Article(id=1251458158296773358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251194880429441115, issueId=1251458153020342360, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3979/j.issn.1673-825X.202406210152, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1718899200000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-21, revisedDate=1758297600000, revisedDateStr=2025-09-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1776300475906, onlineDateStr=2026-04-16, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1776300475906, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1776300475906, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1776300475906, updator=13041195026, issue=Issue{id=1251458153020342360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251194880429441115, year='2025', volume='37', issue='5', pageStart='627', pageEnd='780', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1776300474648, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1776311939434, updator=13041195026, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1251506239914586238, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251194880429441115, issueId=1251458153020342360, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1251506239914586239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251194880429441115, issueId=1251458153020342360, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=647, endPage=657, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1251458158556820211, articleId=1251458158296773358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251194880429441115, language=EN, title=Energy-efficient computation offloading in wireless-powered mobile edge computing, columnId=1251458153846620250, journalTitle=Journal of Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications(Natural Science Edition), columnName=New-Generation Mobile Communication, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The integration of mobile edge computing(MEC)and wireless power transfer(WPT)can effectively alleviate the constraints of limited computing resources and battery capacity in wireless devices. To address the dynamic energy-efficient offloading problem in wireless-powered MEC systems under a nonlinear energy harvesting model, this paper proposes an energy consumption optimization algorithm based on Lyapunov optimization theory. By jointly optimizing the server's computing frequency, the energy station's transmit power, task offloading time, device transmit power, and local computing frequency, the algorithm minimizes the system's long-term average energy consumption while ensuring system stability. The stochastic optimization problem is transformed into a time-slot-based deterministic subproblem using Lyapunov optimization and solved through the Lagrange multiplier method and an improved whale optimization algorithm. Simulation results show that, compared with benchmark schemes, the proposed offloading strategy significantly reduces system energy consumption while maintaining long-term task queue stability.

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移动边缘计算(mobile edge computing,MEC)和无线能量传输(wireless power transfer,WPT)结合,可以有效缓解无线设备计算资源与电池能量受限问题。针对非线性能量收集模型下无线供能移动边缘计算系统的动态节能卸载问题,提出了一种基于Lyapunov优化理论的能耗优化算法。通过联合优化服务器计算频率、能量站发射功率、任务卸载时间、设备传输功率和本地计算频率,在保证系统稳定性的同时,最小化系统长期平均能量消耗;通过Lyapunov优化理论将随机优化问题转换为基于时隙的确定性子问题,并利用拉格朗日乘子法和改进鲸鱼优化算法进行求解。仿真结果表明,与基准方案对比,提出的计算卸载方案在保证任务队列长期稳定的同时,显著降低系统所需能量。

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唐宏
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唐宏,教授,博士,主要研究方向为移动通信、计算机网络、大数据技术与应用。E-mail:

戴佳妤,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为移动边缘计算、移动通信。E-mail:

赵文卓,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为边缘计算、移动通信、计算机网络。E-mail:

冯琛,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为通信系统、移动通信、计算机网络。E-mail:

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label=Fig.10, caption=Average queue length of users under different schemes, figureFileSmall=6nl3RnAmT0f2dvIfbIwvUw==, figureFileBig=ckGEe2L3ojnX3Y/kh49G5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251458188504150686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251194880429441115, articleId=1251458158296773358, language=CN, label=图10, caption=不同方案下的用户平均队列长度, figureFileSmall=6nl3RnAmT0f2dvIfbIwvUw==, figureFileBig=ckGEe2L3ojnX3Y/kh49G5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251458188558676640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251194880429441115, articleId=1251458158296773358, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Average queue length of server under different schemes, figureFileSmall=my1jR8fkmegIYt99cl99EQ==, figureFileBig=ObXDNvMgi1GK/FI8X0yDrw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251458188617396897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251194880429441115, articleId=1251458158296773358, language=CN, label=图11, caption=不同方案下的服务器平均队列长度, figureFileSmall=my1jR8fkmegIYt99cl99EQ==, figureFileBig=ObXDNvMgi1GK/FI8X0yDrw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251458188680311459, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251194880429441115, articleId=1251458158296773358, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=System average energy consumption under different schemes, figureFileSmall=qDjh2Q7Ye2ELYOMEMHOE6A==, figureFileBig=qvfl6XppWMCj8ylt4SO0Uw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251458188743226020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251194880429441115, articleId=1251458158296773358, language=CN, label=图12, caption=不同方案下的系统平均能耗, figureFileSmall=qDjh2Q7Ye2ELYOMEMHOE6A==, figureFileBig=qvfl6XppWMCj8ylt4SO0Uw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251458188814529189, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251194880429441115, articleId=1251458158296773358, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Simulation parameters setting

