Article(id=1251458153519464536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251194880429441115, issueId=1251458153020342360, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3979/j.issn.1673-825X.202412140311, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1734105600000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-14, revisedDate=1758124800000, revisedDateStr=2025-09-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1776300474767, onlineDateStr=2026-04-16, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1776300474767, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1776300474767, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1776300474767, updator=13041195026, issue=Issue{id=1251458153020342360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251194880429441115, year='2025', volume='37', issue='5', pageStart='627', pageEnd='780', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1776300474648, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1776311939434, updator=13041195026, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1251506239914586238, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251194880429441115, issueId=1251458153020342360, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1251506239914586239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251194880429441115, issueId=1251458153020342360, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=658, endPage=667, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1251458153934700636, articleId=1251458153519464536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251194880429441115, language=EN, title=Channel estimation algorithm for IRS-OTFS systems via sparse signal recovery, columnId=1251458153846620250, journalTitle=Journal of Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications(Natural Science Edition), columnName=New-Generation Mobile Communication, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study focuses on the problem of fractional channel parameters affecting channel estimation performance in intelligent reflecting surface-orthogonal time frequency space(IRS-OTFS)communication systems. A channel estimation method for IRS-OTFS systems is proposed by leveraging the sparsity of OTFS channels in the delay-Doppler(DD)domain. First, the joint sparsity channel estimation problem among channel parameters is transformed into a sparse signal recovery problem. Next, the fast iterative shrinkage/thresholding algorithm(FISTA)is introduced to solve this problem. The inputoutput relationship of the IRS-OTFS communication system is then derived. To address the issue of manual parameter tuning in traditional FISTA, a network architecture based on the FISTA algorithm is proposed. This architecture unfolds the iterative process of the sparse signal recovery algorithm into a neural network. The network is designed to automatically learn the optimal hyperparameters and nonlinear functions within the algorithm. Theoretical analysis and simulation results demonstrate that, under the same channel transmission conditions, the proposed algorithm achieves lower estimation error com pared to the benchmark algorithm.

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针对智能反射表面-正交时频空间(intelligent reflecting surface orthogonal time frequency space,IRS-OTFS)通信系统中分数信道参数影响信道估计性能的问题,利用OTFS在延迟-多普勒(delay Doppler,DD)域信道的稀疏性,提出一种IRS-OTFS通信系统信道估计方法。将信道参数之间的联合稀疏性信道估计问题转为稀疏信号恢复问题。引入快速迭代收缩/阈值算法(fast iterative shrinkage thresholding algorithm,FISTA)进行求解,推导了IRS-OTFS通信系统的输入输出关系。提出一个基于FISTA算法的网络架构,将稀疏信号恢复算法的迭代过程展开为神经网络,自动学习算法中的最优超参数和非线性函数,解决传统FISTA需要手动调参的问题。理论分析和仿真结果表明,在信道传输条件相同的情况下,该算法与基准算法相比具有较低的估计误差。

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张祖凡
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周建萍,博士研究生,主要研究方向为无线通信、语义通信、智能反射表面。E-mail:

段佳慧,硕士,主要研究方向为无线通信,智能反射表面。E-mail:

张祖凡,教授,博士研究生导师,博士,主要研究方向为无线通信、移动社交网络、语义通信、智能反射表面等。E-mail:

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Simulation parameter table

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参数
载波中心频率/GHz28
子载波间隔/kHz15
子载波数M256
符号数N128
最大多普勒扩展/kHz2.6
最大延迟/s2.6×10-6
BS端天线数32
IRS无源反射元件数32
批大小20
内循环学习率10-3
外优化学习率10-4
卷积层数目16
), ArticleFig(id=1251458193566679080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251194880429441115, articleId=1251458153519464536, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

