Article(id=1266686997008630188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, issueId=1266686777441018407, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13532/j.jmsce.cn10-1638/td.2025-1159, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1747238400000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-15, revisedDate=1756396800000, revisedDateStr=2025-08-29, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1779931313993, onlineDateStr=2026-05-28, pubDate=1777046400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1779931313993, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1779931313993, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1779931313993, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1266686777441018407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, year='2026', volume='8', issue='2', pageStart='013014-1', pageEnd='023542-19', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1779931261643, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1779931348520, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1266687141976358949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, issueId=1266686777441018407, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1266687141976358950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, issueId=1266686777441018407, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=028031-1, endPage=028031-19, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1266686997264482734, articleId=1266686997008630188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, language=EN, title=Study on mechanical property and energy dissipation laws of cemented gangue backfill under the influence of aggregate particle size distribution, columnId=1266686779106152540, journalTitle=Journal of Mining and Strata Control Engineering, columnName=Fundamental Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The particle size distribution of gangue aggregates and the curing age are the key factors affecting the mechanical properties of cemented gangue backfill. To study the mechanical properties and damage evolution characteristics of backfill with different particle size distributions of aggregates at different curing ages, coal gangue was used as the aggregate and fly ash as the auxiliary cementitious material to prepare cemented backfill. The mechanical properties, microstructure and fracture evolution characteristics of backfill with different aggregate particle size distributions were studied. Based on the dissipated energy, a damage constitutive model of the backfill considering the curing age effect was established, further revealing the energy damage evolution process of the backfill. The results show that the compressive strength and elastic modulus of the backfill with different aggregate size distribution increase with the extension of curing age. The elastic modulus and peak stress of the backfill with a particle size distribution of 0-5 mm are the highest, the backfill with a particle size distribution of 0-10 mm is the second, and the backfill with a particle size distribution of 5-10 mm is the smallest. Under uniaxial compression, the backfill with the particle size distribution of 0-5 mm maintained good integrity, and the extension of curing age could restrain the expansion and penetration of failure cracks, and improve the integrity of the sample. The microstructure density of the backfill with the aggregate size distribution of 0-5 mm is the best, and the extension of curing age reduces the size and range of the void structure inside the backfill, and improves the microstructure density. The total energy, elastic strain energy and dissipative energy of the backfill with different aggregate particle size distribution increased quadratic function with the increase of curing age, and the change of aggregate particle size distribution and curing age had no effect on the energy accumulation and dissipation process in the backfill. The established damage constitutive model considering the effect of curing age can accurately reflect the stress distribution under load of the backfill, and the damage evolution of backfill can be divided into four stages: initial damage stage, damage stable stage, damage accelerated growth stage and damage failure stage.

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为研究充填体在不同骨料粒径分布和养护龄期条件下的力学性能及损伤演化特征, 以煤矸石为骨料, 粉煤灰为辅助胶凝材料制备胶结充填体, 研究了不同骨料粒径条件下充填体试样的力学性能、微观结构及破裂演化特征, 并基于耗散能建立了考虑养护龄期效应的充填体损伤本构模型, 进一步揭示了胶结充填体的能量损伤演化过程。研究结果表明: 不同骨料粒径分布下, 充填体的抗压强度及弹性模量均随着养护龄期的延长而增大; 骨料粒径分布为0~5 mm的充填体试样弹性模量和峰值应力最高, 0~10 mm的次之, 5~10 mm的最小; 单轴压缩下骨料粒径分布为0~5 mm的充填体试样保持了较好的完整性, 而养护龄期的延长能够抑制破坏裂纹的扩展与贯通, 提高了试样的完整性; 骨料粒径分布为0~5 mm的充填体试样微观结构的致密性最佳, 并且养护龄期的延长降低了充填体试样内部空隙结构的尺度及范围, 提高了微观结构的致密性; 不同骨料粒径分布充填体试样总能量、弹性应变能及耗散能随养护龄期的增加呈二次函数的递增趋势, 并且骨料粒径分布及养护龄期的变化不会对充填体试样内部能量积聚与耗散过程造成影响; 建立的考虑养护龄期效应的损伤本构模型能够准确反映充填体试样的受载应力分布, 并且充填体试样的损伤演化可划分为初始损伤阶段、损伤平稳阶段、损伤加速增长阶段及损伤破坏阶段4个阶段。

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尹升华(1981—), 男, 江西吉安人, 教授, 博士生导师, 主要从事矿山充填开采、矿山岩石力学等方面的教学与研究工作。E-mail:
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侯永强(1992—), 男, 江西抚州人, 副教授, 硕士生导师, 主要从事膏体充填、矿山岩石力学、矿山固废材料资源化应用等方面的教学科研工作

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侯永强(1992—), 男, 江西抚州人, 副教授, 硕士生导师, 主要从事膏体充填、矿山岩石力学、矿山固废材料资源化应用等方面的教学科研工作

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侯永强(1992—), 男, 江西抚州人, 副教授, 硕士生导师, 主要从事膏体充填、矿山岩石力学、矿山固废材料资源化应用等方面的教学科研工作

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Oxide components and relative percentage of filling material %

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成分SiO2CaOMgOAl2O3Fe2O3其他
煤矸石13.1675.005.943.491.111.30
水泥28.3648.282.5011.872.881.07
粉煤灰40.4023.9019.005.104.287.32
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充填材料成分及质量百分比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
成分SiO2CaOMgOAl2O3Fe2O3其他
煤矸石13.1675.005.943.491.111.30
