Article(id=1266686949554278765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, issueId=1266686777441018407, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13532/j.jmsce.cn10-1638/td.2025-1260, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1752076800000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-10, revisedDate=1757260800000, revisedDateStr=2025-09-08, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1779931302679, onlineDateStr=2026-05-28, pubDate=1777046400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1779931302679, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1779931302679, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1779931302679, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1266686777441018407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, year='2026', volume='8', issue='2', pageStart='013014-1', pageEnd='023542-19', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1779931261643, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1779931348520, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1266687141976358949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, issueId=1266686777441018407, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1266687141976358950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, issueId=1266686777441018407, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=023023-1, endPage=023023-18, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1266686949751411055, articleId=1266686949554278765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, language=EN, title=Multi-dimension quantitative characterization and collaborative control technology of mining-induced fractures in western mining area, columnId=1266686778661560874, journalTitle=Journal of Mining and Strata Control Engineering, columnName=Engineering Case, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Large-scale development of surface fractures exacerbates ecosystem degradation, damages engineering infrastructure, and poses constraints on regional ecological security and socio-economic development. To characterize the scale characteristics of fractures under high-intensity mining and establish an effective prevention and control system, this study took the 615 working face of Guanbanwusu Coal Mine as the research background. The overlying strata structure was divided under the guidance of the combined rock strata theory, and a fracture-rate-based quantitative characterization method was proposed for the fracture development process. Furthermore, quantitative relationships between the depth-thickness ratio and surface fracture scale parameters (maximum width, average penetration, and average advance distance) were revealed, and the corresponding collaborative control technology was proposed. The following beneficial findings were yielded. The overlying strata damage is divided vertically into four zones (according to the distribution of thick-hard strata and collapsed blocks) and horizontally into five zones (according to the extent of mining influence). Four combined rock strata structures of the overlying strata are determined, and stepwise breakage in overlying strata ultimately drives fractures to the surface. The intensified dilatancy of rock blocks near the goaf enhances the skewness and irregularity of the subsidence curve. The depth-thickness ratio shows a negative linear correlation with the maximum fracture width, and a negative exponential correlation with both the average penetration and advance distance. A decreasing depth-thickness ratio induces a transition in fracture type, from tensile and step-type dominance to collapse and step-type dominance. Based on these findings, the collaborative control technology of surface fractures was proposed. Key measures include optimization of mining sequences to mitigate surface subsidence, geophysical positioning combined with targeted remediation to enhance the stability of the overlying strata structural arch, and zone-specific treatment based on fracture classification and zoning. These measures conduce to facilitating the restoration of the regional ecological environment. This research provides significant insights for safeguarding regional ecological security and human settlements.

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地表裂缝大规模发育加速生态系统退化、破坏工程基础设施, 制约区域生态安全与社会发展, 为表征高强度开采裂缝尺度特征并构建有效防控体系, 以官板乌素煤矿615工作面为研究背景, 基于组合岩层理论对其上覆岩层结构进行划分, 以此提出了基于裂隙率的覆岩裂缝发育过程定量表征方法; 揭示了深厚比与地表裂缝尺度特征参数(最大宽度、平均贯通度和平均超前距离)的定量关系, 并提出了相应的协同控制技术。结果表明: 上覆岩层破坏程度沿竖向以厚硬岩层与垮落岩块排列程度为界分为4个区域, 横向以影响程度为界分为5个区域; 确定上覆岩层共4个组合岩层结构, 其阶跃式破断导致覆岩裂缝最终贯通至地表, 近采空区岩块碎胀性增大导致下沉曲线偏态性与不规则性更为显著; 深厚比与地表裂缝最大宽度呈线性负相关, 与平均贯通度和平均超前距离呈指数负相关, 且深厚比减小导致裂缝类型由拉张型和台阶型为主转变为塌陷型和台阶型为主; 提出了地表裂缝协同控制技术, 通过优化开采工艺减缓地表沉陷程度, 采用物探定位–靶向修复强化覆岩结构拱稳定性, 并依据裂缝分类分区特征实施差异化治理, 恢复了区域生态环境。研究成果对保障区域生态安全与人居环境具有重要意义。

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张琰君(1998—), 男, 山西长治人, 讲师, 博士, 主要从事开采沉陷与岩层移动、地灾监测与评价、3S技术集成与应用等方面的研究工作。E-mail:

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张琰君(1998—), 男, 山西长治人, 讲师, 博士, 主要从事开采沉陷与岩层移动、地灾监测与评价、3S技术集成与应用等方面的研究工作。E-mail:

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张琰君(1998—), 男, 山西长治人, 讲师, 博士, 主要从事开采沉陷与岩层移动、地灾监测与评价、3S技术集成与应用等方面的研究工作。E-mail:

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articleId=1266686949554278765, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Calculation results of combined rock strata in 615 working face of Guanbanwusu mine

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编号岩性层厚/m容重/(kN·m−3)弹性模量/GPa载荷值/kPa组合岩层
11泥岩3124.61.5139.9组合岩层IV
10粗砂岩2322.82.3155.5
9泥岩724.61.5170.0组合岩层III
8粗砂岩522.82.3160.2
7泥岩3224.61.5153.6
6砂质泥岩924.11.7224.8组合岩层II
5粗砂岩1022.82.3201.5
4含砾砂岩923.01.5179.9
3粗砂岩2422.82.3153.8
2泥岩524.61.5436.1组合岩层I
1粗砂岩522.82.3332.5
01614.71.4235.2开采煤层
), ArticleFig(id=1266686971209470491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, articleId=1266686949554278765, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

官板乌素矿615工作面组合岩层计算结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号岩性层厚/m容重/(kN·m−3)弹性模量/GPa载荷值/kPa组合岩层
11泥岩3124.61.5139.9组合岩层IV
10粗砂岩2322.82.3155.5
9泥岩724.61.5170.0组合岩层III
8粗砂岩522.82.3160.2
7泥岩3224.61.5153.6
6砂质泥岩924.11.7224.8组合岩层II
5粗砂岩1022.82.3201.5
4含砾砂岩923.01.5179.9
3粗砂岩2422.82.3153.8
2泥岩524.61.5436.1组合岩层I
1粗砂岩522.82.3332.5
01614.71.4235.2开采煤层
), ArticleFig(id=1266686971301745180, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, articleId=1266686949554278765, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Fissure height, fissure area and fissure rate of overlying strata

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工作面推进距离/m覆岩裂缝高度/m覆岩裂缝面积/m2裂隙率/%
80148961.5
100211 6492.7
120293 0895.1
140424 8098.0
160526 76011.3
1806910 28117.1
2008513 17522.0
22010116 26127.1
24013321 61336.0
26020032 30053.8
28020036 80061.3
30020041 10068.5
), ArticleFig(id=1266686971389825565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, articleId=1266686949554278765, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

覆岩裂缝高度、破坏面积与裂隙率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工作面推进距离/m覆岩裂缝高度/m覆岩裂缝面积/m2裂隙率/%
80148961.5
100211 6492.7
120293 0895.1
140424 8098.0
160526 76011.3
1806910 28117.1
2008513 17522.0
22010116 26127.1
24013321 61336.0
26020032 30053.8
28020036 80061.3
30020041 10068.5
), ArticleFig(id=1266686971461128734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, articleId=1266686949554278765, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Microscopic parameters of numerical model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数黄土砂质泥岩含砾砂岩泥岩粗砂岩
$ \gamma $/(kN·m−3)162423241622
Rmin/cm404040404040
r1.61.61.61.61.61.6
E*/GPa0.414.22213.5428.2
K*222222
σ*/MPa0.100.801.000.800.251.20
c*/MPa42020201020
), ArticleFig(id=1266686971549209119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, articleId=1266686949554278765, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

