Article(id=1266686822613668284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, issueId=1266686777441018407, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13532/j.jmsce.cn10-1638/td.2025-1273, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1752595200000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-16, revisedDate=1757260800000, revisedDateStr=2025-09-08, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1779931272413, onlineDateStr=2026-05-28, pubDate=1777046400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1779931272413, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1779931272413, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1779931272413, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1266686777441018407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, year='2026', volume='8', issue='2', pageStart='013014-1', pageEnd='023542-19', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1779931261643, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1779931348520, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1266687141976358949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, issueId=1266686777441018407, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1266687141976358950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, issueId=1266686777441018407, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=023043-1, endPage=023043-19, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1266686822865326526, articleId=1266686822613668284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, language=EN, title=Research on the mechanical behavior and energy evolution characteristics of composite coal-rock under true triaxial stress conditions, columnId=1266686779106152540, journalTitle=Journal of Mining and Strata Control Engineering, columnName=Fundamental Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Deep coal mining is confronted with complex geological conditions and strong engineering disturbances. The environment characterized by high geostress, high gas pressure, high geothermal temperature, and intense mining disturbance frequently induces nonlinear large deformation and catastrophic instability of surrounding rock, which seriously restricts the safe and efficient exploitation of deep geological resources. To investigate the mechanical response and energy evolution characteristics of coal and rock under deep true triaxial stress conditions, true triaxial tests were conducted on raw coal, sandstone, and composite coal-rock specimens under different intermediate principal stresses with the aid of a multifunctional true triaxial fluid-solid coupling testing system. The results show that composite coal-rock exhibits stronger plastic deformation capacity and a smaller post-peak stress drop. The dissipated energy of coal increases significantly after the peak, whereas that of sandstone accelerates during the plastic stage. The energy evolution of composite coal-rock approaches sandstone at low stress and resembles coal at high stress. For coal, the fluctuation peaks of the energy release rate (\begin{document}$ {G}_{{\mathrm{e}}} $\end{document}) and energy dissipation rate (\begin{document}$ {G}_{{\mathrm{d}}} $\end{document}) occur near the strength peak, and an increase in \begin{document}$ {\sigma }_{2} $\end{document} reduces their amplitudes. For sandstone, the fluctuation peaks appear in the yield stage, but the influence of \begin{document}$ {\sigma }_{2} $\end{document} is relatively weak. Composite coal-rock exhibits gentle but high-amplitude post-peak fluctuations, which are markedly suppressed by the increase in \begin{document}$ {\sigma }_{2} $\end{document}. Post-peak elastic energy release has a greater effect on the brittleness index than pre-peak elastic energy storage. Coal failure is mainly controlled by a single dominant crack and is weakly affected by \begin{document}$ {\sigma }_{2} $\end{document}, whereas sandstone exhibits a more complex fracture network at low \begin{document}$ {\sigma }_{2} $\end{document} and a simpler pattern at medium and high stress levels. In composite coal-rock, secondary cracks in the sandstone layer propagate along the \begin{document}$ {\sigma }_{1} $\end{document} direction, while those in the coal seam propagate along the \begin{document}$ {\sigma }_{3} $\end{document} direction. These results provide theoretical support for surrounding rock control and dynamic disaster prevention in deep resource extraction.

