Article(id=1266686909171519539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, issueId=1266686777441018407, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13532/j.jmsce.cn10-1638/td.2025-1347, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1757347200000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-09, revisedDate=1762876800000, revisedDateStr=2025-11-12, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1779931293051, onlineDateStr=2026-05-28, pubDate=1777046400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1779931293051, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1779931293051, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1779931293051, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1266686777441018407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, year='2026', volume='8', issue='2', pageStart='013014-1', pageEnd='023542-19', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1779931261643, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1779931348520, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1266687141976358949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, issueId=1266686777441018407, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1266687141976358950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, issueId=1266686777441018407, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=023025-1, endPage=023025-15, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1266686909427372085, articleId=1266686909171519539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, language=EN, title=Study on height prediction of overburden fracture zone under repeated mining of multi-coal seams in Yushenfu mining area, columnId=1266686778661560874, journalTitle=Journal of Mining and Strata Control Engineering, columnName=Engineering Case, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The Yushenfu mining area is characterized by shallow coal seams, thin overlying bedrock, and thick loose layers, and most mines in this mining area involve repeated mining of multiple coal seams. Affected by multiple factors such as coal seam mining height and spacing, the spatial interaction of surrounding rock in the upper and lower stopes makes it challenging to accurately predict fracture zone height. In this paper, the fracture zone height under multi-coal seam repeated mining in typical coal mines in the Yushenfu mining area was taken as the research object, and the research methods of physical similarity simulation, theoretical analysis, and deep learning were used. First, the fracture development law under multi-coal seam repeated mining was analyzed. Subsequently, a multi-factor coupling nonlinear regression model was established to describe the relationship between the fracture zone height and key parameters, including coal seam mining height, spacing, burial depth, dip angle, working face length, and interval rock strength. On this basis, the prediction method of fracture zone height under multi-coal seam repeated mining based on the SSA-BP neural network was established, and its accuracy was verified. The results indicate that the fracture development under repeated mining in Ciyaota Coal Mine exhibits a three-stage characteristic, i.e., localized slow growth, nonlinear rapid increase through interconnection, and dynamic stabilization. The ultimate height of the fracture zone reaches 139.0 m. The nonlinear regression model incorporating the coupled effects of coal seam mining height, interlayer spacing, strength of intervening rock strata, and working face length achieves an R2 value of 0.880, confirming these parameters as key influencing factors for the fracture zone height. Compared to predictions from traditional empirical formulas and the BP model, the SSA-BP model demonstrates reductions in MAPE values by 22.96% and 6.70%, respectively, and attains a low RMSE of 1.79, indicating superior stability. Validation at the 14205 working face of Zhonghui Funeng Coal Mine in the Yushenfu mining area shows a relative error of 1.3% between the predicted and measured heights, well below 5%. The study demonstrates strong generalizability for predicting the height of water-conducting fracture zones under multi-coal seam repeated mining in the Yushenfu mining area and provides valuable insights for water hazard prevention and control under such mining conditions.

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榆神府矿区煤层埋深浅、上覆基岩薄、松散层厚, 多数矿井涉及多煤层重复采动, 受煤层采高、间距等多因素影响, 上下采场围岩空间相互作用, 导致裂隙带高度难以精准预测。以榆神府矿区典型煤矿多煤层重复采动裂隙带高度为研究对象, 采用物理相似模拟、理论分析以及深度学习相结合的方法, 分析了多煤层重复采动裂隙发育规律, 构建了煤层采高、间距、埋深、倾角、工作面长度及间隔岩层坚固性系数与裂隙带高度的多因素耦合非线性回归模型, 建立了基于SSA-BP神经网络的多煤层重复采动裂隙带高度预测方法, 并验证了其准确性。研究结果表明: 瓷窑塔煤矿重复采动下裂隙发育呈现“局部缓慢增长—贯通非线性跃升—动态稳定”三阶段特征, 最终裂隙带发育高度为139.0 m; 煤层采高、间距、间隔岩层坚固性系数及工作面长度耦合下的非线性回归模型拟合系数R2为0.880, 为裂隙带发育高度关键影响因素; 对比传统经验公式与BP模型预测结果, SSA-BP模型预测MAPE值分别降低了22.96%、6.70%, RMSE值低至1.79, 稳定性更优; 以榆神府矿区中汇富能煤矿14205工作面为验证模型, 预测高度与实测高度相对误差为1.3%, 小于5%。研究对榆神府矿区多煤层开采导水裂隙带高度预测具有较强普适性, 可为该矿区多煤层开采水害防治提供有益借鉴。

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陈玉涛(1984—), 男, 陕西汉中人, 研究员。E-mail:
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王红伟(1983—), 男, 湖北随州人, 教授, 博士生导师, 主要从事难采煤层开采等方面的研究。E-mail:

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王红伟(1983—), 男, 湖北随州人, 教授, 博士生导师, 主要从事难采煤层开采等方面的研究。E-mail:

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王红伟(1983—), 男, 湖北随州人, 教授, 博士生导师, 主要从事难采煤层开采等方面的研究。E-mail:

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journalId=1266358798366031926, articleId=1266686909171519539, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Mechanical parameters of coal rock

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序号岩层层厚/m密度/(kg·m−3)抗压强度/MPa抗剪强度/MPa抗拉强度/MPa黏聚力/MPa内摩擦角/(°)配比号(河沙、石膏、大白、煤粉)/(kg·cm−1)
1回填土、矸石80.65256010.74.702.02.228.0928(8.55 0.19 0.76)
2细砂岩29.00232030.34.152.02.636.8746(8.4 0.48 0.72)
33−12.76140017.12.902.01.124.521∶1∶2∶21
4粉砂岩52.50232030.34.152.01.542.0737(8.4 0.36 0.84)
54−21.69140017.12.901.61.124.521∶1∶2∶21
6细砂岩14.90237069.07.903.42.845.6746(8.4 0.48 0.72)
74−31.52140017.12.903.41.124.521∶1∶2∶21
8粉砂岩2.00242067.66.702.61.542.0737(8.4 0.36 0.84)
), ArticleFig(id=1266686940997898536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, articleId=1266686909171519539, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

煤岩力学参数

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序号岩层层厚/m密度/(kg·m−3)抗压强度/MPa抗剪强度/MPa抗拉强度/MPa黏聚力/MPa内摩擦角/(°)配比号(河沙、石膏、大白、煤粉)/(kg·cm−1)
1回填土、矸石80.65256010.74.702.02.228.0928(8.55 0.19 0.76)
2细砂岩29.00232030.34.152.02.636.8746(8.4 0.48 0.72)
33−12.76140017.12.902.01.124.521∶1∶2∶21
4粉砂岩52.50232030.34.152.01.542.0737(8.4 0.36 0.84)
54−21.69140017.12.901.61.124.521∶1∶2∶21
6细砂岩14.90237069.07.903.42.845.6746(8.4 0.48 0.72)
74−31.52140017.12.903.41.124.521∶1∶2∶21
8粉砂岩2.00242067.66.702.61.542.0737(8.4 0.36 0.84)
), ArticleFig(id=1266686941069201705, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, articleId=1266686909171519539, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The measured value of fracture zone height in Yushenfu mining area