数值模型微观参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数黄土砂质泥岩含砾砂岩泥岩粗砂岩
$ \gamma $/(kN·m−3)162423241622
Rmin/cm404040404040
r1.61.61.61.61.61.6
E*/GPa0.414.22213.5428.2
K*222222
σ*/MPa0.100.801.000.800.251.20
c*/MPa42020201020
), ArticleFig(id=1266686971628900896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, articleId=1266686949554278765, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Applicable conditions for different mining methods

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开采方法优点缺点适用条件
限厚开采安全性高, 环境影响小资源损失大地质条件复杂, 环境保护要求高
充填开采资源利用率高, 环境影响小成本大, 技术要求高环境保护要求高, 充填材料充足
无煤柱开采资源利用率高, 经济效益好技术要求高缓倾斜煤层条件, 地质条件简单
协调开采资源利用率高, 经济效益好技术要求高缓倾斜煤层条件, 建筑下压煤严重
), ArticleFig(id=1266686971725369889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, articleId=1266686949554278765, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同开采方法适用条件

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
开采方法优点缺点适用条件
限厚开采安全性高, 环境影响小资源损失大地质条件复杂, 环境保护要求高
充填开采资源利用率高, 环境影响小成本大, 技术要求高环境保护要求高, 充填材料充足
无煤柱开采资源利用率高, 经济效益好技术要求高缓倾斜煤层条件, 地质条件简单
协调开采资源利用率高, 经济效益好技术要求高缓倾斜煤层条件, 建筑下压煤严重
), ArticleFig(id=1266686971821838882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, articleId=1266686949554278765, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Comparison of effects before and after governance

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标治理前治理后效果
裂缝密度 /(条·hm−2)362下降94.4%
植被覆盖率/%822接近周边自然水平
土壤侵蚀程度强烈轻度改善
最大裂缝宽度/cm1172有效闭合
最大台阶高度/cm680消除
), ArticleFig(id=1266686971914113571, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, articleId=1266686949554278765, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

治理前后效果对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标治理前治理后效果
裂缝密度 /(条·hm−2)362下降94.4%
植被覆盖率/%822接近周边自然水平
土壤侵蚀程度强烈轻度改善
最大裂缝宽度/cm1172有效闭合
最大台阶高度/cm680消除
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西部矿区采动裂缝多维度量化表征与协同控制技术
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张琰君 1, 2 , 阎跃观 2 , 廉旭刚 3 , 王生亮 1 , 孔嘉嫄 2
采矿与岩层控制工程学报 | 工程案例 2026,8(2): 023023-1-023023-18
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采矿与岩层控制工程学报 | 工程案例 2026, 8(2): 023023-1-023023-18
西部矿区采动裂缝多维度量化表征与协同控制技术
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张琰君1, 2 , 阎跃观2, 廉旭刚3, 王生亮1, 孔嘉嫄2
作者信息
  • 1太原科技大学 车辆与交通工程学院, 山西 太原 030024
  • 2中国矿业大学(北京)地球科学与测绘工程学院, 北京 100083
  • 3太原理工大学 地球科学与测绘工程学院, 山西 太原 030024
  • 张琰君(1998—), 男, 山西长治人, 讲师, 博士, 主要从事开采沉陷与岩层移动、地灾监测与评价、3S技术集成与应用等方面的研究工作。E-mail:

Multi-dimension quantitative characterization and collaborative control technology of mining-induced fractures in western mining area
Yanjun ZHANG1, 2 , Yueguan YAN2, Xugang LIAN3, Shengliang WANG1, Jiayuan KONG2
Affiliations
  • 1College of Vehicle and Transportation Engineering, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
  • 2College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
  • 3College of Geological and Surveying Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
出版时间: 2026-04-25 doi: 10.13532/j.jmsce.cn10-1638/td.2025-1260
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地表裂缝大规模发育加速生态系统退化、破坏工程基础设施, 制约区域生态安全与社会发展, 为表征高强度开采裂缝尺度特征并构建有效防控体系, 以官板乌素煤矿615工作面为研究背景, 基于组合岩层理论对其上覆岩层结构进行划分, 以此提出了基于裂隙率的覆岩裂缝发育过程定量表征方法; 揭示了深厚比与地表裂缝尺度特征参数(最大宽度、平均贯通度和平均超前距离)的定量关系, 并提出了相应的协同控制技术。结果表明: 上覆岩层破坏程度沿竖向以厚硬岩层与垮落岩块排列程度为界分为4个区域, 横向以影响程度为界分为5个区域; 确定上覆岩层共4个组合岩层结构, 其阶跃式破断导致覆岩裂缝最终贯通至地表, 近采空区岩块碎胀性增大导致下沉曲线偏态性与不规则性更为显著; 深厚比与地表裂缝最大宽度呈线性负相关, 与平均贯通度和平均超前距离呈指数负相关, 且深厚比减小导致裂缝类型由拉张型和台阶型为主转变为塌陷型和台阶型为主; 提出了地表裂缝协同控制技术, 通过优化开采工艺减缓地表沉陷程度, 采用物探定位–靶向修复强化覆岩结构拱稳定性, 并依据裂缝分类分区特征实施差异化治理, 恢复了区域生态环境。研究成果对保障区域生态安全与人居环境具有重要意义。

西部矿区  /  地表裂缝  /  尺度特征  /  控制技术  /  地表沉陷

Large-scale development of surface fractures exacerbates ecosystem degradation, damages engineering infrastructure, and poses constraints on regional ecological security and socio-economic development. To characterize the scale characteristics of fractures under high-intensity mining and establish an effective prevention and control system, this study took the 615 working face of Guanbanwusu Coal Mine as the research background. The overlying strata structure was divided under the guidance of the combined rock strata theory, and a fracture-rate-based quantitative characterization method was proposed for the fracture development process. Furthermore, quantitative relationships between the depth-thickness ratio and surface fracture scale parameters (maximum width, average penetration, and average advance distance) were revealed, and the corresponding collaborative control technology was proposed. The following beneficial findings were yielded. The overlying strata damage is divided vertically into four zones (according to the distribution of thick-hard strata and collapsed blocks) and horizontally into five zones (according to the extent of mining influence). Four combined rock strata structures of the overlying strata are determined, and stepwise breakage in overlying strata ultimately drives fractures to the surface. The intensified dilatancy of rock blocks near the goaf enhances the skewness and irregularity of the subsidence curve. The depth-thickness ratio shows a negative linear correlation with the maximum fracture width, and a negative exponential correlation with both the average penetration and advance distance. A decreasing depth-thickness ratio induces a transition in fracture type, from tensile and step-type dominance to collapse and step-type dominance. Based on these findings, the collaborative control technology of surface fractures was proposed. Key measures include optimization of mining sequences to mitigate surface subsidence, geophysical positioning combined with targeted remediation to enhance the stability of the overlying strata structural arch, and zone-specific treatment based on fracture classification and zoning. These measures conduce to facilitating the restoration of the regional ecological environment. This research provides significant insights for safeguarding regional ecological security and human settlements.