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数符号含义参数值
τ/s时隙长度1
Ck/(cycles·bit-1用户k计算1 bit所需CPU周期数100
/MHz用户k的最大计算频率300
/w用户k的最大发射功率0.12
B/MHz用户与基站之间的信道带宽2
Cm/(cycles·bit-1MEC服务器计算1 bit所需CPU周期数100
/GHzMEC服务器最计大算频率2
/w能量站最大发射功率4
M/w非线性能量收集模型参数0.024
a非线性能量收集模型参数150
b非线性能量收集模型参数0.014
), ArticleFig(id=1251458188877443751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251194880429441115, articleId=1251458158296773358, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

仿真参数设置

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数符号含义参数值
τ/s时隙长度1
Ck/(cycles·bit-1用户k计算1 bit所需CPU周期数100
/MHz用户k的最大计算频率300
/w用户k的最大发射功率0.12
B/MHz用户与基站之间的信道带宽2
Cm/(cycles·bit-1MEC服务器计算1 bit所需CPU周期数100
/GHzMEC服务器最计大算频率2
/w能量站最大发射功率4
M/w非线性能量收集模型参数0.024
a非线性能量收集模型参数150
b非线性能量收集模型参数0.014
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无线供能移动边缘计算的节能计算卸载研究
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唐宏 1, 2 , 戴佳妤 1, 2 , 赵文卓 1, 2 , 冯琛 1, 2
重庆邮电大学学报(自然科学版) | 新一代移动通信 2025,37(5): 647-657
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重庆邮电大学学报(自然科学版) | 新一代移动通信 2025, 37(5): 647-657
无线供能移动边缘计算的节能计算卸载研究
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唐宏1, 2 , 戴佳妤1, 2 , 赵文卓1, 2 , 冯琛1, 2
作者信息
  • 1重庆邮电大学 通信与信息工程学院,重庆 400065
  • 2重庆邮电大学 移动通信技术重庆市重点实验室,重庆 400065
  • 唐宏,教授,博士,主要研究方向为移动通信、计算机网络、大数据技术与应用。E-mail:

    戴佳妤,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为移动边缘计算、移动通信。E-mail:

    赵文卓,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为边缘计算、移动通信、计算机网络。E-mail:

    冯琛,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为通信系统、移动通信、计算机网络。E-mail:

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Energy-efficient computation offloading in wireless-powered mobile edge computing
Hong TANG1, 2 , Jiayu DAI1, 2 , Wenzhuo ZHAO1, 2 , Chen FENG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1School of Communications and Information Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, P. R. China
  • 2Chongqing Key Lab of Mobile Communications Technology, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, P. R. China
doi: 10.3979/j.issn.1673-825X.202406210152
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移动边缘计算(mobile edge computing,MEC)和无线能量传输(wireless power transfer,WPT)结合,可以有效缓解无线设备计算资源与电池能量受限问题。针对非线性能量收集模型下无线供能移动边缘计算系统的动态节能卸载问题,提出了一种基于Lyapunov优化理论的能耗优化算法。通过联合优化服务器计算频率、能量站发射功率、任务卸载时间、设备传输功率和本地计算频率,在保证系统稳定性的同时,最小化系统长期平均能量消耗;通过Lyapunov优化理论将随机优化问题转换为基于时隙的确定性子问题,并利用拉格朗日乘子法和改进鲸鱼优化算法进行求解。仿真结果表明,与基准方案对比,提出的计算卸载方案在保证任务队列长期稳定的同时,显著降低系统所需能量。