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编号矿井名称煤层采高(自上而下)/m煤层间距(自上而下)/m间隔岩层坚固性系数工作面长度/m煤层埋深/m煤层倾角/(°)裂隙带高度/m
1永兴煤矿1.3、0.76.43.11642810.538.89
2赵石畔煤矿2.7、0.9404.61791981.157.78
3嘉元煤矿3.2、5.1272.912801780.398.80
4新圪崂煤矿3.5、1.3122.511301260.944.54
5魏墙煤矿3.4、0.8105.41852912.197.20
6瑶渠煤矿2.1、0.945.22002651.782.91
7海则滩煤矿2.4、0.7314.11683191.359.50
8郝家梁煤矿3.1、1.5153.72203560.964.57
9大湾煤矿3.1、1.8465.91303420.539.48
10工农联营煤矿1.6、2.2202.61862780.152.51
11亿源煤矿1.6、1.9223.11902900.434.58
12升富煤矿2.5、3.1303.92003871.264.94
13丈八崖联办煤矿1.2、1.1、3.531、172.761862981.650.04
14华秦煤矿2.4、1.6、1.722、192.52004032.143.36
15恒益煤矿2.4、1.7、1.921、253.51564342.535.81
16下韩梁煤矿3.7、1.1、3.131、353.11514672.775.81
17中联煤矿1.1、1.2、2.719、192.71803902.471.03
18鸿锋煤矿2.1、2.0、0.620、253.61653771.256.73
19张三沟煤矿3.4、1.4、2.019、632.72103941.975.29
20大海则煤矿6.3、3.9、1.835、474.52122980.5143.48
21黑龙沟煤矿5.3、2.8、2.4、4.033、102、623.693001672.3122.18
22锦盛煤矿2.6、2.1、1.2、1.738、37、193.21941781.236.46
23石窑店煤矿2.8、2.2、1.8、3.242、24、697.33001890.547.35
24安山煤矿2.6、2.1、1.4、1.818、25、172.61902390.362.34
25石岩沟煤矿1.7、2.1、0.7、2.726、59、393.11802870.947.90
26郭家湾煤矿1.9、1.7、1.4、1.116、22、172.81702671.231.96
27板定梁煤矿3.2、4.2、5.5、1.125、31、193.51752320.451.78
28东梁煤矿1.2、0.9、0.8、1.328、12、483.71953410.576.80
29惠宝煤矿3.4、2.8、2.6、5.133、44、433.92283980.286.04
30万泰明煤矿1.3、1.1、0.9、4.414、16、233.61913670.463.34
31黄土庙煤矿2.7、2.2.、1.3、1.2、3.639、22、15、245.261501981.255.32
32升兴煤矿2.9、1.1、1.7、1.5、1.518、63、44、133.42202891.451.86
33天瑞煤矿3.5、2.6、2.5、2.7、2.427、43、100、163.52402711.355.10
34张家峁煤矿7.6、2.7、3.5、1.4、6.131、42、20、362.983004030.498.32
35大柳塔煤矿1.4、6.5、4.4、0.8、5.625、43、34、332.992601970.2146.72
36黑拉畔煤矿1.7、1.2、0.9、2.7、1.352、11、42、153.11502101.7108.10
37福庆煤矿4.2、1.9、0.9、1.4、2.528、26、35、402.741742370.540.56
), ArticleFig(id=1266686942713368874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, articleId=1266686909171519539, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

榆神府矿区裂隙带高度实测数据

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编号矿井名称煤层采高(自上而下)/m煤层间距(自上而下)/m间隔岩层坚固性系数工作面长度/m煤层埋深/m煤层倾角/(°)裂隙带高度/m
1永兴煤矿1.3、0.76.43.11642810.538.89
2赵石畔煤矿2.7、0.9404.61791981.157.78
3嘉元煤矿3.2、5.1272.912801780.398.80
4新圪崂煤矿3.5、1.3122.511301260.944.54
5魏墙煤矿3.4、0.8105.41852912.197.20
6瑶渠煤矿2.1、0.945.22002651.782.91
7海则滩煤矿2.4、0.7314.11683191.359.50
8郝家梁煤矿3.1、1.5153.72203560.964.57
9大湾煤矿3.1、1.8465.91303420.539.48
10工农联营煤矿1.6、2.2202.61862780.152.51
11亿源煤矿1.6、1.9223.11902900.434.58
12升富煤矿2.5、3.1303.92003871.264.94
13丈八崖联办煤矿1.2、1.1、3.531、172.761862981.650.04
14华秦煤矿2.4、1.6、1.722、192.52004032.143.36
15恒益煤矿2.4、1.7、1.921、253.51564342.535.81
16下韩梁煤矿3.7、1.1、3.131、353.11514672.775.81
17中联煤矿1.1、1.2、2.719、192.71803902.471.03
18鸿锋煤矿2.1、2.0、0.620、253.61653771.256.73
19张三沟煤矿3.4、1.4、2.019、632.72103941.975.29
20大海则煤矿6.3、3.9、1.835、474.52122980.5143.48
21黑龙沟煤矿5.3、2.8、2.4、4.033、102、623.693001672.3122.18
22锦盛煤矿2.6、2.1、1.2、1.738、37、193.21941781.236.46
23石窑店煤矿2.8、2.2、1.8、3.242、24、697.33001890.547.35
24安山煤矿2.6、2.1、1.4、1.818、25、172.61902390.362.34
25石岩沟煤矿1.7、2.1、0.7、2.726、59、393.11802870.947.90
26郭家湾煤矿1.9、1.7、1.4、1.116、22、172.81702671.231.96
27板定梁煤矿3.2、4.2、5.5、1.125、31、193.51752320.451.78
28东梁煤矿1.2、0.9、0.8、1.328、12、483.71953410.576.80
29惠宝煤矿3.4、2.8、2.6、5.133、44、433.92283980.286.04
30万泰明煤矿1.3、1.1、0.9、4.414、16、233.61913670.463.34
31黄土庙煤矿2.7、2.2.、1.3、1.2、3.639、22、15、245.261501981.255.32
32升兴煤矿2.9、1.1、1.7、1.5、1.518、63、44、133.42202891.451.86
33天瑞煤矿3.5、2.6、2.5、2.7、2.427、43、100、163.52402711.355.10
34张家峁煤矿7.6、2.7、3.5、1.4、6.131、42、20、362.983004030.498.32
35大柳塔煤矿1.4、6.5、4.4、0.8、5.625、43、34、332.992601970.2146.72
36黑拉畔煤矿1.7、1.2、0.9、2.7、1.352、11、42、153.11502101.7108.10
37福庆煤矿4.2、1.9、0.9、1.4、2.528、26、35、402.741742370.540.56
), ArticleFig(id=1266686942805643563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, articleId=1266686909171519539, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Multicollinearity diagnostic results

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因变量回归模型R2VIF
煤层采高TT=−0.794 5+0.047 7S+0.029 9L−0.377 0F0.6362.74
煤层间距SS=−16.025 6+8.521 8T+0.074 7L+2.788 2F0.5592.26
工作面长度LL=129.475 6+6.067 0T+0.084 9S+5.418 3F0.3971.65
坚固性系数FF=2.923 6−0.070 4T+0.002 9S+0.005 0L0.0391.04
), ArticleFig(id=1266686942876946732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, articleId=1266686909171519539, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

多重共线性诊断结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因变量回归模型R2VIF
煤层采高TT=−0.794 5+0.047 7S+0.029 9L−0.377 0F0.6362.74
煤层间距SS=−16.025 6+8.521 8T+0.074 7L+2.788 2F0.5592.26
工作面长度LL=129.475 6+6.067 0T+0.084 9S+5.418 3F0.3971.65
坚固性系数FF=2.923 6−0.070 4T+0.002 9S+0.005 0L0.0391.04
), ArticleFig(id=1266686942952444205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, articleId=1266686909171519539, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Prediction results of empirical formula, BP neural network and SSA-BP neural network

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编号矿井名称裂隙带高度实测值/m预测值/m相对误差/%
经验公式BPSSA-BP经验公式BPSSA-BP
1黑龙沟煤矿122.18108.12129.12120.12−11.515.68−1.69
2大柳塔煤矿146.72112.78154.78149.13−23.135.491.64
3黑拉畔煤矿108.10145.61102.48110.3434.70−5.202.07
4石窑店煤矿47.3578.1656.1748.9865.0718.633.44
5大湾煤矿39.4850.2531.4541.2327.28−20.344.43
6丈八崖联办煤矿50.0435.1452.1551.45−29.784.222.82
7华秦煤矿43.3640.1840.7644.61−7.33−6.002.88
8天瑞煤矿55.1044.9847.1956.88−18.37−14.363.23
9瑶渠煤矿82.9170.1286.6781.42−15.434.54−1.80
10张家峁煤矿98.3276.1690.3199.78−22.54−8.151.48
平均绝对百分比误差MAPE/%25.519.252.55
平均绝对误差MAE/m19.026.191.75
均方根误差RMSE/m21.946.631.79
误差波动范围/m[−33.94, 37.51][−8.03, 8.82][−2.06, 2.41]
), ArticleFig(id=1266686943027941678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, articleId=1266686909171519539, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