仿真参数表

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参数
载波中心频率/GHz28
子载波间隔/kHz15
子载波数M256
符号数N128
最大多普勒扩展/kHz2.6
最大延迟/s2.6×10-6
BS端天线数32
IRS无源反射元件数32
批大小20
内循环学习率10-3
外优化学习率10-4
卷积层数目16
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基于稀疏信号恢复的IRS-OTFS系统信道估计算法
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周建萍 1, 2 , 段佳慧 2 , 张祖凡 2
重庆邮电大学学报(自然科学版) | 新一代移动通信 2025,37(5): 658-667
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重庆邮电大学学报(自然科学版) | 新一代移动通信 2025, 37(5): 658-667
基于稀疏信号恢复的IRS-OTFS系统信道估计算法
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周建萍1, 2 , 段佳慧2 , 张祖凡2
作者信息
  • 1三明学院 信息工程学院,福建 三明 365004
  • 2重庆邮电大学 通信与信息工程学院,重庆 400065
  • 周建萍,博士研究生,主要研究方向为无线通信、语义通信、智能反射表面。E-mail:

    段佳慧,硕士,主要研究方向为无线通信,智能反射表面。E-mail:

    张祖凡,教授,博士研究生导师,博士,主要研究方向为无线通信、移动社交网络、语义通信、智能反射表面等。E-mail:

通讯作者:

Channel estimation algorithm for IRS-OTFS systems via sparse signal recovery
Jianping ZHOU1, 2 , Jiahui DUAN2 , Zufan ZHANG2
Affiliations
  • 1School of Information Engineering, Sanming University, Fujian 365004, P. R. China
  • 2School of Communications and Information Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, P. R. China
doi: 10.3979/j.issn.1673-825X.202412140311
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针对智能反射表面-正交时频空间(intelligent reflecting surface orthogonal time frequency space,IRS-OTFS)通信系统中分数信道参数影响信道估计性能的问题,利用OTFS在延迟-多普勒(delay Doppler,DD)域信道的稀疏性,提出一种IRS-OTFS通信系统信道估计方法。将信道参数之间的联合稀疏性信道估计问题转为稀疏信号恢复问题。引入快速迭代收缩/阈值算法(fast iterative shrinkage thresholding algorithm,FISTA)进行求解,推导了IRS-OTFS通信系统的输入输出关系。提出一个基于FISTA算法的网络架构,将稀疏信号恢复算法的迭代过程展开为神经网络,自动学习算法中的最优超参数和非线性函数,解决传统FISTA需要手动调参的问题。理论分析和仿真结果表明,在信道传输条件相同的情况下,该算法与基准算法相比具有较低的估计误差。

智能反射表面  /  正交时频空间  /  信道估计  /  稀疏信号恢复

This study focuses on the problem of fractional channel parameters affecting channel estimation performance in intelligent reflecting surface-orthogonal time frequency space(IRS-OTFS)communication systems. A channel estimation method for IRS-OTFS systems is proposed by leveraging the sparsity of OTFS channels in the delay-Doppler(DD)domain. First, the joint sparsity channel estimation problem among channel parameters is transformed into a sparse signal recovery problem. Next, the fast iterative shrinkage/thresholding algorithm(FISTA)is introduced to solve this problem. The inputoutput relationship of the IRS-OTFS communication system is then derived. To address the issue of manual parameter tuning in traditional FISTA, a network architecture based on the FISTA algorithm is proposed. This architecture unfolds the iterative process of the sparse signal recovery algorithm into a neural network. The network is designed to automatically learn the optimal hyperparameters and nonlinear functions within the algorithm. Theoretical analysis and simulation results demonstrate that, under the same channel transmission conditions, the proposed algorithm achieves lower estimation error com pared to the benchmark algorithm.

