Article(id=1266687002863883101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, issueId=1266686777441018407, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13532/j.jmsce.cn10-1638/td.2025-1178, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1748361600000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-28, revisedDate=1754841600000, revisedDateStr=2025-08-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1779931315388, onlineDateStr=2026-05-28, pubDate=1777046400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1779931315388, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1779931315388, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1779931315388, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1266686777441018407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, year='2026', volume='8', issue='2', pageStart='013014-1', pageEnd='023542-19', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1779931261643, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1779931348520, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1266687141976358949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, issueId=1266686777441018407, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1266687141976358950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, issueId=1266686777441018407, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=023035-1, endPage=023035-13, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1266687003212010335, articleId=1266687002863883101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, language=EN, title=Research on instability mechanisms and control technologies for gob-side roadways in thin coal seams with hard roof under mining-excavation interaction, columnId=1266686778661560874, journalTitle=Journal of Mining and Strata Control Engineering, columnName=Engineering Case, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Addressing the technical challenges of severe deformation and maintenance difficulties in gob-side roadways with retained pillars under hard roof and thin coal seam conditions during mining-excavation interaction at Binhu Coal Mine, this study employs integrated theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, and field experiments to investigate the movement characteristics of the adjacent goaf-side overlying strata, the morphology of the caving structure, and the induced roadway instability mechanism. Key parameters for roof-cutting pressure relief and roadway protection were optimized and applied in engineering practice. The research indicates that two dominant key strata exist within the overburden of the No. 16 coal seam. Their structural characteristics and mechanical behavior govern the movement patterns and caving structure morphology of the adjacent strata. The dynamic evolution (formation, movement, and caving) of the lateral suspended roof in this zone subjects the roadway surrounding rock to significant multiple dynamic load impacts and high static stress, substantially increasing the risk of roadway instability and failure. Using the maximum principal stress deviatoric as the evaluation indicator, the optimal roof-cutting height and angle were theoretically determined as 16 m and 10°, respectively. Field tests further optimized the blasting parameters, establishing a spacing of 2 m for deep boreholes and 1 m for shallow boreholes. Additionally, a comprehensive support system comprising a primary "bolt-mesh-cable-belt" support combined with temporary reinforcement using "unit hydraulic props" was proposed to enhance the load-bearing capacity of the surrounding rock. Ground pressure monitoring confirmed that roadway deformation was effectively controlled, achieving a self-stabilized state approximately 140 m behind the working face. This validates the effectiveness of the roof-cutting pressure relief technology in resolving the maintenance challenges of gob-side roadways under thin coal seam and hard roof conditions.

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针对滨湖煤矿薄煤层坚硬顶板条件下迎采对掘沿空巷道围岩变形剧烈、维护困难的问题, 综合运用理论分析、数值模拟与现场试验方法, 深入探究了邻空侧覆岩运动特征、垮落结构形态及其诱发的巷道失稳机理, 优化了切顶卸压护巷的关键技术参数并进行工程应用。研究结果表明: 16煤上覆岩层存在两层主导性的关键层, 其结构特征与力学行为控制着邻空侧岩层的运动规律与垮落结构形态, 该区域侧向悬顶在其动态演化(形成、运动及垮落)过程中, 对巷道围岩施加了显著的多次动载冲击与高静载应力作用, 显著增大了巷道破坏失稳风险。基于最大主应力偏张量评价指标, 优化确定切顶高度为16 m、切顶角度为10°, 并通过现场试验进一步优化了爆破参数, 确定深孔爆破间距为2 m、浅孔爆破间距为1 m。此外, 为提高巷道围岩承载能力, 采用了“锚网索带”主体支护结合“单元支架”临时补强的综合支护体系。矿压观测表明, 巷道围岩变形得到有效控制, 在工作面后方滞后约140 m处即达到自稳状态, 验证了切顶卸压护巷技术在解决薄煤层坚硬顶板沿空巷道维护难题方面的有效性。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
史新帅(1990—), 男, 山东泰安人, 博士, 硕士生导师。E-mail:
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刘亚州(2000—), 男, 山东济宁人, 硕士研究生。E-mail:

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刘亚州(2000—), 男, 山东济宁人, 硕士研究生。E-mail:

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刘亚州(2000—), 男, 山东济宁人, 硕士研究生。E-mail:

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journalId=1266358798366031926, articleId=1266687002863883101, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Physical and mechanical parameters of the No. 16 coal seam and its roof and floor strata