经验公式、BP神经网络和SSA-BP神经网络预测结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号矿井名称裂隙带高度实测值/m预测值/m相对误差/%
经验公式BPSSA-BP经验公式BPSSA-BP
1黑龙沟煤矿122.18108.12129.12120.12−11.515.68−1.69
2大柳塔煤矿146.72112.78154.78149.13−23.135.491.64
3黑拉畔煤矿108.10145.61102.48110.3434.70−5.202.07
4石窑店煤矿47.3578.1656.1748.9865.0718.633.44
5大湾煤矿39.4850.2531.4541.2327.28−20.344.43
6丈八崖联办煤矿50.0435.1452.1551.45−29.784.222.82
7华秦煤矿43.3640.1840.7644.61−7.33−6.002.88
8天瑞煤矿55.1044.9847.1956.88−18.37−14.363.23
9瑶渠煤矿82.9170.1286.6781.42−15.434.54−1.80
10张家峁煤矿98.3276.1690.3199.78−22.54−8.151.48
平均绝对百分比误差MAPE/%25.519.252.55
平均绝对误差MAE/m19.026.191.75
均方根误差RMSE/m21.946.631.79
误差波动范围/m[−33.94, 37.51][−8.03, 8.82][−2.06, 2.41]
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榆神府矿区多煤层重复采动覆岩裂隙带高度预测研究
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王红伟 1, 2, 3 , 左开永 1 , 陈玉涛 4 , 董国良 5 , 李延军 6 , 焦建强 1 , 白金源 1 , 王力涛 1
采矿与岩层控制工程学报 | 工程案例 2026,8(2): 023025-1-023025-15
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采矿与岩层控制工程学报 | 工程案例 2026, 8(2): 023025-1-023025-15
榆神府矿区多煤层重复采动覆岩裂隙带高度预测研究
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王红伟1, 2, 3 , 左开永1, 陈玉涛4 , 董国良5, 李延军6, 焦建强1, 白金源1, 王力涛1
作者信息
  • 1西安科技大学 能源与矿业工程学院, 陕西 西安 710054
  • 2西安科技大学 西部矿井开采及灾害防治教育部重点实验室, 陕西 西安 710054
  • 3西安科技大学 陕西省岩层控制重点实验室, 陕西 西安 710054
  • 4中煤科工集团重庆研究院有限公司, 重庆  400039
  • 5机械工业勘察设计研究院有限公司, 陕西 西安 710043
  • 6中煤科工集团西安研究院(集团)有限公司, 陕西 西安 710077
  • 王红伟(1983—), 男, 湖北随州人, 教授, 博士生导师, 主要从事难采煤层开采等方面的研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

陈玉涛(1984—), 男, 陕西汉中人, 研究员。E-mail:
Study on height prediction of overburden fracture zone under repeated mining of multi-coal seams in Yushenfu mining area
Hongwei WANG1, 2, 3 , Kaiyong ZUO1, Yutao CHEN4 , Guoliang DONG5, Yanjun LI6, Jianqiang JIAO1, Jinyuan BAI1, Litao WANG1
Affiliations
  • 1College of Energy Mining Engineering, Xi′an University of Science and Technology, Xi′an 710054, China
  • 2Key Laboratory of Western Mine Exploitation and Hazard Prevention, China Ministry of Education, Xi′an University of Science and Technology, Xi′an 710054, China
  • 3Shaanxi Provincial Key Lab of Ground Controlling, Xi′an University of Science and Technology, Xi′an 710054, China
  • 4CCTEG Chongqing Research Institute, Chongqing 400039, China
  • 5China Jikan Research Institute of Engineering Investigation and Design Co., Ltd., Xi′an 710043, China
  • 6CCTEG Xi'an Research Institute (Group) Co., Ltd., Xi′an 710077, China
出版时间: 2026-04-25 doi: 10.13532/j.jmsce.cn10-1638/td.2025-1347
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榆神府矿区煤层埋深浅、上覆基岩薄、松散层厚, 多数矿井涉及多煤层重复采动, 受煤层采高、间距等多因素影响, 上下采场围岩空间相互作用, 导致裂隙带高度难以精准预测。以榆神府矿区典型煤矿多煤层重复采动裂隙带高度为研究对象, 采用物理相似模拟、理论分析以及深度学习相结合的方法, 分析了多煤层重复采动裂隙发育规律, 构建了煤层采高、间距、埋深、倾角、工作面长度及间隔岩层坚固性系数与裂隙带高度的多因素耦合非线性回归模型, 建立了基于SSA-BP神经网络的多煤层重复采动裂隙带高度预测方法, 并验证了其准确性。研究结果表明: 瓷窑塔煤矿重复采动下裂隙发育呈现“局部缓慢增长—贯通非线性跃升—动态稳定”三阶段特征, 最终裂隙带发育高度为139.0 m; 煤层采高、间距、间隔岩层坚固性系数及工作面长度耦合下的非线性回归模型拟合系数R2为0.880, 为裂隙带发育高度关键影响因素; 对比传统经验公式与BP模型预测结果, SSA-BP模型预测MAPE值分别降低了22.96%、6.70%, RMSE值低至1.79, 稳定性更优; 以榆神府矿区中汇富能煤矿14205工作面为验证模型, 预测高度与实测高度相对误差为1.3%, 小于5%。研究对榆神府矿区多煤层开采导水裂隙带高度预测具有较强普适性, 可为该矿区多煤层开采水害防治提供有益借鉴。

榆神府矿区  /  多煤层开采  /  裂隙带高度  /  非线性回归  /  SSA-BP神经网络

The Yushenfu mining area is characterized by shallow coal seams, thin overlying bedrock, and thick loose layers, and most mines in this mining area involve repeated mining of multiple coal seams. Affected by multiple factors such as coal seam mining height and spacing, the spatial interaction of surrounding rock in the upper and lower stopes makes it challenging to accurately predict fracture zone height. In this paper, the fracture zone height under multi-coal seam repeated mining in typical coal mines in the Yushenfu mining area was taken as the research object, and the research methods of physical similarity simulation, theoretical analysis, and deep learning were used. First, the fracture development law under multi-coal seam repeated mining was analyzed. Subsequently, a multi-factor coupling nonlinear regression model was established to describe the relationship between the fracture zone height and key parameters, including coal seam mining height, spacing, burial depth, dip angle, working face length, and interval rock strength. On this basis, the prediction method of fracture zone height under multi-coal seam repeated mining based on the SSA-BP neural network was established, and its accuracy was verified. The results indicate that the fracture development under repeated mining in Ciyaota Coal Mine exhibits a three-stage characteristic, i.e., localized slow growth, nonlinear rapid increase through interconnection, and dynamic stabilization. The ultimate height of the fracture zone reaches 139.0 m. The nonlinear regression model incorporating the coupled effects of coal seam mining height, interlayer spacing, strength of intervening rock strata, and working face length achieves an R2 value of 0.880, confirming these parameters as key influencing factors for the fracture zone height. Compared to predictions from traditional empirical formulas and the BP model, the SSA-BP model demonstrates reductions in MAPE values by 22.96% and 6.70%, respectively, and attains a low RMSE of 1.79, indicating superior stability. Validation at the 14205 working face of Zhonghui Funeng Coal Mine in the Yushenfu mining area shows a relative error of 1.3% between the predicted and measured heights, well below 5%. The study demonstrates strong generalizability for predicting the height of water-conducting fracture zones under multi-coal seam repeated mining in the Yushenfu mining area and provides valuable insights for water hazard prevention and control under such mining conditions.