western mining area  /  surface fracture  /  scale characteristics  /  control technology  /  surface subsidence
张琰君, 阎跃观, 廉旭刚, 王生亮, 孔嘉嫄. 西部矿区采动裂缝多维度量化表征与协同控制技术. 采矿与岩层控制工程学报, 2026 , 8 (2) : 023023-1 -023023-18 . DOI: 10.13532/j.jmsce.cn10-1638/td.2025-1260
Yanjun ZHANG, Yueguan YAN, Xugang LIAN, Shengliang WANG, Jiayuan KONG. Multi-dimension quantitative characterization and collaborative control technology of mining-induced fractures in western mining area[J]. Journal of Mining and Strata Control Engineering, 2026 , 8 (2) : 023023-1 -023023-18 . DOI: 10.13532/j.jmsce.cn10-1638/td.2025-1260
煤炭作为全球核心基础能源(占2024年世界煤电发电量35%), 其战略地位在能源转型背景下呈两级分化, 一方面发达国家依托可再生能源推动煤炭消费量加速下滑, 另一方面发展中国家工业化需求推动煤炭消费量持续增长[1]。中国目前虽推进清洁能源转型, 但其“富煤贫油少气”的禀赋特征使得煤炭在能源结构中持续承担“压舱石”角色(占2024年一次能源生产总量53.2%, 煤电发电量54.8%)[24]。在“西煤东运”战略布局下, 西部矿区(陕西、山西、内蒙古、新疆)贡献了全国81.6%的原煤产量, 但因其广泛“浅埋深、厚煤层、薄基岩”的地质条件导致地表裂缝灾害呈大规模发育态势, 威胁区域生态安全[57]。据实地调查及遥感解译表明, 神东矿区地表裂缝密度达92条/hm2, 单条裂缝最大宽度达0.7 m, 最大长度达298 m, 形成绵延数平方公里的裂缝群, 造成植被退化(植被覆盖度下降)、土壤侵蚀(含水层水位降低)和突水溃沙事故, 经济损失超过亿元[811]。面对国家“双碳”目标下推进矿区生态文明建设的战略需求, 破解高强度开采裂缝尺度量化表征及防控难题, 对保障西部能源基地可持续开发具有重要意义。
近年来, 学者们围绕地表裂缝监测技术、演化规律与成因机理、防控方法三方面取得了丰富成果。在地表裂缝监测技术方面, 调查人员通过卷尺测量地表裂缝深度和宽度, GPS-RTK移动站测量地表裂缝坐标及位置, 获取了观测区2 300多条裂缝的分布参数和形态信息[1112]; 基于地表裂缝造成的形变失相干特征, 对差分干涉图进行自适应滤波处理获得伪相干图, 从中提取地表裂缝位置信息, 揭示了其整体走向规律[1314]; 无人机遥感技术结合目视解译和图像提取算法, 实现了地表裂缝的高精度监测(厘米级), 对于被风积沙掩盖的隐蔽裂缝, 通过搭载红外相机揭示了不同时刻隐蔽裂缝与周围地物的温差关系, 得到了监测隐蔽裂缝的最佳时刻[1519]。在地表裂缝演化规律与成因机理方面, 基于大量实测资料, 揭示了地表裂缝的“C”型静态分布特征及超前和滞后2种动态发育特征, 确定了影响其发育程度的主要因素, 发现地表裂缝发育严重的条件为松散层厚度与开采深度之比大于20%, 基岩厚度与开采厚度之比小于30%, 地形起伏大于20 m[2023]; 基于物理模拟和力学分析, 建立了岩层结构与贯通型裂缝演化机制间的相互关联性, 发现承载厚硬岩层层位影响岩层结构的断裂形式, 进而决定贯通型裂缝表现类型(台阶型和塌陷型)[2425]。在地表裂缝防控方法方面, 结合露天开采工艺特点, 提出了融合分析、预测、模拟和决策的多阶段修复技术, 即采煤与土地修复的有机耦合: 采用减轻土地损坏的开采措施和选择合适的修复方式与时机, 实现采煤与土地修复同时进行, 在山东济宁与菏泽等地得到了应用与推广; 针对黄土沟壑区沟底裂缝和坡体裂缝2种类型, 提出了“裂缝填充或充填+沟道恢复或微地形改造”的治理方法, 并在柠条塔煤矿进行了应用示范[2629]
已有研究成果多基于静态参数信息描述地表裂缝, 尚未量化开采条件与地表裂缝尺度特征参数的关系, 且忽视了覆岩裂缝的活动过程, 此外主流防控技术过渡依赖“末端治理”, 未考虑裂缝空间分异规律。鉴于此, 笔者以官板乌素煤矿615工作面为研究背景, 采用现场实测、物理模拟和理论分析相结合的方法, 提出了覆岩裂缝发育过程的定量表征方法, 揭示了深厚比对地表裂缝发育的影响关系, 并提出了地表沉陷程度减缓、覆岩结构拱稳定性提升和地表裂缝分区分类治理技术, 用于控制和治理地表裂缝。研究成果旨在为矿区土地修复与治理提供参考。
官板乌素煤矿位于内蒙古自治区准格尔旗境内的准格尔煤田。该井田面积约3.5 km2, 赋存有6号、6-1号和3号3层可采煤层(自下而上顺序)。其中, 6号与6-1号煤层在局部区域间距极小(小于0.80 m), 设计上作为合采区域, 两煤层最大累计厚度达18.73 m。井田地形总体呈北高南低之势, 最大坡角达70°, 最大高差达150 m, 加之侵蚀沟谷密集, 地表多形成“峁”或“梁”(图1)。区域内气候属大陆干旱型, 年均降水量与年均气温分别达439.5 mm和7.8 ℃。当前开采的615工作面设计为300 m×110 m, 开采煤层为间距较小的6号与6-1号煤层(合并开采), 最大采厚可达16 m, 工作面平均日推进速度为4 m, 区域地表覆盖厚度40 m的第四系风积沙, 平均采深为200 m, 煤层倾角为3°, 属于浅埋特厚煤层开采条件。
为探究深厚比对采动地表裂缝的影响, 结合作者已有研究成果和相关参考文献[9, 24], 对比地质采矿条件相似但深厚比存在显著差异的官板乌素煤矿615工作面和上湾煤矿12401工作面开采地表裂缝发育情况。两工作面均属于西部矿区浅埋特厚煤层开采, 地质条件相近, 但深厚比不同: 官板乌素煤矿615工作面开采6和6-1号煤层(近水平), 平均采深200 m, 采高16 m, 深厚比为13, 地表被第四系风积沙覆盖(40 m); 上湾煤矿12401工作面开采1-2号煤层(近水平), 平均采深184 m, 采高8.8 m, 深厚比21, 地表被第四系风积沙覆盖(27 m)。随着深厚比减小(上湾煤矿12401工作面深厚比为21, 官板乌素矿615工作面深厚比为13), 地表裂缝类型由拉张型和台阶型裂缝为主转变为塌陷型和台阶型裂缝为主, 并伴随出现多处塌陷坑(图2)。两工作面开采均导致地表裂缝集中在工作面内部范围和边界, 延伸长度从几米到几十米不等, 延伸宽度从几厘米到几十厘米不等, 工作面边界外侧裂缝数量发育较少, 开切眼侧的地表裂缝发育程度大于工作面内部、巷道区和终采线侧。其中, 615工作面地表裂缝最大宽度、台阶高度分别为1 170、680 mm, 12401工作面地表裂缝最大宽度、台阶高度分别为728、450 mm。615工作面因深厚比更小, 台阶型裂缝错动量和塌陷型裂缝张开量更大, 且部分裂缝与井下连通, 造成突水、漏风、溃沙事故。上述对比表明, 在类似地质与开采强度条件下, 深厚比是控制地表裂缝发育程度的关键因素。深厚比减小显著加剧裂缝张开与错动程度, 提高地质灾害风险。