移动边缘计算  /  无线能量传输  /  李雅普诺夫优化  /  计算卸载

The integration of mobile edge computing(MEC)and wireless power transfer(WPT)can effectively alleviate the constraints of limited computing resources and battery capacity in wireless devices. To address the dynamic energy-efficient offloading problem in wireless-powered MEC systems under a nonlinear energy harvesting model, this paper proposes an energy consumption optimization algorithm based on Lyapunov optimization theory. By jointly optimizing the server's computing frequency, the energy station's transmit power, task offloading time, device transmit power, and local computing frequency, the algorithm minimizes the system's long-term average energy consumption while ensuring system stability. The stochastic optimization problem is transformed into a time-slot-based deterministic subproblem using Lyapunov optimization and solved through the Lagrange multiplier method and an improved whale optimization algorithm. Simulation results show that, compared with benchmark schemes, the proposed offloading strategy significantly reduces system energy consumption while maintaining long-term task queue stability.

mobile edge computing  /  wireless power transfer  /  Lyapunov optimization  /  computation offloading
唐宏, 戴佳妤, 赵文卓, 冯琛. 无线供能移动边缘计算的节能计算卸载研究. 重庆邮电大学学报(自然科学版), 2025 , 37 (5) : 647 -657 . DOI: 10.3979/j.issn.1673-825X.202406210152
Hong TANG, Jiayu DAI, Wenzhuo ZHAO, Chen FENG. Energy-efficient computation offloading in wireless-powered mobile edge computing[J]. Journal of Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications(Natural Science Edition), 2025 , 37 (5) : 647 -657 . DOI: 10.3979/j.issn.1673-825X.202406210152