intelligent reflecting surface (IRS)  /  orthogonal time frequency space (OTFS)  /  channel estimation  /  sparse signal recovery
周建萍, 段佳慧, 张祖凡. 基于稀疏信号恢复的IRS-OTFS系统信道估计算法. 重庆邮电大学学报(自然科学版), 2025 , 37 (5) : 658 -667 . DOI: 10.3979/j.issn.1673-825X.202412140311
Jianping ZHOU, Jiahui DUAN, Zufan ZHANG. Channel estimation algorithm for IRS-OTFS systems via sparse signal recovery[J]. Journal of Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications(Natural Science Edition), 2025 , 37 (5) : 658 -667 . DOI: 10.3979/j.issn.1673-825X.202412140311
近些年,智能反射表面(intelligent reflecting surface,IRS)作为一种新兴的无线通信技术,该技术通过动态调整环境中的信号传播路径,显著提高无线网络的覆盖范围、通信质量和能量效率[1-4],得到了广泛研究。
当前,大规模阵元的信道估计是实现IRS系统的技术瓶颈之一,信道估计不仅需要考虑信号从发射端到接收端这条传播路径,还需要考虑信号从发射端到IRS和IRS到接收端的情况,通常IRS系统信道估计主要从以下方面展开研究。从天线和用户间传播模型角度出发,如假设系统信号传播过程只存在“发射端-IRS-接收端”单一路径或存在直视路径或存在非直视路径等情况下研究IRS辅助单(多)用户、单(多)天线的信道估计[5-6];从降低复杂度角度出发,如引入压缩感知[7]、信道稀疏性[8]、级联信道[9]、联邦学习训练[10]等;从IRS部署和波束赋形[11]角度出发,如部署多IRS及其协同[12-13]、引入预编码和混合波束[14-15]等。然而,由于IRS的无源特性而无法直接对阵列信号处理,这使得同时估计发射端到IRS以及IRS到接收端的信道非常困难,并且,IRS大规模阵元所需的信道参数估计也会产生较高的导频开销。此外,大多数关于IRS系统信道估计的研究集中在准静态信道状态,这使得它们难以适用未来高速移动的信息终端,因为这些终端会受到较大范围的多普勒频移,从而形成快速时变和频率选择性的信道特性。
针对信道时变和频率选择性带来的挑战,Madani等[16]于2017年提出了正交时频空间(orthogonal time frequency space,OTFS),OTFS技术直接在延迟-多普勒(delay-Doppler,DD)域中复用调制符号并在整个时频域上扩展。在DD域中,高移动性引起的多普勒频移被认为是统计稳定的,从而可以将TF域的时变信道转换为DD域的时不变信道,这种表示域的改变使信道参数更加紧凑且具有稀疏性。主流的OTFS的信道估计包括基于阈值和基于稀疏信号恢复的2种方案。文献[17]在一个OTFS帧中设计了一个作为脉冲的嵌入式大功率导频,在接收端根据接收信号的幅值,通过设置阈值检测信道中的多径分量。该方案对导频功率和保护空间的可用性很敏感,特别是在分数多普勒的情况下,同时该方案只能估计等效采样DD域信道,而不能估计实际物理信道。文献[18]提出了独立于噪声方差和信道统计知识的非参数阈值技术,但在复杂通信场景中性能仍显著下降。另一种方案是利用DD域的信道稀疏性将OTFS的信道估计问题视为稀疏信号恢复问题。文献[19]和文献[20]假设每条路径的延迟和多普勒扩展分别为DD域延迟和多普勒网格的整数倍,即在网DD域信道,分别采用三维结构化正交匹配追踪方案和稀疏贝叶斯推理(sparse Bayesian inference,SBL)结构进行稀疏信号恢复。以上方案虽然取得了进展,但仍存在一些缺点,在实际应用中应考虑离网现象,信道离网分量会影响信道的稀疏性和信道估计的性能。文献[21]提出了一维和二维离网信道模型以及对应的估计方案,在原始DD域中估计信道的延迟、多普勒和复增益参数,取得了显著的性能提升,然而,求解过程中涉及大量的矩阵求逆操作,导致算法复杂度较高,并且稀疏恢复算法的最优参数需要手动调整能。