水泥28.3648.282.5011.872.881.07
粉煤灰40.4023.9019.005.104.287.32
), ArticleFig(id=1266687015912358502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, articleId=1266686997008630188, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Energy parameters of backfill at characteristic stress points

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组别骨料粒径分布范围/mm养护龄期/d初裂应力$ {\sigma }_{1} $/(kJ·m−3)峰值应力$ {\sigma }_{2} $/(kJ·m−3)
$ U $ $ {U}^{\text{e}} $ $ {U}^{\text{d}} $ $ U $ $ {U}^{\text{e}} $ $ {U}^{\text{d}} $
A0~532.762.410.354.812.921.89
75.034.420.619.836.583.25
146.746.030.7120.4013.906.50
287.676.541.1324.9317.427.51
B0~1031.691.580.113.252.111.14
74.514.110.416.904.582.32
145.845.220.6216.2811.314.97
286.835.801.0318.3512.126.23
C5~1030.870.690.182.651.541.11
71.291.080.213.912.331.58
144.373.810.5611.278.043.23
285.284.300.9813.158.294.86
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充填体试样在特征应力点处的能量参数

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$ U $ $ {U}^{\text{e}} $ $ {U}^{\text{d}} $ $ U $ $ {U}^{\text{e}} $ $ {U}^{\text{d}} $
A0~532.762.410.354.812.921.89
75.034.420.619.836.583.25
146.746.030.7120.4013.906.50
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74.514.110.416.904.582.32
145.845.220.6216.2811.314.97
286.835.801.0318.3512.126.23
C5~1030.870.690.182.651.541.11
71.291.080.213.912.331.58
144.373.810.5611.278.043.23
285.284.300.9813.158.294.86
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不同骨料粒径分布下矸石胶结充填体力学特性及能量耗散规律研究
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侯永强 1, 2 , 杨科 2 , 尹升华 3 , 张欣越 1 , 王雷鸣 3 , 于详 2 , 夏文韬 2
采矿与岩层控制工程学报 | 基础研究 2026,8(2): 028031-1-028031-19
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采矿与岩层控制工程学报 | 基础研究 2026, 8(2): 028031-1-028031-19
不同骨料粒径分布下矸石胶结充填体力学特性及能量耗散规律研究
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侯永强1, 2, 杨科2, 尹升华3 , 张欣越1, 王雷鸣3, 于详2, 夏文韬2
作者信息
  • 1安徽理工大学 煤炭安全精准开采工程实验室, 安徽 淮南 232001
  • 2新疆工程学院 新疆煤炭资源绿色开采教育部重点实验室, 新疆 乌鲁木齐 830023
  • 3北京科技大学 资源与安全工程学院, 北京 100083
  • 侯永强(1992—), 男, 江西抚州人, 副教授, 硕士生导师, 主要从事膏体充填、矿山岩石力学、矿山固废材料资源化应用等方面的教学科研工作

通讯作者:

尹升华(1981—), 男, 江西吉安人, 教授, 博士生导师, 主要从事矿山充填开采、矿山岩石力学等方面的教学与研究工作。E-mail:
Study on mechanical property and energy dissipation laws of cemented gangue backfill under the influence of aggregate particle size distribution
Yongqiang HOU1, 2, Ke YANG2, Shenghua YIN3 , Xinyue ZHANG1, Leiming WANG3, Xiang YU2, Wentao XIA2
Affiliations
  • 1Laboratory for Safe and Precise Coal Mining, Anhui University of Science and Technology Engineering, Huainan 232001, China
  • 2Laboratory of Xinjiang Coal Resources Green Mining, Ministry of Education, Xinjiang Institute of Engineering, Urumgi 830023, China
  • 3School of Resources and Safety Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
出版时间: 2026-04-25 doi: 10.13532/j.jmsce.cn10-1638/td.2025-1159
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为研究充填体在不同骨料粒径分布和养护龄期条件下的力学性能及损伤演化特征, 以煤矸石为骨料, 粉煤灰为辅助胶凝材料制备胶结充填体, 研究了不同骨料粒径条件下充填体试样的力学性能、微观结构及破裂演化特征, 并基于耗散能建立了考虑养护龄期效应的充填体损伤本构模型, 进一步揭示了胶结充填体的能量损伤演化过程。研究结果表明: 不同骨料粒径分布下, 充填体的抗压强度及弹性模量均随着养护龄期的延长而增大; 骨料粒径分布为0~5 mm的充填体试样弹性模量和峰值应力最高, 0~10 mm的次之, 5~10 mm的最小; 单轴压缩下骨料粒径分布为0~5 mm的充填体试样保持了较好的完整性, 而养护龄期的延长能够抑制破坏裂纹的扩展与贯通, 提高了试样的完整性; 骨料粒径分布为0~5 mm的充填体试样微观结构的致密性最佳, 并且养护龄期的延长降低了充填体试样内部空隙结构的尺度及范围, 提高了微观结构的致密性; 不同骨料粒径分布充填体试样总能量、弹性应变能及耗散能随养护龄期的增加呈二次函数的递增趋势, 并且骨料粒径分布及养护龄期的变化不会对充填体试样内部能量积聚与耗散过程造成影响; 建立的考虑养护龄期效应的损伤本构模型能够准确反映充填体试样的受载应力分布, 并且充填体试样的损伤演化可划分为初始损伤阶段、损伤平稳阶段、损伤加速增长阶段及损伤破坏阶段4个阶段。

胶结充填体  /  骨料粒径分布  /  力学性能  /  微观结构  /  能量损伤演化

The particle size distribution of gangue aggregates and the curing age are the key factors affecting the mechanical properties of cemented gangue backfill. To study the mechanical properties and damage evolution characteristics of backfill with different particle size distributions of aggregates at different curing ages, coal gangue was used as the aggregate and fly ash as the auxiliary cementitious material to prepare cemented backfill. The mechanical properties, microstructure and fracture evolution characteristics of backfill with different aggregate particle size distributions were studied. Based on the dissipated energy, a damage constitutive model of the backfill considering the curing age effect was established, further revealing the energy damage evolution process of the backfill. The results show that the compressive strength and elastic modulus of the backfill with different aggregate size distribution increase with the extension of curing age. The elastic modulus and peak stress of the backfill with a particle size distribution of 0-5 mm are the highest, the backfill with a particle size distribution of 0-10 mm is the second, and the backfill with a particle size distribution of 5-10 mm is the smallest. Under uniaxial compression, the backfill with the particle size distribution of 0-5 mm maintained good integrity, and the extension of curing age could restrain the expansion and penetration of failure cracks, and improve the integrity of the sample. The microstructure density of the backfill with the aggregate size distribution of 0-5 mm is the best, and the extension of curing age reduces the size and range of the void structure inside the backfill, and improves the microstructure density. The total energy, elastic strain energy and dissipative energy of the backfill with different aggregate particle size distribution increased quadratic function with the increase of curing age, and the change of aggregate particle size distribution and curing age had no effect on the energy accumulation and dissipation process in the backfill. The established damage constitutive model considering the effect of curing age can accurately reflect the stress distribution under load of the backfill, and the damage evolution of backfill can be divided into four stages: initial damage stage, damage stable stage, damage accelerated growth stage and damage failure stage.