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深部煤炭开采面临复杂地质环境及工程扰动, “三高一扰动”环境致使围岩非线性大变形、灾变失稳频发, 严重制约深部资源安全高效开发。为探明深部真三轴应力下煤岩体力学响应行为与能量演化特征, 采用多功能真三轴流固耦合试验系统进行了不同中间主应力下原煤、砂岩、复合煤岩的真三轴力学试验。结果表明: 复合煤岩塑性变形能力更强, 峰后应力降更小; 煤样耗散能在峰后显著增大, 而砂岩在塑性阶段开始加速增长, 复合煤岩能量演化在低应力时接近砂岩, 在高应力时接近煤; 煤样能量释放率Ge和能量耗散率Gd波动峰值在强度峰值附近, 提高中间主应力σ2使振幅下降, 砂岩波动峰值在屈服阶段, 但σ2对其影响较弱, 复合煤岩峰后波动幅度平缓但幅值高, σ2增大显著抑制其峰后振幅; 峰后弹性能释放对脆性指数的影响比峰前弹性储能更大; 煤样主要由单一主裂纹贯穿, 受σ2变化影响小, 砂岩在低σ2时裂隙复杂, 在中高应力时裂隙更加简单, 复合煤岩砂岩层的次生裂纹沿最大主应力σ1方向扩展, 而煤层的次生裂纹沿最小主应力σ3方向扩展。研究结果可为深部资源开采围岩控制、动力灾害防控等提供重要理论、技术支撑。

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熊紫阳(2001—), 男, 湖北鄂州人, 博士研究生, 主要从事深部矿山岩体力学与灾害机理研究。E-mail:
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鲁俊(1992—), 男, 湖北十堰人, 助理教授, 博士生导师, 主要从事深部矿山岩体力学与灾害机理研究。E-mail:

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鲁俊(1992—), 男, 湖北十堰人, 助理教授, 博士生导师, 主要从事深部矿山岩体力学与灾害机理研究。E-mail:

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鲁俊(1992—), 男, 湖北十堰人, 助理教授, 博士生导师, 主要从事深部矿山岩体力学与灾害机理研究。E-mail:

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Loading Scheme Settings MPa

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数砂岩复合煤岩
预设$ {\sigma }_{3} $20
预设$ {\sigma }_{2} $20、40、50、60、70
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加载方案设置

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参数砂岩复合煤岩
预设$ {\sigma }_{3} $20
预设$ {\sigma }_{2} $20、40、50、60、70
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真三轴应力下复合煤岩力学行为与能量演化特性研究
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鲁俊 1, 2 , 熊紫阳 1, 2 , 谢和平 1, 2 , 张东明 3 , 李文璞 4
采矿与岩层控制工程学报 | 基础研究 2026,8(2): 023043-1-023043-19
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采矿与岩层控制工程学报 | 基础研究 2026, 8(2): 023043-1-023043-19
真三轴应力下复合煤岩力学行为与能量演化特性研究
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鲁俊1, 2 , 熊紫阳1, 2 , 谢和平1, 2, 张东明3, 李文璞4
作者信息
  • 1深圳大学 深地工程智能建造与健康运维全国重点实验室, 广东 深圳 518060
  • 2深圳大学 土木与交通工程学院, 广东 深圳 518060
  • 3重庆大学 煤矿灾害动力学与控制国家重点实验室, 重庆 400030
  • 4太原理工大学 安全与应急管理工程学院, 山西 太原 030024
  • 鲁俊(1992—), 男, 湖北十堰人, 助理教授, 博士生导师, 主要从事深部矿山岩体力学与灾害机理研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

熊紫阳(2001—), 男, 湖北鄂州人, 博士研究生, 主要从事深部矿山岩体力学与灾害机理研究。E-mail:
Research on the mechanical behavior and energy evolution characteristics of composite coal-rock under true triaxial stress conditions
Jun LU1, 2 , Ziyang XIONG1, 2 , Heping XIE1, 2, Dongming ZHANG3, Wenpu LI4
Affiliations
  • 1State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Construction and Healthy Operation and Maintenance of Deep Underground Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
  • 2College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
  • 3State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
  • 4School of Safety and Emergency Management Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
出版时间: 2026-04-25 doi: 10.13532/j.jmsce.cn10-1638/td.2025-1273