事实上,在非视距和高多普勒无线通信场景中,可以将IRS和OTFS分别具有增加接收功率增益和信道分集增益的优点进行相互补充,由此,一种适用于非视距和高多普勒频移无线通信场景的IRSOTFS通信系统被广泛研究。文献[22]研究了IRSOTFS的系统模型,设计了IRS相位优化方案,并提出一种两阶段等效采样信道估计方案。文献[23]提出一种利用元学习(model-agnostic meta-learning,MAML)算法的IRS-OTFS系统信道估计,对IRSOTFS多用户信道估计任务做离线训练,根据各任务的收敛速度来调整学习率,并利用信道之间的相关性和算法的少样本、泛化特性得到全局模型和适应性模型,快速学习新用户信道的传输特性。然而,目前相关研究存在以下2个问题:①难以充分学习信道特征,导致对实际信道估计的准确性不足;②通常传统FISTA需要手动调参,存在效率低和较大的不确定性。
为了解决上述2个问题,本文针对IRS-OTFS通信系统的信道估计问题,提出一种基于稀疏信号恢复网络的IRS-OTFS信道估计方法。首先,为了避免信道扩散并充分获得稀疏性,算法将直接估计原始DD域的信道,将原始DD域信道估计问题转化为稀疏信号恢复问题。然后,引入快速迭代收缩/阈值(fast iterative shrinkage/thresholding algorithm,FISTA)算法[24]进行求解,估计每条路径的分数时延-多普勒参数以及增益参数,从而估计出原始DD域信道。最后,将稀疏信号恢复算法的迭代过程展开为神经网络,自动学习算法中的最优超参数和非线性函数。研究表明,本文所提算法与基准算法相比具有较低的估计误差。
IRS-OTFS系统模型如图1所示。图1中,基站(base station,BS)端装备Nt根天线,用户装备单根天线,折射反射型的IRS为用户折射和反射信号,IRS可以生成虚拟视距(line of sight,LoS),实现信号的定向增强和传输范围的扩展,为需要大范围覆盖的应用提供坚实的支持,文献[25]证明了IRS可以增强车辆的通信覆盖。IRS包含NIRS个元件,每个元件可以同时反射和折射入射信号,假设所有IRS元件之间相互独立,LoS路径被阻塞。
同样地,利用文献[23]中OTFS网格来表示连续时域的精确延迟和多普勒值,分别以间隔Ts、Δf(Hz)采样时间和频率轴,将时-频(time-frequency,TF)平面离散为M×N网格,即
式(1)中,MN>0,OTFS帧长Tf=NT,带宽B=MΔf。同时将DD平面离散为M×N网格,即
式(2)中:Δv=;Δτ=分别表示多普勒频率扩展和延迟轴的分辨率,则IRS-OTFS系统DD域的输入输出关系为
式(3)中:x[k′,l′]为DD域的发送信号;NM分别表示DD域中延迟轴和多普勒轴的网格个数;νpτp分别是BS-IRS-UE第p条路径的多普勒扩展后的频移和时延,P是路径总数,Q是反射源件总数;βq,pθq,pp条路径与第q个反射元件相关的反射幅度和相移;z[kl]是DD域噪声;hw[k-k′,l-l′]为DD域等效信道。
此外,hw[k-k′,l-l′]可以进一步表示为
式(4)中:k′∈{0,…,N-1},l′∈{0,…,M-1},=是第p条路径的复增益;是第p条路径与第q个反射元件相关的信道复增益;是第p条路径的未知参数。
当系统为单导频时,将接收信号矩阵y∈ℝ NM×1表示为
式(5)中:x[]∈ℝNM×1是发送导频信号矩阵;n∈ℝNM×1是吸收了高阶无穷小的噪声向量;∈ℝNM×1是信道复增益向量;第i根天线对应的信道∈ℝNM×1只有P个非零元素,具有稀疏性;ΦΦvΦτ是和采样矩阵wv)、)相关矩阵;分别是具有稀疏性的多普勒域和时延域的离网参数偏移量向量,且的元素满足=-∈[-1/2,1/2]和=-∈[-1/2,1/2]。
等效信道矩阵HDD可以表示为
式(6)中:e=f=
接收信号矩阵y可以进一步表示为
w=[eTfT]T=[ΦΦvΦτ],式(7)可以表示为
由前述系统模型可知,x[]不一定可逆,且未知参数具有稀疏性,显然,w=[eTfT]T是联合稀疏的。为此,通过引入正则化项并利用ef之间的联合稀疏性,信道估计问题可以表述为联合稀疏恢复问题,可以数学表示为信道估计问题可以表述为联合稀疏恢复问题,可以数学表示为