cemented backfill  /  aggregate size distribution  /  mechanical properties  /  microstructure  /  energy damage evolution
侯永强, 杨科, 尹升华, 张欣越, 王雷鸣, 于详, 夏文韬. 不同骨料粒径分布下矸石胶结充填体力学特性及能量耗散规律研究. 采矿与岩层控制工程学报, 2026 , 8 (2) : 028031-1 -028031-19 . DOI: 10.13532/j.jmsce.cn10-1638/td.2025-1159
Yongqiang HOU, Ke YANG, Shenghua YIN, Xinyue ZHANG, Leiming WANG, Xiang YU, Wentao XIA. Study on mechanical property and energy dissipation laws of cemented gangue backfill under the influence of aggregate particle size distribution[J]. Journal of Mining and Strata Control Engineering, 2026 , 8 (2) : 028031-1 -028031-19 . DOI: 10.13532/j.jmsce.cn10-1638/td.2025-1159
长久以来, 我国“富煤贫油少气”的能源禀赋特征决定了煤炭在我国能源生产和消费中的主体地位, 习近平总书记在党的二十大报告中强调“深入推进能源革命, 煤炭作为我国主体能源, 仍将为我国国民经济发展提供重要支撑”[12]。然而, 我国煤炭资源的不断开采累计产生了超过10亿t的煤基固废材料, 占据整个工业固废的一半以上, 大量堆积的煤基固废材料不仅侵占了土地资源, 而且对矿区周边的生态环境产生了明显的破坏[3]。在“绿水青山就是金山银山”的生态发展理念下, 实现煤基固废材料的资源化利用已成为国家能源与生态安全的重大课题。在诸多采矿方法中, 充填采矿法不仅能够有效处置矿山的固废材料, 而且能够发挥控制地表沉降及采场围岩稳定的作用[4]。胶结充填体作为支撑采场稳定结构的单元, 其承载能力对整个采场的稳定性有着重要作用, 若充填体的承载能力不能满足工程预期要求, 不仅增大了开采成本, 而且不能有效防治煤炭开采引发的一系列灾害[5]。因此, 研究荷载作用下胶结充填体的力学特性及能量损伤演化规律有助于从能量角度认识充填体的破坏机制, 具有重要理论价值和工程意义。
目前, 国内外诸多学者对胶结充填体力学性能、破坏形态及微观结构等方面开展了相应的研究工作。LYU Haoyan等[6]探究了粒径分布和应变率对胶结充填体力学强度的变化规律; 吴疆宇等[7]探究了胶结材料种类及含量对充填体强度及变形特性的影响规律; 金爱兵等[8]通过力学试验探究了尾砂颗粒级配对充填体微观结构的影响规律; 赵兵朝等[9]探究了矸石胶结充填体在单轴压缩下的裂纹扩展特征; 程爱平等[10]通过单轴压缩测试探究了胶结充填体力学性能及声发射参数的响应规律; JIANG Feifei等[11]分析了温度和龄期对砾石胶结充填体物理力学特性的影响规律; 王勇等[12]探究了不同初始温度下尾砂充填体力学强度的演化规律; 尹升华等[13]揭示了粗骨料掺量对充填体力学强度及泌水率的影响规律; XUE Xilong等[14]指出添加适量的聚丙烯纤维不仅能够增强充填体的抗压强度, 而且可以提高充填体的抗变形破坏能力; ZHU Chao等[15]探究了冰粒对尾砂充填体抗压强度及微观结构的影响规律; LIU Shuaigang等[16]通过力学性能试验, 指出延长搅拌时间能够提高充填体的力学强度; CHENG Yunhai等[17]指出添加适量的粉煤灰能够改善充填体的微观结构, 并且提高了试样的抗压强度。以上研究多集中分析胶凝材料、初始温度及尾砂颗粒级配等因素对充填体力学性能的影响, 而对于采用煤矸石制备的充填体, 其矸石骨料占总质量至少60%以上, 骨料粒径分布对充填体力学性能具有显著的影响, 但目前关于不同煤矸石骨料粒径分布充填体的抗压强度、破裂特征及损伤演化规律的研究鲜有报道, 未能阐明骨料粒径分布对充填体破裂形态及损伤演化的影响规律。
此外, 胶结充填体作为一种人工复合材料, 其内部存在大量微孔隙、微裂隙等缺陷, 在荷载作用下, 充填体内部的初始缺陷会使充填体内部损伤扩展演化, 进而造成胶结充填体失稳破坏[1819]。胶结充填体的损伤破坏本质上是能量耗散的结果, 分析胶结充填体的能量耗散规律, 探究充填体能量耗散与损伤失稳之间的关系, 对于揭示充填体变形破坏的能量损伤演化机制具有重要的意义。目前, 一些学者针对充填体的能量耗散开展了一些研究工作。侯永强等[2021]揭示了养护龄期、加载速率的变化对充填体能量参数的影响规律, 并从能量耗散角度描述了充填体的损伤演化过程; 宋卫东等[22]探究了分层结构对充填体能量耗散的影响规律; 徐文彬等[23]探究了三轴加载下充填体的能量耗散特性, 并分析了围岩对充填体能量参数的影响规律; 程爱平等[24]通过单轴压缩试验, 揭示了充填体细观能量演化与耗散特征; 姜明归等[25]运用 SHPB 试验系统, 研究了不同应变率下充填体能量参数的演化特征。以上研究多集中分析了养护龄期、加载速率及加载方式等外部因素对充填体能量耗散的影响, 忽视了矸石骨料粒径分布对充填体能量耗散的影响, 也未系统研究骨料粒径分布与能量耗散的关联性。
综上所述, 诸多学者针对充填体力学性能及能量耗散开展了大量的研究工作, 也取得了一些有益的研究成果, 但现有研究仍存在以下不足之处: ①目前对于不同矸石骨料粒径分布范围下, 充填体破裂形态及微观结构随养护龄期的变化规律尚未明确, 也未系统研究不同矸石骨料粒径分布下充填体力学性能的变化特征; ②目前关于不同矸石骨料粒径分布充填体的能量耗散规律尚不清晰, 也未系统研究骨料粒径分布与能量耗散的关联性; ③目前尚未建立考虑养护龄期效应下不同粒径分布充填体的损伤本构模型, 未能揭示不同矸石骨料粒径分布充填体的能量损伤演化过程。
基于此, 笔者采用不同粒径范围矸石制备煤矸石胶结充填体试样, 系统开展不同骨料粒径分布范围矸石充填体力学性能的研究工作, 其创新之处在于: ①分析了不同矸石骨料粒径分布充填体特征应力的变化特征, 揭示了充填体破裂演化与骨料粒径分布的关联性; ②分析了不同矸石骨料粒径分布充填体的微观结构及孔隙率的变化特征, 揭示了矸石骨料粒径分布范围对充填体力学性能的影响机理; ③基于能量耗散理论建立了矸石胶结充填体损伤本构模型, 揭示了不同矸石骨料粒径分布充填体的能量损伤演化过程。