Yushenfu mining area  /  multi-coal seam mining  /  fracture zone height  /  non-linear regression  /  SSA-BP neural network
王红伟, 左开永, 陈玉涛, 董国良, 李延军, 焦建强, 白金源, 王力涛. 榆神府矿区多煤层重复采动覆岩裂隙带高度预测研究. 采矿与岩层控制工程学报, 2026 , 8 (2) : 023025-1 -023025-15 . DOI: 10.13532/j.jmsce.cn10-1638/td.2025-1347
Hongwei WANG, Kaiyong ZUO, Yutao CHEN, Guoliang DONG, Yanjun LI, Jianqiang JIAO, Jinyuan BAI, Litao WANG. Study on height prediction of overburden fracture zone under repeated mining of multi-coal seams in Yushenfu mining area[J]. Journal of Mining and Strata Control Engineering, 2026 , 8 (2) : 023025-1 -023025-15 . DOI: 10.13532/j.jmsce.cn10-1638/td.2025-1347
榆神府矿区煤炭储量丰富、埋深较浅, 主要含水层位于地表浅部, 大规模高强度开采易引起岩层结构失稳, 导致覆岩裂隙发育易沟通含水层[1], 且多处矿井已由单煤层开采转向多煤层重复开采[2]。多煤层重复采动是指矿井内赋存有多层可采煤层, 当首层煤层开采完成后, 上覆岩体结构状态及原始应力场发生显著变化, 下层煤的开采活动将在已受采动影响的覆岩结构中进一步引起围岩破坏与采动应力重新分布, 导致覆岩结构叠加演化, 使裂隙带的发育高度及其分布规律复杂, 覆岩渗透性相应改变, 造成工作面覆岩裂缝贯通诱发溃水灾害[34]。因此, 研究多煤层重复采动裂隙带发育规律, 实现裂隙带高度的精确预测对榆神府矿区水害防治及脆弱生态环境保护具有重要意义。
针对多煤层开采裂隙带发育规律, 徐祝贺等[5]研究了导水裂隙带高度与工作面宽深比、深厚比的关系, 下层煤开采时, 两煤层间的岩层破坏严重, 且引起上层煤覆岩发生二次扰动破坏, 裂隙进一步发育; 张金贵等[6]研究了多煤层下行重复采动条件下覆岩变形与裂隙演化特征, 下层煤开采后, 导水裂隙带均贯穿层间覆岩; 郭瑞瑞等[7]研究了煤层群开采条件下覆岩移动规律, 上煤层开采结束后覆岩破坏程度整体较低, 下层煤开采后裂隙带与上层煤采空区沟通, 覆岩历经离层、离层增大至最终闭合3个阶段; 杜君武等[8]提出浅埋煤层群重复采动下裂隙带和垮落带高度预测应当考虑上、下部煤层区段煤柱不同错距; 金志远[9]针对浅埋近距离煤层重复扰动区顶板导水裂隙发育规律进行了研究, 阐明了相互扰动区导水裂隙的发育过程; 侯恩科等[10]研究了深埋缓倾斜多煤层开采导水断裂带发育特征, 下层煤裂隙带发育速度大于上层煤发育速度; 田卫东等[11]对多关键层条件下煤层群开采过程中导水裂隙带发育规律进行研究, 得出关键层的破断对裂隙带发育速率具有显著影响的结果; ZHI Baoyan等[12]分析了煤层群开采条件覆岩垮落空间分布及裂隙发育情况, 得出了开采过程中下部煤层裂隙发育不连续, 位移和下沉量均大于上部煤层的结论。
在裂隙带高度预测方法方面, 李博等[13]采用多元非线性回归建立了适用于华北煤田的导水裂隙带高度预测模型; 邬建宏等[14]针对黄陇煤田特厚煤层开采条件下的裂隙带高度预测, 建立了基于数据驱动的多元非线性回归预测模型和GA-BP(遗传算法Genetic Algorithm−反向传播算法Back Propagation)神经网络预测模型; 王旭等[15]采用BP神经网络预测了西山矿区导水裂隙带高度, 并与线性、非线性回归模型进行对比, 得出BP神经网络具有较好的准确性; 石守桥等[16]以西部18个大采高侏罗系煤田实测导水裂隙带高度为基础, 采用回归分析推导了裂隙带高度计算公式; 李星亮等[17]采用变形分析法与数值模拟相结合对工作面开采导水裂隙带高度进行研究, 得出导水裂隙带最大高度为124 m, 位置在开切眼侧的结论; 姬亚东等[18]对彬长矿区厚煤层裂隙带发育高度采用RF-BP模型(随机森林算法Random Forest)、PSO-BP模型(粒子群优化算法Particle Swarm Optimization)等进行预测, 得出RF-BP模型的预测精度最高的结论; GUO Qingbiao等[19]采用LSTM(长短时记忆网络Long Short-Term Memory)对浅埋煤层导水裂隙带高度进行预测, 实现了平均相对误差为2.51%的高精度模型。以上裂隙带高度预测方法对于多煤层重复采动下的裂隙带高度预测提供了有价值的借鉴意义, 但其研究对象多为单一煤层, 对于榆神府矿区多煤层重复采动条件下裂隙带高度预测适用性较低。为克服多因素耦合下的高度非线性特征, 通过SSA(麻雀搜索算法Sparrow Search Algorithm)算法卓越的全局优化性能, 为BP神经网络赋予更强大的学习能力, 深刻挖掘有限数据中隐藏的复杂规律, 实现对多煤层重复采动下覆岩裂隙带高度更稳定、精确的预测。
因此, 笔者采用物理相似模拟试验、非线性回归分析、深度学习的研究方法, 分析了榆神府矿区多煤层重复采动作用下裂隙发育动态变化过程, 并对其影响因素从单一因素到多因素耦合进行非线性回归分析, 构建了神经网络预测模型, 实现了对裂隙带高度精准预测。
榆神府矿区瓷窑塔煤矿位于陕北侏罗纪煤田神木北部矿区张家沟井田内, 井田地层总体为倾向NWW, 倾角不大于3°的单斜构造, 未发现断层、褶曲构造, 地层连续完整, 产状较稳定。水文地质条件中等, 主要含水层为第四系全新统冲洪积潜水含水层, 厚度0~11.85 m; 第四系中、上更新统黄土裂隙、孔隙潜水含水层, 厚度0~11.01 m。
瓷窑塔煤矿全区可采煤层5层, 自上而下分别为2−2、3−1、4−2、4−3、5−2煤层, 矿井划分 2个水平开采, 一水平开采3−1、4−2、4−3煤层, 二水平布置在5−2煤层, 2−2煤层已开采并回填完毕, 目前开采煤层为4−3煤。3−1煤层埋深平均114 m, 厚度2.40~2.89 m, 平均厚度2.76 m, 与下部4−2煤层平均层间距约52.5 m。4−2煤层厚度0.57~3.39 m, 平均厚度1.69 m, 与下部4−3煤层平均层间距约14.9 m, 间隔岩层坚固性系数平均为4.7。4−3煤全区可采, 厚度1.38~1.65 m, 平均厚度1.52 m。岩层岩石力学参数见表1 (数据源自瓷窑塔煤矿建井地质报告)。
3−1煤层与4−2煤层均采用房柱式开采, 3−1煤层采留尺寸为采宽5 m、留宽5 m。4−2煤层采留尺寸为采宽5 m、留宽5 m。4−3煤层采用综采, 煤层开采特征如图1所示。
遗留煤柱是否稳定的关键取决于煤柱所承受的载荷大小和煤柱自身的强度。通过采用安全系数来定量评价煤柱的稳定性, 安全系数(Factor of Safety, FOS)是煤柱自身的强度$ {\sigma }_{\text{q}} $和煤柱承受载荷$ {\sigma }_{\text{s}} $的比值, 即
$ \text{FOS}=\frac{{\sigma }_{\text{q}}}{{\sigma }_{\text{s}}} $
根据极限强度理论, 煤柱受到的载荷大小如果超过了煤柱自身强度大小, 煤柱就会发生失稳破坏。煤柱强度计算较广泛的经验公式[20]
$ {\sigma }_{\text{q}}={\sigma }_{\text{m}}{\left[0.64+0.36\left(\frac{{l}_{\text{p}}}{{h}_{\text{p}}}\right)\right]}^{a} $