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深部煤炭开采面临复杂地质环境及工程扰动, “三高一扰动”环境致使围岩非线性大变形、灾变失稳频发, 严重制约深部资源安全高效开发。为探明深部真三轴应力下煤岩体力学响应行为与能量演化特征, 采用多功能真三轴流固耦合试验系统进行了不同中间主应力下原煤、砂岩、复合煤岩的真三轴力学试验。结果表明: 复合煤岩塑性变形能力更强, 峰后应力降更小; 煤样耗散能在峰后显著增大, 而砂岩在塑性阶段开始加速增长, 复合煤岩能量演化在低应力时接近砂岩, 在高应力时接近煤; 煤样能量释放率Ge和能量耗散率Gd波动峰值在强度峰值附近, 提高中间主应力σ2使振幅下降, 砂岩波动峰值在屈服阶段, 但σ2对其影响较弱, 复合煤岩峰后波动幅度平缓但幅值高, σ2增大显著抑制其峰后振幅; 峰后弹性能释放对脆性指数的影响比峰前弹性储能更大; 煤样主要由单一主裂纹贯穿, 受σ2变化影响小, 砂岩在低σ2时裂隙复杂, 在中高应力时裂隙更加简单, 复合煤岩砂岩层的次生裂纹沿最大主应力σ1方向扩展, 而煤层的次生裂纹沿最小主应力σ3方向扩展。研究结果可为深部资源开采围岩控制、动力灾害防控等提供重要理论、技术支撑。

真三轴应力  /  复合煤岩  /  力学行为  /  能量演化  /  破坏特征

Deep coal mining is confronted with complex geological conditions and strong engineering disturbances. The environment characterized by high geostress, high gas pressure, high geothermal temperature, and intense mining disturbance frequently induces nonlinear large deformation and catastrophic instability of surrounding rock, which seriously restricts the safe and efficient exploitation of deep geological resources. To investigate the mechanical response and energy evolution characteristics of coal and rock under deep true triaxial stress conditions, true triaxial tests were conducted on raw coal, sandstone, and composite coal-rock specimens under different intermediate principal stresses with the aid of a multifunctional true triaxial fluid-solid coupling testing system. The results show that composite coal-rock exhibits stronger plastic deformation capacity and a smaller post-peak stress drop. The dissipated energy of coal increases significantly after the peak, whereas that of sandstone accelerates during the plastic stage. The energy evolution of composite coal-rock approaches sandstone at low stress and resembles coal at high stress. For coal, the fluctuation peaks of the energy release rate (\begin{document}$ {G}_{{\mathrm{e}}} $\end{document}) and energy dissipation rate (\begin{document}$ {G}_{{\mathrm{d}}} $\end{document}) occur near the strength peak, and an increase in \begin{document}$ {\sigma }_{2} $\end{document} reduces their amplitudes. For sandstone, the fluctuation peaks appear in the yield stage, but the influence of \begin{document}$ {\sigma }_{2} $\end{document} is relatively weak. Composite coal-rock exhibits gentle but high-amplitude post-peak fluctuations, which are markedly suppressed by the increase in \begin{document}$ {\sigma }_{2} $\end{document}. Post-peak elastic energy release has a greater effect on the brittleness index than pre-peak elastic energy storage. Coal failure is mainly controlled by a single dominant crack and is weakly affected by \begin{document}$ {\sigma }_{2} $\end{document}, whereas sandstone exhibits a more complex fracture network at low \begin{document}$ {\sigma }_{2} $\end{document} and a simpler pattern at medium and high stress levels. In composite coal-rock, secondary cracks in the sandstone layer propagate along the \begin{document}$ {\sigma }_{1} $\end{document} direction, while those in the coal seam propagate along the \begin{document}$ {\sigma }_{3} $\end{document} direction. These results provide theoretical support for surrounding rock control and dynamic disaster prevention in deep resource extraction.