试验用煤矸石取自任家庄煤矿掘进矸石, 外表呈现浅灰色。粉煤灰来自鸳鸯湖电厂一期的粉煤灰, 外观为粉末状。胶凝材料采用复合硅酸盐水泥, 标号为P·C32.5。试验用水为自然水。矸石密度为2 600 kg/m3, 粉煤灰的密度为2 000~2 800 kg/m3, 比表面积为2 000~3 800 cm2/g。水泥的密度为3 000~3 200 kg/m3, 比表面积为300~450 cm2/g。
采用XRF对充填材料的化学成分进行测试, 得出煤矸石、粉煤灰及水泥的化学组成见表1。由表1可知, 煤矸石的主要成分为SiO2、Al2O3、Fe2O3; 粉煤灰的主要化学成分为SiO2、CaO、Al2O3。由此可知, 煤矸石和粉煤灰均未含有有害物质, 可以作为良好的充填材料。
试验采用煤矸石、粉煤灰、水泥和自来水为原材料, 按照一定质量比制备矸石胶结充填体。笔者为使制备的充填体能够满足煤矿井下充填需求, 参考团队前期的研究成果[26], 煤矸石、粉煤灰、水泥和自来水的质量比采用6∶2∶1∶1。
吴疆宇[7]、杨志强[27]、王建栋[28]等指出, 当骨料最大粒径为10 mm、0~5 mm的粒径占比较多时, 胶结充填体具有较高的抗压强度及抗离析性能, 因此笔者按粒径范围将矸石骨料划分为A、B、C三组, 其中A组骨料粒径范围为0~5 mm, B组为0~10 mm, C组为5~10 mm。矸石在实验室破碎后, 采用四分法取样对3组骨料颗粒进行筛分, 得到骨料颗粒的粒径分布如图1所示。由图1可知, A、B、C组的骨料中, 粒径分布为1 mm以下的颗粒占比分别为57.80%和21.51%; C组的骨料中, 粒径分布为6 mm以下的颗粒占比为26.35%。
使用筛分好的A、B、C组骨料, 分别制备充填体试样, 得到A(骨料粒径范围为0~5 mm)、B(骨料粒径范围为0~10 mm)、C(骨料粒径范围为5~10 mm)组充填体试样。其制备过程为: ①将筛分好的煤矸石, 分别与粉煤灰及水泥按照比例混合搅拌3 min, 待搅拌均匀后再加入自来水继续搅拌, 5 min后制备成煤矸石充填料浆; ②将煤矸石充填料浆快速均匀地注入直径50 mm、高100 mm的圆柱体塑料模具中, 并将模具放入恒温恒湿(温度: 20±1 ℃, 相对湿度: 95%以上)养护箱内养护; ③养护24 h后, 对试样进行脱模并分组编号; ④将试样放入养护箱内继续养护至设计龄期。充填体试样的制备及测试过程如图2所示。
当每组充填体试样达到相应的养护龄期后, 采用CLY30 型岩石力学加载系统对充填体进行力学性能测试。主要测试养护龄期达到3、7、14 d及28 d的充填体力学性能, 每个龄期测试3个试样。试验系统采用中机试验装备股份有限公司生产TMC–2010微机控制, 加载范围为0~50 kN, 精度为0.001 kN, 加载方式选取位移加载控制方式, 加载速率为0.6 mm/min。采用AMRAY1820电子显微镜测试试样的微观结构, 在试样测试前先用酒精浸泡试样, 随后烘干处理, 并进行喷金, 最后进行试样的微观结构测试。煤矸石充填体试样的制备及测试过程如图2所示。
对达到不同养护龄期的3组充填体试样, 进行单轴压缩性能测试, 得到其应力–应变曲线, 如图3所示。
图3可知, 3组充填体试样的应力–应变曲线形态基本保持一致, 说明骨料粒径分布对充填体的变形破坏类型即损伤过程影响微小。
当养护龄期为3 d时, A、B、C组充填体试样在压密阶段的临界应变值分别为0.075%、0.082%、0.212%, 由此可知, C组充填体试样具有最长的压密阶段, B组次之, A组最短。此时, 水泥水化反应并不完全, 水化反应生成的C–S–H凝胶比较有限, 并且C组充填体试样缺乏细骨料导致内部存在较大的空隙结构, 因此充填体试样内部的空隙结构并不能被水化产物有效的填充, 使得C组充填体试样具有最长的压密阶段[29]
当养护龄期为28 d时, A、B、C组充填体试样压密阶段并不明显, 表明试样只经历了小范围的压密阶段便进入了线弹性变形阶段。这是由于随着养护龄期的延长, 水泥水化反应逐渐完全, 生成的水化产物C–S–H凝胶能够填充试样的空隙结构。
结合充填体试样应力–应变曲线可知, 充填体试样的单轴压缩破坏过程具有多阶段性, 各阶段内由于能量演化的差异导致充填体试样内部原始微裂纹压缩闭合与新裂纹萌生扩展程度不同, 宏观上表现为充填体试样的特征应力与破坏模式的差异[30]。在单轴加载过程中, 不同骨料粒径分布范围的矸石胶结充填体试样的变形破坏大致可以划分为4个阶段, 即初始裂隙压密阶段、线弹性变形阶段、屈服破坏阶段及峰后破坏阶段。在这4个阶段中, 存在两个明显的特征应力点, 分别为代表充填体试样内部开始新裂隙的初裂应力$ {\sigma }_{1} $以及充填体试样内部微裂纹加速扩展形成大尺寸宏观裂纹的峰值应力$ {\sigma }_{2} $
参考现有的研究成果[31]及充填体试样的应力–应变曲线, 笔者设定初裂应力为75%峰值应力, 由此可计算出充填体试样的特征应力, 如图4所示。
图4可知, 3组充填体试样的初裂应力、峰值应力随养护龄期的增加均逐渐增大, 表明养护龄期的延长能显著提高充填体试样的承载能力。
同时, 当养护龄期相同时, A组充填体试样初裂应力、峰值应力最高、B组次之、C组最小。①A组充填体试样颗粒间的粒径范围差异较小, 在水化产物C–S–H凝胶的作用下颗粒间能够有效黏结进而形成更为稳固的网络支撑体系, 使得其具有最高的初裂应力、峰值应力。②C组充填体试样骨料颗粒间容易产生较大空隙结构, 水化产物C–S–H凝胶并不能有效填充其内部的空隙结构, 导致空隙结构分布较多, 使得其初裂应力、峰值应力较低。
同时, 以峰值应力为例, 详细说明不同骨料粒径分布充填体试样应力值随养护龄期间的变化关系。①当养护龄期范围为3~14 d时, 3组充填体试样的峰值应力分别增大了237%、157%及482%; ②当养护龄期范围为14~28 d时, 3组充填体试样的峰值应力分别增大了28.6%、26.7%及13.8%。由此可知, 当养护龄期从3 d增加至14 d时, C组充填体试样的峰值应力增加的最为显著, 而当养护龄期超过14 d后, A组充填体试样的峰值应力增幅最高、B组次之、C组最小。此外, 养护龄期的延长能够显著增大不同骨料粒径分布充填体试样的峰值应力, 但当龄期超过14 d后, 养护龄期对充填体试样峰值应力的增强效果明显下降。而充填体试样的初裂应力也具有类似上述特性, 在此不再赘述。
结合室内试验数据, 绘制3组充填体试样的峰值应变及弹性模量的变化特征, 如图5所示。
