation test of NPP with precipitation (A) and temperature (B) in Inner Mongolia native grassland in recent 20 years

, figureFileSmall=PBR/8HZ2LyLbUPUjpSWedQ==, figureFileBig=lx/OLhwiphdn2qeutdj2Kg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239152917467427806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238822807409311748, articleId=1239152905433969126, language=CN, label=图7, caption=

近20年内蒙古天然草原NPP与降水(A)、温度(B)的相关性检验

, figureFileSmall=PBR/8HZ2LyLbUPUjpSWedQ==, figureFileBig=lx/OLhwiphdn2qeutdj2Kg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239152917656171502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238822807409311748, articleId=1239152905433969126, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Maximum and minimum values of NDVI and SR of each grassland type in Inner Mongolia

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号Number 草地类型Grassland types NDVImax NDVImin SRmax SRmin εmax
1 温性草原类Temperate steppe 0.914 0.107 22.25 1.23 0.542
2 温性草甸类Temperate meadow 0.931 0.223 27.98 1.57 0.542
3 温性荒漠类Temperate desert 0.681 0.029 5.11 1.05 0.542
4 温性草原化荒漠类Temperate steppe-desert 0.703 0.073 5.73 1.15 0.542
5 温性荒漠草原类Temperate desert-steppe 0.751 0.084 7.03 1.18 0.542
6 低地草甸类Lowland meadow 0.929 0.034 27.17 1.07 0.542
7 山地草甸类Mountain meadow 0.929 0.257 27.17 1.69 0.542
8 沼泽类Swamp 0.634 0.023 4.46 1.05 0.542
), ArticleFig(id=1239152917832332280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238822807409311748, articleId=1239152905433969126, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

内蒙古各草地类型NDVI、SR指数最大值和最小值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号Number 草地类型Grassland types NDVImax NDVImin SRmax SRmin εmax
1 温性草原类Temperate steppe 0.914 0.107 22.25 1.23 0.542
2 温性草甸类Temperate meadow 0.931 0.223 27.98 1.57 0.542
3 温性荒漠类Temperate desert 0.681 0.029 5.11 1.05 0.542
4 温性草原化荒漠类Temperate steppe-desert 0.703 0.073 5.73 1.15 0.542
5 温性荒漠草原类Temperate desert-steppe 0.751 0.084 7.03 1.18 0.542
6 低地草甸类Lowland meadow 0.929 0.034 27.17 1.07 0.542
7 山地草甸类Mountain meadow 0.929 0.257 27.17 1.69 0.542
8 沼泽类Swamp 0.634 0.023 4.46 1.05 0.542
), ArticleFig(id=1239152917924606973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238822807409311748, articleId=1239152905433969126, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Grassland degradation level in Inner Mongolia

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号
Number		 退化程度
Degradation level		 趋势度
Trend (×10-2)		 说明
Description
1 轻度Slightly 0~31.80 草地生产力下降、群落结构未变。The productivity of grassland decreased and community structure remained unchanged.
2 中度Moderate 31.80~83.46 草地生产力连续下降,有土地贫瘠现象。The productivity of grassland is continuously decreasing, and the land is barren.
3 较重度Heavily 83.46~110.77 草地沙化、盐渍化现象明显。The desertification and salinization of grassland are obvious.
4 重度Severe >110.77 草地完全沙化或被改造利用。Grasslands are completely sandy or changed.
), ArticleFig(id=1239152918021074947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238822807409311748, articleId=1239152905433969126, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

内蒙古草地生产力退化程度分级

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号
Number		 退化程度
Degradation level		 趋势度
Trend (×10-2)		 说明
Description
1 轻度Slightly 0~31.80 草地生产力下降、群落结构未变。The productivity of grassland decreased and community structure remained unchanged.
2 中度Moderate 31.80~83.46 草地生产力连续下降,有土地贫瘠现象。The productivity of grassland is continuously decreasing, and the land is barren.
3 较重度Heavily 83.46~110.77 草地沙化、盐渍化现象明显。The desertification and salinization of grassland are obvious.
4 重度Severe >110.77 草地完全沙化或被改造利用。Grasslands are completely sandy or changed.
), ArticleFig(id=1239152918117543946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238822807409311748, articleId=1239152905433969126, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