式中, $ {\sigma }_{\text{q}} $为煤柱强度, MPa; $ {\sigma }_{\text{m}} $为煤体单轴抗压强度, MPa; lp为煤柱宽度, m; hp为煤柱长度, m; a为常数, 当lp/hp>5时, a取值为1.4, 当lp/hp<5时, a取值为1.0。
瓷窑塔煤矿4−2煤层的单轴抗压强度为约17.1 MPa, 煤柱宽度5 m, 采高平均1.69 m, 煤柱宽高比为2.95, a取1.0, 代入式(2)得到下部煤层煤柱极限强度$ {\sigma }_{\text{q}} $为29.1 MPa。
以均布载荷形式作用在遗留煤柱上的平均应力计算公式[21]
$ {\sigma }_{\text{s}}=\frac{\rho gH(W+B)(B+{L}_{\text{z}})}{W{L}_{\text{z}}} $
式中, $ {\sigma }_{\text{s}} $为煤柱应力, MPa; $ \rho $为覆岩平均密度, t/m3; H为煤层埋深, m; W为煤柱宽度, m; Lz为煤柱长度, m; B为煤房宽度, m。
4−2煤层$ \rho $为1.4 t/m3, H为163.74 m; W为5 m, Lz为1.69 m; B为5 m。代入式(3)得到4−2煤层煤柱极限强度$ {\sigma }_{\text{s}} $为 18.14 MPa。
根据理论经验, 煤柱稳定性安全系数FOS>1.5时, 煤柱能保持长期稳定; FOS <1.5时, 煤柱不能保持长期稳定。计算结果表明, 4−2煤层房柱式开采所留设的煤柱安全系数为1.6>1.5, 具有足够的安全储备, 能够有效支撑上覆岩层载荷, 抑制顶板的初期垮落和裂隙的充分发育。
以瓷窑塔煤矿多煤层开采为研究对象, 采用物理相似模型试验[22], 探究多煤层重复采动裂隙带演化规律。根据工程地质条件和试验模型架尺寸(长×宽×高=3 m×0.2 m×2 m)确定几何相似比为Cl=lplm=100∶1, 容重相似比Cγ=γpγm=2 500∶1 600=1.56, 应力相似系数Cσ=σpσm=CγCl=156, 载荷相似系数CF=CσCl 2=1.56×106, 时间相似系数Ct =Cl1/2=10。依据矿井煤岩层物理力学参数, 选取河沙、煤粉作为骨料, 石膏、大白粉作为胶结材料, 按照相似材料配比搅拌均匀, 装入模拟试验架内部, 以8~20目的云母粉作为分层材料, 物理模型相似材料配比号见表1
在模型表面布置A~P共16行测点, 其中A~C每行27个测点, 间排距均为5 cm×10 cm, D~L每行27个测点, 间排距10 cm×10 cm, M~P每行14个测点, 间排距15 cm×20 cm。模型按照3−1、4−2、4−3煤层的顺序进行开采, 采用PENTAXR-322NX型光学全站仪监测上覆岩层位移, 模型如图2所示。
模型按照3−1、4−2、4−3煤层的顺序进行房柱式与综采模拟开挖, 模型两侧分别留设50 cm边界煤柱, 沿左边界煤柱侧开挖开切眼, 开挖完成后推进, 每次推进3 cm, 推进至200 cm结束。
图3(a)所示, 3−1煤层房柱式开采结束后, 受煤柱支撑作用, 采场顶板变形量小, 顶板最大位移为3.8×10−4~6.8×10−4 m, 发生位移岩层高度为75.35~90.51 m, 无明显裂隙发育, 上覆岩层处于稳定状态, 顶板未出现破断垮落现象。如图3(b)所示, 4−2煤层房柱式开采结束后, 顶板位移为3.8×10−4~1.0×10−3 m, 发生位移变化的岩层高度为20.09~49.51 m, 未沟通3−1煤层房柱式采空区, 上覆岩层未发生明显垮落现象, 无明显裂隙发育, 3−1煤房柱采空区与4−2煤房柱采空区处于稳定状态。
4−3煤层综采工作面推进39 m时初次来压, 悬露顶板产生2条横向裂隙, 最高处的1条裂隙距4−3煤层底板14.2 m, 长度为12.7 m, 最低处的1条裂隙距4−3煤层底板12.5 m, 长度为18.2 m, 如图4所示。
工作面推进至66 m, 此时4−3煤层开采裂隙带高度未波及4−2煤层采空区, 4−3煤顶板垮落高度进一步向上延伸, 初次来压时的低位裂隙岩层发生破断垮落, 裂隙高度未发生明显变化, 仍为初次来压时高位裂隙高度, 但岩层下沉量进一步增大导致裂隙长度横向增加至39.0 m, 如图5所示。
工作面推进84 m, 4−3煤层裂隙带高度进一步向上延伸, 并波及4−2煤采空区, 导致4−2煤采空区遗留煤柱失稳, 4−2煤顶板新增3条明显裂隙, 其中裂隙发育最大高度为31.2 m, 长度为8.0 m, 最低处裂隙高度26.1 m, 长度为28.0 m, 中位裂隙高度28.9 m, 长度为19.0 m, 如图6所示。
工作面推进至111 m时, 4−3煤层开采裂隙带高度波及3−1煤采空区, 开切眼侧纵向裂隙向上发育高度至46.5 m, 工作面侧纵向裂隙发育至45.8 m, 采空区高位岩层产生新的离层裂隙, 高度为75.0 m, 长度为27.0 m, 位于3−1煤层顶板, 如图7所示。
工作面推进至159 m, 高位岩层新增2条离层裂隙, 发育最大高度137.0 m, 长度16.0 m, 低处裂隙高度124.0 m, 长度54.0 m。4−3煤层开采扰动范围进一步扩大, 工作面侧裂隙向上发育经过4−2煤并向上延伸至80.5 m, 开切眼侧纵向裂隙向上发育至81.5 m, 如图8所示。
4−3煤层开采裂隙带高度波及4−2与3−1煤层后, 裂隙带高度从14.2 m急剧增加至137.0 m, 工作面推进至177 m时裂隙带高度为139.0 m, 后续推进高度不再增加。根据覆岩破坏充分采动程度定义[23]: 导水裂缝带高度达到该地质采矿条件下的最大值且导水裂缝带高度不再随工作面尺寸增加而增大的阶段定义为覆岩破坏的充分采动。4−3煤层开采推进至177 m时上覆岩层破坏达到充分采动, 所获裂隙带高度139.0 m为该地质与开采条件下的极限高度。
根据相关地质资料, 4−2煤层顶板为弱岩, 弱岩破坏判据表达式[24]
$ {\tau }^{2}\geq (\sigma +{R}_{\text{t}}){R}_{\text{t}} $
式中, $ \tau $为岩石抗剪强度, MPa; $ \sigma $为岩石压应力, MPa; $ {R}_{\text{t}} $为岩石抗拉强度, MPa。
抗剪强度和压应力之间的关系式为
$ \tau =\sigma \tan\,\varphi +C $
式中, $ \tan\,\varphi $为岩石内摩擦系数; C为岩石黏聚力, MPa。
表1中岩性相关参数根据式(5)确定4−2煤层顶板压应力$ \sigma $=2.9 MPa, 根据式(4)计算结果为17.2>9.8, 确定4−2煤层顶板发生破坏, 导致4−3煤层开采波及4−2煤层采空区后裂隙发生“贯通非线性跃升”, 得到随工作面推进裂隙带高度的动态变化过程, 如图9所示。随4−3煤层工作面推进, 裂隙带高度发育呈现明显的3阶段特征: 局部缓慢增长、贯通非线性跃升和动态稳定阶段。局部缓慢增长阶段裂隙带发育速率较低, 高度增幅有限。进入贯通非线性跃升阶段, 裂隙带呈现快速发育态势, 其高度随开采进程迅速攀升, 并且贯通上方煤层采空区。发育高度至137.0 m后基本保持不变, 达到动态稳定。采动过程中采空区贯通导致裂隙发育高度发生非线性跃变, 难以精准预测。
由前述可知, 多煤层开采重复扰动条件下覆岩裂隙发育高度呈显著非线性特征, 经大量的现场实测和理论研究表明, 裂隙带发育高度受煤层采高、煤层间距、间隔岩层坚固性系数、工作面长度、煤层埋深、煤层倾角等多种因素影响[2526], 现有理论及预测方法难以满足其工程预测需求。统计榆神府矿区37个煤矿裂隙带实测高度数据, 见表2 (数据源自矿区隐蔽致灾因素普查), 基于数据集对6个影响因素构建非线性回归模型, 并根据回归模型结果选择最优因素进行裂隙带高度预测。