采动过程中涉及多个组合岩层结构发生移动变形, 其中, 起控制作用的岩层多为厚硬岩层[30](如砂岩), 而起协调变形作用的岩层为伴随岩层, 二者共同承载上覆载荷及自身重量。由于组合岩层结构中位于下部的岩体强度更大, 垮落时充填至采空区底部, 导致上部组合岩层结构中煤岩体起支撑作用, 引起两帮支撑煤壁破碎充填至采空区, 使实际工作面推进距离小于每次的岩层极限跨距(图3)。因此, 研究地表沉陷的关键是合理划分上覆岩层组合[31]
组合岩层理论本身是一个融合工程尺度(采深H、采高M)与岩性特征(关键层厚度、强度)的综合性判据。该理论的应用敏感性主要体现在:
(1)尺度敏感性。开采尺寸(H, M)直接决定了岩层移动的空间和影响范围, 不同采深条件下地应力水平差异显著, 导致浅埋煤层与深部煤层的岩层破断模式存在本质区别。
(2)岩性敏感性。关键层的岩性力学参数(抗压强度、弹性模量等)是控制其破断距及裂缝发育高度的核心内在因素。应用本理论时, 需通过钻孔测井、岩石力学试验等手段准确获取关键层的岩性参数, 以确保理论划分的准确性。
对于不同煤层赋存条件的适应性也存在差异:
(1)浅埋厚煤层(小深厚比)。该类条件下覆岩破断以切落式为主, 关键层破断步距小, 裂缝带发育更为剧烈且易直达地表。应用本理论时, 需着重分析浅部关键层失稳特征, 其模型边界条件应能反映上覆载荷的传递缺失。
(2)深部薄煤层(大深厚比)。该类条件下岩层移动时间效应显著, 流变特性突出。应用本理论时, 需考虑高地应力环境下岩体的时间效应和多层关键层的复合破断行为, 其裂缝发育具有延滞性和缓变性特征。
(3)存在断层。断层作为地质弱面, 其对岩层移动的控制作用常优先于层状岩体的自有规律。应用本理论时, 需预先评估断层的赋存状态及其对采动应力的响应, 在断层影响范围内, 理论计算结果需进行降级处理, 并建议采用针对性的断层活化监测技术。
对于划分组合岩层, 可以结合材料力学的组合梁理论进行确定。
$ {\left({q}_{n}\right)}_{1}=\frac{{E}_{1}h_{1}^{3}\left({\gamma }_{1}{h}_{1}+{\gamma }_{2}{h}_{2}+\cdots +{\gamma }_{n}{h}_{n}\right)}{{E}_{1}h_{1}^{3}+{E}_{2}h_{2}^{3}+\cdots +{E}_{n}h_{n}^{3}} $
式中, (qn)1为第1层岩层受到第n层岩层影响时形成的载荷; Eihi$ {\gamma }_{i} $分别为第i层岩层的弹性模量、厚度、容重。
$ {({{q}_{n+1}})}_{1} \lt {({{q}_{n}})}_{1} $时, 第n层岩层变形大于第n+1层岩层变形, 表明第n+1层岩层不需要下部岩层承载所受载荷, 则第1到n层为1个组合岩层。结合官板乌素煤矿615工作面地质开采条件, 确定该区域共有4个组合岩层, 每个组合岩层内最下部的岩层为承载层, 其余岩层为变形受控层(表1)。组合岩层结构失稳破坏是引起地表沉陷的根本原因。因此, 在物理试验中将观测线布置于组合岩层中, 重点研究其移动变形。图4为观测线布置及观测仪器, 模型尺寸详见文献[24], 此处不再阐述。
结合相似材料模型结果得到浅埋特厚煤层开采上覆岩层破坏程度在竖向及横向方向的分布特征, 如图5所示。竖直方向上, 以厚硬岩层与垮落岩块排列程度为界, 可分为4个区域。区域Ⅰ内包含直接顶, 当岩层到达极限跨距后, 随采随垮, 垮落的岩块杂乱无序且较为破碎, 排列不规则, 离层裂缝较发育, 属于不规则垮落带(高度约为开采厚度的1倍); 区域Ⅱ内包含亚厚硬岩层以下范围的岩层, 随煤层开采发生规则性垮落, 垮落的岩块排列有序, 离层裂缝与覆岩裂缝较发育, 属于规则垮落带; 区域Ⅲ内包含基岩−松散层交界面以下范围的岩层, 此区域内覆岩裂缝随主厚硬岩层破断不断向上延伸且横向扩展, 采空区正上方与四周产生大量纵向与离层裂缝, 破断岩块相互挤压, 属于基岩裂缝带; 区域Ⅳ内包含地表松散层, 由大量离散颗粒组成, 联结性很弱, 因此不存在类似于基岩区域内的块状岩体, 但会产生非均匀沉降, 主要发育贯通裂缝, 属于松散层裂缝带。
水平方向上, 以覆岩影响程度为界, 可分为5个区域, 即2个未扰动区、2个错断叠梁区、1个破断岩层堆压区。未扰动区与错断叠梁区以力学边界为分界线, 错断叠梁区与破断岩层堆压区以覆岩破坏轨迹(梯形边界)为分界线。未扰动区内岩层未受到采动应力重分布的影响, 只受原始应力作用(无位移变化); 错断叠梁区内岩层以梁结构形式向采空区方向移动, 自下向上, 岩层自由边界逐渐内错(岩梁长度逐渐减小), 且同时受到采动应力与原始应力影响; 破断岩层堆压区内岩块自下向上依次堆压充填采空区, 岩层破坏程度逐渐减弱, 破断岩块间裂缝减小, 岩块间以啮合和接触压力为主, 导致宏观水平拉应力显著降低。
浅埋特厚煤层开采下覆岩垮落空间和变形程度会增加, 且深厚比越小, 覆岩及地表破坏程度越高[32]。12401工作面深厚比为21, 615工作面深厚比为13, 两工作面均属于超大采高, 工作面开采结束后, 上覆岩层只存在垮落带与裂缝带。覆岩“两带”贯通至地表, 形成大量地表裂缝, 前者以拉张型、台阶型裂缝为主, 后者以塌陷型、台阶型裂缝为主, 与前文实测结果一致(图6)。
已有研究认为地下煤层开采会引起覆岩与地表产生不同程度的损伤, 涉及采空区至地表的传导过程[3436], 基于此提出了采动损伤度(单元岩体内的损伤程度)指标量化覆岩破坏过程, 计算公式为
$ D=\frac{\text{d}V-\text{d}{V}_{0}}{\text{d}V}=\frac{\text{d}{V}_{\text{D}}}{\text{d}V} $
式中, D为损伤度; dV为体积(单元体); dV0为基体体积(单元体); dVD为损伤体体积(单元体)。
借鉴以上方法, 通过定义裂隙率来表征覆岩裂缝的分布范围与发育程度, 即覆岩裂缝面积与研究区总面积之比, 计算公式为