The correlation area between NPP and precipitation of grassland types in Inner Mongolia in recent 20 years (×104 km2)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目
Item		 温性草原类
Temperate steppe		 温性草甸类
Temperate meadow		 温性荒漠草原类
Temperate desert-steppe		 温性荒漠类
Temperate desert
显著相关 Significant correlation (P<0.05) 19.24 6.59 8.65 12.44
不相关 Zero correlation (P>0.05) 6.97 1.33 2.01 4.32
显著相关 Significant correlation (P<0.01) 8.85 3.86 4.35 5.79
不相关 Zero correlation (P>0.01) 17.36 4.06 6.30 10.98
), ArticleFig(id=1239152918209818638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238822807409311748, articleId=1239152905433969126, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

近20年内蒙古各草地类型NPP与降水的相关性面积

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目
Item		 温性草原类
Temperate steppe		 温性草甸类
Temperate meadow		 温性荒漠草原类
Temperate desert-steppe		 温性荒漠类
Temperate desert
显著相关 Significant correlation (P<0.05) 19.24 6.59 8.65 12.44
不相关 Zero correlation (P>0.05) 6.97 1.33 2.01 4.32
显著相关 Significant correlation (P<0.01) 8.85 3.86 4.35 5.79
不相关 Zero correlation (P>0.01) 17.36 4.06 6.30 10.98
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基于光能利用率模型的内蒙古天然草原植被净初级生产力动态监测与气候因子的响应
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乌尼图 1, 2 , 刘桂香 1, * , 杨勇 3 , 宋向阳 3 , 白海花 1
草业学报 | 研究论文 2020,29(11): 1-10
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草业学报 | 研究论文 2020, 29(11): 1-10
基于光能利用率模型的内蒙古天然草原植被净初级生产力动态监测与气候因子的响应
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乌尼图1, 2 , 刘桂香1, * , 杨勇3, 宋向阳3, 白海花1
作者信息
  • 1.中国农业科学院草原研究所,内蒙古 呼和浩特010010
  • 2.中国农业科学院研究生院,北京100081
  • 3.内蒙古自治区草原勘察规划院,内蒙古 呼和浩特010051

通讯作者:

*通信作者. E-mail:
Dynamic monitoring of net primary productivity and its response to climate factors in native grassland in Inner Mongolia using a light-use efficiency model
Ni-tu WU1, 2 , Gui-xiang LIU1, * , Yong YANG3, Xiang-yang SONG3, Hai-hua BAI1
Affiliations
  • 1. Grassland Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot 010010, China
  • 2. Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
  • 3. Grassland Investigation and Planning Institute of Inner Mongolia, Hohhot 010051, China
出版时间: 2020-11-20 doi: 10.11686/cyxb2019543
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摘要
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利用光能利用率模型和MODIS数据对内蒙古天然草原2000-2018年植被生长期草原净初级生产力进行连续动态监测,并在像元尺度利用最小二乘法分析了近20年植被净初级生产力(NPP)时空变化规律。结果表明:近20年中,内蒙古天然草原NPP在空间上呈由西向东递增分布规律,年均NPP为198.04 g C·m-2·a-1,潜在草地退化面积16.22万km2,其中重度、较重度面积分别为0.20万和1.11万km2,主要分布于人类活动密集区域,如矿区、建设用地及周边;在草地类型上,温性草原、温性草甸草原、温性荒漠以及温性荒漠草原潜在退化面积分别为5.22万、1.40万、4.04万和2.21万km2。通过分析NPP与气候因子的相关性表明:近20年,内蒙古草原NPP与降水具有显著相关性,与温度无相关性;温性草甸草原NPP对降水的响应最敏感,温性荒漠草原其次,温性草原对降水响应最低。研究还根据上述结果,围绕草地生态保护提出了建议。

光能利用率模型  /  MODIS  /  草地净初级生产力  /  气候因子

Based on a light-use efficiency model and MODIS data, the net primary productivity (NPP) of grassland during the growing seasons from 2000 to 2018 in native grassland in Inner Mongolia was continuously estimated, and the spatial-temporal change trend of NPP over the past 20 years was also analyzed using a least square method at pixel scale to determine the degree of grassland degradation. It was found that NPP increased from west to east across Inner Mongolia, with an annual average of 198.04 g C·m-2·yr-1. An area of potential grassland degradation of 162200 km2 was identified. The areas of severely and heavily degraded grassland identified were 2000 and 11100 km2, respectively. The latter were mainly distributed in areas with intensive human activities, such as mining areas, or construction land and its surrounding areas. In terms of grassland types, the potentially degraded areas of temperate steppe, temperate meadow, temperate desert and temperate desert-steppe were 52200, 14000, 40400 and 22100 km2 respectively. Through analyzing the correlation between NPP and climate factors in the last two decades, it was found that NPP is significantly correlated with precipitation, but has no correlation with temperature. The response of NPP to precipitation was the most sensitive in temperate meadow, that of temperate desert steppe was the second, and that of temperate steppe was the lowest. Based on the above results, this paper puts forward some suggestions for grassland ecological protection.