图5(a)可知, 随着养护龄期的延长, 3组充填体试样的峰值应变均表现出先增大后减小的趋势。当养护龄期范围为3 d和7 d时, A组充填体试样峰值应变最高、B组次之, C组最小。A组充填体试样颗粒间的粒径范围差异较小, 在水化产物C–S–H凝胶的作用下颗粒间能够有效黏结进而形成更为稳固的网络支撑体系, 使得其能够经历较大变形后才达到承载极限, 侧面反映出C组充填体试样在养护早期具有更高的承载能力[32]。当养护龄期范围为14 d和28 d时, C组充填体试样峰值应变最高, 其原因可能在于随着养护龄期的延长, 水化产物C–S–H凝胶逐渐增加能够使许多大尺寸骨料颗粒相互黏结, 有效的发挥了骨料的支撑作用, 从而使其能够在经历较大变形后才达到承载极限, 侧面反映出养护龄期的延长更有利于提高其承载能力。
图5(b)可知, 随着养护龄期从3 d增加至28 d, A、B组充填体试样的弹性模量分别提高了411%和567%; C组提高了516%。可知, 3组充填体试样的弹性模量对养护龄期的敏感性程度为B组$ \gt $C组$ \gt $A组, 说明养护龄期的延长更有利于提高B组充填体试样的弹性模量。此外, 当养护龄期一定时, A组充填体试样的弹性模量最高、B组次之, C组最小。
矿山采用骨料粒径分布为0~5 mm矸石进行充填时, 矸石破碎筛分时可选取5 mm的筛网进行破碎筛分, 搅拌可采取两段式卧式搅拌工艺进行料浆搅拌制备, 确保料浆搅拌均匀, 并且充填管道直径至少在50 mm以上, 以保证料浆输送过程中不产生堵管的现象。
在单轴压缩下, 3组充填体试样均经历了4个阶段: 微空隙压密阶段(OA)、线弹性变形阶段(AB)、塑性屈服阶段(BC)及峰后破坏阶段(CD)。笔者采用高速摄像机实时监测试样的破裂特征, 当养护龄期为28 d时, 3组充填体试样在不同阶段的破坏形态如图6所示。
图6可知, 在不同的破坏阶段下充填体试样的破坏形态存在显著差异, 说明骨料粒径分布的差异能够对其破裂形态产生显著影响。不同的破坏阶段3组充填体试样的破裂演化特征如下。
(1)压密阶段(OA)。当充填体试样进入压密阶段后, A、B组充填体试样的表面没有出现明显的破坏裂纹, 试样保持了良好的完整性; C组由于骨料粒径尺度较大, 水泥水化产物不能有效填充试样内部的空隙结构, 导致试样表面存在明显的孔洞结构。
(2)线弹性变形阶段(AB)。当充填体试样进入线弹性变形阶段后, A组充填体试样的上部区域出现了两条破坏裂纹, 但仍保持了良好的完整性; B组表面出现了数条破坏裂纹, 与A组相比, 试样的破坏程度有所增大, 但仍保持了较高的完整性; C组表面不仅出现了明显的破坏裂纹, 还有块体剥落, 破坏程度最高。
(3)塑性屈服阶段(BC)和峰后破坏阶段(CD)。当充填体试样进入塑性屈服和峰后破坏阶段后, 3组充填体试样表面的破坏裂纹均不断演化发育, 破坏程度均显著增大。A组充填体试样的破坏程度最小、B组次之、C组最高, 并且C组还伴随了大范围的块体剥落。
因此, 随着加载的不断进行, 试样的破坏裂纹逐渐演化扩展, 最终形成宏观破裂面, 进而导致试样的最终破坏。同时, C组充填体试样破坏最为严重, 而A组保持了较好的完整性, 说明采用煤矸石制备充填体试样时可以适当添加细骨料用来改善其承载性能。
此外, 以A组充填体试样为研究对象, 进一步探究养护龄期对充填体试样破坏形态的影响。不同养护龄期下, A组充填体试样的破坏形态如图7所示。
图7可知, 不同养护龄期下, 充填体试样的破坏形态存在明显的差异, 表明养护龄期能够对其破坏形态产生显著影响。当养护龄期为3 d时, 充填体试样表面产生了大尺度的破裂面, 并且伴有块体剥落, 试样的完整性较差, 破坏程度最高; 当养护龄期为7 d时, 充填体试样的左侧区域出现了较大范围的破裂面, 并且底部区域伴有块体剥落, 但与养护龄期为3 d的试样相比, 充填体的完整性有所改善, 破坏程度有所降低; 当养护龄期为14 d及28 d时, 充填体试样表面也分布着明显的破裂面, 但破裂面的尺度及范围均有所下降, 充填体试样的完整性随着养护龄期的延长得到显著改善。因此, 养护龄期的延长能够改善充填体试样的承载能力, 促使其在受到加载破坏后仍能保持一定的完整性。随着养护龄期的延长, 水泥水化反应逐渐趋于完全, 水化产物的增加促使骨料颗粒间能够形成更加稳固的支撑体系, 进而提高了充填体试样的抗变形破坏性能。
充填体试样宏观力学性能的差异本质上是微观结构变化的结果。由上述研究可知, 骨料粒径分布及养护龄期的变化均能够对充填体试样的力学性能产生显著影响。因此, 笔者采用SEM–EDS、PHI220孔隙度仪对充填体试样的微观结构、水化产物成分及孔隙率进行了测试, 揭示了骨料粒径分布范围及养护龄期对充填体试样力学性能的影响机理。当养护龄期为28 d时, 不同骨料粒径分布下的充填体试样微观结构特征如图8所示, 可知, 骨料粒径分布的差异会对充填体试样的微观结构形貌产生显著影响。
图8(a)可知, A组充填体试样内部出现了明显的空隙结构, 并且其凝胶物质中Al、Si、S和Ca原子分别占总量的2.16%、10.17%、0.75%及9.33%, 表明其水化产物主要为C–S–H(或C–A–H)凝胶, 并且伴有钙矾石的存在[33]。由图8(b)可知, B组充填体试样内部也出现了明显的空隙结构, 并且其凝胶物质中Al、Si、S和Ca原子分别占总量的1.96%、10.77%、0.67%及6.65%, 表明其水化产物也主要为C–S–H(或C–A–H)凝胶, 但水化产物未能完全填充骨料颗粒间的空隙结构, 导致与A组相比, 内部的空隙结构尺度明显增加, 微观结构的致密性明显降低。由图8(c)可知, C组充填体试样内部同样出现了明显的空隙结构, 并且其凝胶物质中Al、Si、S和Ca原子分别占总量的3.47%、14.27%、1.32%及0.65%, 表明其水化产物主要为C–S–H(或C–A–H)凝胶, 并且也伴有一定量钙矾石, 但水化产物也未能完全填充骨料颗粒间的空隙结构, 导致与A组相比, 内部的空隙结构尺度同样明显增加, 微观结构的致密性也明显下降。因此, A组充填体试样微观结构的稳定性最佳, 说明骨料粒径分布的差异能够显著影响微观结构的致密性, 进而影响其宏观力学特性。
此外, 由PHI220孔隙度仪对3组充填体试样的孔隙率进行了测试, 可知, 3组充填体试样的孔隙率分别为1.58%、2.45%及3.76%。由此可知, 当养护龄期一定时, C组充填体试样内部结构孔隙率最高, B组次之, A组最小。这个趋势宏观上表现为A组充填体试样抗压强度最高、B组抗压强度次之, C组最小。因此, 骨料粒径分布范围的变化会直接影响充填体试样内部微观结构的孔隙率, 进而宏观上引起抗压强度的变化。
同时, 以A组充填体试样为例, 不同养护龄期下充填体试样微观结构特征如图9所示, 可知, 养护龄期的变化也能够对充填体试样的微观结构产生显著影响。