true triaxial loading  /  composite coal-rock  /  mechanical behavior  /  energy evolution  /  failure characteristics
鲁俊, 熊紫阳, 谢和平, 张东明, 李文璞. 真三轴应力下复合煤岩力学行为与能量演化特性研究. 采矿与岩层控制工程学报, 2026 , 8 (2) : 023043-1 -023043-19 . DOI: 10.13532/j.jmsce.cn10-1638/td.2025-1273
Jun LU, Ziyang XIONG, Heping XIE, Dongming ZHANG, Wenpu LI. Research on the mechanical behavior and energy evolution characteristics of composite coal-rock under true triaxial stress conditions[J]. Journal of Mining and Strata Control Engineering, 2026 , 8 (2) : 023043-1 -023043-19 . DOI: 10.13532/j.jmsce.cn10-1638/td.2025-1273
随着浅层煤炭资源逐渐枯竭, 煤炭资源开采向深部复杂地质区域延伸成为必然的发展方向[12]。然而, 深部煤炭开采面临“三高一扰动”的复杂地质环境, 冲击致灾的危险性也大大增加, 对煤炭安全生产造成严重威胁[36]。在深部煤岩复合系统中, 由于二者物理力学性质的较大差异, 其应力传递与能量释放路径未能同步进行, 这种不均匀的变形和能量释放过程更容易导致冲击地压的发生[79]
深部岩体往往处在三向不等应力状态下, 对于复合煤岩系统, 其力学响应行为更为复杂, 国内外学者对真三轴条件下煤岩体的应力和变形行为展开了深入研究[1013]。LIU等[14]研究了不同瓦斯压力下煤岩体在真三轴加卸载条件下宏观破坏特征、声发射时序特征及声发射非线性特征; 李晓亮[15]系统研究了真三轴应力路径下复合煤岩体的宏−细观异性力学特征; 沈荣喜等[16]开展了真三轴条件下煤样的动态破坏力学试验, 对动态峰值强度、应变与三向预应力、应变率的关系展开研究; ZHANG等[17]分析了层间力学性能对层状复合岩石试样真三轴断裂行为的影响; WANG等[18]进行了不同最大主应力加载速率下的真三轴力学试验, 研究了含瓦斯煤岩复合体的力学特性、强度特性和渗透特性, 并建立了煤岩试样在不同真三轴加载速率下的损伤本构模型; 荣浩宇等[19]分析了深部岩石在不同真三轴应力路径下的力学参数演化规律和变形破坏特征。但这些学者的研究对象较为单一, 对于岩石、煤层、煤岩复合体之间力学响应差异的探讨较为局限。
冲击地压的瞬时突发性和破坏性是能量积聚并快速释放的体现, 因此从能量演化角度分析复合煤岩的破坏过程对于理解冲击地压的致灾机理尤为重要[2021]。柏耀宗等[22]分析了层理倾角影响下煤岩损伤变量和能量响应的变化规律; 龚航里等[23]研究了三向应力约束和高应变率条件对非均质花岗岩动态裂纹扩展和能量演化的影响规律; ZHANG等[24]探讨了循环载荷作用下复合煤岩能量密度的阶段演化特征; CAI等[25]基于单轴加载和声发射试验研究了不同煤岩比的煤岩组合的能量演化规律; 王凯等[26]探讨了中间主应力的存在对煤岩体能量演化特征的影响; 张晨阳等[27]开展了不同层厚比复合煤岩的真三轴加卸载试验, 并对不同阶段不同方向的能量演化特征展开分析; 蔚默然等[28]采用超临界$ {\text{CO}}_{2} $浸泡系统对不同高度比的煤岩组合体开展三轴压缩试验, 分析了超临界$ {\text{CO}}_{2} $浸泡和高度比对煤岩组合体能量演化的影响规律。这些学者从多角度研究了不同条件下煤岩组合体的能量演化规律, 但对于能量分阶段演化特征和能量释放率变化规律研究较少。