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
位置岩石名称厚度/m容重/(kN·m−3)弹性模量/GPa抗拉强度/MPa抗压强度/MPa泊松比黏聚力/MPa内摩擦角/(°)
顶板砂质泥岩13.0825.385.325.7280.690.325.2630
九灰2.7928.038.027.8392.570.306.2131
15煤0.4315.960.81.4316.340.360.9630
砂质泥岩5.2625.874.653.1664.830.333.8333
砂泥岩互层17.6526.413.924.3450.140.363.9535
砂质泥岩9.6026.514.653.0375.920.344.0427
灰岩0.4527.267.426.83130.320.326.2036
泥岩1.4225.293.312.5146.170.332.3138
灰岩4.5026.047.756.37102.930.315.6235
煤层16煤1.4116.611.711.9620.420.371.8126
底板泥岩2.7024.483.042.6940.280.342.0929
十一灰岩0.9928.737.846.0680.510.325.6139
17煤0.6415.791.351.4517.630.331.1031
砂质泥岩9.4525.925.214.2770.580.313.4329
), ArticleFig(id=1266835196637761673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, articleId=1266687002863883101, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

16煤及其顶底板岩层物理力学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
位置岩石名称厚度/m容重/(kN·m−3)弹性模量/GPa抗拉强度/MPa抗压强度/MPa泊松比黏聚力/MPa内摩擦角/(°)
顶板砂质泥岩13.0825.385.325.7280.690.325.2630
九灰2.7928.038.027.8392.570.306.2131
15煤0.4315.960.81.4316.340.360.9630
砂质泥岩5.2625.874.653.1664.830.333.8333
砂泥岩互层17.6526.413.924.3450.140.363.9535
砂质泥岩9.6026.514.653.0375.920.344.0427
灰岩0.4527.267.426.83130.320.326.2036
泥岩1.4225.293.312.5146.170.332.3138
灰岩4.5026.047.756.37102.930.315.6235
煤层16煤1.4116.611.711.9620.420.371.8126
底板泥岩2.7024.483.042.6940.280.342.0929
十一灰岩0.9928.737.846.0680.510.325.6139
17煤0.6415.791.351.4517.630.331.1031
砂质泥岩9.4525.925.214.2770.580.313.4329
), ArticleFig(id=1266835196709064842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, articleId=1266687002863883101, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Distribution of key layers in the overlying strata

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
关键层类别岩石名称距16煤距离/m厚度/m所受载荷/kPa断裂步距/m
基本顶关键层砂质泥岩6.379.60254.5019.22
直接顶关键层灰岩04.50163.0216.24
), ArticleFig(id=1266835196776173707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, articleId=1266687002863883101, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

覆岩中关键层分布

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
关键层类别岩石名称距16煤距离/m厚度/m所受载荷/kPa断裂步距/m
基本顶关键层砂质泥岩6.379.60254.5019.22
直接顶关键层灰岩04.50163.0216.24
), ArticleFig(id=1266835196834893964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, articleId=1266687002863883101, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Characteristic parameters, movement characteristics, and caving structures of overlying strata in the goaf area in gob-side roadways

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
关键层位置岩石名称WnΔn关系hnln的关系 $ {J}_{n} $Δn的关系运动特征与垮落结构
基本顶砂质泥岩0.015 m<0.77 m2×9.6 m<19.22 m7.12 m>0.77 m悬臂梁弯曲下沉→断裂悬顶回转下沉→形成“砌体梁”结构
直接顶灰岩0.012 m<1.41 m2×4.5 m<16.24 m3.05 m>1.41 m悬臂梁弯曲下沉→断裂悬顶回转下沉→破碎的矸石
), ArticleFig(id=1266835196893614221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, articleId=1266687002863883101, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

沿空巷道邻空侧覆岩特征参数、运动特征及垮落结构

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
关键层位置岩石名称WnΔn关系hnln的关系 $ {J}_{n} $Δn的关系运动特征与垮落结构
基本顶砂质泥岩0.015 m<0.77 m2×9.6 m<19.22 m7.12 m>0.77 m悬臂梁弯曲下沉→断裂悬顶回转下沉→形成“砌体梁”结构
直接顶灰岩0.012 m<1.41 m2×4.5 m<16.24 m3.05 m>1.41 m悬臂梁弯曲下沉→断裂悬顶回转下沉→破碎的矸石
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薄煤层坚硬顶板迎采对掘沿空巷道失稳机理及控制技术研究
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刘亚州 , 史新帅 , 宁建国 , 刘广文 , 田新成 , 周帅
采矿与岩层控制工程学报 | 工程案例 2026,8(2): 023035-1-023035-13
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采矿与岩层控制工程学报 | 工程案例 2026, 8(2): 023035-1-023035-13
薄煤层坚硬顶板迎采对掘沿空巷道失稳机理及控制技术研究
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刘亚州 , 史新帅 , 宁建国, 刘广文, 田新成, 周帅
作者信息
  • 山东科技大学 能源与矿业工程学院, 山东 青岛 266590
  • 刘亚州(2000—), 男, 山东济宁人, 硕士研究生。E-mail:

通讯作者:

史新帅(1990—), 男, 山东泰安人, 博士, 硕士生导师。E-mail:
Research on instability mechanisms and control technologies for gob-side roadways in thin coal seams with hard roof under mining-excavation interaction
Yazhou LIU , Xinshuai SHI , Jianguo NING, Guangwen LIU, Xincheng TIAN, Shuai ZHOU
Affiliations
  • College of Energy and Mining Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
出版时间: 2026-04-25 doi: 10.13532/j.jmsce.cn10-1638/td.2025-1178
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针对滨湖煤矿薄煤层坚硬顶板条件下迎采对掘沿空巷道围岩变形剧烈、维护困难的问题, 综合运用理论分析、数值模拟与现场试验方法, 深入探究了邻空侧覆岩运动特征、垮落结构形态及其诱发的巷道失稳机理, 优化了切顶卸压护巷的关键技术参数并进行工程应用。研究结果表明: 16煤上覆岩层存在两层主导性的关键层, 其结构特征与力学行为控制着邻空侧岩层的运动规律与垮落结构形态, 该区域侧向悬顶在其动态演化(形成、运动及垮落)过程中, 对巷道围岩施加了显著的多次动载冲击与高静载应力作用, 显著增大了巷道破坏失稳风险。基于最大主应力偏张量评价指标, 优化确定切顶高度为16 m、切顶角度为10°, 并通过现场试验进一步优化了爆破参数, 确定深孔爆破间距为2 m、浅孔爆破间距为1 m。此外, 为提高巷道围岩承载能力, 采用了“锚网索带”主体支护结合“单元支架”临时补强的综合支护体系。矿压观测表明, 巷道围岩变形得到有效控制, 在工作面后方滞后约140 m处即达到自稳状态, 验证了切顶卸压护巷技术在解决薄煤层坚硬顶板沿空巷道维护难题方面的有效性。

迎采对掘  /  沿空巷道  /  覆岩结构  /  切顶卸压  /  偏应力

Addressing the technical challenges of severe deformation and maintenance difficulties in gob-side roadways with retained pillars under hard roof and thin coal seam conditions during mining-excavation interaction at Binhu Coal Mine, this study employs integrated theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, and field experiments to investigate the movement characteristics of the adjacent goaf-side overlying strata, the morphology of the caving structure, and the induced roadway instability mechanism. Key parameters for roof-cutting pressure relief and roadway protection were optimized and applied in engineering practice. The research indicates that two dominant key strata exist within the overburden of the No. 16 coal seam. Their structural characteristics and mechanical behavior govern the movement patterns and caving structure morphology of the adjacent strata. The dynamic evolution (formation, movement, and caving) of the lateral suspended roof in this zone subjects the roadway surrounding rock to significant multiple dynamic load impacts and high static stress, substantially increasing the risk of roadway instability and failure. Using the maximum principal stress deviatoric as the evaluation indicator, the optimal roof-cutting height and angle were theoretically determined as 16 m and 10°, respectively. Field tests further optimized the blasting parameters, establishing a spacing of 2 m for deep boreholes and 1 m for shallow boreholes. Additionally, a comprehensive support system comprising a primary "bolt-mesh-cable-belt" support combined with temporary reinforcement using "unit hydraulic props" was proposed to enhance the load-bearing capacity of the surrounding rock. Ground pressure monitoring confirmed that roadway deformation was effectively controlled, achieving a self-stabilized state approximately 140 m behind the working face. This validates the effectiveness of the roof-cutting pressure relief technology in resolving the maintenance challenges of gob-side roadways under thin coal seam and hard roof conditions.