$ {R}_{\text{c}}=\frac{{S}_{\text{a}}-{S}_{\text{d}}}{{S}_{\text{a}}}=\frac{{S}_{\text{c}}}{{S}_{\text{a}}} $
式中, Rc为裂隙率, %; Sa为研究区总面积, m2; Sd为未发育覆岩裂缝的区域面积, m2; Sc为覆岩裂缝面积, m2, 可根据图5中的梯形面积进行确定。
提取工作面推进过程中的覆岩裂缝高度、覆岩裂缝面积, 计算不同开采阶段对应的裂隙率(表2), 并绘制其演化曲线, 如图7所示。由图7可知, 覆岩裂缝高度、覆岩裂缝面积、裂隙率与工作面推进距离呈正相关, 表明覆岩破坏程度逐步增大。当工作面分别推进至140、180、260 m时, 覆岩裂缝高度、覆岩裂缝面积、裂隙率急剧增加, 这是因为组合岩层每一次破断均会引起覆岩大面积垮落, 采动裂缝不断向上延伸并发育新的裂缝。当工作面从260 m推进至300 m时, 覆岩裂缝高度不再变化, 但覆岩裂缝面积与裂隙率仍在增加, 表明此阶段虽然覆岩裂缝高度已达到最大(发育至地表), 但仍有新裂缝发育并以一定步距横向扩展, 式(3)可以准确定量表征覆岩裂缝发育过程。工作面开采过程中, 覆岩裂缝不断发育、延伸, 最终贯通至地表, 具有斜角度延伸与周期性横向扩展特点, 覆岩破断角基本对称, 开切眼侧为67°, 终采线侧为66°。
图8(a)为不同测线对应的最终下沉曲线, 随着观测线与顶板距离减小, 垮落岩块碎胀性增大, 下沉范围与下沉值出现不同程度的增加, 且下沉曲线偏态型与不规则性更为显著。由于采动影响自下向上传递过程中逐渐减小, 且松散层一定程度减缓了覆岩移动变形, 因此地表下沉曲线形态最为光滑, 下沉值最小。由图8(a)可知, 下沉曲线呈现明显的分区特征, 即采空区上方下沉值较大, 开切眼和终采线侧下沉值较小, 这是因为煤层开采后, 采空区上方监测点随岩层垮落出现大幅度下沉, 开切眼和终采线侧监测点由于煤岩体支撑, 下沉幅度较小, 但受水平方向拉应力作用影响, 向采空区方向偏移。不同测线最终下沉曲线皆出现平底部分, 表明各覆岩层均达到充分采动。
各观测线最大下沉值如图8(b)所示, 可以看出直接顶与亚厚硬岩层最大下沉值接近煤层厚度, 表明工作面开采结束后, 垮落带内部覆岩被完全压实; 主厚硬岩层破断块体回转空间较小, 形成较为稳定的块体结构支撑控制伴随岩层, 导致地表下沉系数相比于一般大采高工作面较小, 为0.60。不同层位岩层最大下沉值与距顶板高度呈线性负相关, 满足函数关系式: y=16673−37.3x(R2=0.94), 表明高强度开采条件下各覆岩层下沉趋势保持一致。
岩层由不同粒径的土体或碎石在外力作用下沉积形成, 为再现岩层分布特征, 采用离散元软件PFC2D创建了颗粒集合体, 并依据岩层实际层间关系进行划分(图9)。该模型通过颗粒间的压缩(接触)和拉伸(非接触)状态反映岩层受力特性。颗粒间相互作用下引发的相对位移, 使得该方法能够模拟地表裂缝的尺度特征。针对平行黏结模型在颗粒集合体中压拉比较低的局限, 本文采用平直节理模型分析岩层断裂问题。模型尺寸和几何形状结合实际情况确定, 固定模型的左、右、下边界, 上边界为自由边界。模型加载的重力加速度为9.8 m/s2, 以每次开采4 m为1个阶段, 以不平衡力平均比值降低至10−5以下为平衡标准。
采用PFC内置的离散裂缝网络(DFN) 方法生成裂隙, 以模拟采动阶段的覆岩与地表裂缝。裂缝主要通过平直节理模型(Flat Joint Model, FJM) 来实现, 将其植入到ball粒子之间, 允许粒子在接触点发生滑动和分离, 从而宏观上模拟出裂缝的力学行为。PFC2D建立的数值模型通过7类参数表征: 容重、最小颗粒半径(Rmin)、颗粒半径比(r)、平直节理模量(E*)、平直节理刚度比(K*)、平直节理抗拉强度(σ*)、平节理黏聚力(c*)。这些参数主要通过结合经验公式与试错法确定[23, 37]。经验公式有助于减少试错法的依赖, 通过不断调整模型参数, 对比室内与数值试验结果, 直至满足可接受的精度范围(表3)。符号*用于区分模型参数与类似宏观参数(如弹性模量、泊松比)。
以官板乌素煤矿615工作面实际地质采矿条件为原型构建数值模型。该工作面采深为200 m, 采高为16 m, 其深厚比为13。为系统揭示深厚比对地表裂缝发育的影响效应, 在数值模拟试验中保持采深不变, 通过改变采高来构建不同深厚比工况。在实际采高16 m基础上, 分别减小至4、8、12 m, 以模拟4个具有显著差异的深厚比工况, 即50、25、17、13(已有研究表明深厚比30是判断地表移动变形程度的临界条件), 此试验设计能有效地对比分析不同深厚比条件下地表裂缝的尺度特征演变规律。其中, 模型边界约束条件与微观力学参数保持一致。每条地表裂缝的尺度特征包括宽度(w)、贯通度($ \zeta $)和超前距离(d)。宽度为地表裂缝的水平张开量; 贯通度为地表裂缝发育深度(纵向长度)Df与开采深度H之比, 当$ 0 \lt \zeta \lt 1 $时, 地表裂缝未与工作面连通, 当$ \zeta =1 $时, 地表裂缝与工作面连通形成贯通型裂缝; 超前距离为地表裂缝发育位置到工作面推进位置的水平距离。为了涵盖所有地表裂缝, 最大宽度(wmax)、平均贯通度($ {\zeta }_{\text{a}} $)和平均超前距离(da)作为描述地表裂缝尺度特征的3个参数, 如图10所示。
当松基比为1∶4, 工作面推进速度为4 m/d, 地表坡度为5°, 深厚比分别为50、25、17、13时, 地表裂缝分布特征如图11所示。由图11可知, 随着深厚比减小, 地表裂缝发育程度加剧。当深厚比较大时, 覆岩垮落空间较小, 采动影响在传递过程中被削弱, 导致地表变形以弯曲下沉为主, 只发育拉张型裂缝, 且裂缝未贯穿黄土层; 当深厚比较小时, 覆岩垮落空间较大, 承载厚硬岩层破断的岩块会产生滑落运动, 覆岩裂缝与地表裂缝连通从而形成贯通型裂缝。
为分析地表裂缝贯通程度的分布特征, 统计分析每条地表裂缝发育信息, 如图12所示。由图12可知, 地表裂缝贯通度的空间分布特征复杂, 在不同深厚比条件下呈现出明显的非线性变化规律。具体表现为: 在工作面终采线后方一定距离处(开切眼附近), 地表裂缝贯通度明显增大并出现波动; 在终采线附近(0值区域)及其前方(正值区域), 地表裂缝贯通度通常达到峰值, 随着距工作面距离增加, 地表裂缝贯通度逐渐衰减。这是因为地表裂缝受到采动作用与坡体滑移的耦合影响, 终采线侧地表裂缝(坡体正上方)发育深度最大。此外, 由于工作面上方裂缝经历了由拉张区到压缩区的转化过程, 因此其贯通度相比与开切眼、终采线侧裂缝贯通度较小, 这种分布变化反映了地表裂缝发育的空间差异性。当深厚比为13时, 贯通度在距工作面−252.9 m和4.3 m处分别出现了2个峰值(1.0), 表明此处地表裂缝处于贯通状态; 当深厚比为17时, 贯通度在82.1 m处达到峰值(0.54); 当深厚比为25时, 贯通度在−21 m和68 m处均达到峰值(0.4); 当深厚比为50时, 贯通度在−457.1 m处达到峰值(0.37)。随着深厚比从50减小至13, 地表裂缝平均贯通度从0.21增大至0.41, 表明深厚比越小, 地表裂缝发育深度越大, 且越易与工作面连通。
