Article(id=1266686864330211767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, issueId=1266686777441018407, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13532/j.jmsce.cn10-1638/td.2025-1161, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1747238400000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-15, revisedDate=1755100800000, revisedDateStr=2025-08-14, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1779931282359, onlineDateStr=2026-05-28, pubDate=1777046400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1779931282359, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1779931282359, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1779931282359, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1266686777441018407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, year='2026', volume='8', issue='2', pageStart='013014-1', pageEnd='023542-19', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1779931261643, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1779931348520, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1266687141976358949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, issueId=1266686777441018407, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1266687141976358950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, issueId=1266686777441018407, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=023531-1, endPage=023531-14, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1266686864594452921, articleId=1266686864330211767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, language=EN, title=Study on instability mechanism and control technology of coal pillar in hard roof and floor coal seam, columnId=1266686778661560874, journalTitle=Journal of Mining and Strata Control Engineering, columnName=Engineering Case, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aiming at the problem of coal pillar instability in the fully mechanized mining face section of hard roof and floor, taking the section coal pillar of the track haulage roadway in the 1016 working face of a certain mine in Xinjiang as the engineering background, through theoretical analysis, numerical simulation and field test research methods. The movement law of overlying strata in the working face was analyzed. The causes of energy accumulation in the coal pillar under the condition of hard roof and floor were proposed. The function relationship between the elastic strain energy density in the coal pillar and the first and third principal stresses was studied. According to the theory of elasticity, the stress and energy distribution laws in the coal pillar under different stress concentration coefficients were obtained. The research shows that after the upper working face is mined, the thick and hard basic roof will form a "long cantilever beam" structure, causing the load in the coal pillar to increase. Due to the significant difference in strength between the coal mass and the roof and floor, the energy input from the outside into the "roof-coal pillar-floor" system mainly accumulates in the coal pillar in the form of elastic strain energy. The elastic strain energy at any position in the section coal pillar can be roughly regarded as a positive correlation with the first and third principal stresses. The junction of the elastic and plastic zones in the coal pillar and the surrounding area are the main parts where the elastic strain energy is accumulated, while the accumulation degree of elastic strain energy in the broken zone of the coal body is relatively small. The deterioration of the stress environment of the coal pillar after the roadway is excavated, the release of the accumulated energy in the coal pillar is the main reasons for the deformation and failure of the coal pillar. The prevention and control technology of "intensive drilling in the roof + coal pillar drilling pressure relief + strengthening support" was proposed, and the field application effect was obvious.

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针对坚硬顶底板煤层综采工作面区段煤柱失稳问题, 以新疆某矿井1016工作面轨道运输平巷区段煤柱为工程背景, 通过理论分析、数值模拟及现场试验的研究方法, 分析了工作面覆岩运移规律, 提出了坚硬顶底板条件下煤柱内能量积聚成因, 研究了煤柱内弹性能密度与第一、第三主应力间的函数关系, 根据弹性力学得出了不同应力集中系数下煤柱内应力及能量分布规律。研究结果表明: 上工作面开采后, 厚硬基本顶会形成“长悬臂梁”结构, 造成煤柱内载荷升高; 由于煤体强度与顶底板强度相差较大, 造成外界输入“顶板–煤柱–底板”系统的能量主要以弹性应变能形式在煤柱内积聚; 区段煤柱中任意位置处弹性应变能与第一、第三主应力之间可大致视为正相关关系; 煤柱内弹塑性区交界区域为煤柱内弹性应变能主要积聚部位; 掘巷后煤柱应力环境的恶化、煤柱内积聚能量的释放是煤柱发生变形破坏的主要原因; 提出了“顶板密集钻孔+煤柱钻孔卸压+加强支护”防治技术, 现场应用效果显著。

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刘玉达(2001—), 男, 内蒙古呼伦贝尔人, 硕士研究生, 主要从事矿山压力与岩层控制等方面的研究工作。E-mail:
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王志强(1980—), 男, 内蒙古呼伦贝尔人, 博士, 教授, 博士生导师, 主要从事错层位绿色开采、无煤柱末采、残煤复采等方面的研究工作。E-mail:

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王志强(1980—), 男, 内蒙古呼伦贝尔人, 博士, 教授, 博士生导师, 主要从事错层位绿色开采、无煤柱末采、残煤复采等方面的研究工作。E-mail:

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王志强(1980—), 男, 内蒙古呼伦贝尔人, 博士, 教授, 博士生导师, 主要从事错层位绿色开采、无煤柱末采、残煤复采等方面的研究工作。E-mail:

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Fitting function of lateral abutment pressure

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
K拟合函数
2.0y=3.44×10−5x6−1.52×10−3x5+2.30×10−2x4−1.03×10−1x3−6.14×10−1x2+5.75x−2.82×10−9
2.5y=7.99×10−5x6−3.84×10−3x5+6.84×10−2x4−5.22×10−1x3+1.09x2+3.91x+9.51×10−9
3.0y=7.44×10−5x6−3.76×10−3x5+7.09×10−2x4−5.82×10−1x3+1.43x2+3.96x+3.98×10−9
3.5y=8.84×10−5x6−4.62×10−3x5+9.07×10−2x4−7.85×10−1x3+2.28x2+3.37x−4.09×10−9
4.0y=8.77×10−5x6−4.48×10−3x5+8.62×10−2x4−7.34×10−1x3+1.98x2+4.61x−1.88×10−9
), ArticleFig(id=1266686899059049084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, articleId=1266686864330211767, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