light-use efficiency model  /  MODIS  /  net primary productivity of grassland  /  climate factors
乌尼图, 刘桂香, 杨勇, 宋向阳, 白海花. 基于光能利用率模型的内蒙古天然草原植被净初级生产力动态监测与气候因子的响应. 草业学报, 2020 , 29 (11) : 1 -10 . DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2019543
Ni-tu WU, Gui-xiang LIU, Yong YANG, Xiang-yang SONG, Hai-hua BAI. Dynamic monitoring of net primary productivity and its response to climate factors in native grassland in Inner Mongolia using a light-use efficiency model[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2020 , 29 (11) : 1 -10 . DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2019543
正文
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草地是陆地最大的生态系统之一,不仅是承载人类活动重要的“场所”,而且具有很高的生态服务价值[1]。据联合国粮农组织(Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, FAO)最新统计表明,世界草地面积约为0.35亿km2,占世界陆地面积的26%,占世界农业总面积的70%,是发展畜牧业经济的载体[2]。近些年,受过度开发利用以及气候变化的影响,草地减产、草地退化现象日益严重,成为制约经济可持续发展,威胁区域生态安全的主要障碍[3]。我国草地面积约为393万km2,约占国土面积的40%,天然牧草种类达5000多种,位居世界第一位,但受人类活动和气候的影响,我国近90%的天然草原出现了不同程度的退化[1,3]。
植被净初级生产力(net primary productivity, NPP)是植被通过光合作用所同化的有机物量中扣除自养呼吸后的剩余部分[4]。NPP作为地表碳循环的重要组成部分,不仅直接反映了植被群落在自然环境条件下的生产能力,而且还是判定生态系统健康状况的重要指标[5]。自20世纪60年代以来,遥感技术的发展为宏观尺度草地生产力监测提供了技术支撑,尤其自多光谱影像问世以来,国内外学者围绕植被光学遥感开展了大量研究,发展了大量可实施的NPP估算模型方法[6,7]。早期的模型主要利用植被指数结合实测数据进行NPP的修正和模拟[8],近年来则将生态系统碳循环过程与遥感技术结合,建立碳通量过程的遥感模型,具代表性的有GLO-PEM[9]、VPM[10]、EC-LUE[11]和CASA[12]等,由于这类模型具有模拟生态过程、易获取基础参数等优势,被广泛应用于植被NPP的计算中。但在区域尺度应用上述模型还需在关键参数上进行修正,以确保模型精度[8]。针对我国植被特点,国内一批学者[13,14,15]通过构建基于光能利用率的NPP估算模型,取得了较好的模拟精度。
内蒙古草原是我国北方天然草原的重要组成部分,在宏观尺度下研究草地NPP的空间变化规律,以及NPP与水热条件的响应规律对于合理利用草地资源具有重要意义。近年来,大批学者针对内蒙古草地NPP开展了遥感监测研究[16,17,18,19,20],从不同侧面增强了对内蒙古草原生态的了解,也为本研究开展大尺度草地遥感监测提供了宝贵经验。本研究在学习和借鉴上述研究方法的基础上,利用MODIS作为数据源,以朱文泉等[14]构建的光能利用率模型作为NPP估测模型,在1 km×1 km栅格像元尺度分析内蒙古天然草原植被NPP在近20年的时空变化规律,并结合气象数据分析草地NPP对水热供给的响应关系,为草原生态修复以及区域生态规划提供科学依据。
1 材料与方法
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1.1 研究区概况