统计不同深厚比下的地表裂缝参数信息, 包括最大宽度、平均贯通度、平均超前距离。当深厚比为50时, 地表发育7条明显裂缝, 其中6条裂缝发育深度未超过松散层与基岩交界面, 最大宽度1.17 m, 平均贯通度0.21(最大发育深度71.5 m), 平均超前距离133.9 m; 当深厚比为25时, 地表发育7条明显裂缝, 其中5条裂缝发育深度超过松散层与基岩交界面, 最大宽度3.07 m, 平均贯通度0.31(最大发育深度82.4 m), 平均超前距离151.8 m; 当深厚比为17时, 地表发育9条明显裂缝, 其中6条裂缝发育深度超过松散层与基岩交界面, 最大宽度3.21 m, 平均贯通度0.32(最大发育深度110.8 m), 平均超前距离160.8 m; 当深厚比为13时, 地表发育10条明显裂缝, 其中5条裂缝发育深度超过松散层与基岩交界面, 最大宽度4.06 m, 平均贯通度0.41(有2条裂缝与工作面连通), 平均超前距离167.5 m。
统计分析深厚比H/M与地表裂缝最大宽度wmax、 平均贯通度$ {\zeta }_{\text{a}} $、平均超前距离da的关系(增加了部分样本数据), 如图13所示。由图13可知, 随着深厚比增加, 最大宽度、平均贯通度和平均超前距离均逐渐减小。深厚比越小, 平均贯通度和平均超前距离的递减趋势越大; 深厚比越大, 平均贯通度和平均超前距离的递减趋势越小。当深厚比接近30时, 平均贯通度与平均超前距离趋于稳定, 这是因为随着深厚比增大, 承载厚硬岩层两侧破断岩块的状态由滑落演变为回转, 地表下沉量减小导致裂缝发育程度降低, 这与文献[33]的实测结果一致, 进一步验证了PFC2D软件模拟不同深厚比下地表裂缝发育规律的正确性。
为量化深厚比与地表裂缝尺度特征参数之间的关系, 基于数值模拟所获取的数据集(图13), 通过回归分析拟合得到经验公式(4)~(6), 所使用的拟合工具为Origin软件, 回归方法为非线性最小二乘法。其中, 自变量为深厚比, 因变量分别为最大宽度、平均贯通度和平均超前距离。拟合分析表明, 深厚比与地表裂缝最大宽度呈线性负相关(决定系数R2=0.97), 与平均贯通度(决定系数R2=0.95)和平均超前距离(决定系数 R2=0.94)呈指数负相关。
$ {w}_{\text{max}}=-0.071\left(H/M\right)+4.731\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\left({R}^{2}=0.97\right) $
$ {\zeta }_{\text{a}}=0.19\exp \left(\frac{9.68}{H/M}\right)\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\left({R}^{2}=0.95\right) $
$ {d}_{\text{a}}=128.32\exp \left(\frac{3.52}{H/M}\right)\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\left({R}^{2}=0.94\right) $
地表裂缝协同控制技术是集源头减沉—过程拱稳—末端治理为一体的控制技术, 如图14所示。其中, “源头减沉”是控制基础, 通过优化开采工艺(如限高、充填、无煤柱)从源头控制地表沉陷程度, 为后续步骤创造有利条件; “过程拱稳”是核心强化, 在开采过程中, 通过物探结果与覆岩结构拱位置叠加确定易损区, 并对其关键部位进行靶向加固, 抑制覆岩裂缝向上延伸发育; “末端治理”是差异化精准修复, 在前两步的基础上, 依据实地勘查的裂缝分区分类结果, 对已形成的裂缝实施“一缝一策”的精准治理措施。
浅埋特厚煤层主要分布于我国西部矿区, 由于煤层埋深浅、厚度大, 煤层采出后形成采场大空间, 致使地表沉陷程度比较剧烈, 采空区上方易形成大量地表裂缝和塌陷坑, 不仅损害生态环境, 且威胁人民财产安全。目前, 国内主要实施合理的开采方法以减缓地表沉陷程度, 从而达到控制地表裂缝的目的。常用的开采方法包括限厚开采、充填开采、无煤柱开采、协调开采等。这些方法可以有效减缓地表沉陷, 在国内各矿区得到了广泛应用[3841]。然而, 这些方法的本质是通过增大开采成本或减小煤炭产出率为代价, 具有一定的局限性, 应根据现场实际情况进行选择, 不同开采方法的适用条件见表4。需要注意的是, 本节是对现有成熟技术的归纳与集成, 其目的是为后续创新技术的应用创造条件并提供支撑。
限厚开采: 适用于厚煤层或特厚煤层开采条件。通过限制煤层的总开采厚度或每次开采厚度, 可以减少覆岩的垮落空间, 达到减缓地表沉陷程度的目的。此外, 该方法虽然可以保护地表受保护对象不被采动影响破坏, 却极大浪费了煤炭资源。
充填开采: 地下煤层开采后, 将废石、粉煤灰、尾矿等充填材料通过管道注入到采空区, 有效改变围岩受力状态, 与煤岩体共同支撑上覆岩层, 达到减缓地表沉陷的目的。充填开采下地表沉陷的影响因素主要有充填体充填率(u)和压缩率(o), 范围均在0~1。充填体充填率越高, 压缩率越小, 则减沉效果越明显。由于采空区形状复杂, 充填材料无法直接接顶, 且充填材料在上覆岩层压力作用下会发生压缩, 因此充填率与压缩率均无法达到1。在实际开采过程中, 临界开采厚度与导水裂缝带高度满足某一函数关系式y=f(x), 可以通过限制导水裂缝带高度来计算所需的充填厚度, 计算公式为
$ \begin{cases} {M}_{\mathrm{C}}=\left(M-{M}_{\mathrm{L}}\right)/uo\\{M}_{\mathrm{L}}=f({H}_{\text{l}})\end{cases} $
式中, MC为充填厚度, m; ML为临界开采厚度, m; Hl为导水裂缝带高度, m。
无煤柱开采: 开采第1个工作面以前, 提前预裂回采巷道采空区侧顶板, 使其在开采阶段可以切落形成第2个工作面的巷道, 保证开采2个工作面只需留设1条回采巷道, 另1条巷道则是上个工作面回采后自动形成, 实现无煤柱开采[38], 如图15所示。