侧向支承压力拟合函数

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K拟合函数
2.0y=3.44×10−5x6−1.52×10−3x5+2.30×10−2x4−1.03×10−1x3−6.14×10−1x2+5.75x−2.82×10−9
2.5y=7.99×10−5x6−3.84×10−3x5+6.84×10−2x4−5.22×10−1x3+1.09x2+3.91x+9.51×10−9
3.0y=7.44×10−5x6−3.76×10−3x5+7.09×10−2x4−5.82×10−1x3+1.43x2+3.96x+3.98×10−9
3.5y=8.84×10−5x6−4.62×10−3x5+9.07×10−2x4−7.85×10−1x3+2.28x2+3.37x−4.09×10−9
4.0y=8.77×10−5x6−4.48×10−3x5+8.62×10−2x4−7.34×10−1x3+1.98x2+4.61x−1.88×10−9
), ArticleFig(id=1266686899147129469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, articleId=1266686864330211767, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Physical and mechanical parameters of rock strata

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩层厚 度/m密度/ (kg∙m−3)剪切模 量/GPa体积模 量/GPa黏聚 力/MPa内摩擦 角/(°)
粉砂岩6.472 7204.579.364.8537
细砂岩6.342 7504.4010.763.2631
砾砂岩8.182 4004.308.335.0234
粗砂岩1.932 6803.217.653.2228
粉砂岩3.382 7204.579.364.8537
砾砂岩9.102 4004.308.335.0234
细砂岩12.002 7504.4010.763.2631
104.001 3601.472.351.5132
粉砂岩12.332 7204.579.364.8537
), ArticleFig(id=1266686899243598462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, articleId=1266686864330211767, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

岩层力学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩层厚 度/m密度/ (kg∙m−3)剪切模 量/GPa体积模 量/GPa黏聚 力/MPa内摩擦 角/(°)
粉砂岩6.472 7204.579.364.8537
细砂岩6.342 7504.4010.763.2631
砾砂岩8.182 4004.308.335.0234
粗砂岩1.932 6803.217.653.2228
粉砂岩3.382 7204.579.364.8537
砾砂岩9.102 4004.308.335.0234
细砂岩12.002 7504.4010.763.2631
104.001 3601.472.351.5132
粉砂岩12.332 7204.579.364.8537
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坚硬顶底板煤层煤柱失稳机理及控制技术研究
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王志强 1, 2, 3 , 刘玉达 1, 2 , 代博元 1, 2 , 杨长德 3, 4 , 牛昆 3, 4 , 田勇 5
采矿与岩层控制工程学报 | 工程案例 2026,8(2): 023531-1-023531-14
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采矿与岩层控制工程学报 | 工程案例 2026, 8(2): 023531-1-023531-14
坚硬顶底板煤层煤柱失稳机理及控制技术研究
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王志强1, 2, 3 , 刘玉达1, 2 , 代博元1, 2, 杨长德3, 4, 牛昆3, 4, 田勇5
作者信息
  • 1中国矿业大学(北京) 能源与矿业学院, 北京 100083
  • 2中国矿业大学(北京) 中俄动力学研究中心, 北京 100083
  • 3新疆工程学院 新疆煤炭资源绿色开采教育部重点实验室, 新疆 乌鲁木齐 830023
  • 4新疆工程学院 矿业工程与地质学院, 新疆 乌鲁木齐 830023
  • 5库车市科兴煤炭实业有限责任公司, 新疆 库车 842099
  • 王志强(1980—), 男, 内蒙古呼伦贝尔人, 博士, 教授, 博士生导师, 主要从事错层位绿色开采、无煤柱末采、残煤复采等方面的研究工作。E-mail:

通讯作者:

刘玉达(2001—), 男, 内蒙古呼伦贝尔人, 硕士研究生, 主要从事矿山压力与岩层控制等方面的研究工作。E-mail:
Study on instability mechanism and control technology of coal pillar in hard roof and floor coal seam
Zhiqiang WANG1, 2, 3 , Yuda LIU1, 2 , Boyuan DAI1, 2, Changde YANG3, 4, Kun NIU3, 4, Yong TIAN5
Affiliations
  • 1School of Energy and Mining Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
  • 2China and Russia Dynamics Research Center, China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
  • 3Key Laboratory of Green Mining of Coal Resources in Xinjiang, Ministry of Education, Xinjiang Institute of Engineering, Urumqi 830023, China
  • 4College of Mining Engineering and Geology, Xinjiang Institute of Engineering, Urumqi 830023, China
  • 5Kuqa Kexing Coal Industry Co., Ltd., Kuqa 842099, China
出版时间: 2026-04-25 doi: 10.13532/j.jmsce.cn10-1638/td.2025-1161
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针对坚硬顶底板煤层综采工作面区段煤柱失稳问题, 以新疆某矿井1016工作面轨道运输平巷区段煤柱为工程背景, 通过理论分析、数值模拟及现场试验的研究方法, 分析了工作面覆岩运移规律, 提出了坚硬顶底板条件下煤柱内能量积聚成因, 研究了煤柱内弹性能密度与第一、第三主应力间的函数关系, 根据弹性力学得出了不同应力集中系数下煤柱内应力及能量分布规律。研究结果表明: 上工作面开采后, 厚硬基本顶会形成“长悬臂梁”结构, 造成煤柱内载荷升高; 由于煤体强度与顶底板强度相差较大, 造成外界输入“顶板–煤柱–底板”系统的能量主要以弹性应变能形式在煤柱内积聚; 区段煤柱中任意位置处弹性应变能与第一、第三主应力之间可大致视为正相关关系; 煤柱内弹塑性区交界区域为煤柱内弹性应变能主要积聚部位; 掘巷后煤柱应力环境的恶化、煤柱内积聚能量的释放是煤柱发生变形破坏的主要原因; 提出了“顶板密集钻孔+煤柱钻孔卸压+加强支护”防治技术, 现场应用效果显著。