mining-excavation interaction  /  gob-side roadway  /  structural of roof strata  /  roof cutting and pressure relief  /  deviatoric stress
刘亚州, 史新帅, 宁建国, 刘广文, 田新成, 周帅. 薄煤层坚硬顶板迎采对掘沿空巷道失稳机理及控制技术研究. 采矿与岩层控制工程学报, 2026 , 8 (2) : 023035-1 -023035-13 . DOI: 10.13532/j.jmsce.cn10-1638/td.2025-1178
Yazhou LIU, Xinshuai SHI, Jianguo NING, Guangwen LIU, Xincheng TIAN, Shuai ZHOU. Research on instability mechanisms and control technologies for gob-side roadways in thin coal seams with hard roof under mining-excavation interaction[J]. Journal of Mining and Strata Control Engineering, 2026 , 8 (2) : 023035-1 -023035-13 . DOI: 10.13532/j.jmsce.cn10-1638/td.2025-1178
煤炭作为我国主体能源, 在未来很长的时期内难以被大规模替代[1]。但随着我国煤炭几十年的开采, 特别是在我国东部矿区, 许多煤矿的中厚煤层资源面临枯竭, 开采薄煤层已成必然选择[2]。针对薄煤层开采工作面临的难点问题, 国内外专家开展技术攻关, 加之智能化助力, 使得薄煤层工作面推采速度得到大幅提高[23]。但是薄煤层回采巷道为半煤岩巷与岩巷, 掘进速度慢, 极易导致采掘失衡, 工作面接替紧张, 影响薄煤层矿井的正常生产[45]
迎采动工作面掘进巷道可有效缓解工作面接替紧张, 但此类巷道经历毗邻工作面开采全过程动压影响, 特别是煤柱尺寸较小时, 形成沿空巷道, 极易出现冒顶、底臌和煤柱失稳垮塌及支护构件失效等问题, 巷道维护困难[69]。为此, 众多学者对迎采巷道稳定性控制开展了大量研究, 并取得了丰硕成果。张农等[10]认为迎采动小煤柱沿空掘巷受到邻近工作面侧向顶板破断、转动及稳定的全过程动压影响后, 巷道围岩承载能力急剧下降, 对此提出了预拉力锚网索组合支护技术; 邸旭峰[11]通过数值模拟获得了坚硬顶板下迎采对掘巷道围岩的垂直应力动态演化规律, 揭示了巷道围岩变形破坏机理, 采用密集孔卸压技术解决了巷道变形破坏严重等问题; 王猛等[12]采用数值模拟发现迎采对掘沿空巷道在经历采动期间, 巷道顶板与煤柱变形剧烈, 呈现非对称性, 提出了以高强度大延伸率锚杆与高水速凝材料注浆加固煤柱措施; 陈定超等[13]通过分析迎采巷道的围岩能量–应力全周期演化规律, 优化了煤柱尺寸, 提出了巷道围岩分区控制技术, 确定了锚杆索支护参数; 张雷[14]认为张双楼煤矿9煤直接顶中的厚硬砂岩会形成侧向悬顶, 使得相邻的掘进巷道处于较高的支承压力下, 加大巷道变形与冲击危险性, 提出爆破切顶护巷防冲控制技术; 林榆昆等[15]从顶板结构与释放坚硬岩层应力和积蓄的弹性势能的角度出发, 提出了迎采动巷道的水力压裂切顶方法, 解决了受动静载作用下的迎采动巷道的变形与失稳问题; 康志鹏等[16]分析了薄煤层沿空巷道迎采掘进段围岩内最大剪应力分布规律, 确定了5 m的护巷煤柱宽度, 采用了“小煤柱对穿锚索双向固定+顶板一梁三柱”补强支护的方案; 黄万朋等[17]为保证薄煤层留小煤柱双巷布置下受采动影响的下一工作面巷道的稳定性, 提出了一种以“超前断顶+对穿锚索+钢管混凝土墩柱”为主体的复合加固高强支护技术, 并获得成功。然而, 针对薄煤层坚硬顶板条件下迎采对掘小煤柱沿空巷道的失稳原因及切顶护巷技术研究较少, 且数值模拟中对切顶效果的评价指标单一, 缺乏对围岩应力环境的综合分析。
因此, 笔者以滨湖煤矿迎采对掘31602材料巷为背景, 对薄煤层坚硬顶板条件下巷道邻空侧覆岩运动与垮落结构特征进行系统研究, 揭示此类沿空巷道失稳机理, 并提出控制技术措施, 为类似条件巷道围岩稳定性控制提供借鉴。