协调开采: 我国部分煤炭资源滞压于村庄下, 存在资源浪费严重、搬迁成本高等问题。针对该问题, 戴华阳等[40]提出了厚煤层协调全采技术, 通过优化工作面布置方案, 协调工作面开采顺序等措施, 达到保护守护对象、减缓地表沉陷程度的目的, 如图16所示。该方法在峰峰矿区梧桐庄矿、辛安矿、羊渠河矿进行了成功应用, 实现了村庄下压煤的资源回收, 并保证了房屋安全[40]。此外, 戴华阳等[40]给出了跳采工作面和全采工作面宽度的计算公式, 可以根据开采深度和宽深比计算[40]
$ \begin{cases} {D}_{\mathrm{T}}\leq {k}_{\text{DS}}H\\{D}_{\text{Q}}\geq {k}_{\text{DC}}H-2{D}_{\text{T}}\end{cases} $
式中, DTDQ分别为跳采工作面和全采工作面的宽度, m; kDSkDC分别为工作面极不充分和工作面临界充分时所对应的宽深比。
覆岩结构拱稳定性提升指通过维持覆岩结构拱稳定性, 抑制采动影响向地表传递, 达到减缓地表沉陷程度、控制地表裂缝的目的。由于不同矿区地质条件复杂, 岩层中可能存在天然的裂隙或空洞, 这些特殊地质构造一般是经过数十年甚至数百年后, 在地应力、地下水等作用下形成的, 会直接影响覆岩结构拱的稳定性, 易使结构拱失稳破坏, 致使采空区上方矿压剧烈、地表裂缝发育严重。为了提高覆岩结构拱的稳定性, 笔者提出了覆岩结构拱稳定性提升技术[42], 通过物探结果与覆岩拱位置叠加确定易损区, 选择性对易损区采取措施进行修复, 提升覆岩结构拱稳定性, 减缓地表破坏程度, 控制地裂缝产生, 如图17所示。
以工作面倾向中心为原点, 倾向方向为x轴, 竖直方向为y轴, 建立空间直角坐标系, 如图18所示。
首先计算工作面开采后的覆岩拱发育形态, 包括内拱高h0、内拱宽l、内拱轨迹方程、外拱高h1、外拱轨迹方程(假设内外拱脚位置一致)、拱脚内侧偏移量s(支承压力峰值与煤柱边界距离)、工作面采宽L、采高M、覆岩坚固性系数f, 计算公式为
$ \frac{{x}^{2}}{{l}^{2}}+\frac{{y}^{2}}{{h}_{0}^{2}}=1 $
$ \frac{{x}^{2}}{{l}^{2}}+\frac{{y}^{2}}{{h}_{1}^{2}}=1 $
$ l=L+2s $
$ {h}_{0}(M)=\begin{cases} 5\sim 15M,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,f \lt 3\,(\,软弱覆岩)\,\,\,\,\\15\sim 25M,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,3 \leq f\leq 8(\,中硬覆岩)\,\,\,\,\\25\sim 35M,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,f \gt 8(坚硬覆岩)\,\,\,\,\,\end{cases} $
$ {h}_{1}={h}_{0}+\frac{0.01MH}{f} $
h0H, 则覆岩内不能形成拱结构, 对地表破坏较大, 无法提升其稳定性, 需要采用充填开采技术; 若h0H, 则覆岩内可以形成拱结构, 采取措施提升其稳定性, 具体措施如下:
(1)工作面开采前, 在巷道内采用物探的方式探索工作面上方覆岩内部岩石破碎情况, 包括岩层内部裂隙、空洞、断层等特殊地质构造的分布情况。
(2)基于物探结果, 将计算的内外拱轨迹方程与其进行位置叠加, 确定拱带内部何处存在自然裂隙、自然空洞, 即易损坏区。
(3)针对拱壳结构不同部分易损区, 采取多种方式提升其稳定性。将拱壳结构进行分段, 0~0.1h0为拱脚, 0.1h0~0.9h0为拱肩, 0.9h0~h0为拱顶。若易损区位于拱脚部位, 通过在巷道内部打锚杆进行加固; 若易损区位于拱肩部位, 通过在巷道内部打钻孔进行注浆; 若易损区位于拱顶部位, 在地表上方打钻孔进行注浆。
制浆材料主要为水泥粉煤灰浆液、速凝剂。若拱带内部易损区为自然空洞, 则在工作面开采前钻孔注浆1次即可, 浆液较稠。若拱带内部易损区为自然裂隙, 则对其进行3次注浆。工作面推进至易损区前方水平距离0.15H时, 钻孔注浆1次, 此时浆液较稀。工作面推进至易损区下方时, 钻孔注浆1次, 此时浆液较稠。工作面推进至易损区后方水平距离时, 钻孔注浆1次, 此时浆液较稀。浆液采用水泥粉煤灰浆液, 稀稠程度通过控制水固比和固相比来完成。通过以上方法可以提升覆岩结构拱稳定性, 增强其对上覆岩层的承载能力, 减缓地表沉陷程度, 有效控制地表裂缝。
根据615工作面地表裂缝与工作面的相对位置关系, 可以将其分为工作面边界的永久裂缝和内部的动态裂缝[24]。考虑到动态裂缝存在闭合现象, 众多学者认为不需要对动态裂缝进行治理, 只需待地表移动稳定后对永久裂缝进行治理修复[20, 22]。然而, 西部矿区开采强度大, 地表常出现连通采空区的塌陷型裂缝和台阶型裂缝, 常发生溃水、溃沙、漏风等事故。虽然这些裂缝部分分布于工作面内部, 具有动态性, 但对井下造成的安全隐患更为突出。
基于地表裂缝的发育程度和分布类型, 将地表区域由外至里分为自然修复区、边界裂缝区和动态裂缝区。自然修复区是裂缝角至下沉边界角间的区域, 此区域内地表移动变形表现为连续性变形, 一般无裂缝产生, 对土壤影响较小。边界裂缝区是开采边界至裂缝角间的区域, 此区域内地表移动变形以非连续变形为主, 裂缝以带状平行分布, 宽度呈现“扩展—稳定”的变化过程, 无法自闭合, 对植被和土壤影响程度较大, 是采煤沉陷区的重点治理区域。动态裂缝区是采空区正上方对应的地表区域, 该区域内以动态裂缝为主, 整体形态呈“倒C”型, 宽度呈现“扩展—收缩—稳定”的变化过程, 存在闭合现象, 对植被和土壤影响程度较大, 是采煤沉陷区的次重点治理区域, 如图19所示。在边界裂缝区内发育有拉张型裂缝和台阶型裂缝; 在动态裂缝区内发育有塌陷型裂缝、台阶型裂缝和拉张型裂缝。台阶型裂缝和塌陷型裂缝均为贯通型裂缝, 分别具有错动量大和张开量大的特点, 严重威胁矿井的生产安全, 治理优先级最高; 边界裂缝区内的拉张型裂缝无法自闭合, 治理优先级次之; 动态裂缝区内的拉张型裂缝存在闭合现象, 但无法完全闭合, 治理优先级最后。在西部矿区发育大量与采空区连通的临时性裂缝, 可以采用直接填埋和平整土地的方法对其进行治理, 避免地表积水和黄土进入工作面, 并保持井下通风; 对于未与工作面连通的临时性裂缝, 则无需进行治理。