坚硬顶底板煤层  /  区段煤柱  /  弹性应变能  /  失稳机理  /  围岩控制

Aiming at the problem of coal pillar instability in the fully mechanized mining face section of hard roof and floor, taking the section coal pillar of the track haulage roadway in the 1016 working face of a certain mine in Xinjiang as the engineering background, through theoretical analysis, numerical simulation and field test research methods. The movement law of overlying strata in the working face was analyzed. The causes of energy accumulation in the coal pillar under the condition of hard roof and floor were proposed. The function relationship between the elastic strain energy density in the coal pillar and the first and third principal stresses was studied. According to the theory of elasticity, the stress and energy distribution laws in the coal pillar under different stress concentration coefficients were obtained. The research shows that after the upper working face is mined, the thick and hard basic roof will form a "long cantilever beam" structure, causing the load in the coal pillar to increase. Due to the significant difference in strength between the coal mass and the roof and floor, the energy input from the outside into the "roof-coal pillar-floor" system mainly accumulates in the coal pillar in the form of elastic strain energy. The elastic strain energy at any position in the section coal pillar can be roughly regarded as a positive correlation with the first and third principal stresses. The junction of the elastic and plastic zones in the coal pillar and the surrounding area are the main parts where the elastic strain energy is accumulated, while the accumulation degree of elastic strain energy in the broken zone of the coal body is relatively small. The deterioration of the stress environment of the coal pillar after the roadway is excavated, the release of the accumulated energy in the coal pillar is the main reasons for the deformation and failure of the coal pillar. The prevention and control technology of "intensive drilling in the roof + coal pillar drilling pressure relief + strengthening support" was proposed, and the field application effect was obvious.