滨湖煤矿316采区当前正在开采31606工作面, 工作面平均埋深571.5 m, 煤层平均厚度1.41 m, 普氏系数2~4, 倾角5°, 结构简单。煤层顶板以石灰岩、泥岩和砂质泥岩为主, 经过测定3种岩性单轴抗压强度分别为102.93, 50.14, 75.92 MPa, 硬度大, 属于坚硬顶板。底板以泥岩、砂质泥岩为主, 单轴抗压强度较低, 硬度系数为4~5。16煤及其顶底板岩层力学参数见表1
为缓解采掘接续紧张并提高资源回收率, 矿方决定在31606工作面开采期间迎工作面推进方向沿顶掘进相邻31602材料巷, 区段留设煤柱尺寸5 m, 其位置关系如图1所示。
基于经典矿压的覆岩组合结构理论[18], 直接顶厚度一般为2~3倍的采高, 基本顶厚度一般为5~6倍的采高, 得出16煤直接顶厚度为4.50 m, 基本顶厚度为4.50~15.97 m。
随着工作面开采, 煤层上方一定范围内的岩层将发生剧烈运动[19], 对沿空巷道的稳定性有着直接影响, 其范围可采用式(1), (2)计算[20]
$ M-\sum\limits_{i=1}^{n-1}{k}_{pi}\times {h}_{i}=\Delta _{n}\leq 0 $
$ H=\sum\limits_{i=1}^{n-1}{h}_{i} $
式中, Δn为第n层岩层压缩矸石后的下沉量, m, 当其小于零时这一岩层及以上岩层将不会向下产生剧烈运动[20]; kpi为第i层岩层残余碎胀系数, 根据文献[2022]提供的岩石碎胀系数以及与垂直压力关系式, 依据滨湖煤矿实际条件进行各岩层残余碎胀系数计算得出kp1=1.17, kp2kp3=1.27, kp4=1.05; H为具有影响作用的岩层高度, 计算得出15.97 m。
众多研究表明, 关键层主导岩层运动和垮落结构, 显著影响巷道围岩的应力分布和稳定性[15, 2327]。将表1中数据代入关键层判别式(3), (4)[2325], 获得具有影响作用的上覆岩层中关键层分布。
$ {q}_{n}\left(x\right){|}_{m}={E}_{n}h_{n}^{3}\sum\limits_{i=n}^{m}{\gamma }_{i}{h}_{i}/\sum\limits_{i=n}^{m}{E}_{i}h_{i}^{3} $
$ {q}_{n}(x){\mid }_{m+1} \lt {q}_{n}(x){\mid }_{m} $
式中, qn(x)为煤层上方第m层岩层对第n层岩层的载荷作用; hi, γi, Ei分别为第i层岩层的厚度、容重和弹性模量, 其中i=n, n+1, m
当满足式(4)时, 第m+1层岩层为关键层。
覆岩中关键层分布结果见表2, 在具有影响作用的上覆岩层中存在2层关键层, 分别为16煤层上方的十灰岩(厚4.50 m)和6.37 m处的砂质泥岩(厚9.60 m), 在覆岩中形成了近距离关键层组。
31606工作面开采引起的采空区侧上覆岩层运动及结构变化是影响31602材料巷稳定的关键因素。针对16煤上覆岩层结构与316采区采掘安排, 对31602材料巷采空区侧向覆岩运动特征及垮落结构分析, 如图2所示。
31606工作面开采后, 煤层顶板上方各关键层及其控制岩层由下而上开始运动, 并在达到其极限跨度后发生的断裂垮落。在采空区边缘, 关键层凭借其厚度大、强度高、整体性好等特点, 加之下部煤岩体的支承, 形成侧向悬顶。
研究表明[9, 20, 2527], 第n层关键层侧向悬顶如何运动及垮落结构特征主要取决于其位置、厚度hn、悬顶极限下沉量Wn、断裂悬顶长度ln和极限回转量$ {J}_{n} $以及下部空间的允许下沉高度Δn, 其主要判据为: ①当Wn>Δn时, 侧向悬顶在不受其他扰动下(高位关键层破断对下部岩层产生动载冲击等现象), 会以悬臂梁的形式存在; ②当Wn<Δn, 则关键层侧向悬顶以“悬臂梁”形式弯曲下沉, 最终发生断裂, 发生回转运动; ③当该关键层位于直接顶岩层范围内, 由于下部无充足的矸石缓冲, 断裂的悬顶在回转中继续被弯拉断裂, 变成更短的岩块, 最终成为破碎的矸石, 充填采空区; ④当该关键层位于基本顶范围内, 由于下部空间不足, 岩层断裂成岩块落入采空区, 回转中的断裂悬顶与其他岩块发生挤压, 若ln>2hn$ {J}_{n} $>Δn, 则关键层断裂块体间可相互“铰接”形成“砌体梁”结构。否则将会形成台阶岩梁等其他结构[2021]