对于多煤层开采, 需考虑上、下煤层开采的综合影响[27]。传统方法用平均值或总和作为自变量会导致层序信息丢失, 无法体现多煤层开采特征, 而通过将每层煤视为独立单元的分层拟合法, 可以保留每层煤的开采高度。引入指数衰减因子$ {e}^{\alpha (k-1)} $可反应重复采动下, 上层煤开采对下层煤开采的影响程度, 从而将每层煤的厚度进行等效计算, 得出模型煤层的有效厚度。其中, α通过非线性回归模型拟合确定为−0.05, k为煤层层数。非线性回归模型中常量β通过最小二乘法求解, 构建设计矩阵X, 包含每个回归模型的常数项、有效厚度等, 构造裂隙带高度实测值矩阵Y, 通过正规方程求解常量β
由于拟合系数R2不受曲线类型限制, 且其结果具有通用性和可比性, 可直接用于不同模型的拟合效果对比, 故采用系数R2作为拟合效果评价指标, 该值越趋近于1, 表明模型对数据的拟合精度越高, 计算公式为
$ {R}^{2}=1-\frac{\displaystyle\sum\limits_{i=1}^{n}({y}_{i}-\overset{\wedge }{{y}_{i}}{)}^{2}}{\displaystyle\sum\limits_{i=1}^{n}({y}_{i}-\overset-{y}{)}^{2}} $
式中, yi为裂隙带高度实际值; $ \overset{\wedge }{{y}_{i}} $为裂隙带高度预测值; $ \overset{-}{y} $为裂隙带高度平均值。
(1)煤层采高。煤层采高(T)越大, 煤层顶板上覆岩层破坏越严重, 与裂隙带高度近似线性相关, 但多煤层采动下, 采高与裂隙发育高度关系复杂, 根据上述理论构建回归模型1:
$ {H}_{1}={\beta }_{0}+{\beta }_{1}\sum\limits_{k=1}^{n}{T}_{k}{e}^{-0.05(k-1)}+{\beta }_{2}\left(\sum\limits_{k=1}^{n}{T}_{k}{e}^{-0.05(k-1)}\right)^{2} $
$ \mathit{R} ^{ \mathrm{2}} \mathrm{=0.710} $
式中, Tkk层煤的厚度; H1为仅考虑煤层采高时的裂隙带高度; 拟合常量β0=12.35, β1=8.17, β2=0.42。
(2)煤层采高+煤层间距。多层煤重复采动下, 下煤层裂隙带可能与上方采空区贯通, 造成裂隙带的进一步发育, 在H1的基础上考虑煤层间距(S)得到回归模型2:
$ {H}_{2}={H}_{1}+{\beta }_{3}\sum\limits_{k=2}^{n}\frac{{S}_{k}}{{S}_{k}+10} $
$ \mathit{R} ^{ \mathrm{2}} \mathrm{=0.782} $
式中, Sk为第k层煤距k−1层煤的间距; H2为考虑煤层采高+煤层间距时裂隙带预测高度; 拟合常量β0=10.28, β1=7.83, β2=0.38, β3=1.05。
(3)煤层采高+煤层间距+间隔岩层坚固性系数, 得到回归模型3:
$ {H}_{3}={H}_{2}+{\beta }_{4}\ln (F+1) $
$ \mathit{R} ^{ \mathrm{2}} \mathrm{=0.843} $
式中, F为岩层坚固性系数; H3为考虑煤层采高+煤层间距+岩层坚固性系数时裂隙带预测高度; 拟合常量β0=11.42, β1=8.05, β2=0.41, β3=0.98, β4=−2.15。
(4)煤层采高+煤层间距+间隔岩层坚固性系数+工作面长度, 得到回归模型4:
$ {H}_{4}={H}_{3}+{\beta }_{5}L{e}^{-0.005L}+{\beta }_{6}\max (L-200\text{, }0) $
$ \mathit{R} ^{ \mathrm{2}} \mathrm{=0.880} $
式中, L为工作面长度; H4为考虑煤层采高+煤层间距+间隔岩层坚固性系数+工作面长度时裂隙带预测高度; 拟合常量β0=12.18, β1=8.21, β2=0.43, β3=1.02, β4=−2.08, β5=0.051, β6=0.032。
(5)煤层采高+煤层间距+间隔岩层坚固性系数+工作面长度+煤层埋深, 得到回归模型5:
$ {H}_{5}={H}_{4}+{\beta }_{7}\frac{D}{\sqrt{D}+1} $
$ \mathit{R} ^{ \mathrm{2}} \mathrm{=0.881} $
式中, D为煤层埋深; H5为考虑煤层采高+煤层间距+间隔岩层坚固性系数+工作面长度+煤层埋深时裂隙带预测高度; 拟合常量β0=12.18, β1=8.21, β2=0.43, β3=1.02, β4=−2.08, β5=0.051, β6=0.032, β7=−0.015。
(6)煤层采高+煤层间距+间隔岩层坚固性系数+工作面长度+煤层埋深+煤层倾角, 得到回归模型6:
$ {H}_{6}={H}_{5}+{\beta }_{8}{\sin }^{2}(2A)\cos (A) $
$ \mathit{R} ^{ \mathrm{2}} \mathrm{=0.882} $
式中, A为煤层倾角; H6为考虑煤层采高+煤层间距+间隔岩层坚固性系数+工作面长度+煤层埋深+煤层倾角时裂隙带预测高度; 拟合常量β0=12.18, β1=8.21, β2=0.43, β3=1.02, β4=−2.08, β5=0.051, β6=0.032, β7=−0.015, β8=0.38。
图10所示, 非线性回归模型拟合系数从单因素到多因素耦合依次增加, 模型1至模型4构建过程中增加幅度较大, 增加了0.170, 构建模型5和6时, R2值仅增加了0.001, 增加幅度较小, 对于预测结果影响不大, 故选择模型4为最优影响模型, 4个影响因素为关键影响因素, 即煤层采高、煤层间距、间隔岩层坚固性系数与工作面长度作为神经网络模型输入层, 构建基于SSA-BP模型对多煤层开采裂隙带高度进行精准预测。
多重共线性是指在回归分析中, 自变量之间存在高度相关性的问题。这会导致回归系数的不稳定性, 从而影响模型的解释力和预测力。为了检测和解决多重共线性问题, 采用方差膨胀因子(Variance Inflation Factor, VIF)对4个输入参数进行检验[28]
方差膨胀因子是检测多重共线性的常用指标。VIF值越接近于1, 表示多重共线性越轻; 反之, VIF值越大, 表示多重共线性越严重。通常以10作为判断边界, 当VIF<10时, 认为不存在多重共线性; 当10≤VIF<100时, 存在较强的多重共线性; 当VIF≥100时, 存在严重多重共线性。VIF计算公式为
$ \text{VIF}=\frac{1}{1-{R}^{2}} $
由于煤层采高和煤层间距数据众多, 采用式(7)和式(8)计算煤层有效厚度及等效间距。通过Python第三方支持库patsy与statsmodels中的方差膨胀因子函数, 计算出各个VIF值, 见表3
表3可知, 所有变量的VIF值均小于5 (最大值为2.74)。根据统计学准则, 当VIF<5时, 认为变量间不存在严重的多重共线性。这表明本研究选取的4个输入变量独立性良好, 适合作为神经网络模型的输入参数。
BP神经网络是由输入层、输出层、隐含层组成。通过反复交替使用“信号前向计算”和“误差反向传播”使全局误差无限接近一个极小值, 达到准确预测的目的。其网络拓扑结构如图11所示。
虽然BP神经网络已经在各个领域被广泛应用, 但其仍然存在一些缺点, 譬如收敛速度慢、容易陷入局部极小值、难以确定网络参数和训练参数等问题[29]。模型输入层包含4个节点, 输出层为1个节点, 即裂隙带高度, 隐含层节点个数z在训练过程中进行调整确定。