hard roof and floor coal seam  /  section coal pillar  /  elastic strain energy  /  instability mechanism  /  surrounding rock control
王志强, 刘玉达, 代博元, 杨长德, 牛昆, 田勇. 坚硬顶底板煤层煤柱失稳机理及控制技术研究. 采矿与岩层控制工程学报, 2026 , 8 (2) : 023531-1 -023531-14 . DOI: 10.13532/j.jmsce.cn10-1638/td.2025-1161
Zhiqiang WANG, Yuda LIU, Boyuan DAI, Changde YANG, Kun NIU, Yong TIAN. Study on instability mechanism and control technology of coal pillar in hard roof and floor coal seam[J]. Journal of Mining and Strata Control Engineering, 2026 , 8 (2) : 023531-1 -023531-14 . DOI: 10.13532/j.jmsce.cn10-1638/td.2025-1161
目前留煤柱护巷仍是我国煤矿主要采用的围岩控制手段, 其具有能够有效改善围岩应力分布状态且便于施工等优势[12]。新疆因其煤炭资源分布广泛的特点造成其存在多种煤层赋存状态。其中坚硬顶底板的赋存条件会带来覆岩运动剧烈、工作面来压显著等问题, 这给巷道围岩稳定性控制带来新的挑战[35]。因此, 研究坚硬顶底板煤层条件下煤柱的稳定性对于矿井安全高效生产具有重要意义。
目前, 国内外众多学者对煤柱稳定性进行了广泛研究。王方田等[6]基于剪切滑移块理论, 揭示了煤柱在采掘扰动下侧帮发生剪切滑移是煤柱发生变形破坏的原因; 孙利辉等[7]通过分析不同宽度煤柱的变形特征, 得出随煤柱宽度增大, 煤柱破坏方式会由“拉、剪复合破坏”转为“全剪破坏”; 刘洋等[8]利用矩张量反演、应力场反演等手段探究了不规则煤柱变形破坏特征, 确定了煤柱变形破环主要受最大主应力控制; 牛滕冲等[9]基于理论分析分析了煤柱内侧向应力与极限能量之间的关系, 得到了煤柱弹性区聚能失稳判据; 单成方等[10]采用数值软件模拟了不同高宽比煤柱加载破坏过程, 并基于Bunnting公式得到了不同高宽比煤柱的极限强度校核公式; 张村等[11]定义了煤柱损伤度并提出了煤柱临界损伤度计算方法, 以此量化煤柱损伤程度; 王猛等[12]探讨了煤柱内耗散能的演化规律, 从能量角度演化了煤柱变形失稳的过程, 结果表明能量耗散过程中一旦煤柱弹性区消失, 煤柱即会存在失稳风险; 邢闯闯等[13]采用尖点突变模型和弹性薄板理论推导了煤柱稳定性判别式并建立了煤柱失稳破坏判别方法; 张杰等[14]通过建立煤柱承载模型并基于莫尔−库仑准则和威尔逊理论对浅埋间隔采空区隔离煤柱稳定性进行了分析; 庞义辉等[15]对煤柱应力大小及方向演化过程进行了分析, 得出工作面开采导致的煤柱三向主应力方向旋转是煤柱损伤破坏的原因; 杜君武等[16]研究了分层开采时不同煤柱错距条件下的覆岩垮落特征及煤柱应力峰值规律, 结果表明上下分层煤柱错距对煤柱稳定性具有明显影响。
上述成果从多个方面对煤柱稳定性进行了研究, 其中不乏从煤柱内部能量演化规律出发进行分析的成果。根据已有研究[1718], 外界输入能量在煤岩体内部能量的积聚与耗散是造成煤岩体发生变形破坏的主要原因, 煤岩体内能量分布与岩体应力状态密切相关[1921]。笔者以新疆某矿坚硬顶底板煤层条件下的区段煤柱为研究背景, 探索坚硬顶底板煤层煤柱能量积聚成因, 并从煤柱内应力分布情况出发对能量分布规律进行分析, 得到坚硬顶底板煤层煤柱变形破坏机理, 进而提出坚硬顶底板煤层煤柱稳定性控制措施。
研究矿井目前主采煤层为下10煤层, 如图1所示, 1016工作面南部为1014工作面采空区, 1016轨道运输平巷与1014工作面采空区之间留设15 m护巷煤柱。
图2所示, 1016工作面平均埋深173 m, 煤层平均厚度4.0 m, 单轴抗压强度可达12.1 MPa, 根据文献[22]中提出的煤体硬度分类方法, 认定该煤层属中硬煤层, 根据以往鉴定下10煤冲击倾向性类别为Ⅰ类, 即为无冲击倾向性; 工作面直接顶以细砂岩为主, 单轴抗压强度为58.5 MPa; 基本顶为砾砂岩, 单轴抗压强度为76.8 MPa; 底板为细砂岩, 单轴抗压强度为70.8 MPa。1016工作面顶底板均具备较高强度, 属坚硬顶底板煤层。
1016轨道运输巷开掘后, 采空侧巷帮肩部、腰部及下部均产生破坏, 具体破坏表现为呈鱼鳞状鼓出、剥落, 同时伴有煤炮声和煤渣弹射现象(图3), 鼓帮量达500 mm左右。在1016轨道运输巷掘进期间, 随着综掘机割煤作业进行, 巷道侧煤柱表面瞬间出现煤皮剥落, 但剥落深度不大, 同时煤柱煤炮声频发且声音响动大。1016轨道运输巷区段煤柱在巷道开掘后发生劣化, 造成煤柱发生变形失稳, 严重影响矿井日常生产作业。因此需对坚硬顶底板煤层煤柱失稳机理及控制措施进行研究, 以解决1016轨道运输巷区段煤柱失稳问题。
随着上工作面的不断推进, 工作面基本顶周期性发生“O–X”形破断。如图4所示, 1014工作面开采结束后, 基本顶破断形成三角形岩块与梯形岩块。此时1016工作面实体煤侧对于三角形岩块可视为固支边, 其断裂线处于煤壁内侧。三角形岩块在重力作用下逐渐弯曲下沉, 致使其承受部分载荷通过煤壁向1016工作面更深处煤体转移, 另一部分载荷由下方区段煤柱承担, 造成直接顶与煤体压缩下沉。
根据关键层判别及失稳条件计算[23], 同时考虑到基本顶砾砂岩强度高、厚度大的物理性质, 基本顶在采空区上方会形成如图5所示的“长悬臂梁”结构。
根据载荷估算法[24], 煤柱承受载荷可分4部分, 即煤柱靠近自身一侧巷道顶板的一半载荷、煤柱正上方覆岩载荷、“长悬臂梁”结构所承载的上覆岩层及自身载荷、由岩层破断角引起的岩层悬露部分岩体载荷。此时“长悬臂梁”极限跨距L及下方煤柱所承受载荷FA[25]分别为
$ L=\sqrt{\frac{{H}_{\text{s}}{\tan }^{2}\theta }{4}+\frac{{\sigma }_{\text{t}}H_{\text{t}}^{2}}{3\gamma {H}_{\text{s}}}}-\frac{1}{2}{H}_{\text{s}}\tan\text{ }\theta $