$ {W}_{n}=\frac{{q}_{n}l_{n}^{4}}{8{E}_{n}{I}_{n}} $
$ {J}_{n}={h}_{n}-\sqrt{\frac{2{q}_{n}l_{n}^{2}}{0.4{\sigma }_{\text{c}n}}} $
式中, En为第n层岩层弹性模量, GPa; In为岩层的截面矩, (In=h3/12); σcnn层关键层的抗压强度。
采用式(1)、(2)、(5)与(6)结合表12中数据, 对各关键层侧向悬顶特征参数计算, 并代入上述判据中分析, 得到沿空巷道邻空侧覆岩运动特征与垮落结构, 见表3
综上所述, 31606工作面开采后, 其顶板上方关键层十灰岩, 首先形成侧向悬顶, 造成煤柱受力集中, 随后侧向悬顶在自重和上部岩层载荷的作用下发生弯曲下沉(图2(a)); 由于采空区无垮落矸石对十灰岩进行有效支承, 进一步发生断裂, 产生回转运动, 最终触底(图2(b)); 随着关键层十灰岩及其上方软弱岩层垮入采空区, 关键层砂质泥岩下方具备了一定的运动空间, 其采空区边缘的侧向悬顶同样也将经历弯曲下沉、破断回转两个阶段, 最终形成关键岩块B, 并以砌体梁的形式作用在沿空巷道及其煤柱上方, 为造成沿空巷道失稳的关键因素(图2(c))。
由弹塑性力学理论[2829]可知, 应力偏张量代表着岩体内剪切应力分布与大小, 控制着岩体的塑性变形, 为引起岩体发生破坏的主导应力。因此, 笔者采用最大主应力偏张量$ {s}_{1} $作为迎采对掘小煤柱沿空巷道所处应力环境的优劣的评价指标, 它同时考虑3个主应力(所有的正应力和切应力), 克服了单一垂直或水平应力等独立指标评价围岩稳定性的缺点, 其计算公式[29]
$ {s}_{1}={\sigma }_{1}-{\sigma }_{\text{m}},{\sigma }_{\text{m}}=\left({\sigma }_{1}+{\sigma }_{2}+{\sigma }_{3}\right)/3 $
根据31602材料巷地质条件和采掘安排, 利用FLAC3D建立迎采对掘小煤柱沿空巷道数值计算分析模型。模型尺寸为x×y×z=390 m×300 m×70 m, 前后左右及下部设置固定边界, 上部施加12.75 MPa载荷, 等效其余岩层自重。各岩层采用Mohr-Coulomb本构模型, 模拟参数见表1
图3所示, 数值模拟结果表明, 当31606工作面开采后, 显著提高了31602材料巷围岩内的最大主应力偏张量水平, 使沿空巷道处高应力环境下。未切顶时的最大主应力偏张量云图如图4(a)所示。
鉴于最大主应力偏张量的集中程度是诱发围岩剪切变形与破坏的关键指标, 其值的显著升高直接反映了巷道围岩稳定性降低、失稳风险加剧的趋势。因此, 为有效改善巷道所处应力环境、保障围岩稳定, 必须采取针对性的卸压措施。
对采掘安排、顶板岩层结构及31602材料巷采空区侧覆岩运动特征及垮落结构进行分析后, 得到该沿空巷道围岩变形破坏原因。
(1)工作面开采后, 巷道邻空侧出现各关键层的侧向悬顶, 增大对其侧向垂直支承压力(图2(a)), 导致围岩内主应力σ1升高(σ1σ1h)。由莫尔–库仑准则可知, 岩石内一点应力圆在强度曲线内, 该所处应力状态是安全的, 否则出现剪切破坏。如图5(a)所示, 当σ1h与巷内支护提供的σ3所构成的应力圆超过围岩体强度包络线时, 将引起巷道围岩浅部发生压剪破坏, 引起巷道变形, 同时σ1h由更深层围岩继续承担(σ3σ3h);
(2)在侧向悬顶弯曲下沉时, 下沉量由右到左逐渐增大, 挤压下方的沿空巷道, 对围岩产生水平挤压力, 同时集聚弹性势能。如图2(b)、(c)与图5(b)所示, 悬顶破断时, 内部弹性势能瞬间释放, 形成多次动载冲击, 作用于沿空巷道围岩上, 降低围岩承载能力, 导致强度包络线下降, 同时内部应力瞬间升高[3031], 应力圆瞬间增大, 突破围岩强度包络线, 围岩内部发生剪切破坏, 关键岩块B的回转持续增大水平挤压力, 引起煤柱水平错动, 最终造成巷道失稳破坏。
基于第2节, 若采取超前预裂切顶后(图6), 各关键层侧向悬顶无法形成, 关键岩块B滑入采空区, 不会发生弯曲下沉、破断回转, 避免了多次动载与高静载作用下的围岩体承载力劣化, 降低了31602材料巷所在区域的应力。同时, 超前预裂切顶使在31606工作面与31602材料巷之间的关键层失去联系, 阻碍了采动应力向沿空巷道传播[15, 20]