图9(a)、(b)可知, 当养护龄期为3、7 d时, 充填体试样内部均存在明显的空隙结构, 且其凝胶物质中Al、Si、S、Ca原子分别占总量的3.17%、2.36%, 14.82%、11.89%, 0.64%、0.66%, 1.96%、3.43%, 表明充填体试样的水化产物依然主要为C–S–H(或C–A–H)凝胶, 只是在养护早期时, 胶凝材料的水化反应并不完全, 生成水化产物未能有效填充骨料间的空隙结构, 导致其微观结构致密性较差。由图9(c)可知, 当养护龄期为14 d时, 充填体试样内部也存在明显的空隙结构, 且其凝胶物质中Al、Si、S和Ca原子分别占总量的2.68%、9.25%、9.33%及18.96%, 表明充填体试样的水化产物仍主要为C–S–H(或C–A–H)凝胶, 但与养护龄期为3 d和7 d的相比, 其内部空隙结构的尺度及范围明显降低, 微观结构的致密性及稳定性得到明显的改善。由图9(d)可知, 当养护龄期为28 d时, 充填体试样内部仅有少量的空隙结构, 且其凝胶物质中Al、Si、S和Ca原子分别占总量的2.65%、13.79%、4.18%及21.15%, 表明水化产物同样为C–S–H(或C–A–H)凝胶, 但与养护龄期为3、7 d及14 d的相比, 其内部空隙结构的尺度及范围显著降低, 微观结构的致密性及稳定性得到进一步的改善。因此, 随着养护龄期的延长, 水化反应生成的C–S–H凝胶等水化产物量逐渐增多, 水化产物能够有效填充骨料间的空隙结构, 并且紧紧包裹在骨料颗粒的周围, 有效改善了充填体试样微观结构的致密性及稳定性, 进而改善了其宏观力学性能[34]
此外, 使用PHI220孔隙度仪对不同养护龄期充填体试样的孔隙率进行测试, 得到养护龄期3、7、14、28 d时的孔隙率分别为2.64%、2.35%、2.01%及1.58%。由此可知, 充填体试样的孔隙率随养护龄期的延长呈显著下降趋势, 说明随着养护龄期的延长, 充填体试样内部微观结构变得更加致密。因此, 延长养护龄期可以减少充填体试样内部空隙结构, 提高微结构密度, 增强其宏观力学性能。此外, 随着养护龄期的延长, 充填体试样空隙结构的规模和范围均呈逐渐减小的趋势, 而充填体试样抗压强度呈不断增大的趋势, 说明养护龄期通过影响充填体试样微观结构来影响其宏观抗压强度, 侧面反映了其宏观抗压强度的变化是微观结构变化的结果。
笔者从直观分析充填体试样破裂断面及构建其骨架类型两个角度出发, 进一步探讨骨料粒径分布范围对充填体试样力学特性的内在影响机理。在对3组充填体试样进行单轴加载后, 得到其破裂断面, 如图10所示。
图10(a)可知, A组充填体试样沿着破坏裂缝断开后, 未发生块体剥离的现象, 试样内部骨料颗粒整体分布均匀, 粗颗粒与细颗粒、砂浆基质紧密黏结, 说明骨料粒径分布范围在0~5 mm, 能够形成稳定的骨架结构; 由图10(b)可知, B组充填体试样沿着破坏裂缝断开后产生了小块体剥离的情况, 其内部骨料颗粒分布的也较为均匀, 内部能够观察到的粗骨料颗粒被细颗粒及水泥砂浆紧密包裹, 未发生剥离现象, 说明骨料粒径分布范围在0~10 mm, 也能够形成较为稳定的骨架结构; 由图10(c)可知, C组充填体试样加载完成后, 试样内部能够清晰看到分布不均匀的粗骨料颗粒, 且大量的粗骨料颗粒直接剥离了砂浆基质, 说明骨料粒径分布范围在5~10 mm, 不能形成稳定的骨架结构, 致使充填体试样受载后产生了大量粗骨料剥离的情况。
此外, 结合充填体试样破裂断面骨料颗粒分布情况, 绘制3组充填体试样骨架类型特征如图11所示。
图11(a)可知, A组充填体试样细骨料颗粒占比达到57.80%(粒径低于1 mm), 细骨料颗粒能够有效填充到粗骨料颗粒间的间隙, 将粗骨料颗粒完全包裹, 使得骨料颗粒能够在水化产物的黏结下形成稳定的“骨架密实结构”, 因此其在受到加载时具有最高的峰值应力及弹性模量, 并且受载破坏后依然保持了较高的完整性。由图11(b)可知, B组充填体试样细骨料颗粒占比达到21.51%(粒径低于1 mm), 存在的细骨料颗粒能够有效填充粗骨料颗粒间的空隙, 但由于细骨料颗粒含量不足, 导致细骨料颗粒未能完全包裹粗颗粒, 试样破断表面能清晰看到裸露的粗颗粒界面, 说明骨料颗粒间的相互黏结与A组相比有所欠缺, 试样内部形成为“次密实结构”, 致使其峰值应力等参数低于A组。由图11(c)可知, 由于C组充填体试样不含有细骨料颗粒, 粗骨料颗粒间相互搭接, 致使其内部存在明显的空隙结构, 试样内部形成为“骨架空隙结构”, 尽管水泥砂浆与粉煤灰颗粒也能够填充部分空隙结构, 但砂浆与骨料的接触界面是薄弱区域, 致使其在受到加载破坏后出现大量粗骨料颗粒剥离的现象, 从而导致其峰值应力、弹性模量等参数低于A、B组。
综上所述, 骨料粒径分布范围的差异会直接影响充填体试样内部骨架结构的密实程度, 当它含有大量细颗粒时, 有利于其内部形成骨架密实结构, 而仅含有粗骨料颗粒时形成的骨架空隙结构, 会严重劣化其力学性能, 致使B组力学参数远低于A组。
考虑一个充填体单元在受到外力作用下产生的变形, 假设在加载过程中与外界没有热交换, 根据热力学第一定律[35], 即
$ U={U}^{\text{e}}+{U}^{\text{d}} $
式中, $ U $为外力所做的总功; $ {U}^{\text{d}} $为单元耗散能, 用于形成充填体内部损伤和塑性变形; $ {U}^{\text{e}} $为单元可释放的弹性应变能。
$ {U}^{\text{e}}=\frac{1}{2{E}_{\text{u}}}[\sigma _{1}^{2}+\sigma _{2}^{2}+\sigma _{3}^{2}-2{\mu }_{0}({\sigma }_{1}{\sigma }_{2}+{\sigma }_{2}{\sigma }_{3}+{\sigma }_{1}{\sigma }_{3})] $
式中, $ {E}_{\text{u}} $$ {\mu }_{0} $分别为充填体的卸载弹性模型与卸载泊松比。
在计算可释放弹性应变能时, 可采用初始弹性模量$ {E}_{0} $替代卸载弹性模量$ {E}_{\text{u}} $进行计算, 参考文献[36]对于采用初始弹性模量替代卸载弹性模量进行计算的相关可行性进行了论证。
在充填体试样单轴加载过程中仅有轴向应力做功, 故单位体积充填体各部分应变能可表示为
$ U=\int_{0}^{{\varepsilon }_{1}}{{\sigma }_{1}\text{d}{\varepsilon }_{1}} $
$ {U}^{\text{e}}=\frac{1}{2}{\sigma }_{1}{\varepsilon }^{\text{e}}=\frac{1}{2{E}_{\text{u}}}\sigma _{1}^{2} $
计算时采用初始弹性模量$ {E}_{0} $进行替代, 则式(4)可改写为
$ {U}^{\text{e}}\approx \frac{1}{2{E}_{0}}\sigma _{1}^{2} $
结合上述各能量计算公式, 可得出不同骨料粒径分布范围充填体在单轴加载下的能量参数。