式(9)中:||指的是对向量中的每一个元素取绝对值;ζw的正则化参数。
由于非凸约束难以求解,因此假设是一个所有元素均为非负值的向量,从而将非凸优化问题转化为凸优化问题,式(9)可以重新表示为
式(10)中,是复向量,文献[26]已经证实式(10)可以扩展到复向量的情况。
系统原通常标准的凸优化求解方法可以求解式(10)问题。然而,对于维度比较大的矩阵,标准的凸优化求解方法会耗费大量时间,为了加快求解过程,本文使用基于FISTA的方案。FISTA通过结合梯度下降和软阈值操作进行迭代寻优,式(10)中,梯度下降处理可微分部分,软阈值操作处理正则化项,同时引入一个动量项来加速算法的收敛速度。本文基于该算法解决OTFS系统中原始信道的估计问题,将FISTA算法扩展到IRS-OTFS系统的离网信道估计中,并将该算法的迭代过程展开成神经网络,进一步提高算法性能。
考虑到估计信道参数βkv均具有稀疏性且估计信道矩阵w=[eTfT]T具有联合稀疏性,则求解联合稀疏恢复表达式(10)能恢复出w,从而得到,实现信道重构。
当目标函数中加入指示函数来代替凸约束,不等式约束等价表示为
所以,可以构造约束矩阵C
用约束矩阵C来代替凸约束,式(10)可以重新表示为
式(17)中:gw)是指示函数,可以表示为令hw)=ζw2,1fw)=1/2‖x[kplp]hw)是非光滑连续凸函数,fw)连续可微且有Lipschitz梯度常数,满足
‖∇fw)-∇fw′)‖2Lfw-w′‖2(19)式(19)中:∇fw)是fw)的梯度;Lf是Lipschitz梯度常数;因为fw)=1/2‖x[kplp]-yhw)=ζw2,1,所以,fw)的Lipschitz常数为‖x[kplp]w=[eTfT]T的近端算子是一个群阈值算子[27],定义为
式(20)中:i∈(1,NtMN),α∈(0,1/‖x[kplp]
由于目标函数中‖w2,1是非平滑函数,所以不能直接实现FISTA,因此,本文采用它的莫罗包络来近似hw)=ζw2,1,可以表示为
莫罗包络是连续可微的,本质上是hw)的一个平滑表示,由近端梯度下降算法求解式(21)可以得到hμw)=proxμ,h(u)w),其梯度可以表示为
式(22)中:近端算子proxμhw)=w-μhμw)可以看作hμw)的一个梯度步骤,先计算梯度,再用软阈值算子进行收缩和阈值处理,从而尽可能去除噪声;μ是近端算子的步长;▽hμw)是带常数1/μ的Lipschitz连续,可以通过式(18)来计算,μ越小,平滑近似越准确,本文初始化为0.001。
平滑目标函数可以表示为
式(23)中:gw)的近端算子可以表示为集合=-0.5e≤0.5≥0,-0.5f≤0.5上的三维凸锥投影
式(24)中:凸约束表示为=i={>0,-0.5ei ≤0.5,-0.5fi ≤0.5},因此,gw)的近端算子可以按照元素计算,即
利用fw)在w′上的二阶泰勒展开和Lipschitz连续条件可以得到
同理可得
式(27)中:Lh=1/μhμw)梯度的Lipschitz常数,迭代序列wk可以表示为
式(28)中:L=1/(Lf+Lh)是迭代步长,进一步地,忽略常数项,wk可以表示为
由近端梯度下降算法,式(27)重新表示为
结合式(22)可以将式(28)中的wk进一步表示为集合上的投影,即
为了加快收敛速度,FISTA引入Nesterov加速策略[27]来求解,通过迭代更新步骤来求解式(21),迭代更新步骤表示为
式(32)中:▽fzk)=(x[kplp]Tx[kplp] -y),由上述求解过程可以计算出FISTA算法的计算复杂度为O(21KNtNM)),相比于复杂度为OKNtNM+(NtNM2))的SBL算法,复杂度大大降低,式中K是迭代次数。虽然FISTA高效具有收敛性保证,但是通常需要几百次才能达到收敛,并且需要手动设置参数,难度很大。为了解决这些问题,本文提出一个基于FISTA算法的网络架构,算法将迭代过程展开为神经网络,自动学习算法中的最优超参数和非线性函数。
基于FISTA的网络结构如图2所示,网络结构由4个模块组成,分别是hμzk)模块、rk模块、wk模块和zk+1模块,总共有D=7个这样的模块组合,各模块说明如下。