为验证地表裂缝分区分类治理技术的工程实效, 以官板乌素煤矿615工作面为示范工程, 实施了针对性的治理方案, 并对其效果进行了长期监测与量化评估。在自然修复区, 采用以“自然恢复为主, 人工辅助播种”的方法, 利用降雨等自然条件促进裂缝自然闭合, 并通过播种草籽, 加速生态愈合。在边界裂缝区和动态裂缝区, 台阶型裂缝和塌陷型裂缝均为贯通型裂缝, 治理优先级最高。对于塌陷型裂缝, 采用“砾石充填+黄土覆盖+生态重建”的组合方法, 具体措施: 首先, 将大块碎石、矿渣或矸石向下充填至距地表约1.5~2.0 m处; 其次, 在上部充填黄土或剥离表土, 并压实至略高于原始地面, 以利于排水; 最后, 平整土地, 根据当地条件播种耐旱、根系发达的草灌混合植被(如沙打旺、柠条)。对于台阶型裂缝, 采用“挖高填低+土地平整”的组合方法, 具体措施: 首先, 将台阶高处的土方挖除, 并填入台阶低处的裂缝和凹陷区; 其次, 每回填30~50 cm厚度, 进行机械或人工夯实, 确保填筑体密实, 避免后期沉降; 最后, 平整后覆盖表土, 进行生态修复。在边界裂缝区和动态裂缝区, 优先治理无法自闭合的拉张型裂缝, 后治理无法完全闭合的拉张型裂缝, 直接利用推土机等设备将裂缝两侧土体推入裂缝中, 分层夯实至略高于原地面, 后续进行整体土地平整, 为恢复耕作或植被创造条件。治理工程完成后, 经过12个月的监测, 治理效果显著(图20), 具体数据对比见表5
图20表5可以看出, 该区域生态环境基本修复, 表明提出的分区分类治理技术不仅理论清晰, 而且工程可操作性强, 治理效果量化指标优异。该技术的成功应用有效杜绝了突水溃沙等安全隐患, 为西部生态脆弱矿区类似条件下的地表裂缝治理提供了工程范式。
采用的组合岩层理论并非用于直接计算裂缝宽度、长度等参数, 其核心价值在于定性或半定性地揭示覆岩破坏的内在力学机理, 有助于划分上覆岩层结构, 识别出控制岩层移动的“关键层”; 可解释覆岩裂缝为何以“阶梯式”向上发育直至地表, 即定义了裂缝发育的路径和模式; 可为后续物理模拟和数值模拟提供理论指导并作为模型构建的依据, 基于此理论来确定模型中岩层分层、强度参数和关键层位置, 并合理布置观测线。在组合岩层理论指导下, 构建了物理与数值模型, 其目的是复现并观测上述理论所揭示的破坏过程, 并通过后处理提取了“宽度”、“贯通度”等量化数据, 这些数据是机理运行后的最终表象。因此, “组合岩层理论”与“裂缝宽度”之间是“机理—表象”和“指导—验证”的关系, 理论解释了“为什么会产生这样的裂缝”, 而数值模拟量化了“这些裂缝的具体尺寸是多少”。
基于“组合岩层理论”划分出的4个组合岩层结构, 其核心是由关键厚硬岩层的位态所主导。关键厚硬岩层的厚度、力学强度及其层位, 直接决定了覆岩破断的形态、裂缝发育的高度以及最终地表裂缝的发育模式。例如, 主厚硬岩层破断是导致覆岩裂缝最终贯通至地表的根本原因。此外, 重点分析了深厚比对地表裂缝发育的影响, 但其最终形态实质是开采强度(深厚比)与岩层固有属性(岩性、结构)共同作用的结果。深厚比决定了覆岩破坏的能量大小, 而上覆岩层性质则控制了这种破坏能量的传递路径与释放方式。因此, 深厚比与裂缝参数的定量关系是在特定地质条件下得出的。当岩层性质发生显著变化(如厚硬岩层数量、层位)时, 该定量关系的参数需进行相应调整。厚硬岩层的数量、间距及其在岩层中的位置(层位), 共同影响了岩层破坏的阶段性和破坏形态, 层数多、层位复杂的岩层结构会加剧下沉曲线的偏态性与不规则性, 从而在地表形成更为复杂的复合型裂缝。
遗憾的是, 本文研究重点是表征高强度开采裂缝尺度特征并构建有效防控体系, 建立一个能够从力学机理上精确预测裂缝宽度的“岩层移动计算模型”是一项复杂而独立的研究任务, 这超出了本文以工程规律统计和防控技术集成为核心的研究范畴, 这将是课题组下一步的重要研究方向。此外, 本文所提出的覆岩结构拱稳定性提升技术是一种新的创新性方法, 目前仍处于实验室数值模拟与物理模拟验证阶段, 其工程化应用依赖于高精度的物探定位和精准注浆工艺, 是下一步计划开展现场工业性试验的重点内容。未来, 课题组将立足于西部矿区高强度开采工作面, 利用地质雷达或超声波探测仪等仪器监测其覆岩内部岩石破碎情况, 结合理论计算结果对结构拱不同位置靶向注浆, 提升其稳定性以控制地表裂缝。相比于现有的离层注浆、采空区充填等方法, 将极大减少应用成本。
(1)基于组合岩层理论, 确定了官板乌素煤矿615工作面上覆岩层共有4个组合岩层结构, 以此建立了相应的相似材料模型。揭示了上覆岩层破坏程度沿竖向及横向的分布特征, 竖直方向上, 以厚硬岩层与垮落岩块排列程度为界, 可分为4个区域; 水平方向上, 以覆岩影响程度为界, 分为2个未扰动区、2个错断叠梁区、1个破断岩层堆压区。
(2)提出了基于裂隙率的覆岩裂缝发育过程定量表征方法, 发现组合岩层每一次破断会引起覆岩大面积垮落, 采动裂缝不断向上延伸发育, 并最终贯通至地表。随着岩层与顶板距离逐渐减小, 垮落岩块碎胀性增大, 下沉范围与下沉值出现不同程度的增加, 且下沉曲线偏态性与不规则性更为显著。
(3)随着深厚比变小, 地表裂缝类型由拉张型和台阶型为主转变为塌陷型和台阶型为主, 并伴随出现多处塌陷坑, 且615工作面开采(相比于12401工作面)引起的台阶型裂缝错动量和塌陷型裂缝张开量更大。提出了描述地表裂缝尺度特征的3个参数(最大宽度、平均贯通度和平均超前距离), 得到深厚比与最大宽度呈线性负相关, 与平均贯通度和平均超前距离呈指数负相关。
(4)提出了地表裂缝协同控制技术, 依据现场实际情况选择限厚开采、充填开采、无煤柱开采、协调开采等方法减缓地表沉陷程度; 通过物探结果与覆岩拱位置叠加确定易损区, 对其进行修复以提升覆岩拱结构稳定性; 按照地表裂缝发育程度和分布类型差异, 对地表裂缝进行分区分类差异化治理, 确定治理优先级和顺序, 恢复了区域生态环境。
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2026年第8卷第2期
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doi: 10.13532/j.jmsce.cn10-1638/td.2025-1260
  • 接收时间:2025-07-10
  • 首发时间:2026-05-28
  • 出版时间:2026-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-10
  • 修回日期:2025-09-08
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    1太原科技大学 车辆与交通工程学院, 山西 太原 030024
    2中国矿业大学(北京)地球科学与测绘工程学院, 北京 100083
    3太原理工大学 地球科学与测绘工程学院, 山西 太原 030024
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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