表2为充填体试样在特征应力点处的能量参数, 可知, 随着养护龄期的延长, 3组充填体试样在初裂应力点、峰值应力点处的能量参数(总应变能、弹性应变能及耗散能)均表现出明显的增加, 并且A组充填体试样能量参数最高、B组次之, C组最小。
以峰值应力点为例, A组充填体试样的总应变能、弹性应变能及耗散能分别增大了4.18倍、4.96倍及2.97倍; B组分别增大了4.64倍、4.74倍及4.65倍; C组分别增大了3.96倍、4.38倍及3.38倍。由此可知, 随着养护龄期的延长, A组充填体试样的弹性应变能增幅最高, B组次之, C组最小, 说明A组线弹性变形阶段能够延伸到最高的水平, 侧面反映出其具有最高的抗压强度。
同时, 在初裂应力点, A组充填体试样耗散能最高, B组次之, C组最小, 说明A组内部产生新的裂纹需要消耗更多的能量, 具有最好的抗裂能力, 侧面反映出它具有最好的承载性能。
综上所述, 骨料粒径分布的差异会影响充填体试样的储能极限, 当骨料粒径分布为0~5 mm时, 它内部形成了骨架密实结构, 使得内部能够储存更多的能量, 致使其能量参数(总应变能、弹性应变能及耗散能)均处于最高水平; 当骨料粒径分布范围为5~10 mm时, 它内部形成骨架空隙结构, 使得内部存在大量空隙结构, 降低了其储能极限, 致使其能量参数均处于较低水平。
充填体试样的加载变形破坏实际上是能量转化与耗散的过程, 分析变形破坏各阶段其能量分配演化规律有助于从能量角度阐明其变形破坏机制。由充填体试样的应力–应变曲线可知, 3组充填体试样在单轴加载下均经历了压密、线弹性变形、屈服破坏及峰后破坏等4个阶段。3组充填体试样变形破坏各阶段的能量分配演化特征如图12所示。
图12可知, 在单轴加载破坏前, 3组充填体试样能量参数(总应变能、弹性应变能及耗散能)与应变值成非线性正相关, , 其变形破坏各阶段的能量分配演化特征如下。
(1)初始压密阶段(OA)。充填体试样内部存在初始孔隙, 空隙缺陷结构逐渐被压密, 其能量值增长缓慢, A、B、C组充填体试样耗散能占比分别为84.88%、94.23%及96.75%, 由此可知充填体试样吸收的能量主要转化为耗散能用于内部初始缺陷结构的压密, 并且C组充填体试样的耗散能占比最高, B组次之, A组最小, 说明A组内部初始缺陷结构数量及尺度处于最高的水平, 需要消耗更多的能量用于压密初始缺陷结构。
(2)线弹性变形阶段(AB)。3组充填体试样总应变能、弹性应变能近似呈线性增长趋势, 耗散能基本维持不变, 并且A、B、C组充填体试样弹性应变能占比分别为87.87%, 89.38%及87.18%, 由此可知充填体试样吸收的能量主要以弹性能的形式储存在其内部。此外, A组充填体试样在B点(初裂点)的耗散能最大、B组次之, C组最小, 说明A组具有最高的屈服强度、B组次之, C组最小。
(3)屈服破坏阶段(BC)。充填体试样总应变能仍保持近似线性增长趋势, 弹性应变能也继续增加, 但增加速率有所下降, 曲线表现出上凸趋势; 此外, 随着加载的进行, 充填体试样内部产生了新的裂隙, 导致其耗散能显著增加, A、B、C组充填体试样耗散能占比分别为33.06%、30.52%及28.66%, 由此可知该阶段能量仍主要转化为弹性应变能, C组充填体试样耗散能占比最高, B组次之, A组最小, 说明C组内部产生新的缺陷结构需要消耗更多的能量, 侧面反映出C组具有更稳固的支撑体系, 承载能力更强。
(4)峰后破坏阶段(CD)。充填体试样耗散能急剧增加, 弹性应变能显著下降, A、B、C组充填体试样耗散能占比分别为98.23%、96.56%及98.16%, 由此可知在峰后破坏阶段能量主要以耗散为主。当充填体试样吸收的能量达到储能极限时, 因其内部的裂纹发育、扩展并相互交汇贯通形成宏观裂缝, 导致储存的弹性应变能以裂纹表面能和摩擦能的形式快速被耗散掉, 进而导致耗散能的急剧增加。
在单轴加载下, 充填体试样的屈服破坏与损伤势必伴随着能量的耗散, 能量耗散与其强度衰减密切相关, 耗散能的参数水平可以用来反映受荷载过程中其损伤程度[37]。因此, 参考相关研究, 采用累积耗散能与总耗散能的比值定义充填体试样的损伤变量, 其计算公式[3839]
$ D=\frac{{U}^{\text{d}}(t)}{U_{\max }^{\text{d}}} $
式中, $ {U}^{\text{d}}(t) $t时刻充填体试样的累积耗散能, kJ/m3; $ U_{\max }^{\text{d}} $为充填体试样的总耗散能, kJ/m3
结合充填体试样应力–应变曲线可知, 当加载测试结束后, 试样仍具有一定的承载能力, 表明试样未达到完全损伤状态(损伤值D≠1)。因此, 笔者对充填体试样损伤变量进行修正, 引入损伤临界值, 其表达式为
$ D={D}_{\text{u}}\frac{{U}^{\text{d}}(t)}{U_{\max }^{\text{d}}} $
式中, $ {D}_{\text{u}} $为损伤临界值。
参考相关学者的研究成果[40], 损伤临界值的计算式为
$ {D}_{\text{u}}=1-\frac{{\sigma }_{\text{f}}}{{\sigma }_{\text{p}}} $
式中, $ {\sigma }_{\text{f}} $为试验测试完成时的应力, MPa; $ {\sigma }_{\text{p}} $为峰值应力, MPa。
将式(8)代入式(7), 可得到损伤变量计算式为
$ D=\left(1-\frac{{\sigma }_{\text{f}}}{{\sigma }_{\text{p}}}\right)\frac{{U}^{\text{d}}(t)}{U_{\max }^{\text{d}}} $
根据Lemaitre提出的应变等效假设, 考虑损伤的充填体试样单轴加载下的本构关系[41]
$ \sigma =E\varepsilon (1-D) $
此外, 根据对充填体试样弹性模量的分析可知, 其弹性模量$ E $与养护龄期$ T $的关系为
$ E={A}_{1}{T}^{2}+{B}_{1}T+{C}_{1} $
式中, A1B1C1为模型拟合系数, 与养护龄期T相关。
将式(11)代入式(10), 可得到不同养护龄期充填体试样在单轴加载下的损伤本构关系, 即
$ \sigma =({A}_{1}{T}^{2}+{B}_{1}T+{C}_{1})\varepsilon (1-D) $
最后, 将式(9)代入式(12), 便可得到不同养护龄期充填体试样在单轴加载下的损伤本构关系, 即
$ \sigma =({A}_{1}{T}^{2}+{B}_{1}T+{C}_{1})\varepsilon \left[1-\left(1-\frac{{\sigma }_{\text{f}}}{{\sigma }_{\text{p}}}\right)\frac{{U}^{\text{d}}(t)}{U_{\max }^{\text{d}}}\right] $