对真三轴应力条件下复合煤岩力学行为的研究, 可以深入揭示深部复杂应力环境下煤岩的变形与破坏规律, 为冲击地压的预测和防治提供关键力学依据。而能量演化方面的分析可以清晰展现煤岩复合体在加载过程中能量的积累、转化与释放过程, 帮助研究人员更好地理解冲击地压的致灾机理。为此, 本文基于多功能真三轴流固耦合试验系统, 对煤、砂岩、复合煤岩试样开展不同中间主应力条件下的真三轴加载试验, 对试样的强度和变形特征、能量演化规律、脆性指数变化、裂隙破坏模式展开分析, 研究结果可为识别深部复合煤岩体失稳破坏前兆特征和冲击地压灾害防治提供一定参考。
试验用到的岩石试样为砂岩, 如图1所示, 将试样切割、打磨, 按照国际岩石力学学会标准(ISRM), 加工成100 mm×100 mm×100 mm的标准立方体试样, 保证端面平整度控制在0.02 mm以内, 相邻面垂直度的最大偏差小于0.25°。对于复合煤岩试样, 按照砂岩∶煤∶砂岩层厚比为1∶2∶1的比例进行组合, 交界面用云石胶进行粘接, 粘接面在粘接前进行磨平处理, 确保粘接面的紧密接触。
试验所使用的设备为重庆大学自主研发的多功能真三轴流固耦合试验系统(TTG)。如图2所示, 设备由真三轴压力室、加载控制系统、数据采集分析系统以及声发射监测系统组成。通过伺服增压系统, 可以实现3个方向的独立加载, 在XY方向上提供最大6 000 kN载荷, 在Z方向上提供最大4 000 kN载荷。在每个方向上, 可通过2个位移传感器(LVDT)实时监测3个方向上的变形。
图3所示, 试验的应力加载路径可大致分为2个阶段。在第1阶段, 以0.2 MPa/s的恒定速率同时加载最大主应力$ {\sigma }_{1} $、中间主应力$ {\sigma }_{2} $和最小主应力$ {\sigma }_{3} $至设定的$ {\sigma }_{3} $; 随后, 保持$ {\sigma }_{3} $不变, 继续以0.2 MPa/s的恒定速率加载$ {\sigma }_{1} $$ {\sigma }_{2} $至设定的$ {\sigma }_{2} $。在第2阶段, 改用位移加载控制, 保持$ {\sigma }_{2} $$ {\sigma }_{3} $不变, 以0.002 mm/s的速率加载$ {\sigma }_{1} $直至试样发生破坏。
具体加载方案见表1, 按砂岩、煤、复合煤岩共分为3组, 每组共设置5种不同的中间主应力, 每组预设最小主应力$ {\sigma }_{3} $设置为20 MPa, 预设中间主应力$ {\sigma }_{2} $分别设置为20、40、50、60和70 MPa。
图4$ {\sigma }_{2} $ = 20、40、60 MPa为例, 对砂岩、煤、复合煤岩的应力−应变曲线进行分析。结果表明, 不同中间主应力影响下, 三者的力学响应存在显著差异。
在强度峰值方面, 可以明显看出复合煤岩强度峰值介于砂岩和煤之间, 且更接近于煤的强度。随着中间主应力的增大, 三者的强度峰值都在逐渐提高。对于煤样, 中间主应力由20 MPa升高至40 MPa时, 其强度提升更为显著, 而砂岩则相反。复合煤岩强度的提升介于砂岩和煤之间, 复合煤岩兼具煤和砂岩的特性, 中间主应力增大带来的强度提升介于二者之间, 但由于外部载荷作用于复合煤岩时, 煤层变形更为显著, 承受能量更多, 其整体力学响应更接近煤。
在峰后, 复合煤岩表现出2个显著特性: 复合煤岩表现出更强的塑性变形能力, 复合煤岩应力降远小于砂岩和煤。在复合煤岩中, 煤层承担了主要的塑性变形, 砂岩提供了骨架支撑并约束煤的过度变形, 阻碍了宏观裂纹的瞬时贯穿扩展, 二者协同作用使其能够在较大的变形范围内保持相对稳定的承载能力。
在峰后扩容特性方面, 煤在中间主应力的影响下表现为体应变的压缩(20 MPa时略有扩张趋势), 且随中间主应力的增大这种压缩效应愈发明显; 与此相反, 砂岩受此影响表现为体积应变的膨胀, 但中间主应力的增大会减弱这种膨胀效果; 复合煤岩的膨胀特性与中间主应力大小有很大关系, 在高、低应力(20、60 MPa)时表现为膨胀, 在中应力(40 MPa)时表现为压缩。