随着通信技术和物联网技术的迅猛发展,种类繁多的智能应用层出不穷,物联网设备产生的数据量呈现指数级增长[1-2]。然而,受设备尺寸和成本限制,多数物联网设备的计算能力有限且电池容量不足,难以满足复杂移动应用业务的计算及长时间工作需求[3-5]。因此,如何为处理海量计算任务的物联网设备提供增强的计算能力和高效可持续的能源,成为一个关键问题。
结合移动边缘计算(mobile edge computing,MEC)和无线能量传输技术(wireless power transfer,WPT),可以有效解决设备计算能力不足和能源受限问题[6],提升无线设备的计算性能和续航能力。无线供能移动边缘计算(wireless powered mobile edge computing,WPMEC)系统中,MEC通过将计算密集型任务卸载至边缘服务器,有效增强设备的计算能力;WPT能够以无线方式为用户提供可持续的能源供应[7],用户通过计算卸载,高效完成不同任务,同时通过接收射频能量有效缓解电池能量不足问题,保证设备长期高效运行。
目前,针对无线供能移动边缘计算系统中的任务卸载与资源分配问题已有大量研究。文献[8]研究单用户WPMEC系统下的节能卸载问题,通过联合优化能量发射功率和任务分配,最小化WPT阶段的传输能耗。文献[9]将单用户拓展至多用户,研究不同网络规模下的用户计算速率加权和最大化问题。文献[10]针对多用户场景下的基站能耗最小化问题,使用拉格朗日对偶法获得了最优解的半闭式形式。区别于上述研究采用正交多址接入进行任务卸载,文献[11]研究了非正交多址WPMEC系统的计算能效最大化问题。文献[12]则对比研究了时分多址和非正交多址两种方式下的计算卸载策略。文献[13]结合深度强化学习,设计了一种在线卸载算法,以最大化用户计算速率加权和。文献[14]还考虑了云边协同服务,研究了三层WPMEC系统中的无线能量传输能耗最小化问题,并提出一种基于二分图匹配的优化算法。
然而,上述研究都假设信道状态或用户计算任务已知,侧重于短期优化,忽略了系统的长期性能优化。实际WPMEC系统通常难以准确获取计算任务到达和信道状态的分布信息。
针对上述问题,基于Lyapunov的随机优化技术是解决长期平均问题的有效方法,可将长期平均优化问题解耦为单个时隙内的确定性子问题,从而简化复杂的长期优化过程[15-19]。文献[15]研究单用户WPMEC系统中能耗与时延加权和最小化问题,考虑用户同时运行多个应用程序的任务,提出一种动态在线任务卸载策略;文献[16]研究了多用户WPMEC系统中的能效与时延均衡问题;文献[17]考虑信息年龄约束下的系统效用最大化问题,设计了一种基于Lyapunov优化的算法;文献[18]在考虑MEC服务器稳定性的前提下,研究了系统效用最大化问题,结合深度强化学习和Lyapunov优化理论设计了一种自适应卸载算法;文献[19]考虑多用户多服务器的WPMEC系统,通过联合优化通信、计算和能源资源的分配,提出一种基于扰动Lyapunov优化的动态吞吐量最大化算法。
总体而言,现有研究在能量传输阶段大都采用线性能量收集模型。然而,基于线性能量收集模型的资源分配方法并不匹配实际能量收集电路中功率传输的非线性特性,会导致资源分配有误。大多数基于单天线进行无线能量传输的模型,能量传输效率相对较低。因此,研究非线性能量收集下多天线WPMEC系统的长期性能优化问题十分有必要。本文主要工作如下。
1)基于非线性能量收集模型,考虑单服务器多用户WPMEC系统中任务随机到达和信道状态实时变化,在计算资源有限、任务队列长期稳定以及能量因果约束条件下,定义系统长期平均能耗最小化问题。
2)为了解决任务到达和无线信道状态的不确定性问题,运用Lyapunov随机优化理论,将原问题转换为每个时隙内的确定性子问题。
3)针对任务卸载和资源分配的联合优化问题,设计一种基于鲸鱼优化算法的解决方案,首先通过拉格朗日乘子法获得最优服务器计算频率,然后通过鲸鱼优化算法来获取最优本地计算频率、任务卸载时间、用户发射功率和能量站发射功率。