由于hw)=ζw2,1是L2,1范数,因此不能直接用软阈值代替proxμ,h(u)w)。首先对hw)进行分组,由于有3个稀疏向量,因此划分为3组,每组独立求解近端算子proxwi)=argmin{hui)+(1/2μ)‖wi-ui},i=1,2,3。然后利用软阈值算子求解每个分组的proxwi)=Sαwi)‖wi2/max(‖wi2α)。如果‖wi2,则proxwi)=Sαwiwi/‖wi2,即对wi进行软阈值收缩和归一化,否则proxwi)=0,即将wi完全收缩到0。所以,根据式(20),可以先将向量zk分解为3个独立的组,然后用软阈值操作分别求解,将∇zk)进一步表示为
式(33)中:)=soft),αk))是软阈值算子;α=μζ是阈值,αk是可学习参数。软阈值算子通过将幅值较小的元素设置为0来去除干扰项,可以有效抑制输入中的噪声成分。此外,软阈值算子的计算复杂度仅为O(1)。(·)和(·)分别由4层卷积层和ReLU组成,目的是提取主要特征变量,卷积层内核大小为3×3。另外,(·)和(·)之间增加softxα)=sign(xi)max{|xi|-α,0}作为软阈值功能,进一步过滤噪声信息,而max()函数用ReLU层实现。
给定∇hμzk)作为前一层的输出,由于∇fzk)=(x[kplp]Tx[kplp]-y),所以中间变量rk可以表示为
式(34)中:Lk表示第k次迭代的步长,是一个可学习的参数。
由于三维凸锥映射手工计算太过复杂,考虑到任何函数都可以用分段函数来逼近,因此,通过分段函数SPLFa学习现成函数以外的灵活、非线性激活函数[26],分段函数表示为
式(35)中:r=a-p1)/(p2-p1)」,是均匀位于[-1,1]的预定义位置;是这些位置对应的值,随机初始化值位于[-1,1]的101个位置[26]rk作为本层输入,本层输出wk
该模块的主要目的是加速FISTA算法收敛,用可学习参数ρk代替更新算子tkzk+1可以写为
网络的每一层都严格对应于FISTA迭代的每个更新步骤,网络采用Adam算法进行优化。可学习参数包括Lkαkρk,虽然这些参数不需要手动调整,但为了保证这些参数能够正确收敛,引入一些约束。根据经验,Lkαk大于0,此外,迭代步长Lk随着迭代次数的增加而平滑衰减,收缩阈值αk也应该迭代下降,更新算子ρk随着迭代次数的增加而增加,所以,添加约束如下
式(40)中:softplus函数为softplusx)=ln(1 + exp(x)),参数初始化为-0.5,-0.2,1,-2,-1,0。
上述所提算法包括3个阶段:初始化、训练和测试。前面2个阶段步骤如算法1所示。
算法1 稀疏信号恢复的IRS-OTFS系统信道估计算法步骤
为了评估本文提出的基于稀疏信号恢复网络的IRS-OTFS系统信道估计算法的性能,使用MATLAB生成数据集S=10000为数据集的大小,式中8000个样本数据用作训练集,2000个样本用作测试集,并用python3.8实现网络模型进行仿真实验,批大小设置为64。初始化可学习参数t1=1,中间变量w0=z0=0,z1=w0,采用NMSE作为损失函数,其余仿真参数如表1所示。
图3展示了不同信噪比下不同信道估计算法的估计性能。可以看出,本文基于稀疏恢复网络的算法优于其他传统的算法。具体来说,当SNR=15 dB时,本文算法相比于传统的FISTA和交替方向乘子法(alternating direction method of multipliers,ADMM)算法分别有5.53 dB和3.01 dB的性能提升。从模型参数方面来看,这是由于神经网络可以自动学习最优超参数,优化了对系统原始DD域特性的利用,从而更好地适应信道特性,而其他算法需要固定或手动调整参数,因此,稀疏恢复网络能够更好适应具体的数据特性和任务需求。从特征表示方面来看,传统的FISTA和ADMM算法通常基于预设的正则化项设计,限制了它们处理复杂数据的能力,而神经网络融合了深度学习技术,可以通过数据驱动的方式自动学习更复杂、更高层次的数据特征,可以捕获到更多非线性特性,从而提升算法性能。从收敛性能来分析,随着SNR的增加,FISTA算法和ADMM算法的NMSE逐渐减小,这是因为噪声的影响程度会随着信噪比的增加逐渐减小,可以看出,在SNR=25 dB之后,曲线逐渐收敛,趋于一个稳定值。本文算法在图3中表现出了最佳的收敛性,尤其是在高SNR下,其NMSE明显低于FISTA和ADMM。这表明本文算法在处理高SNR数据时具有更高的精度和更快的收敛速度。