式中, γ为岩层平均容重, kN/m3; Ht为基本顶厚度, m; Hs为基本顶埋深, m; θ为岩层破断角,(°); σt为基本顶抗拉强度, MPa。
根据式(1)可知, 基本顶极限跨距与基本顶抗拉强度直接相关, 基本顶强度越高, 基本顶所形成“长悬臂梁”结构跨距越大。
$ {F}_{\text{A}}=\gamma \left[\left({H}_{\text{t}}+{H}_{\text{s}}\right)L+\frac{{H}_{\text{s}}\tan\text{ }\theta }{2}+H\left(\frac{{L}_{\text{r}}}{2}+{L}_{\text{c}}\right)\right] $
式中, H为煤层埋深, m; Lc为煤柱宽度, m; Lr为巷道宽度, m。
由式(2)可知, 基本顶悬露长度越大煤柱所承受上覆岩层载荷越大, 煤柱内应力集中越强, 因此顶板高强度会造成煤柱内载荷明显升高。
煤柱承载过程中并非单独存在, 而是处于由顶底板及煤柱组成的承载系统中, 由系统内各部分共同承担上覆载荷。将与煤柱横截面积S相等的顶、底板及煤柱视作整体, 形成“顶板–煤柱–底板”系统, 分析煤柱内部能量积聚原因。假设系统中煤岩体在受外力条件下产生的变形远小于煤岩体原始尺寸, 可忽略不计, 可按其原始尺寸进行分析。建立如图6所示“顶板–煤柱–底板”力学模型, 分为初始状态、中间状态、峰值状态、终止状态等4个状态, 其中, F1F2F3F4分别为系统4个状态的上覆岩层压力; F1'、F2'、F3'、F4'分别为系统4个状态的下伏岩层支持力; h1h1'、h1''、h1'''分别为系统4个状态的顶板高度; h2h2'、h2''、h2'''分别为系统4个状态的煤柱高度; h3h3'、h3''、h3'''分别为系统4个状态的底板高度。
模型承受的上覆岩层压力及下伏岩层支持力可视作一对大小相等、方向相反的平衡力。由于煤体在系统中强度最低, 因此在整个变形过程中各个状态的划分主要考虑煤体的应力应变情况。设系统处于原岩应力状态时为模型初始状态, 煤柱内部应力达到屈服点时为模型中间状态, 煤柱内部应力达到峰值点时为模型峰值状态, 煤柱应力峰后某时刻为模型终止状态。煤柱在整个过程中符合煤体应力–应变曲线如图7所示[26], 初始状态、中间状态、峰值状态、终止状态的应力–应变情况分别对应ABCD四点, 且F1<F2<F3F4<F3
由于煤体强度与顶板及底板强度相差较大, 可认为顶板与底板在系统整个变形过程中均处于弹性阶段, 因此可将系统中顶板与底板简化为弹簧模型, 其弹性模量分别为E1E3。设煤体在弹性阶段的本构方程为
$ \sigma ={E}_{2}\varepsilon +b \quad \left({\varepsilon }_{a}\leq \varepsilon \leq {\varepsilon }_{b}\right)$
式中, σ为煤柱内应力, MPa; ε为煤柱内应变; E2为煤体弹性阶段弹性模量, GPa; b为待定系数。
外界输入到煤岩体内的总能量, 一部分以内部裂隙扩展、塑性变形、表面能等形式不可逆耗散, 称为耗散能; 另一部分在煤岩体中以弹性势能形式储存。其中能量耗散不可逆, 煤岩体内部储存的弹性势能在外界卸载后能够向外界释放。外界输入总能量W[27]满足公式
$ W={W}_{\text{e}}+{W}_{\text{d}} $
式中, W为外界输入总能量, J; We为弹性势能, J; Wd为耗散能, J。
系统由初始状态至中间状态过程中, 系统内各部分均处于弹性阶段, 此时外界输入能量仅极小部分以耗散能形式向外界耗散, 因此可认为能量全部转化为弹性势能[28]。该过程中系统受外力不断增大, 顶板、底板与煤柱不断被压缩, 系统各部分变形量可由式(5)得到, 即
$ \text{Δ}h=\frac{\left({F}_{n}-{F}_{n-1}\right)h}{{\mathit{SE}}_{0}} $
式中, Δh为变形量, m; Fn为变形后末压力, N; Fn–1为变形前初始压力, kN; h为初始状态高度, m; S为煤柱横截面积, m2; E0为煤岩体弹性模量, GPa。
此时顶板、底板与煤柱均处于吸能状态, 各部分弹性势能增量ΔWe可由式(6)得到。
$ \begin{gathered}\Delta W_{\mathrm{e}}=\int_h^{h^{\prime}} k x \mathrm{~d} x=k\left(h^{\prime 2}-h^2\right) / 2= \\E_0\left[(h+\Delta h)^2-h^2\right] / 2\end{gathered}$
将式(5)代入式(6)可得:
$ \text{Δ}{W}_{\text{e}}=\frac{{h}^{2}\left({F}_{2}-{F}_{1}\right)}{S}+\frac{{h}^{2}{\left({F}_{2}-{F}_{1}\right)}^{2}}{2S^{ 2}{E}_{0}} $
由式(7)可知, 系统由初始状态至中间状态过程中, 系统各部分的弹性势能增量与各部分弹性模量呈反比关系。由于系统中煤柱弹性模量小于顶板及底板弹性模量, 因此外界输入总能量大部分由煤柱以弹性势能形式积聚在内部。
系统由中间状态至峰值状态过程中, 系统受外力进一步增大, 在达到峰值点时煤体承载达到其峰值强度。底板与顶板继续发生弹性变形, 而煤柱已进入塑性阶段, 此时输入煤柱的部分能量以裂隙扩展及塑性变形形式向外界耗散, 但大部分能量仍以弹性势能形式储存。
系统由峰值状态至终止状态过程中, 煤体进入应变软化阶段, 系统受外力逐渐减小。由于顶板及底板仍处于弹性阶段且上覆岩层压力及下伏岩层支持力逐渐降低, 因此在上一阶段中顶、底板形成的弹性变形逐渐开始恢复, 顶板与底板由从系统外吸收能量转为向煤柱释放能量。该过程中顶板与底板释放能量We1
$ \begin{aligned}{W}_{\text{e1}}&=\int\nolimits_{{h}_{1}''}^{{h}_{1}'''}{E}_{1}x\text{d}x+\int\nolimits_{{h}_{3}''}^{{h}_{3}'''}{E}_{3}x\text{d}x=\\& 2\left({F}_{3}-{F}_{4}\right)+\frac{{\left({F}_{3}-{F}_{4}\right)}^{2}}{2{E}_{1}{h}_{2}{}^{2}}+\frac{{\left({F}_{3}-{F}_{4}\right)}^{2}}{2{E}_{3}{h}_{3}{}^{2}}\end{aligned} $