由第1节可知, 切顶高度达到15.97 m时, 能将煤层上方两层关键层全部切断, 有利于沿空巷道稳定。
对于位于直接顶内的关键层, 切顶后无法形成砌体梁结构, 将直接垮落进入采空区, 向沿空巷道方向传递的载荷将会很小。因此, 重点考虑切顶角度对基本顶关键层中岩块B的影响。如图7所示, 采用预裂切顶后, 为了让岩块B顺利滑入采空区, 避免形成砌体梁结构, 减少其通过与之铰接的岩体A向巷道所在区域传递载荷。
切顶缝处需要满足的“剪切力≥滑动摩擦阻力”[32], 即
$ R\text{cos}\text{ }\theta -T\sin\text{ }\theta \leq \left(T\cos\text{ }\theta +R\sin\text{ }\theta \right)\text{tan}\text{ }\varphi $
$ \theta \leq \arctan \left(\frac{R}{T}\right)-\varphi $
式中, θ为最大切顶角度; φ为基本顶关键层1的内摩擦角, 取27°; T为断面法向推力, kN; R为破断面处两岩块间的切向剪力, kN。
基于钱鸣高院士等相关研究结果, 将顶板简化为梁模型, 即
$ T=\frac{qb{l}^{2}}{2\text{(}h-\Delta _{\text{S}}\text{)}} $
$ R=qbl $
式中, b为梁模型宽度, 取1 m; q为该关键层载荷, 取254.50 kPa; l为该关键层周期断裂步距, 取19.53 m; h为厚度, 取9.6 m; $ \Delta _{\text{S}} $为下部空间的允许下沉高度, 取0.77 m。
将以上数据代入式(9), 计算获得θ最大值为15.12°。
选取切顶角度为10°, 根据顶板岩层中起主导作用的关键层位置, 将切顶高度确定为10、13、16 m和19 m。迎采对掘下不同切顶高度时最大主应力偏张量云图如图4所示。
为定量化沿空巷道周围最大主应力偏张量变化规律, 避免边界效应影响, 提取模型中部顶底板及两帮的最大主偏应力张量数据。不同切顶高度下沿空巷道围岩最大主应力偏张量曲线如图8所示。由图8可知, 切顶后, 巷道所处围岩应力环境得到大幅改善。最大主应力偏张量在巷道围岩内均呈现单峰存在。在切顶高度从0~19 m过程中, 实体煤上方顶板内最大主应力偏张量峰值逐渐向深部转移, 其他位置最大主应力偏张量峰值位置无明显变化, 但峰值均逐渐降低。当切顶高度大于16 m时, 巷道周围最大主应力偏张量峰值的降低幅度明显减小。进一步结合前文对顶板结构分析, 16 m的切顶高度已经足够可以将巷道上方两个具有影响作用的关键层切落。
选取切顶高度为16 m, 根据切顶角度的理论计算结果, 选取0°、5°、10°和15°。迎采对掘条件下不同切顶角度时最大主应力偏张量云图如图9所示。
不同切顶角度下沿空巷道最大主应力偏张量曲线如图10所示。由图10可知, 随着切顶角度的增加, 巷道围岩内最大主应力偏张量峰值逐渐增加, 应力环境逐渐恶化。当切顶角度达到15°时, 巷道围岩内的最大主应力偏张量峰值急剧升高, 并且实体煤上方顶板内最大主应力偏张量峰值向浅部转移, 其他位置最大主应力偏张量峰值位置无明显变化。这是由于切顶角度的增大, 不利于关键岩块B的滑落, 使得采空上方岩层的载荷传递给岩体A, 进而作用于巷道围岩上, 引起围岩体内最大主应力偏张量升高。但在5°~10°之内变化时, 最大主应力偏张量的峰值增量却较少。
对于切顶角度选择, 考虑到切顶角度为0°时, 切顶面两侧的滑动摩擦阻力较小, 虽然对改善沿空巷道的应力环境最有效, 但是采用超前预裂切顶, 31606材料巷切顶一侧的顶板由固支变为简支, 且超前位置在采动应力影响下, 更易引起顶板垮落, 不利于原巷道的安全。为此, 结合模拟结果, 切顶角度确定为10°。
基于第3节分析结果, 确定切顶高度为16 m, 角度为10°。与密集钻孔与水力压裂相比, 爆破具有投入低、效率高、切顶效果好等优点, 同时为将31602材料巷与31606工作面接触段的邻空侧上方具有影响作用的关键层全部切落, 采用深–浅孔组合聚能爆破方式切顶。