内蒙古自治区地处中国北部边疆(E 97°12'-126°04',N 37°24'-53°23'),东西直线跨度达2400 km,土地面积118.3万km2,其中天然草原面积达78.6万km2,占自治区总面积的66.4%[21]。内蒙古地形条件复杂,平均海拔900~1300 m,主要由内蒙古高平原、鄂尔多斯高平原、大兴安岭山地、阴山山地、贺兰山山地、河套平原等地貌单元构成。内蒙古属干旱大陆性气候,年均气温由东北向西南递升,由低温区年均-3~-5 ℃上升至高温区年均8~9 ℃,具有冬季寒冷,夏季温热,有效积温多等特点;年降水量自东南向西北递减,由大兴安岭山地年降水450 mm递减至贺兰山以西年降水150~250 mm,具有冬春少雨雪,夏季多雨,降水变率大,保证率低等特点;全区年太阳总辐射在0.50~0.70 MJ·cm-2,由东向西递增,年日照时数在2600~3400 h,自东北向西南递增[17-18,21]。内蒙古土壤类型主要以草原土为主,自东向西依次分布黑土带-黑钙土带-栗钙土带-棕钙土带-漠钙土带-灰棕钙土带[21]。根据第一次全国草地资源普查和《中国草地分类原则与分类系统》,内蒙古天然草原可划分为温性草甸草原类、温性草原类、温性荒漠草原类、温性草原化荒漠类、温性荒漠类、低地草甸类、山地草甸类和沼泽类8个大类、21个亚类以及476个草地型[21](图1)。
1.2 数据来源与处理
本研究数据资料包括遥感数据、气象数据、样地实测数据和地图界限数据。由于研究区属于干旱与半干旱地区,草地植被生长期主要集中于4月初-9月底,因此,遥感影像选取2000-2018年4-9月MOD13A3,数据来源于美国地质勘探局数据共享中心(http://www.usgs.gov);气象数据选取2000-2018年4-9月内蒙古及周边8个省区市94个气象站点月均温、月降水以及全国677个气象站点月日照数据,来源于中国气象数据网(http://data.cma.cn);样地实测数据为研究区固定监测点历年监测数据;研究区地图界限数据来源于全国地理信息资源目录服务系统中《1:100万全国基础地理数据库》(http://www.webmap.cn)。遥感数据的投影、拼接、裁剪和格式转化等预处理工作在ENVI和ArcGIS上进行,气象数据在ANUSPLIN上进行插值,NPP利用朱文泉等[14]开发的光能利用率模型插件进行估算。
1.3 草地净初级生产力计算
朱文泉等[14,15]根据中国植被实测数据,在已有模型基础上,修正了各植被类型最大光能利用率,构建了新的光能利用率模型,该模型具有符合中国植被实际情况、模型因子获取简单、可操作性强等特点,具有较高的应用价值。本研究基于朱文泉等[14]构建的光能利用率模型估算草地净初级生产力,公式如下:
NPP(x,t)=APAR(x,t)×ε(x,t)
APAR(x,t)=SOL(x,t)×FPAR(x,t)×0.5
ε(x,t)=Tε1 (x,t)×Tε2 (x,t)×Wε (x,t)×εmax
式中:APAR(absorbed photosynthetic active radiation)为植被光合有效辐射;ε为光能利用率;SOL(solar radiation)为太阳总辐射,由气象数据插值获得;FPAR(fraction of photosynthetically active radiation)为植被冠层对入射APAR的吸收比,可通过归一化植被指数(normalized difference vegetation index, NDVI)和比值植被指数(simple ratio index, SR)的线性关系获得;0.5为植被所吸收的太阳有效辐射分量占SOL的比例系数;Tε (x,t)和Wε (x,t)分别为温度因子和水胁迫因子,均由气象数据插值获得。
FPAR计算公示如下:
FPAR= [ NDVI ( x , t ) - NDV I min ] ( FPA R max - FPA R min ) ( NDV I max - NDV I min ) + FPA R min
FPAR= [ SR ( x , t ) - S R min ] ( FPA R max - FPA R min ) ( S R max - S R min ) + FPA R min
内蒙古草原NDVI、SR的最大值和最小值由2000-2018年MODIS-NDVI平均值和草地类型界限数据裁剪并统计得出(表1)。
1.4 模型验证
选取研究区2017年8月固定监测点(均匀分布于研究区各草地类型)实测产量数据对模型估算NPP值进行验证。由于实测产量数据单位是干物质重量,在转换成以碳为单位重量时需乘以0.45的系数[22]。
1.5 NPP变化趋势
采用基于最小二乘法的一元线性公式对研究区NPP数据集进行趋势分析,公式如下:
TREND= n × ∑ i = 1 n i × NP P i - ∑ i = 1 n i ∑ i = 1 n NP P i n × ∑ i = 1 n i 2 - ∑ i = 1 n i 2
式中:TREND代表趋势大小,若TREND>0,则表示NPP增加,且数值越大,NPP增加越大;TREND<0,表示NPP下降,且数值越小,NPP下降越快。i代表第几年度(1代表2000年,2代表2001年,…,19代表2018年),NPPi表示第i年的NPP值。
为直观体现草地生产力退化程度,将研究区NPP下降趋势栅格像元(TREND<0)结合土地利用现状数据和实地调查资料,制定了包括重度、较重度、中度、轻度4个级别的退化分级标准(表2)。
1.6 NPP与气候因子的相关分析
本研究基于像元尺度研究近20年内蒙古草地NPP与气候因子(年均温度和年降水)的相关性。为消除NPP与气候因子间的潜在控制变量的影响,本研究采用偏相关分析法,公式如下:
r XY · Z = r XY - r XZ × r YZ ( 1 - r XZ 2 ) ( 1 - r YZ 2 )
式中:rXY·Z为以Z为控制变量的变量X与变量Y的偏相关系数;rXY、rXZ、rYZ分别为变量X与Y、X与Z、Y与Z之间的相关系数。由于草地NPP、年降水和年均温度都是连续型数据,本研究采用皮尔森相关系数来反映各变量之间的相关系数,公式如下:
r XY = ∑ i = 1 n ( x i - x ̅ ) ( y i - y ̅ ) ∑ i = 1 n ( x i - x ̅ ) 2 ∑ i = 1 n ( y i - y ̅ ) 2
式中:rXY为变量X与Y间的皮尔森相关系数;xi为变量X观测值,yi为变量Y观测值, x ̅ 为变量X多年观测平均值, y ̅ 为变量Y多年观测平均值。
2 结果与分析
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2.1 模型精度分析
通过NPP模拟值与NPP实测值的相关分析表明,模拟值与实测值之间的相关性达到显著水平(P<0.05,n=786)(图2),可以认为,基于MODIS数据和光能利用率模型的研究区草地植被NPP估算符合研究要求精度。
2.2 草原植被NPP空间分布规律
2000-2018年内蒙古天然草地NPP在空间上呈由西向东递增分布规律(图3),年均NPP为198.04 g C·m-2·a-1,其中内蒙古东部大兴安岭山地段森林、杂类草地片区年均NPP呈最高,均值高于350 g C·m-2·a-1;呼伦贝尔东部丘陵平原线叶菊(Filifolium sibiricum)、贝加尔针茅(Stipa baicalensis)草地片区以及乌珠穆沁丘陵平原贝加尔针茅、羊草(Leymus chinensis)、杂类草地片区年均NPP其次,均值在300~350 g C·m-2·a-1;锡林郭勒中部高平原大针茅(Stipa grandis)、隐子草(Cleistogenes squarrosa)、冷蒿(Artemisia frigida)草地片区以及通辽市南部草地年均NPP在200~300 g C·m-2·a-1。随着经度的西移,在大尺度上内蒙古中西部草地NPP均值在100~250 g C·m-2·a-1;西部干旱荒漠区,草地NPP年均值在50 g C·m-2·a-1以下,尤其在阿拉善极干旱荒漠地区,草地NPP年均值不到10 g C·m-2·a-1。
在草地类型上,近20年山地草甸和低地草甸年均NPP较高,分别达410.48和441.56 g C·m-2·a-1;温性草甸、温性草原、温性荒漠草原类年均NPP分别为416.84、257.00、140.68 g C·m-2·a-1;温性草原化荒漠、温性荒漠年均NPP分别为92.76和31.28 g C·m-2·a-1。
2.3 草原植被NPP时间变化规律
在1 km×1 km像元尺度对研究区草原植被NPP变化趋势分析发现,自2000年以来,潜在退化草地总面积为16.22万km2,约占全区总草地面积的20%,分布于全区草地大部,在呼伦贝尔草原东部、锡林郭勒草原大部以及阿拉善西部分布较为集中(图4)。其中全区重度退化草原面积约为0.20万km2,较重度退化面积1.11万km2,中度退化面积为3.45万km2,轻度退化面积为11.46万km2;研究区近20年草地生产力恢复面积为16.96万km2,约占全区总草地面积的21%,主要分布于鄂尔多斯市大部、锡林郭勒中东部及呼伦贝尔草原西部;近20年来NPP变化基本趋于稳定的草地面积为40.88万km2,分布于全区大部。