本文考虑一个多用户单服务器WPMEC系统如图1所示。系统由能量站、K个具有能量收集模块的用户设备和集成MEC服务器的基站组成,其中能量站配备多天线,用户配备单天线,用户集合为={1,2,…,k,…K},采取部分卸载方式,用户可以将任务部分或全部卸载至MEC服务器。为了避免干扰,下行能量传输和上行计算卸载在正交频带上可以同时进行。将系统运行时间划分成T个等长时隙,时隙长度为τ,时隙索引集合为={1,2,…t,…T}。
设备的能量收集电路和计算单元分离,因此用户能够同时进行能量收集和任务计算,并在整个时隙内进行本地计算,Ck表示设备计算1 bit数据所需的CPU周期数,fkt)表示设备在时隙t的计算频率。用户k在时隙t进行本地计算的任务量为
本文使用广泛采用的功耗模型来计算用户本地执行的能耗[16],用户k在时隙t的本地计算能耗为
式(2)中,κ=1×10-26,表示取决于用户设备芯片架构的有效电容系数[19]
用户以时分多址接入方式进行计算卸载,根据香农公式,用户k在时隙t卸载的任务量为
式(3)中:B表示信道带宽;τkt)表示用户任务卸载时间;pkt)表示用户传输功率;hkt)表示信道增益;σ2表示信道噪声。
用户k在时隙t的传输能耗为
fm,kt)表示MEC服务器在时隙t处理用户k卸载任务的计算频率,Cm表示计算每比特所需的CPU周期数,则MEC在时隙t计算用户k卸载的任务量为
用户设备配有任务缓存区,到达用户但尚未被执行的任务将在容量充足的任务缓冲区中排队等待处理。定义Qt)≜{Q1t),…,QKt)}为每个时隙开始时设备缓冲区的任务队列长度,则用户k在下一时隙的任务队列长度为
式(6)中:Dkt)=Dl,kt)+Do,kt)表示用户k在时隙t处理的总任务量;[·]+表示与零比较选较大者;Akt)表示t时隙末到达用户k的计算任务量,计算任务独立同分布,平均到达速率E[Akt)]=λk
MEC服务器为每个用户维护一个缓冲队列,用于存储卸载至服务器但未被执行的任务,定义为QMt)≜{t),…,t)}。Dm,kt)表示服务器处理来自第k个用户卸载的任务量,服务器缓存队列更新表示为
能量站通过波束成形将个K射频能量波束指向K个用户进行无线能量传输为设备供电,用ph,kt)表示在时隙t对应波束的发射功率。为了匹配实际的能量收集电路,本文采用了基于Logistic函数的非线性能量收集模型,可以更好地反映实际能量传输和收集之间的关系[20],表示为
式(8)中:M表示电路饱和时用户的最大收获功率;a表示关于输入功率的非线性能量转化速率;b表示能量收集电路的最小开启电压,Mab都是与详细电路规格有关的常数;gkt)表示信道增益。
在时隙t能量站为用户k供电产生的传输能耗为
基于非线性能量收集模型,用户k在时隙t收集的能量为
设备配有电池储存收集但未被使用的能量,用户k的电池能量队列更新表示为
式(11)中,ekt)=el,kt)+eo,kt)表示用户在时隙t处理任务消耗的能量。系统能耗包括能量站传输能耗和用户处理任务产生的能耗。
本文旨在满足任务队列稳定性和能量因果约束的情况下,通过联合优化服务器计算频率、本地计算频率、能量站发射功率、任务传输功率和任务卸载时间,最小化系统长期平均能耗,优化问题建模如下。
式(12)中:f={fm,kt),fkt)}表示计算资源决策集合;p={pkt),ph,kt)}表示功率分配决策集合;s={τkt)}表示卸载决策集合,即用户任务卸载时长;C1、C2表示用户任务卸载时长约束;C3表示用户计算频率约束;C4、C5表示MEC服务器的计算资源约束,分配给用户任务的计算频率之和不能超过服务器计算频率的上限;C6、C7表示能量站的发射功率约束;C8表示设备的传输功率约束;C9表示能量因果约束,当前设备消耗的能量不能超过当前电池可用能量;C10表示队列稳定性约束。
本文采用Lyapunov优化理论,将长期优化问题转换为只依赖于当前时隙的确定性子问题。定义联合队列Θt)={Qt),QMt)},Lyapunov二次函数表示为