此时煤柱储存的弹性势能超过其储能极限, 该阶段顶底板向煤柱所释放能量与煤柱内已储存能量开始不可逆地转化为耗散能向外界释放。由于顶底板所释放弹性势能均来自外界能量输入, 因此可认为在由初始状态至终止状态过程中外界输入总能量除少部分转化为顶板与底板弹性势能外, 其余部分均转移至煤柱。
根据已有研究[29], 煤岩体强度越高, 极限储能越大。笔者研究矿井煤层相较普通煤层强度更高, 致使其储能极限更大。另一方面, 在系统整个受载过程中, 外界输入能量主要由强度最低的煤体吸收, 造成了煤柱内部的弹性势能积聚与后续的破坏。综上所述, 煤体较大的强度及在“顶板–煤柱–底板”系统中煤体强度与顶底板强度较小的比值造成了煤柱在弹性阶段与塑性阶段积聚大量弹性势能并在进入应变软化阶段后成为系统内能量释放的主体。
在特定地质条件下, 煤体的物理力学参数已经确定, 但煤柱不同位置的应力条件存在差异, 因此不同受力条件下单位煤体所储存弹性应变能也存在差异。
根据弹性力学, 单元体在三向应力条件下单位体积积聚的弹性应变能Ue与其应力与应变状态有关[30], 具体可表示为
$ {U}_{\text{e}}=\left({\sigma }_{1}{\varepsilon }_{1}+{\sigma }_{2}{\varepsilon }_{2}+{\sigma }_{3}{\varepsilon }_{3}\right)/2 $
式中, σ1σ2σ3分别为第一、第二、第三主应力, MPa; ε1ε2ε3分别为第一、第二、第三主应变。
根据广义胡克定律, 弹性体的线应变只与正应力有关, 而与切应力无关, 则有
$ \left\{\begin{array}{l}\varepsilon_1=\dfrac{\sigma_1-\mu\left(\sigma_2+\sigma_3\right)}{E} \\\varepsilon_2=\dfrac{\sigma_2-\mu\left(\sigma_1+\sigma_3\right)}{E} \\\varepsilon_3=\dfrac{\sigma_3-\mu\left(\sigma_1+\sigma_2\right)}{E}\end{array}\right. $
式中, E为弹性体的弹性模量, GPa; μ为煤岩体的泊松比。
由于区段煤柱长度远大于其宽度, 且煤柱横截面沿长度方向基本不变, 因此可视为平面应变问题, 忽略煤柱在其长度方向的应变, Ue满足
$ {U}_{\text{e}}=\frac{{\sigma }_{1}{\varepsilon }_{1}+{\sigma }_{3}{\varepsilon }_{3}}{2} $
由于煤柱在第二主应变方向的应变可忽略不计, 由式(10)可得第二主应力满足
$ {\sigma }_{2}=\mu \left({\sigma }_{1}+{\sigma }_{3}\right) $
联立式(10)~(12)可得
$ {U}_{\text{e}}=\frac{\left(\sigma _{1}^{2}+\sigma _{3}^{2}\right)\left(1-{\mu }^{2}\right)-\left(1+\mu \right)2\mu {\sigma }_{1}{\sigma }_{3}}{2E} $
由式(13)可知, 单位体积煤岩体所储存弹性应变能Ue可视为与σ1σ3有关的函数。将矿井相关数据代入后, 得到弹性应变能密度与σ1σ3函数关系如图8所示。
区段煤柱中任意位置处弹性应变能与σ1σ3大致成正相关关系, 考虑到煤柱内所积聚能量大小与其应力状态直接相关, 为得到其内部能量分布规律需先对其应力分布情况进行分析。
图9所示, 工作面推进与巷道掘进破坏了围岩应力的平衡状态, 造成了围岩应力重新分布, 导致煤柱内应力集中, 煤柱由表面至内部内应力分布整体呈先升高后下降趋势, 进而使煤柱由外向内依次形成破碎区、塑性区、弹性区[31]。由于采动与掘巷对煤柱支承压力分布影响不同, 造成煤柱两侧应力峰值存在差异。
将煤岩体视为各向同性且均匀分布的连续介质, 建立如图10所示煤柱侧向支承压力力学模型[3233]。煤柱内侧向支承压力可视为两个不同应力集中系数的支承压力相互叠加组成, 由于掘巷对煤柱采空侧支承压力分布影响远小于采动对其影响, 为简化煤柱侧向支承压力模型, 模型中仅考虑采动影响下煤柱内应力分布情况。
图10中, l1为破碎区宽度, m; l2为塑性区宽度, m; l0为极限平衡区宽度, m; l3为弹性区宽度, m。
l0可由式(14)[34]得到。
$ {l}_{0}=\dfrac{mA}{2\tan\text{ }{\varphi }_{0}}\ln \left(\frac{K\gamma H+\dfrac{{C}_{0}}{\tan\text{ }{\varphi }_{0}}}{\dfrac{{C}_{0}}{\tan\text{ }{\varphi }_{0}}+\dfrac{{P}_{\text{x}}}{A}}\right) $
式中, m为煤层厚度, m; A为侧压系数; φ0为煤层内摩擦角, (°); C0为煤层黏聚力, MPa; Px为煤帮支护阻力, MPa; K为应力集中系数。
为获得煤柱内应力分布情况同时考虑到岩石特性, 基于弹性力学中集中力作用下半无限体各位置的应力解, 通过叠加原理得到连续线性载荷下任意位置M(x, y)处的应力分量[31]。在x=ξ处取微段dξ, 则该微段处可视为存在微小集中力dF=q(x)dξ, 在M(x, y)处所产生的应力分量为
$ \left\{\begin{array}{l}\mathrm{d} \sigma_y=-\dfrac{2 q(x) \mathrm{d} \xi}{\pi} \dfrac{y^3}{\left(x^2+y^2\right)^2} \\\mathrm{d} \sigma_x=-\dfrac{2 q(x) \mathrm{d} \xi}{\pi} \dfrac{x^2 y}{\left(x^2+y^2\right)^2} \\\mathrm{d} \tau_{x y}=-\dfrac{2 q(x) \mathrm{d} \xi}{\pi} \dfrac{x y^2}{\left(x^2+y^2\right)^2}\end{array}\right. $