试样在峰值后开始产生宏观裂纹, 当中间主应力较小时, 约束力小于裂缝张开的支撑力, 表现为体积应变的膨胀, 当中间主应力较大时, 约束力大于支撑力, 试样体积应变表现为压缩。由于煤质较软, 支撑力较小, 在低中间主应力时表现为体积应变的压缩; 而砂岩颗粒排列更为紧密, 裂隙形成更加稳定, 支撑力较大, 在低中间主应力时表现为体积应变的膨胀。随着中间主应力的增大, 约束力增强, 煤和砂岩的体积应变变化都向压缩转变。
对于复合煤岩, 其在低、中应力(20、40 MPa)时体积应变的变化与煤和砂岩表现类似, 而在高应力(60 MPa)时表现为膨胀。对比中、高应力(40、60 MPa)最大主应变$ {\varepsilon }_{1} $、中间主应变$ {\varepsilon }_{2} $、最小主应变$ {\varepsilon }_{3} $的变化(图5), $ {\varepsilon }_{1} $$ {\varepsilon }_{2} $变化不大, 由公式$ {\varepsilon }_{{\mathrm{v}}}={\varepsilon }_{1}+{\varepsilon }_{2}+{\varepsilon }_{3} $可知, 主要是$ {\varepsilon }_{3} $的差异造成了$ {\varepsilon }_{{\mathrm{v}}} $的变化。高$ {\sigma }_{2} $对应高偏应力, 此时煤层内部颗粒会发生显著的剪切滑移和重排, 这种剪切变形机制倾向于产生剪胀效应, 而砂岩层的存在阻止了$ {\sigma }_{1} $方向宏观裂缝的贯通, 高$ {\sigma }_{2} $又抑制了$ {\varepsilon }_{2} $方向的膨胀, 煤层只能向最小主应力方向发生挤压变形, 其变形幅值超过了$ {\varepsilon }_{1} $$ {\varepsilon }_{2} $方向可能的微小压缩或受限膨胀, 最终导致体积应变表现为膨胀。
大量研究表明, 中间主应力对岩石强度有显著影响[2932]。为了更准确表征岩石强度特征, 一些学者提出了各种岩石真三轴强度准则[3335]。作者前期通过应力张量和应力偏差的不变性关系得到了表征岩石的三维强度的数学关系[36]:
$\left\{\begin{aligned}&S_1=\sigma_{i i}=\sigma_1+\sigma_2+\sigma_3 & (i=1,2,3) \\ &S_2=\dfrac{1}{2} \sigma_{i j} \sigma_{j i}=\dfrac{1}{2}\left(\sigma_1^2+\sigma_2^2+\sigma_3^2\right) & (j=1,2,3) \\&S_3=\dfrac{1}{2} \sigma_{i j} \sigma_{j k} \sigma_{k i}=\dfrac{1}{3}\left(\sigma_1^3+\sigma_2^3+\sigma_3^3\right) & (k=1,2,3)\end{aligned}\right. $
考虑模型维度的一致性, 有以下关系:
$ {S}_{1}S_{3}^{\tfrac{1}{3}}=k{S}_{2}+b $
式中, k为斜率; b为截距。
式(2)简化如下:
$ \ln ({S}_{1}S_{3}^{\tfrac{1}{3}})={k}^{\prime}\ln {S}_{2}+{b}^{\prime} $
式中, $ {k}^{\prime} $$ {b}^{\prime} $分别为简化公式斜率和截距。
图6展示了新强度模型下试件的真三轴强度拟合结果, 可以看出, 煤和砂岩的试验结果与新强度模型都展现出较高的匹配性, 证明了新强度模型的可靠性, 同时复合煤岩也具有相似规律。
复合煤岩强度介于岩石和煤之间, 基于上述强度准则, 建立复合煤岩强度公式如下:
$ {S}_{2}=g(\alpha )S_{2}^{{\mathrm{c}}}+(1-g(\alpha ))S_{2}^{{\mathrm{s}}} $