当两种任务队列积压较少时,LΘt))的值会较小;相反,如果任意一种任务队列的积压增加,LΘt))的值将相应增大。任务队列越长,表明任务积压越严重,任务排队时间越长,系统越容易陷入不稳定状态。为稳定任务队列,引入Lyapunov漂移函数表示为
通过减小Δ(Θt)),从而减小前后两个时隙任务队列之间的偏移量,使得队列稳定。为了在保证队列稳定性的同时最小化系统能耗,定义Lyapunov漂移加惩罚函数为
式(15)中,V>0表示衡量惩罚的控制参数,用于反映任务队列和系统能耗之间的权衡。
在每个时隙下最小化ΔVΘt))的上界,可以最大限度地减小系统长期平均能耗,同时将任务队列维持在较低水平。接下来推导 ΔVΘt))的上界,根据式(6)—(7),并通过三角不等式有
将式(16)—(17)代入Lyapunov漂移函数中,可得
式(18)中,C=((t))2 +(t))2 +(t))2),是一个常数项,表示任务到达率、任务处理量和卸载量的上界和。因此,ΔVΘt))上界为
剔除式(19)中的常数项后,原优化问题转换为每一时隙下的确定性问题,即
问题P中MEC服务器的计算频率fm,kt)可以与其他变量分离,因此服务器计算资源分配可以单独优化。剩下的变量之间存在耦合关系,且约束条件存在非凸约束,采用改进鲸鱼优化算法进行求解。
将MEC服务器计算频率与其他变量进行分离,可得
式(21)为凸问题,故采用拉格朗日乘子法进行求解,ξ表示拉格朗日乘子,建立如下拉格朗日函数
通过KKT条件求解得到最优解t)为
用户传输功率pkt)与时间t存在耦合关系,故引入辅助变量εkt)=pktτkt),进行变量分离,则有
由于式(24)中存在非凸约束条件C7,且优化变量众多,使用传统的凸优化方法求解较为复杂,因此采用鲸鱼优化算法进行求解。鲸鱼优化算法(whale optimization algorithm,WOA)是模仿自然界中鲸鱼捕食行为的新型群体智能优化算法,将优化目标看作猎物位置,个体通过包围猎物、发泡网攻击、搜索捕食三种位置更新机制,不断更新个体位置,最终获得全局最优解[21]。鲸鱼优化算法参数少且易于实现,但容易陷入局部最优,本文引入Lévy飞行策略增加种群多样性,防止出现早熟收敛状态,增强跳出局部最优解的能力。
原始的WOA算法只适用于无约束优化,本文引入罚函数法来处理优化约束条件,个体适应度函数由目标函数和惩罚项组成。惩罚项一共4项,分别对应式(24)中的约束条件C2、C4、C6和C7,α表示惩罚因子,H(·)表示是否满足约束的指示函数,满足约束则为0,反之为1,具体表达式为
O表示式(24)的目标函数,则个体适应度函数表达式为
鲸鱼优化算法下的种群个体会在迭代过程中,将当前最优个体位置作为目标猎物位置,向最优个体更新位置,更新方式包括收缩包围和气泡网攻击。收缩包围更新机制为
式(27)中:i表示当前迭代次数;i)表示最优个体位置;是平衡位置更新探索与开发的系数向量,||<1时执行位置探索操作,||≥1时,执行位置的开发操作。计算表达式为
式(28)中:是控制迭代过程中探索和开发两阶段的参数,=2(1-i/Imax),Imax表示最大迭代次数;是属于[0,1]的一个随机向量。
鲸鱼实际捕猎中的发泡网攻击是在缩小的圆圈范围沿螺旋形路径移动,因此收缩包围与螺旋前进同时进行,为了对这种行为建模,假设每种机制以50%的概率执行。ρ表示[0,1]的随机数,ρ<0.5时以收缩包围方式更新位置,ρ≥0.5时执行螺旋更新机制,表示为
式(29)中:b是用于定义对数螺旋形状的常数;l是[-1,1]的一个随机数。
A≥1时,执行搜索觅食更新机制,这种操作可以拓展搜索空间。i)表示从当前种群随机选择的个体位置,搜索捕食更新机制为
Lévy飞行策略用于位置更新之后再次更新个体位置,函数表达式为
式(31)中:γrrand表示均匀分布在[0,1]的一个随机数;⊕表示点对点乘法;sign[·]是符号函数,因此sign[rrand-1/2]仅有三种取值:-1、0和1;RLevy表示服从莱维分布的路径,Levyu=t-λ,1<λ≤3。因为莱维分布非常复杂,一般用Mantegna算法生成与飞行行为相同的随机步长进行模拟,步长计算表示为