从草地类型上来看,在近20年中,内蒙古温性草原、温性草甸草原、温性荒漠以及温性荒漠草原潜在退化面积分别为5.22万、1.40万、4.04万和2.21万km2,草地生产力恢复面积分别为8.16万、3.51万、0.15万和1.59万km2(图5)。
2.4 草原植被NPP对气候因子的响应
水热是植被赖以生存的必要条件,水热供给不足会导致植被长势的下降以及植被种群退化[23]。通过研究区2000-2018年草地NPP栅格数据集与同期年均温度和年降水栅格数据集的偏相关分析得出,NPP与年降水相关系数明显高于NPP与年均温度相关系数,且以正相关为主,数值在0.3~0.8;NPP与年均温度相关系数则在不同草地类型、不同空间分布上明显不同(图6)。
由于相关系数是由样本数据计算出来的,要得到研究区草地NPP与气候因子是否显著相关,则需要对相关系数进行统计检验。分别对草地NPP与年降水、年均温度的相关性进行置信度95%的t检验(零假设:r0=0,即NPP与气候因子不相关)得出(图7),在置信度为95%的置信区间,研究区绝大多数草地NPP与年降水具有显著相关性(P<0.05,n=19),但在呼伦贝尔低地草甸草原类、锡林郭勒中部温性草原类、鄂尔多斯温性草原类以及阿拉善温性荒漠类等个别像元斑块草地NPP与年降水不具有相关性;在草地NPP与年均温度方面,除锡林郭勒西部温性荒漠草原类型NPP与年均温度具有显著负相关外(P<0.05,n=19),其余均无相关性。
通过提取2000-2018年研究区草地NPP与降水相关性在草地类型上的分布面积可知,近20年内蒙古温性草甸草原NPP与降水的相关性最高,即对降水的响应最敏感,在置信度为95%和99%的置信区间,显著相关面积占该类型总面积的83.21%和48.74%,温性荒漠草原类型其次,达81.14%和40.96%,温性草原类型对降水的响应最低,达73.41%和33.77%(表3)。
3 讨论
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植被NPP对于反映植被群落功能完整性,评价生态系统健康具有重要意义,被众多学者喻为研究植被生态的“黄金指标”。本研究在借鉴李刚等[4]、朱文泉等[14]的NPP估算模型的基础上,针对内蒙古天然草原特点,对各草地类型NDVI、SR最大值和最小值进行了修正,使模型更加准确的模拟研究区草地NPP。结果也表明,NPP模拟值与实测值线性相关性达到显著性水平(P<0.05)。同时,对比其他研究结果,虽然研究时段和研究范围有所不同,但大多数基于光能利用率模型计算的内蒙古草地NPP均值在(290±55) g C·m-2·a-1,例如,穆少杰等[16]利用改进的CASA模型模拟的2001-2010年内蒙古草地NPP均值为281.3 g C·m-2·a-1;杨晗等[17]利用改进的CASA模型模拟的2001-2016年内蒙古草地NPP均值为343.46 g C·m-2·a-1;朱文泉等[20]利用光能利用率模型计算的2002年内蒙古草地NPP为259.9 g C·m-2·a-1。同样,本研究在不考虑荒漠类型的内蒙古草地NPP均值为293.22 g C·m-2·a-1,数值上与其他研究出入较小,可以认为修正后的模型可以较好地反映研究区草地NPP空间分布规律。
本研究通过内蒙古草地NPP与气候因子的偏相关分析表明,近20年草地NPP与水分条件的相关性要远高于NPP与温度的相关性,温度对NPP的作用主要来源于水分的“桥梁作用”,通过偏相关可消除。通过相关性检验可知,除个别地区外,内蒙古大部分草地NPP与年降水具有显著相关性,而与年均温度无显著性相关性。表明在1 km×1 km像元尺度,水分条件越好,其对应草地产量越高,因此在水分条件的限制作用下,在大尺度上形成了内蒙古天然草地NPP由西向东递增的分布规律。在草地类型上,温性草甸草原NPP对降水的响应最为敏感,温性荒漠草原其次,温性草原则最低。内蒙古温性草甸草原集中分布于大兴安岭山地及其岭西、岭东的高平原、低山丘陵地上,年降水充沛,导致牧草抗旱性普遍较差,长势易受降水影响,对水分的依赖性较强。温性荒漠草原类型主要以旱生、多年生丛生禾草为建群种,但在多雨年份,一年生夏雨型植被,如狗尾草(Setaria viridis)、冠芒草(Nneapogon borealis)、猪毛菜(Salsola collina)等很容易形成优势层片,对提高草地群落产量具有积极作用,在干旱年份,又由于得不到充足的水分而影响整体群落产量,所以温性荒漠草原因一年生草种对降水的响应较为敏感。导致温性草原对降水响应较低的原因很可能与人类活动有关。内蒙古温性草原面积大,分布广,承载人类活动集中,是发展畜牧业的主要物质来源地。自2000年以来,过度放牧,能源开发利用等现象频繁,导致在雨水充沛年份,牧草年均NPP受人类活动影响得不到有效递增,使得NPP与降水相关性降低。由草地NPP与温度的相关性分析结果可知,内蒙古中部温性荒漠草原以及部分温性草原产量与温度呈显著负相关性,这与温性荒漠草原植被水热特点有关外,还可能与插值栅格数据的自身误差有关,有待于今后进一步研究分析。
