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Generative text summarization models can produce novel expressions in summaries, but even the most advanced models may generate content that contradicts the source text or lacks factual verifiability—a phenomenon known as hallucination. To address this issue, this paper proposes an intrinsic hallucination optimization method to improve the summarization generation process. The proposed approach mitigates hallucinations from three perspectives: data-level optimization, model training-level optimization, and summary generation strategy-level optimization. Experiments conducted on two benchmark datasets demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed method. Compared with baseline models, the proposed approach achieves an average improvement of 8.58% in R-1 score on the CNNDM dataset and 7.26% on the XSUM dataset. The results indicate that the method not only enhances summary quality but also effectively reduces hallucinations, providing a valuable reference for the practical deployment of generative text summarization models.
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生成式文本摘要模型能够为摘要生成新的表达,即使是最先进的摘要模型也可能产生与原始文本矛盾或无法验证准确性的内容,这种现象被称为“幻觉”。为解决这一问题,提出了一种内在幻觉优化方法,用于改进摘要生成过程。该方法分别从数据层面、模型训练层面和摘要生成策略层面提出了摘要模型幻觉优化方法。在2个数据集上的实验验证均取得最佳性能。实验结果表明,对比基线模型,在CNNDM数据集上R-1得分平均提升8.58%;在XSUM数据集上R-1得分平均提升7.26%。该方法不仅能够提升摘要生成效果,而且有效减少了生成摘要中的幻觉问题,为生成式文本摘要模型落地和应用提供了参考。
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李能,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为自然语言处理,文本摘要。E-mail: s220201050@stu.cqupt.edu.cn。
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李能,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为自然语言处理,文本摘要。E-mail: s220201050@stu.cqupt.edu.cn。
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于成成,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为自然语言处理。E-mail: s230201155@stu.cqupt.edu.cn。
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刘群,教授,博士生导师,工学博士,主要研究方向为数据挖掘、深度学习、自然语言处理、复杂网络等的理论与应用研究。E-mail: liuqun@cqupt.edu.cn。
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刘群,教授,博士生导师,工学博士,主要研究方向为数据挖掘、深度学习、自然语言处理、复杂网络等的理论与应用研究。E-mail: liuqun@cqupt.edu.cn。
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2021: 7580-7605., articleTitle=Compression, Transduction, and Creation: A Unified Framework for Evaluating Natural Language Generation, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1251458162470105968, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251194880429441115, articleId=1251458155604030166, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1251458162486883185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251194880429441115, articleId=1251458155604030166, companyId=1251458162470105968, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Chongqing Key Laboratory of Computational Intelligence, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, P R China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1251458162507854707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251194880429441115, articleId=1251458155604030166, companyId=1251458162470105968, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=重庆邮电大学 计算智能重庆市重点实验室,重庆 400065)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1251458165729080273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251194880429441115, articleId=1251458155604030166, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=
Optimization method for intrinsic hallucination in generative text summarization(summary training stage), figureFileSmall=sv7/LUgF26xAHPws9N//XQ==, figureFileBig=7OwX/UjqJZ1jKnmfY8Atdw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251458165825549271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251194880429441115, articleId=1251458155604030166, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