图4展示了SNR=10 dB时,不同发射天线数量下各算法的信道估计性能,式(5)中,发射天线分别为16、32、64、128、256。可以看出,这些算法的估计误差随着天线数量的增加而降低,这是由于随着天线数量的增加,能够提供更丰富的空间信息,可以利用信道的更多统计特性来提高估计性能。空间信息通过接收信号中的时延和频率特征提取,并以时延-多普勒响应的形式呈现空间特征。在信道估计过程中,接收端会接收到经过多径传播的多个信号路径,每个路径具有不同的时延和频率特征,通过对接收信号进行处理,可以提取这些时延和频率特征,进而提取得到空间信息。本文算法将迭代过程展开为神经网络从而能学到更多信道特征,提取更多的空间信息,从图4可看到,相较于其他算法,有更低的估计误差。从收敛性能来分析,FISTA算法和ADMM算法在迭代初期收敛速度较快,但在天线数量为64后,NMSE就趋于稳定,ADMM算法相较于FISTA算法表现得相对稳定一些,表明其在不同天线数量下都能保持较好的收敛性。本文算法在收敛性方面表现最佳,尤其是在高天线数量下,这是因为本文结合神经网络或自适应机制,进一步优化了参数选择和迭代过程,从而提高了收敛性能。
图5展示了在不同网络框架下,采用去噪网络和本文提出的稀疏恢复网络对OTFS的DD域等效采样信道和原始信道做信道估计误差性能分析,采用的算法包括FL信道估计算法[9]和改进的MAML算法[23]。可以看出,本文提出的稀疏恢复网络优于去噪网络,主要有以下几种原因:稀疏恢复网络直接估计原始DD域信道,而去噪网络只能估计采样后的等效信道,而信道在原始DD域中呈现出天然的稀疏性,有助于更准确地重建CSI。相比之下,等效采样信道可能会因采样过程中生变形,也会由采样的损失或插值引入额外的噪声和失真,受到的符号干扰比原始信道严重,在一定程度上影响了信道估计性能,而本文算法直接处理原始DD域信道,能够充分学习信道信息,提高估计的准确度,简化估计过程。另外,可以发现在某些特定的信噪比附近,如0 dB和30 dB附近,本文所提方法的优势不够显著。探究其原因,可能涉及以下因素:①该方法中基于FISTA网络结构的某些参数间存在一定的兼容性不足,这限制了其性能的最大化发挥;②神经网络结构的内在“黑箱”特性,也对我们深入优化该方法造成了一定阻碍。因此,该现象为后续的研究提供了重要线索与方向。
本文在同时考虑分数多普勒扩展和分数时延的情况下,提出一种IRS-OTFS通信系统的信道估计算法进行研究。该算法将信道参数之间的联合稀疏性信道估计转换为联合稀疏信号恢复问题,并基于FISTA算法进行求解,推导了解决方案的具体步骤。利用提出的稀疏恢复网络对OTFS的原始DD域信道做估计,充分学习信道特征。进一步地将算法的迭代过程展开为神经网络,解决了传统FISTA需要手动调参的问题。仿真结果表明,所提算法降低了信道估计误差。然而,本文提出的信道估计算法是在理想脉冲的假设下进行的,当脉冲整形函数为矩形脉冲时,延迟和多普勒参数不能解耦,因此,有必要针对矩形脉冲情况下的OTFS离网信道估计问题进行研究,探索合适的算法来适应这种情况。
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2025年第37卷第5期
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doi: 10.3979/j.issn.1673-825X.202412140311
  • 接收时间:2024-12-14
  • 首发时间:2026-04-16
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-14
  • 修回日期:2025-09-18
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    1三明学院 信息工程学院,福建 三明 365004
    2重庆邮电大学 通信与信息工程学院,重庆 400065

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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