为反映煤柱内侧向支承应力分布的连续性, 将煤柱内侧向支承压力通过多项式拟合逼近为连续载荷[35], 根据煤矿生产地质条件m=4 m, A= 0.7, φ0= 31°, C0=1.6 MPa, Px=0.002 MPa代入式(14)并别取应力集中系数K为2.0、2.5、3.0、3.5、4.0, 进行拟合后得到具体六次多项式拟合函数, 具体拟合函数见表1
由式(15)和支承压力拟合函数即可得到不同应力集中系数条件下煤柱内任意位置处应力为
$ \left\{\begin{array}{l}\sigma_y=\displaystyle\int_0^x-\dfrac{2 y^3 q(x)}{\pi\left[(x-\xi)^2+y^2\right]^2} \mathrm{~d} \xi \\\sigma_x=\displaystyle\int_0^x-\dfrac{2 y(x-\xi)^2 q(x)}{\pi\left[(x-\xi)^2+y^2\right]^2} \mathrm{~d} \xi \\\tau_{x y}=\displaystyle\int_0^x-\dfrac{2 y^2(x-\xi) q(x)}{\pi\left[(x-\xi)^2+y^2\right]^2} \mathrm{~d} \xi\end{array}\right. $
由上述各式可知, 煤柱内的应力分布情况主要受煤柱侧向支承压力影响, 因此除煤体物理力学性质和煤层赋存条件直接影响煤柱极限平衡范围外, 煤柱上覆岩层应力集中系数、煤帮支护强度、煤柱尺寸等因素同样对煤柱内的应力分布具有影响。
将支承压力拟合函数代入式(16)后, 计算应力集中系数K分别为2.0、2.5、3.0、3.5、4.0时煤柱内应力的分布情况, 如图11所示。
在煤柱高度方向上, 由于模型中将煤柱与底板合并视为半无限体, 导致忽略底板强度与煤柱强度间大小关系, 无法反映出高强度底板对煤柱支持力会影响其内部应力分布, 同时未能考虑煤柱自重影响。致使垂直应力与水平应力在煤柱高度方向分布存在失真, 呈下降趋势。
在煤柱宽度方向上, 模型计算结果效果较好, 基本符合理论煤柱内应力分布规律。随K值增大, 煤柱内垂直应力与水平应力峰值显著增大, 同时峰值点位置逐渐向煤柱中心移动。应力整体趋势呈极限平衡区内快速增大, 在靠近拐点位置增速逐渐减慢, 拐点后应力平缓下降, 拐点处即为弹性区与塑性区交界处。
将式(16)和表1中支承应力拟合函数代入式(13)即可得到不同应力集中系数下煤柱内弹性应变能分布特征, 如图12所示。随K值增大, 煤柱整体弹性应变能积聚程度增加, 表明煤体极限强度随围压增大而随之增大。煤柱内弹性应变能大致呈现“类三角形”分布。煤柱边缘破碎区内煤体因已无法形成有效承载结构因此弹性应变能较小。塑性区内弹性应变能快速上升, 在塑性区与弹性区交界处达到峰值, 进入弹性区后弹性应变能逐渐降低。整体来看, 煤柱内弹塑性区交界区域为弹性应变能主要积聚位置。
为分析1014工作面开采条件下巷道开掘对煤柱应力及能量分布影响同时验证前文所得规律。基于矿井1014与1016工作面生产地质条件, 建立FLAC3D模型, 如图13所示。
模型尺寸长×宽×高=300 m×150 m×68 m, 1014工作面宽180 m, 推进长度150 m。考虑到模型边界效应, 两端各留50 m边界煤柱。模型侧面施加水平约束, 底面施加垂直约束, 模型顶面施加等重岩层载荷。开挖顺序为1014回风平巷, 1014工作面, 最后为1016轨道运输平巷。1016轨道运输平巷开掘长度设为50 m, 以获得巷道开掘后巷道两侧及巷道前方煤体应力分布情况。模型岩层采用莫尔–库仑屈服准则, 各岩层力学参数具体参数见表2
1016轨道运输巷开掘后巷道两帮煤体及前方煤体垂直应力分布如图14所示。
模拟结果中未受掘巷影响部分煤柱垂直应力形态与理论形态较为相近, 垂直应力峰值约为18.2 MPa; 掘巷影响部分煤柱由于受到采动与掘巷影响叠加, 造成煤柱垂直应力形态分布整体呈“类凸型”分布, 采空侧塑性区内应力快速升高至峰值, 煤柱中部弹性区内应力平缓下降至煤柱巷道侧塑性区峰值应力, 煤柱采空侧峰值约为19.1 MPa, 表明掘巷对煤柱采空侧支承压力分布影响较小。在忽略煤柱巷道侧应力情况下, 煤柱内应力分布基本符合理论分析中煤柱应力变化规律。
将模型求解后得到巷道开掘后两帮煤体及前方煤体能量分布情况如图15(a)所示。
模拟结果整体能量分布形态与垂直应力分布形态较为相似, 未受掘巷影响部分煤柱弹性能密度峰值约为0.098 MJ/m3, 受掘巷影响部分煤柱弹性能密度峰值约为0.087 MJ/m3。煤柱两端破碎区内弹性应变能积聚较小, 在煤柱弹塑性区交界处弹性应变能达到峰值, 弹性区内弹性应变能相较峰值有所降低但仍处于较高水平。整体而言, 煤柱弹性区内及边缘积聚大量弹性应变能, 弹性区内能量积聚可认为由工作面开采及掘巷导致的应力叠加所致, 基本符合理论分析。
将模型求解后应力代入式(13)得到巷道开掘后两帮煤体及前方煤体理论能量分布情况如图15(b)所示。图15(a),(b)的能量分布形态相近, 但弹性能密度整体较小, 为更准确分析两者差距, 基于其结果得到误差率分布情况如图16所示。区段煤柱内弹性区部分整体误差较小, 基本维持在10%以下, 但煤柱两端塑性区及破碎区内误差较大, 主要原因是极限平衡区内煤体以进入塑性甚至破碎状态, 此时煤体已不满足式(10)要求处于弹性状态的先决条件。巷道前方煤体与巷道右侧煤体随距煤柱距离增长误差逐渐增大, 随煤体尺寸增大, 此时无法满足平面应变问题中长度远大于其宽度基本前提, 造成误差逐渐累计。
误差分析结果表明, 简化后的煤柱弹性能密度计算方程式(13)对平面应变问题下区段煤柱弹性区内弹性能密度拟合效果较好, 对塑性区拟合效果一般, 无法实现对煤壁弹性能密度的拟合。
煤体在原岩应力状态下, 其莫尔应力圆如图17(a)中的圆A所示。掘巷前, 由于1014工作面开采前煤帮已完成支护加固, 因此可认为煤体仍可视为处于三向应力状态, 此时其莫尔应力圆半径增大且圆心右移最终转为圆B。由前文分析可知, 煤柱内弹塑性区交界处及周边弹性应变能积聚较高, 为能量集中区, 破碎区弹性应变能积聚较小(图18(a))。工作面开采后煤帮受采动影响虽积聚大量能量, 但煤体处于三向应力状态且煤体本身属中硬煤, 强度较高, 因此煤帮未产生较大变形破坏。