式中, $ {S}_{2} $$ S_{2}^{{\mathrm{c}}} $$ S_{2}^{{\mathrm{s}}} $分别为复合煤岩、煤、砂岩的强度参数; g(α)为比例参数, 其范围在0~1之间, 与复合煤岩的组构、应力状态有关。g(α)代表煤对复合煤岩力学性能的主导程度, g(α)值越大, 表明复合煤岩的整体力学响应越接近煤; g(α)值越小, 则越接近砂岩。
图7展示了不同中间主应力下g(α)的变化规律, 可以看出$ {\sigma }_{2} $g(α)成负相关关系, 这表明高中间主应力下, 煤的主导效应降低, 砂岩的主导效应增强, 这说明g(α)与应力状态密切相关。高$ {\sigma }_{2} $显著改善了相对软弱的煤组分的力学性能, 缩小了煤与砂岩两种组分间的强度差异, 削弱了其对复合煤岩强度的弱化作用。
将式(1)代入式(4), 化简得到:
$ {\sigma }_{1}=\sqrt{g(\alpha ){({\sigma _{1}^{{\mathrm{c}}}})}^{2}+(1-g(\alpha )){({\sigma _{1}^{{\mathrm{s}}}})}^{2}} $
式中, $ {\sigma }_{1} $$ \sigma _{1}^{{\mathrm{c}}} $$ \sigma _{1}^{{\mathrm{s}}} $分别为复合煤岩、煤、砂岩的强度, MPa。
基于式(5)构建的复合煤岩理论强度预测模型进行预测, 结果如图8所示。图中预测值与实测数据的吻合度良好, 充分验证了该新型复合煤岩强度公式的可靠性, 表明理论模型能够有效反映复合煤岩的力学行为特征, 研究结果可为复合煤岩力学特性的深入研究提供参考。
除了应力条件外, 层厚比也是影响复合煤岩力学特性的重要因素, 基于相关研究, 图9对比分析了常规三轴条件下层厚比对g(α)的影响[28, 3738]。可以看出, 随着层厚比(岩石∶煤)的增大, g(α)值逐渐降低, 复合煤岩整体力学响应趋近砂岩。而围压$ {\sigma }_{3} $g(α)也呈现显著的负相关关系, 且层厚比越大, 围压$ {\sigma }_{3} $增大对g(α)的抑制越为明显。综上, g(α)值依赖于$ {\sigma }_{2} $$ {\sigma }_{3} $, 本文主要讨论$ {\sigma }_{2} $的影响, 在后续研究中将深入探讨多因素影响。
从能量的角度来看, 岩石加载变形破坏的过程是能量累积和释放的过程, 而冲击地压的发生正是累积应变能的突然释放, 因此, 研究岩石加载过程中的能量演化行为, 对于分析冲击地压的发生具有重要意义[34, 39]
在加载过程中, 外部载荷对试样做功, 一部分能量转化为可恢复的弹性能储存在试样内部, 另一部分则通过摩擦、塑性变形等方式转化为耗散能。若忽略加载过程中与外部进行的热交换, 根据热力学第一定律, 则输入的总能量为
$ U={U}_{{\mathrm{e}}}+{U}_{{\mathrm{d}}} $
式中, $ U $为输入的总能量, MJ/m3; $ {U}_{{\mathrm{e}}} $为弹性能, MJ/m3; $ {U}_{{\mathrm{d}}} $为耗散能, MJ/m3
在真三轴压缩试验中, 输入的总能量可表示为[40]
$ U=\int\nolimits_{0}^{{\varepsilon }_{1}}{\sigma }_{1}\text{d}{\varepsilon }_{1}+\int\nolimits_{0}^{{\varepsilon }_{2}}{\sigma }_{2}\text{d}{\varepsilon }_{2}+\int\nolimits_{0}^{{\varepsilon }_{3}}{\sigma }_{3}\text{d}{\varepsilon }_{3} $
弹性能可表示为
$ {U}_{{\mathrm{e}}}=\frac{1}{2E}[\sigma _{1}^{2}+\sigma _{2}^{2}+\sigma _{3}^{2}-2\mu ({\sigma }_{1}{\sigma }_{2}+{\sigma }_{1}{\sigma }_{3}+{\sigma }_{2}{\sigma }_{3})]$