生成式文本摘要内在幻觉优化方法(模型训练阶段), figureFileSmall=sv7/LUgF26xAHPws9N//XQ==, figureFileBig=7OwX/UjqJZ1jKnmfY8Atdw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251458166010098657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251194880429441115, articleId=1251458155604030166, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=
Optimization method for intrinsic hallucination in generative text summarization(summary generation stage), figureFileSmall=hMET+gJxLEiCX1gS9jF8yw==, figureFileBig=4M77z0fMcmol65CVzf7+hA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251458166102373349, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251194880429441115, articleId=1251458155604030166, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
生成式文本摘要内在幻觉优化方法(摘要生成阶段), figureFileSmall=hMET+gJxLEiCX1gS9jF8yw==, figureFileBig=4M77z0fMcmol65CVzf7+hA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251458166186259433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251194880429441115, articleId=1251458155604030166, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=
Generate new vocabulary in the summary, figureFileSmall=1u1YPEZ9Aq6rNYi1WZZoWA==, figureFileBig=gHRboXewHeF9heJiDp1XvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251458166354031600, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251194880429441115, articleId=1251458155604030166, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
摘要中生成新词汇, figureFileSmall=1u1YPEZ9Aq6rNYi1WZZoWA==, figureFileBig=gHRboXewHeF9heJiDp1XvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251458166454694901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251194880429441115, articleId=1251458155604030166, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=
Experiment dataset
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| 数据集 | 主要内容 | 数据划分 |
|---|
| Train | Test | Val |
|---|
| CNNDM | News | 287113 | 13368 | 11490 |
| XSum | News | 204045 | 11332 | 11334 |
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实验数据集
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| 数据集 | 主要内容 | 数据划分 |
|---|
| Train | Test | Val |
|---|
| CNNDM | News | 287113 | 13368 | 11490 |
| XSum | News | 204045 | 11332 | 11334 |
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Results on CNNDM.R-1/2/L are the ROUGE-1/2/L F1 scores
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| 模型 | 评估指标 |
|---|
| R-1 | R-2 | R-L |
|---|
| BART(2020) | 44.16 | 21.28 | 40.90 |
| Pegasus(2020) | 44.17 | 21.47 | 41.11 |
| SimCLS(2021) | 46.67 | 22.15 | 43.54 |
| T5(2020) | 43.52 | 21.55 | 40.69 |
| GOLD(2021) | 45.40 | 22.01 | 42.25 |
| SEASON(2022) | 46.27 | 22.64 | 43.08 |
| Fourier Transformer (2023) | 44.76 | 21.55 | 43.34 |
| Ours(BART) | 47.95 | 23.52 | 44.20 |
| Ours(Pegasus) | 47.45 | 24.21 | 42.37 |
| Ours(T5) | 47.24 | 24.30 | 42.01 |
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CNNDM数据集的实验结果
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| 模型 | 评估指标 |
|---|
| R-1 | R-2 | R-L |
|---|
| BART(2020) | 44.16 | 21.28 | 40.90 |
| Pegasus(2020) | 44.17 | 21.47 | 41.11 |
| SimCLS(2021) | 46.67 | 22.15 | 43.54 |
| T5(2020) | 43.52 | 21.55 | 40.69 |
| GOLD(2021) | 45.40 | 22.01 | 42.25 |
| SEASON(2022) | 46.27 | 22.64 | 43.08 |
| Fourier Transformer (2023) | 44.76 | 21.55 | 43.34 |
| Ours(BART) | 47.95 | 23.52 | 44.20 |
| Ours(Pegasus) | 47.45 | 24.21 | 42.37 |
| Ours(T5) | 47.24 | 24.30 | 42.01 |
), ArticleFig(id=1251458166861541386, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251194880429441115, articleId=1251458155604030166, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=
Results on XSum.R-1/2/L are the ROUGE-1/2/L F1 scores
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 模型 | 评估指标 |
|---|
| R-1 | R-2 | R-L |
|---|
| BART(2020) | 45.14 | 22.27 | 37.25 |
| Pegasus(2020) | 45.20 | 24.56 | 39.25 |
| GOLD(2021) | 45.75 | 22.26 | 37.30 |
| SimCLS(2021) | 47.61 | 24.57 | 39.44 |
| HAT-BART(2021) | 45.92 | 22.79 | 37.84 |
| SummaReranker(2022) | 48.12 | 24.95 | 40.00 |