掘巷后, 受巷道开挖扰动影响, 煤柱内应力发生重新分布, 煤柱内能量集中区范围与积聚弹性应变能进一步增大, 此时煤柱能量集中区分布整体呈现采空侧弹性应变能积聚程度高于巷道侧(图18(b)), 该分布特征即为后续能量释放后煤柱采空侧破环程度及范围强于巷道侧原因。由于顶底板强度与煤体强度相差较大, 因此煤柱弹性区内所储存的弹性应变能主要向强度相对较低的煤柱两帮进行释放。应力环境的恶化与弹性区弹性应变能的释放造成煤柱表面原生裂隙发生扩展且进一步萌生次生裂隙, 导致煤体强度劣化, 煤体承载能力明显下降, 煤体强度包络线受黏聚力及内摩擦角的降低由包络线Ⅰ下移至包络线Ⅱ(图17(a))。基于前文研究, 掘巷后煤柱采空侧应力变化较小, 因此可认为其莫尔应力圆近似不变。煤柱巷道侧积聚弹性应变能虽低于采空侧, 但煤柱巷道侧由于巷道的开掘, 由原始的三向应力状态转为临空的双向应力状态, 其莫尔应力圆由图17(b)中原岩应力状态圆A扩大至圆C, 煤体强度受能量释放影响发生下降由包络线Ⅰ下移至包络线Ⅲ。
煤柱两帮应力环境的恶化即莫尔应力圆的扩大和煤体强度的整体下降造成了莫尔圆与煤体强度包络线发生相割, 煤体发生破坏[36]。在煤柱弹性区所积聚的弹性应变能释放过程中, 煤柱帮部煤体发生塑性破坏, 此时顶底板储蓄能量也开始向煤柱发生转移, 部分能量以声能与动能形式向外界释放, 宏观表现为巷道开挖过程中煤壁剥落与煤炮现象。
基于前文研究, 煤柱所受侧向支承压力、煤柱内部能量积聚情况、煤柱所处应力环境是影响煤柱稳定性的主要因素。从降低煤柱内应力集中程度、能量积聚情况和改善煤柱应力状态出发, 提出“顶板密集钻孔+煤柱钻孔卸压+加强支护”的防治措施。
(1)顶板密集钻孔
1014采空区基本顶形成“长悬臂梁”结构承受大量上覆岩层载荷并传递至煤柱是煤柱内侧向支承压力升高的主要原因, 通过在顶板打密集钻孔人为破坏“长悬臂梁”结构, 降低上覆岩层传递至煤柱载荷, 从而减少煤柱内能量积聚程度。另一方面, 顶板密集钻孔会在顶板形成裂隙断裂带, 使原本外界输入到“顶板–煤柱–底板”系统中由煤柱吸收的能量转为由裂隙断裂带吸收。如图19所示, 区段煤柱巷道侧钻孔施工, 孔间距400 mm, 钻孔直径108 mm, 钻孔长度23 m, 钻孔角度75°。
(2)煤柱大直径钻孔
大孔径钻孔周边会依次形成破碎区、塑性区与弹性区, 通过钻孔周围煤体的破裂与坍塌, 主动释放部分煤柱积聚弹性能从而降低煤柱内应力集中程度。钻孔直径108 mm, 孔间距1 300 mm, 钻孔长度10 m, 距离底板0.5 m处垂直于巷帮施工。
(3)加强支护
通过加强支护增大煤壁围压, 通过锚固力使煤壁恢复至三向应力状态, 从而提高煤壁处软弱煤体整体强度。试验矿井1016运输平巷帮部采用ϕ20 mm×2 000 mm左旋无纵肋螺纹钢锚杆支护, 间排距800 mm×800 mm。在原支护方案基础上对巷道煤柱侧帮角补加2根ϕ22 mm×4 300 mm锚索。最终支护方案如图20所示。
为验证控制方案的可靠性, 对1016轨道运输平巷进行现场工业性试验, 采用“顶板密集钻孔+煤柱钻孔卸压+加强支护”控制措施, 现场施工情况如图21所示。
治理后巷道表明平整且变形量较小, 无需后续重修, 治理前后巷道表面情况如图22所示。同时对巷道表面进行位移监测, 监测结果表明巷道变形量整体稳定在73 mm左右, 证明控制方案应用效果明显。
(1)煤层开采后, 厚硬基本顶会形成“长悬臂梁”结构, 上覆岩层载荷通过结构向下传递造成煤柱承受载荷增大。煤柱由弹性阶段至应变软化阶段过程中, 煤体较大的强度及在“顶板–煤柱–底板”系统中煤体强度与顶底板强度较小的比值是煤柱积聚大量弹性势能的原因。
(2)区段煤柱中任意位置处弹性应变能与最大主应力与最小主应力大致成正相关关系; 煤柱内垂直应力峰值、水平应力峰值、极限平衡区范围、弹性应变能积聚程度均会随煤柱应力集中系数K增大而增大; 煤柱内弹塑性区交界区域为煤柱内弹性应变能主要积聚部位。
(3)掘巷后煤柱内弹性应变能呈现“类凸型”分布, 煤柱弹性区内及边缘积聚大量弹性应变能; 垂直应力及弹性应变能分布形态基本符合理论结果; 在煤柱符合弹性体平面应变问题处, 弹性应变能大小与理论计算结果误差较小。巷道开掘后煤柱内部表面由三向应力状态转为双向应力状态及煤柱内积聚弹性能的释放与顶底板能量的转移是煤柱发生变形破环的主要原因。
(4)基于煤柱失稳机理, 提出“顶板密集钻孔+煤柱钻孔卸压+加强支护”的防治技术, 并在现场进行应用, 应用结果表明效果明显。
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2026年第8卷第2期
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doi: 10.13532/j.jmsce.cn10-1638/td.2025-1161
  • 接收时间:2025-05-15
  • 首发时间:2026-05-28
  • 出版时间:2026-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-15
  • 修回日期:2025-08-14
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    1中国矿业大学(北京) 能源与矿业学院, 北京 100083
    2中国矿业大学(北京) 中俄动力学研究中心, 北京 100083
    3新疆工程学院 新疆煤炭资源绿色开采教育部重点实验室, 新疆 乌鲁木齐 830023
    4新疆工程学院 矿业工程与地质学院, 新疆 乌鲁木齐 830023
    5库车市科兴煤炭实业有限责任公司, 新疆 库车 842099

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刘玉达(2001—), 男, 内蒙古呼伦贝尔人, 硕士研究生, 主要从事矿山压力与岩层控制等方面的研究工作。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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