通过现场爆破测试(图1112), 发现在浅孔爆破孔前方0.5 m、深孔爆破孔前方1 m处的观测孔内形成了连续裂缝, 总长度达到12.1 m, 致裂效果明显。参考爆破测试结果, 为使两相邻炮孔的裂隙损伤可相互贯通, 深浅炮孔间距确定为2和1 m。
顶板采用$ \phi $20 mm×1 000/2 000 mm左旋无纵肋螺纹钢式树脂锚杆, 锚杆间排距为900/1 400/825 mm×3 000/1 500/3 000 mm; 同时施工1×19–$ \phi $21.8 mm×6 000 mm预应力锚索, 压280 mm×5 mm×3 500 mm型W钢带, 锚索间排距1 400 mm×1 500 mm。帮部采用$ \phi $18 mm×2 000/1 500 mm右旋等强螺纹钢式树脂锚杆, 锚杆间排距为1 100 mm×1 000 mm, 压180 mm×5 mm×2 500 mm型W钢带; 每排施工锚索, 实体煤侧自顶板向下800 mm施工1×19–$ \phi $21.8 mm×3 000 mm预应力锚索1根, 排距2 000 mm; 煤柱侧自顶板向下800 mm施工1×19–$ \phi $21.8 mm×5 600 mm预应力锚索1根, 间距1 000 mm再施工1×19–$ \phi $21.8 mm×5 600 mm预应力锚索1根, 排距2 000 mm (图13)。锚杆均配单泡让压管, 顶部锚索及帮部锚索在锁具与锚索托盘之间均配球形垫。
根据本采区其他工作面开采经验, 当31602材料巷掘进工作面距31606开采工作面150 m时, 停止掘进, 并布置单元支架, 进行临时被动补强支护。
为检验切顶卸压效果, 在31602材料巷停掘处进行矿压观测。图14为31602材料巷矿压观测结果,由图14可知, 在受31606工作面影响期间, 巷道顶底板与两帮最大位移变化量约为28、12 mm, 顶底板与两帮最大位移分别约为303、166 mm。31602材料巷现场效果如图15所示。
31602材料巷掘进工作面在滞后工作面约140 m时, 覆岩运动趋于稳定, 巷道实现自稳, 则可恢复掘进作业。
(1)根据16煤开采后上覆岩层的允许下沉量, 计算出了对31602材料巷稳定性具有影响作用的岩层范围为15.97 m, 并利用关键层判别式确定出该范围内存在近距离关键层组。
(2)结合关键层所处位置、侧向悬顶极限下沉量、采空区允许下沉高度及岩层厚度与断裂悬顶长度的关系, 建立了沿空巷道邻空侧上覆岩层运动与垮落特征判据, 获得了沿空巷道邻空侧岩层垮落特征与运动方式, 并阐明关键层侧向悬顶形成及运动过程中导致沿空巷道失稳的作用机制。
(3)采用数值模拟的方法, 以最大主应力偏张量为评价指标, 分析了不同切顶参数下31602材料巷围岩内的最大主应力偏张量分布特征, 确定了最优参数组合方案为“切顶高度16 m、角度10°”, 该方案显著改善巷道围岩应力环境。
(4)采用深浅孔组合聚能爆破方式切顶, 通过现场爆破测试验证了良好的致裂效果, 并确定深–浅炮孔间距分别为2和1 m。矿压观测显示, 巷道变形处于可控范围内, 在滞后工作面约140 m时实现自稳, 切顶卸压效果良好。
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doi: 10.13532/j.jmsce.cn10-1638/td.2025-1178
  • 接收时间:2025-05-28
  • 首发时间:2026-05-28
  • 出版时间:2026-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-28
  • 修回日期:2025-08-11
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    山东科技大学 能源与矿业工程学院, 山东 青岛 266590

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史新帅(1990—), 男, 山东泰安人, 博士, 硕士生导师。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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