$ {\textit{z}}=\sqrt{m+n}+a $
式中, m为输入层节点个数; n为输出层节点个数; a一般取值1~10之间的整数。
将煤层采高、煤层间距、间隔岩层坚固性系数、工作面长度及其对应的裂隙带高度利用BP神经网络拟合, 建立关系模型, 为了防止过拟合, 将数据打乱后划分训练集与测试集。
麻雀种群中有发现者、加入者和预警者, 觅食过程中, 当预警者发现麻雀的天敌时, 会向发现者和加入者提供信号, 使其转移到其他安全区域寻找食物资源, 之后通过计算适应度值更新麻雀位置, 找到最优个体。SSA依据发现者、加入者和预警者的位置情况和目标做出群体决策。首先假设一个种群有n只麻雀, 该种群用矩阵X表示为
$ \boldsymbol{X}=\left[\begin{matrix}{x}_{1,1} & {x}_{1,2} & \cdots & {x}_{1,d}\\{x}_{2,1} & {x}_{2,2} & \cdots & {x}_{2,d}\\\vdots & \vdots & & \vdots \\{x}_{n,1} & {x}_{n,2} & \cdots & {x}_{n,d}\end{matrix}\right] $
式中, d为变量的维数。
麻雀种群的适应度矩阵Fx计算公式为
$ {F}_{x}=\left[\begin{array}{c}f\left(\left[\begin{array}{cccc}{x}_{1,1} & {x}_{1,2} & \cdots & {x}_{1,d}\end{array}\right]\right)\\f\left(\left[\begin{array}{cccc}{x}_{2,1} & {x}_{2,2} & \cdots & {x}_{1,d}\end{array}\right]\right)\\\vdots \\f\left(\left[\begin{array}{cccc}{x}_{n,1} & {x}_{n,2} & \cdots & {x}_{n,d}\end{array}\right]\right)\end{array}\right] $
式中, f(x)为对应个体的适应度值。
发现者在种群中占有重要地位且适应度值较高, 其位置更新公式为
$X_{i j}^{t+1}= \begin{cases}X_{i j}^t \exp \left[-\dfrac{i}{r \max (t)}\right] & (R \lt N) \\ X_{i j}^t+Q {\boldsymbol{M}} & (R \geqslant N)\end{cases} $
式中, i为麻雀的数目; j为需要优化变量的维数; Xij为麻雀目前所在位置; t为迭代次数; r为Matlab中的rand命令, 会生成(0,1)范围内分布的随机数或矩阵; R为预警值, R∈[0,1]; N为安全值, N∈[0.5,1]; R<N说明目前在该区域里没有发现天敌, 能够安全觅食; Q为随机数, 其服从正态分布; M为元素都是1的矩阵。
加入者的出现位置受发现者的影响, 其位置更新公式为
$ X_{ij}^{t+1}=\begin{cases} Q\exp \left(\dfrac{X_{\text{w}}^{t}-X_{ij}^{t}}{{i}^{2}}\right) & \left(i \gt \dfrac{n}{2}\right)\\X_{\text{p}}^{t+1}+\left| X_{ij}^{t}-X_{\text{p}}^{t+1}\right| \boldsymbol{A}^+\boldsymbol{M} & \left(i\leqslant \dfrac{n}{2}\right)\end{cases} $
式中, Xw为全局目前为止的最差位置; Xp为发现者当下所在的最佳位置; A为元素都是1或−1的矩阵; n为加入者数量, 当in/2时, 表明第i个加入者在该区域未获得食物, 必须去其他的区域进行觅食。
预警者有发现麻雀天敌的功能, 预警者的数量一般会占到麻雀总量的10%~20%, 其位置更新公式为
$ X_{ij}^{t+1}=\begin{cases} X_{\text{b}}^{t}+Q\left| X_{ij}^{t}-X_{\text{b}}^{t}\right| & \begin{array}{ll} & \end{array}\left({f}_{\mathrm{s}} \gt {f}_{\mathrm{g}}\right)\\X_{ij}^{t}+K\left(\dfrac{\left| X_{ij}^{t}-X_{\text{w}}^{t}\right| }{({f}_{\mathrm{s}}-{f}_{\text{w}})+\varepsilon }\right) & \begin{array}{ll} & \end{array}\left({f}_{\mathrm{s}}={f}_{\text{g}}\right)\end{cases} $
式中, Xb为最佳位置; fs为个体适应度值; fg为最佳适应度值; K∈[−1,1]; fw为最差适应度值; ε为调节常数; fsfg表明所处位置在种群边缘, 易被天敌捕食; fs=fg说明麻雀已意识危险, 需调整自身位置。
BP神经网络模型中的初始权值和阈值属于随机赋值, 即使模型会通过误差反向传播算法不断调整权值从而找到最优权值与阈值, 但极其容易陷入局部最优, 并且该过程的收敛速度较慢[30]。为避免BP神经网络陷入局部最优, 提高BP神经网络替代模型的精度和计算效率, 利用SSA对其进行优化。SSA可以利用自身强大的局部、全局搜索能力及快速收敛能力, 对BP神经网络的初始权值和阈值进行优化, 得到最优初始权值和阈值, 再将最佳结果赋值给BP神经网络, 最终获得更高的识别精度[31]。SSA-BP神经网络模型的训练和预测的样本使用表2中统计的37组榆神府矿区裂隙带高度的现场实测数据。因为存在量纲的影响, 所以使用极值法对SSA-BP神经网络模型样本集中的煤层采高(x1)、煤层间距(x2)、工作面长度(x3)、间隔岩层坚固性系数(x4)4个输入影响因素数据和裂隙带高度目标输出数据进行归一化处理, 使数据位于[−1,1]。数据归一化公式为
$ {X}_{n}=\frac{2\left({x}_{n}-{x}_{\mathrm{min}}\right)}{{x}_{\mathrm{max}}-{x}_{\mathrm{min}}}-1 $
式中, Xn为归一化处理后的样本数据; xn为实测数据; xmaxxmin分别为各实测数据的最大、最小值。
根据上述结果建立SSA-BP神经网络预测模型。预测模型的流程如图12所示。
分别采用BP、SSA-BP神经网络模型进行裂隙带高度的预测。由于数据样本仅有37组, 当隐含层≥2层时, 模型自由度过大, 训练误差虽小但在测试集上表现出明显过拟合, 为保证模型在有限数据条件下的稳定性, 采用单隐含层来构建神经网络, 隐含层激活函数采用双曲正切(Tansig)函数, 输出层激活函数采用恒等线性映射(Purelin)函数, 采用梯度下降算法(Levenberg-Marquardt)的Trainlm函数来调节BP神经网络的权值和阈值。根据公式(14), 隐含层节点数在[3~12]范围内, 当z=7时, 训练集的均方误差最小。
通过设置不同SSA参数进对比分析, 如图13所示, 当种群规模更大、发现者比例较低时, SSA的探索性增强但收敛速度下降, 同时 MSE 下降也相对较慢; 种群较小、发现者比例低、安全阈值偏小时, 容易陷入局部最优、搜索范围窄, 曲线误差波动较大。最终确定设置SSA相关参数, 麻雀数量n=30, 种群中发现者数量占比为70%, 安全值N=0.6。