结合构建的损伤本构模型对3组充填体试样的应力–应变进行计算, 得到理论曲线与实测曲线如图13所示。
图13可知, 3组充填体试样应力–应变曲线的实测值与理论值变化趋势基本一致。两类曲线在峰前变形阶段、峰后破坏阶段均存在一些差异, 并且在峰值应力点处的理论值要略高于实测值, 但两者误差均在10%以内, 说明基于能量耗散构建的充填体试样损伤本构模型能够准确的预测单轴加载下试样的应力分布。此外, 充填体试样的非均质属性致使模型的理论曲线与实测曲线存在一定的误差, 尽管模型准确反映了试样在单轴加载下的应力分布状态, 但充填体在采空区内多处于三向受力状态, 未来可基于此模型进一步优化构建三轴加载状态下的充填体试样损伤本构模型, 并且可采用FLAC3D等数值模拟软件对本构模型进行二次开发, 以便工程现场应用。
通过构建的损伤本构模型, 绘制3组充填体试样损伤值D、耗散能及弹性应变能的演化曲线, 如图14所示。
图14可知, 3组充填体试样的损伤值D与耗散能的演化趋势基本一致, 当耗散能达到最大值时, 损伤值D也达到极值。根据损伤值D、耗散能及弹性应变能的演化趋势, 可将充填体试样的能量损伤演化划分为4个阶段。
(1)初始损伤阶段(OA)。充填体试样处于压密阶段, 内部的初始孔隙、裂隙被逐渐压密, 内部产生“虚假变形”, 导致其耗散能、弹性应变能均较小, 损伤值D几乎为0。
(2)损伤平稳阶段(AB)。充填体试样处于线弹性变形阶段, 其耗散能基本保持不变, 耗散能及损伤值演化曲线基本保持水平状, 并且随着内部孔隙、裂隙被压密, 弹性应变能显著增大, 弹性应变能曲线呈近似直线增长趋势, 此阶段吸收的能量主要转化为弹性应变能。
(3)损伤加速增长阶段(BC)。充填体试样处于屈服破坏阶段, 内部产生了新的孔隙、裂隙, 耗散能表现出加速增长趋势, 弹性应变能也继续增大, 但增加的速率有所下降, 并且由于其内部产生了新的缺陷结构, 导致其损伤值D同样表现出加速增长的趋势。
(4)损伤破坏阶段(CD)。充填体试样处于峰后破坏阶段, 其耗散能急剧增大, 耗散能曲线呈近似线性增长趋势, 而弹性应变能急剧下降, 这是因为随着加载的继续进行, 内部积聚的能量超过了其储能极限, 积聚在内部的能量急剧释放, 导致出现宏观破坏裂缝, 进而导致损伤值D急剧增大, 损伤曲线也呈现出近似线性增长趋势。
在现有的研究成果中, 赵飞洋等[42]指出采用粒径分布范围5~16 mm的骨料制备混凝土, 其抗压强度远低于3~16 mm的混凝土抗压强度; 杨悦增等[43]制备了骨料粒径分别为0.10~1.18 mm, 1.18~2.36 mm, 2.36~4.75 mm, 4.75~7.00 mm的水泥砂浆试样, 指出4.75~7.00 mm的试样抗压强度最低, 并且试样内部空隙结构整体偏大, 而其余3个粒径分布范围的试样抗压强度明显较高, 特别是2.36~4.75 mm的最高, 内部微观结构最为致密。
笔者采用的矸石胶结充填体、水泥砂浆试样及混凝土本质上均属于水泥基人工复合材料, 按粒径分布范围0~5、0~10 mm及5~10 mm分为A、B、C三组充填体试样, 其研究结果表明, C组充填体试样的抗压强度显著低于A、B组, 并且内部空隙结构的尺度及范围也最大。这些规律与赵飞洋[42]、杨悦增[43]等的研究结果具有相似之处, 即在制备水泥基复合材料时, 添加适量小粒径骨料能够有效提高材料力学强度, 促使材料内部形成更为致密的骨架结构, 但因充填体试样与混凝土、水泥砂浆的骨料性质及要求存在差异, 致使最佳的粒径分布范围也存在一定区别, 但总体上制备需注意粗细骨料的合理搭配, 以避免细颗粒的缺失致使材料力学强度下降的问题。
(1) 粒径分布范围为0~5、0~10 mm及5~10 mm的A、B、C三组充填体试样, 弹性模量和峰值应力A组最高、B组次之, C组最小; 在不同阶段的破坏形态存在显著的差异, C组破坏最为严重, 而A组保持了较好的完整性, 且养护龄期的延长能够抑制破坏裂纹的扩展与贯通, 提高了试样破坏后的完整性; 微观结构的致密性A组最佳, B组次之, C组最差, 养护龄期的延长能够降低其内部空隙结构的尺度及范围, 提高微观结构的致密性, 进而增强其力学性能。
(2) 充填体试样骨料粒径分布的不同会直接导致其内部骨架结构存在显著差异, A组内部能够形成骨架密实结构, 而B组内部则形成骨架空隙结构, 骨架结构类型的差异是骨料粒径分布影响充填体试样力学性能的关键。
(3)随着养护龄期的延长, A组充填体试样的弹性应变能增幅最高, B组次之, C组最小。此外, 骨料粒径分布差异及养护龄期的变化不会对其内部能量积聚与耗散过程造成影响, 在初始压密、线弹性变形及屈服破坏阶段能量主要以弹性应变能形式储存在其内部, 而在峰后破坏阶段能量主要转化为耗散能。
(4)基于能量耗散角度建立了考虑养护龄期效应的不同粒径分布充填体试样的损伤本构模型, 并验证了模型的合理可靠性, 模型能够准确反映不同骨料粒径分布充填体试样的受载应力分布。根据充填体试样损伤值D、能耗值及弹性应变能的演化规律, 将其受荷损伤分为初始损伤阶段、损伤平稳阶段、损伤加速增长阶段及损伤破坏阶段等4个阶段, 属于典型的损伤渐进破坏模式。
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2026年第8卷第2期
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doi: 10.13532/j.jmsce.cn10-1638/td.2025-1159
  • 接收时间:2025-05-15
  • 首发时间:2026-05-28
  • 出版时间:2026-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-15
  • 修回日期:2025-08-29
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    1安徽理工大学 煤炭安全精准开采工程实验室, 安徽 淮南 232001
    2新疆工程学院 新疆煤炭资源绿色开采教育部重点实验室, 新疆 乌鲁木齐 830023
    3北京科技大学 资源与安全工程学院, 北京 100083

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尹升华(1981—), 男, 江西吉安人, 教授, 博士生导师, 主要从事矿山充填开采、矿山岩石力学等方面的教学与研究工作。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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