式(32)中:μν服从标准正态分布;β=1.5。
基于Lyapunov优化的能耗优化方案步骤如下。
步骤1 初始化系统参数和队列状态;
步骤2 每个时隙内,更新当前的任务到达和信道状态信息;
步骤3 进行MEC服务器计算资源分配,根据式(23)获得最优的服务器计算频率;
步骤4 通过鲸鱼优化算法获取最优本地计算频率、任务卸载时间、用户发射功率和能量站发射功率;
步骤5 更新系统状态,进行任务队列和能量队列更新。重复步骤2—步骤5,直到历经所有时隙。
综上,基于Lyapunov优化的能耗优化算法详细流程如算法1所示。
算法1 基于Lyapunov优化的能耗优化算法
算法1的计算复杂度主要来源于第4—22行使用鲸鱼优化算法进行卸载决策和资源分配的联合优化,其中计算适应度函数的计算复杂度为ON×D),N是鲸鱼种群的大小,D是搜索代理的维度,在每次迭代中更新所有搜索代理的位置向量需要ON×D)复杂度。因此,每一时隙内的计算复杂度为OImax×N×D),Imax是最大迭代次数;算法总复杂度为OT×Imax×N×D),T表示总时隙数。
为了验证所提算法的性能,本文将推导所提算法所得最优系统长期平均能耗与原问题最优值之间的差距,并推导平均任务队列长度的边界。为此,引入了引理1以评估算法性能。
引理1 假设原始系统能耗优化问题对某个任务到达率集合{λk}是严格可行的,则存在一个正值γ,使得原问题对于集合{λk+γ}仍然可行。那么,对于任意δ>0,有
式(33)—(35)中:t)表示通过Lyapunov优化求解获得的系统长期时间平均能耗;t)表示求解原优化问题获得的最优解。
引理1证明过程在此省略,详细证明可以参考文献[22]
通过引理1,可以得出定理1,该定理详细表征了所提算法的性能,可以得到系统长期平均能耗和平均任务队列长度的上界。
定理1 假设问题P是可行的,基于最坏情况推导系统长期平均能耗和平均任务队列长度,则有
证明 将式(33)—(35)代入式(19)中ΔVΘt))的上界,并取极限δ→0得
式(38)中: D=((t))2 +(t))2 +(t))2 +(t))2);t)、t)、t)和t)分别是Akt)、Dkt)、Dm,kt)和Do,kt)的上界。
对式(38)两边求迭代期望,并在时隙0~T-1上求和有
将式(39)两边除以VT,并让T→∞。γQkt)和t)都是非负的,将非负项进行适当缩放可得
对式(40)各项重新排列,则有
式(39)左右两边同时除以,并令T→∞,可得定理1成立。
定理1表明,在所提出能耗优化算法下,系统平均能耗与参数V呈反比递减关系,证明了算法的渐进最优性。同时平均总队列长度的上界随V线性增长,表明能耗与任务队列长度存在[O(1/V),OV)]的权衡关系。
为了验证计算卸载方案的可行性和有效性,本文使用MATLAB 2022a仿真平台进行实验分析,并将提出的方案与以下3种基准方案进行对比分析:①服务器计算频率均分方案:MEC计算资源均匀分配,用户卸载至服务器的任务都以相同频率进行计算;②能量发射功率均分方案:能量站以相同功率对用户进行能量传输;③文献[16]中基于线性能量收集模型的卸载方案:采用线性能量收集模型进行能量传输。
本文假设平均信道增益遵循自由空间路径损失模型=Ad表示天线增益;fc表示载波频率;de表示路径损耗指数;di表示传输距离,能量站与用户之间的距离均匀分布在(2.5,5.2)m,基站与用户之间的距离均匀分布在(120,225)m,gkt)、hkt)服从莱斯分布,且视距链接增益为0.3。所有用户的任务到达率服从指数分布,且平均速率相等,仿真实验考虑10000个时隙下的系统性能长期优化,其他仿真参数设置如表1所示。
图2图3表明了不同控制参数V对用户任务平均队列长度和系统平均能耗的影响。由图2可知,用户任务队列长度随着V值的增大而不断增加,由式(15)可知,V是用于衡量任务队列稳定性和系统能耗的控制参数,当V逐渐增大时,任务队列的优化权重减小,对系统能耗施加的权重增大,更倾向于优化系统能耗。从图3可以看出,随着V值的增加,系统能耗逐渐减少,最后趋于稳定。因此,设置合理的控制参数V以有效均衡任务队列长度和系统能耗十分重要。