| Ours(BART) | 48.42 | 25.26 | 40.06 |
| Ours(Pegasus) | 47.96 | 25.12 | 40.01 |
| Ours(T5) | 48.06 | 24.68 | 39.85 |
), ArticleFig(id=1251458166995759121, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251194880429441115, articleId=1251458155604030166, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
XSum数据集的实验结果
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 模型 | 评估指标 |
|---|
| R-1 | R-2 | R-L |
|---|
| BART(2020) | 45.14 | 22.27 | 37.25 |
| Pegasus(2020) | 45.20 | 24.56 | 39.25 |
| GOLD(2021) | 45.75 | 22.26 | 37.30 |
| SimCLS(2021) | 47.61 | 24.57 | 39.44 |
| HAT-BART(2021) | 45.92 | 22.79 | 37.84 |
| SummaReranker(2022) | 48.12 | 24.95 | 40.00 |
| Ours(BART) | 48.42 | 25.26 | 40.06 |
| Ours(Pegasus) | 47.96 | 25.12 | 40.01 |
| Ours(T5) | 48.06 | 24.68 | 39.85 |
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Comparison of ROUGE score before and after adding label smoothing
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| 方法 | R-1 | R-2 | R-L |
|---|
| no-label smoothing | 46.27 | 23.31 | 43.80 |
| label smoothing | 47.95 | 23.52 | 44.20 |
), ArticleFig(id=1251458167285166110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251194880429441115, articleId=1251458155604030166, language=CN, label=表4, caption=
添加标签平滑前后ROUGE评分的比较
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| 方法 | R-1 | R-2 | R-L |
|---|
| no-label smoothing | 46.27 | 23.31 | 43.80 |
| label smoothing | 47.95 | 23.52 | 44.20 |
), ArticleFig(id=1251458167364857892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251194880429441115, articleId=1251458155604030166, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=
Results on CNNDM dataset in beam width
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| 波束宽度 | BART | 本模型 |
|---|
| R-1 | R-2 | R-1 | R-2 |
| 4 | 44.29 | 21.17 | 47.68 | 23.43 |
| 8 | 43.96 | 20.85 | 47.86 | 23.66 |
| 16 | 43.68 | 20.68 | 47.95 | 23.52 |
| 32 | 43.21 | 20.41 | 47.90 | 23.80 |
), ArticleFig(id=1251458167465521195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251194880429441115, articleId=1251458155604030166, language=CN, label=表5, caption=
不同波束宽度的CNNDM数据集实验结果
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 波束宽度 | BART | 本模型 |
|---|
| R-1 | R-2 | R-1 | R-2 |
| 4 | 44.29 | 21.17 | 47.68 | 23.43 |
| 8 | 43.96 | 20.85 | 47.86 | 23.66 |
| 16 | 43.68 | 20.68 | 47.95 | 23.52 |
| 32 | 43.21 | 20.41 | 47.90 | 23.80 |
), ArticleFig(id=1251458167566184495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251194880429441115, articleId=1251458155604030166, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=
Summary-level Spearman and Kendall-Tau correlations of different metrics
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| 指标 | Consistency | Fluency | Relevance | BLEU |
|---|
| BART | 0.541 | 0.624 | 0.406 | 0.178 |
| Ours | 0.574 | 0.668 | 0.448 | 0.268 |
), ArticleFig(id=1251458167641681972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251194880429441115, articleId=1251458155604030166, language=CN, label=表6, caption=
生成摘要的Spearman和Kendall-Tau相关性
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| 指标 | Consistency | Fluency | Relevance | BLEU |
|---|
| BART | 0.541 | 0.624 | 0.406 | 0.178 |
| Ours | 0.574 | 0.668 | 0.448 | 0.268 |
), ArticleFig(id=1251458167746539580, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251194880429441115, articleId=1251458155604030166, language=EN, label=Tab.7, caption=
Human evaluation to generate summary results
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| 数据集 | 人工评估 |
|---|
| Better | Nearly | Worse |
|---|
| CNNDM | 78 | 15 | 7 |
| XSum | 82 | 10 | 8 |
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人工评估生成摘要与基线摘要评估结果
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| 数据集 | 人工评估 |
|---|
| Better | Nearly | Worse |
|---|
| CNNDM | 78 | 15 | 7 |
| XSum | 82 | 10 | 8 |
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