在像元尺度提取研究区天然草地NPP近20年的变化趋势发现,内蒙古天然草地退化趋势严峻,约占全区总草地面积的20%,其中重度、较重度退化草地斑块在呼伦贝尔市和锡林郭勒盟分布较为密集。自2000年以来,地方政府以能源发展为导向,开发建立了一批规模以上矿产企业,这无疑对当地生态环境带来一定影响。通过进一步分析发现,退化趋势值较高的像元主要出现在矿区及周边,而且这些像元周边一定范围内的像元也具有不同程度的退化趋势值,表明开采是短时间导致草地退化的主要因素之一。此外,在实施草原生态保护补助奖励政策之前,超载过牧等不合理利用现象严重,不少地方载畜量长期高于牧草理论载畜量,导致草地大面积退化和沙化[24,25,26]。通过结合草地NPP与降水的响应关系发现,局部地区草地与降水具有较低相关性,尤其是锡林郭勒中部温性草原区以及西南部温性荒漠草原NPP与降水呈显著不相关,即在水热条件良好的情况下,草地NPP具有下降趋势,表明近20年来受人类活动影响,草地退化趋势明显。因此,严禁草地非法征用和开采行为,制定科学合理的载蓄率,严禁超载过牧和无序打草,继续实施草原生态保护补助奖励政策是保护草地生态,坚持可持续发展的重要措施。
4 结论
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本研究基于光能利用率模型结合MODIS数据,在像元尺度分析了2000-2018年内蒙古天然草原NPP变化趋势及与降水和温度的响应规律,得出了如下结论:1)内蒙古天然草原在空间上呈由西向东递增分布规律,年均NPP为198.04 g C·m-2·a-1;2)内蒙古草地退化趋势严峻,潜在退化草地总面积为16.22万km2,约占全区总草地面积的1/5,同时草地生产力恢复面积为16.96万km2,约占全区总草地面积的21%。3)人类活动,尤其是开采利用是短时间导致草地退化的主要因素,应严禁草地非法征用和开采行为。4)近20年,总体上内蒙古草原NPP与降水具有显著相关性,与温度无相关性。5)近20年,内蒙古温性草甸草原NPP对降水的响应最敏感,温性荒漠草原其次,温性草原类型由于受人类活动影响对降水响应最低。
基金
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  • 中国农业科学院草原研究所科技创新工程“中蒙俄草原火灾联合监测防控研究”项目和内蒙古自治区科技计划项目(2060399-273)资助
文献
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参考文献 引证文献
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2020年第29卷第11期
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doi: 10.11686/cyxb2019543
  • 接收时间：2019-12-10
  • 首发时间：2026-03-13
  • 出版时间：2020-11-20
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  • 收稿日期：2019-12-10
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中国农业科学院草原研究所科技创新工程“中蒙俄草原火灾联合监测防控研究”项目和内蒙古自治区科技计划项目(2060399-273)资助
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    1.中国农业科学院草原研究所,内蒙古 呼和浩特010010
    2.中国农业科学院研究生院,北京100081
    3.内蒙古自治区草原勘察规划院,内蒙古 呼和浩特010051

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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