图4图6表明了不同用户数量K对任务平均队列长度和系统平均能耗的影响。从图4可以看出,随着用户数量的增加,用户平均队列长度显著上升。这是因为一个时隙内,随着用户数量的增加,每个用户分配到的任务卸载时长减少,未及时卸载的任务会增多,任务队列积压上升。K=12时,用户任务队列波动最大,但仍趋于稳定状态,由定理1可知,此时接近系统稳定容量上界。由图5可以看出,服务器任务队列长度虽然随着用户数量的增加而上升,但总体趋势比较稳定。这是因为用户受资源限制,卸载至服务器的计算量限制在一定范围内,服务器队列长度不会大幅增长。由图6可知,随着用户数量的增多,系统平均能耗增加。这是因为随着用户数增多,通信资源减少,为了维持队列稳定,需要消耗更多的能量处理任务。
图7图9显示了在不同用户数量下任务平均队列长度和系统平均能耗随任务到达率λ的变化情况。由图7图8可知,随着任务到达率的增大,任务队列长度增加。这是因为随着任务生成量增多,用户无法在单位时间内及时处理任务,造成用户任务队列缓存增加。同时,用户任务卸载请求增加,服务器任务队列积压也增加,但随着用户数的增加,服务器任务队列长度的波动幅度在任务到达率范围内减小。
图7图8可以观察到,K=12、λ≤1.1 Mbit/s和K=6、λ≤1.5 Mbit/s的情况下可以保持任务队列稳定。随着用户数量的增加,系统的计算量随之增加,系统稳定容量下的任务到达率范围减小。由图9可知,系统平均能耗随着任务到达率的上升而增加,因为随着任务到达率的上升,计算任务量增加,用户处理任务的能耗增加。
图10图12反映了四种卸载方案下任务平均队列长度和系统平均能耗随用户数量变化的情况。由图10可知,基于线性能量收集模型的用户平均任务队列长度小于其他三种方案,这是因为在该模型下,用户能够收集到的能量显著多于非线性能量收集模型的用户,具备更多的能量用于处理任务,减少了任务队列的积压,但也导致了更高的能量消耗。由图11可知,在服务器计算频率均分方案下,服务器的任务队列积压高于其他三种方案,这是因为该方案未能根据任务队列的实时情况动态调整服务器的计算资源分配,导致资源利用效率较低,无法有效缓解任务积压。由图12可知,本文所提卸载方案系统能耗远低于其他三种方案。可以看出,本文方案能适应动态变化的网络环境,通过对当前状态的实时评估,动态调整任务卸载策略,有效维持任务队列的稳定性,并显著降低系统能耗。
本文研究非线性能量收集模型下,多用户WPMEC系统中的节能卸载问题,考虑任务随机到达和信道状态实时变化,结合Lyapunov优化理论和鲸鱼优化算法,提出了一种兼顾任务队列稳定性和能量因果约束的系统能耗优化算法,可以有效降低系统长期平均能耗。仿真结果表明,本文算法在稳定队列和降低能耗方面具有良好效果。后续研究中,将考虑从单服务器场景拓展至多服务器场景,并结合深度强化学习来优化任务卸载决策,从而实现系统长期平均能耗最小化。
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doi: 10.3979/j.issn.1673-825X.202406210152
  • 接收时间:2024-06-21
  • 首发时间:2026-04-16
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-21
  • 修回日期:2025-09-20
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    1重庆邮电大学 通信与信息工程学院,重庆 400065
    2重庆邮电大学 移动通信技术重庆市重点实验室,重庆 400065

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