确定BP神经网络的输入层和输出层, 将4个指标作为输入变量, 裂隙带高度作为输出变量, 构建SSA-BP神经网络模型, 随机对表2中27组裂隙带高度实测数据进行训练, 待参数调整到模型准确率达到要求后, 对剩余10组数据进行识别验证。选择裂隙带高度实测值与神经网络预测值均方误差的倒数作为适应度函数[32], 来评价进化过程。适应度函数为
$ {F}_{({{x}_{i}})}=\frac{1}{\text{MSE}({x}_{i})} $
$ \text{MSE}({x}_{i})=\frac{1}{n}\sum\limits_{i=1}^{n}{\left({H}_{\text{li},\text{obs}}-{H}_{\text{li},\text{model}}\right)}^{2} $
式中, $ {F}_{({{x}_{i}})} $为适应度值; $ {H}_{\text{li},\text{obs}} $为裂隙带高度实测值; $ {H}_{\text{li},\text{model}} $为神经网络模型裂隙带高度预测值; n为训练样本个数, MSE(xi)为均方误差。
图14可知, 随着种群的持续进化, 最佳适应度值不断增大, 并在进化到第50次时达到最大值且保持稳定。因为选择均方误差的倒数作为适应度函数来评估进化过程, 所以均方误差值越小, 适应度函数值就越大。这表明种群个体的适应能力更强, 训练更为准确, 预测模型达到了最优状态。
使用训练完成的SSA-BP神经网络模型与BP神经网络模型对剩余10组数据进行预测验证, 比较2个预测模型的性能优劣, 并与经验公式计算结果进行对比。为了更好地比较预测模型的性能, 采用平均绝对误差(MAE)、均方根误差(RMSE)等指标进行评估, 见表4
由表4可知, 经验公式平均绝对百分比误差最大, 为25.51%, BP神经网络模型因其在训练过程中易陷入局部最小值, 平均绝对百分比误差为9.25%。 相较之下, SSA-BP神经网络预测模型效果明显优于经验公式和BP模型, 其相对误差较为稳定, 波动范围较小, 为[−2.06, 2.41]。SSA-BP平均绝对百分比误差仅为2.55%, MAPE、MAE、RMSE相较于经验公式分别降低了22.96%、17.27 m、20.15 m, 相较于BP模型分别降低了6.70%、4.44 m、4.84 m, 可见在预测多煤层开采裂隙带高度时, SSA-BP展现出更强的稳定性与精度。
3种预测方法结果对比如图15所示, SSA-BP模型预测曲线与实测高度曲线更为贴合, 且各类评价指标显示, SSA-BP模型预测精度更高, 误差波动范围更小, 预测结果稳定可靠。因此, 引入SSA算法可有效提升BP网络模型对榆神府矿区多煤层重复采动裂隙带高度的预测效能。
榆神府矿区中汇富能煤矿可采煤层共3层, 自上而下分别为3−1、4−2、5−1煤层。3−1煤层位于延安组第三段的顶部, 目前已经全部采空, 与下部4−2煤层间距平均19 m, 平均采高3.4 m; 4−2煤层与5−1煤层平均间距63 m, 平均采高1.4 m; 5−1煤层平均采高2.0 m。间隔岩层平均坚固性系数为2.7, 工作面平均长度为210 m。
根据中汇富能煤矿隐蔽致灾因素相关资料, 对已开采结束的4−2煤层14205工作面采用地面钻孔探查的方法布置了2个“两带”探查孔(SD1、SD2), SD1钻孔进尺146.82 m, SD2钻孔进尺155.62 m, 钻孔布置示意及实测裂隙带发育顶面如图16所示。
SD1钻孔钻进过程中, 初期注水流量稳定, 在孔深40.59 m处(图16(b))开始漏失量逐渐增大, 最大值位于孔深65~85 m内, 为7 L/min, 85 m后注水流量减小且趋向稳定, 说明孔深40.59 m处为SD1钻孔导水裂隙带上边界, SD1钻孔4−2煤层埋深为113.93 m, 根据《导水裂隙带高度的钻孔冲洗液漏失量观测方法》(MT/T865—2000), SD1钻孔实测导水裂隙带高度为73.34 m。SD2钻孔4−2煤层埋深为121.05 m, 同理可得SD2钻孔实测导水裂隙带高度为77.24 m。
通过14205工作面2个钻孔开展钻液漏失量观测和钻孔电视窥视, 根据施工结果, 实测裂隙带发育高度平均为75.29 m。
将中汇富能煤矿14205工作面煤层采高、煤层间距、间隔岩层坚固性系数、工作面长度参数输入至SSA-BP神经网络模型中进行裂隙带高度预测, 预测裂隙带高度为76.3 m, 相对误差为1.3%。经验公式计算导水裂隙带高度为51.2 m, 相对误差为−31.2%。BP神经网络预测结果为62.8 m, 相对误差为−16.6%。SSA-BP神经网络预测模型预测值最接近, 预测模型精度较高, 满足工程实践要求, 为榆神府矿区及多层煤开采条件下裂隙带高度预测研究提供一定依据和参考。
(1)多煤层重复采动下裂隙带发育规律复杂, 4−3煤层采动范围未波及4−2煤层裂隙带高度14.2 m, 继续推进增速较缓; 波及4−2煤层后最终高度增至58.3 m, 裂隙带高度增速较高; 波及3−1煤层后高度最终增至139.0 m, 呈高增速至逐渐稳定特征, 整体开采阶段覆岩裂隙带高度表现出“局部缓慢增长—贯通非线性跃升—动态稳定”的3阶段特征。
(2)建立了榆神府矿区37个煤矿裂隙带实测高度与影响因素的6个非线性回归模型, 从单因素到多因素耦合过程中拟合系数R2分别为0.710、0.782、0.843、0.880、0.881、0.882, 呈逐渐增加至基本平稳趋势, 确定多煤层重复采动下的煤层采高、间距、间隔岩层坚固性系数及工作面长度4个因子为影响裂隙带高度的关键因素。
(3)利用SSA算法构建了SSA-BP神经网络裂隙带高度预测模型, 对比传统经验公式及BP神经网络预测结果, 平均绝对百分比误差分别降低了22.96%、6.70%; 对比BP神经网络模型, MAE、RMSE及平均误差波动范围分别降低了4.44、4.84、6.19 m, SSA-BP模型稳定性较好, 可有效提升预测精度。
(4)现场实测榆神府矿区中汇富能煤矿多煤层开采工作面裂隙带高度75.29 m, 应用SSA-BP神经网络模型预测结果为76.3 m, 相对误差1.3%, 小于5%, 预测模型精度较高, 满足工程实践要求, 为类似矿井开采提供有益借鉴。
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2026年第8卷第2期
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doi: 10.13532/j.jmsce.cn10-1638/td.2025-1347
  • 接收时间:2025-09-09
  • 首发时间:2026-05-28
  • 出版时间:2026-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-09
  • 修回日期:2025-11-12
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    1西安科技大学 能源与矿业工程学院, 陕西 西安 710054
    2西安科技大学 西部矿井开采及灾害防治教育部重点实验室, 陕西 西安 710054
    3西安科技大学 陕西省岩层控制重点实验室, 陕西 西安 710054
    4中煤科工集团重庆研究院有限公司, 重庆  400039
    5机械工业勘察设计研究院有限公司, 陕西 西安 710043
    6中煤科工集团西安研究院(集团)有限公司, 陕西 西安 710077

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陈玉涛(1984—), 男, 陕西汉中人, 研究员。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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