式中, E为试件的弹性模量, MPa; $ \mu $为试件的泊松比。
耗散能可以表示为
$ {U}_{{\mathrm{d}}}=U-{U}_{{\mathrm{e}}} $
图10分析了煤样在不同中间主应力下的能量变化规律, 可以看出, 总能量持续增长且增长速率趋于稳定, 弹性能在峰前持续累积而在峰后下降至一定水平并保持稳定, 耗散能在加载过程中一直保持增长趋势, 并在峰后显著增加。另外, 除低应力条件外($ {\sigma }_{2} $=20 MPa), 耗散的增长速率往往高于同时期的弹性能。
图11分析了砂岩在不同中间主应力下的能量变化规律, 与煤样能量演化规律不同的是, 在中间主应力的作用下, 砂岩峰前的耗散能增长速率趋于稳定, 而砂岩能够明显看出, 当应力加载阶段由弹性变形向塑性变形转变时, 耗散能增长速率越来越快。
在峰值前, 砂岩的耗散能一直小于弹性能, 但随着中间主应力的增大, 两者之间的差距越来越小。中间主应力的增大使砂岩内部的应力集中现象加剧, 促使更多的微裂纹产生和扩展, 颗粒间相对滑移等塑性变形机制发生, 这些不可逆过程消耗的能量增多, 耗散能逐渐增大。而弹性能的增长则受到一定程度的抑制, 因此两者之间的差距逐渐减小。
图12分析了复合煤岩在不同中间主应力下的能量变化规律, 可以看出复合煤岩的能量演化规律兼具煤和砂岩的特性。当中间主应力较低时, 其能量演化规律更趋近于砂岩, 而当中间主应力较高时, 其能量演化规律更趋近于煤。
煤相对砂岩来说更加脆性, 在高应力环境下更容易产生局部的非均匀变形和破坏, 内部微裂纹快速扩展、颗粒间相互滑移等现象加剧, 使得在中间主应力较大时, 能量转化更倾向于耗散能, 类似于煤的能量变化规律; 而当中间主应力较小时, 砂岩相对坚硬和抗变形能力强的特性使复合煤岩整体表现出接近砂岩的能量变化规律。
正是由于复合煤岩的这种特性, 深部巷道围岩稳定控制可以依据中间主应力状态实施差异化控制: 低$ {\sigma }_{2} $区域岩体塑性较强, 应以增强能量耗散能力为核心, 可通过柔性支护结构引导变形释放; 高$ {\sigma }_{2} $区域煤体脆性显著, 需优先释放应力并采用刚性支护抑制劈裂破坏。
图13展示了不同中间主应力下各试样峰值点总能量的对比结果。各试样峰值点总能量与σ2均呈现显著线性关系: 煤与复合煤岩总能量随σ2增大成负相关关系, 而砂岩总能量则随σ2增大成正相关关系。
这是由于高σ2显著改变了煤样的应力分布状态, 煤样由三轴压缩主导的弹性储能模式转向剪切破坏主导的能量耗散模式, 使试样提前发生破坏, 总能量也较低。而复合煤岩往往是较为软弱的煤层先发生破坏, 因此表现出与煤样类似的性质。而砂岩致密性高, 颗粒咬合作用强, σ2增大导致损伤发展被推迟至更高应力水平, 使得峰值点的弹性储能阶段更长, 总能量更高。
岩石变形破坏过程可看作热力学系统演化过程。对于弹塑性损伤材料, 其损伤本构方程[41]可表示为
$ \sigma =\rho \frac{\partial \phi }{\partial \varepsilon }=\rho \frac{\partial ({\phi }_{\text{e}}+{\phi }_{\text{d}})}{\partial \varepsilon }=\frac{\partial {U}_{\text{e}}}{\partial \varepsilon }+\frac{\partial {U}_{\text{d}}}{\partial \varepsilon } $
式中, $ {\phi }_{\mathrm{e}} $$ {\phi }_{\mathrm{d}} $分别为岩石单位质量的弹性应变能和塑性应变能; ρ为比例参数。
由式(10), 可定义能量释放率($ {G}_{\mathrm{e}} $)和能量耗散率($ {G}_{\mathrm{d}} $)为
$ {G}_{\text{e}}=\frac{\partial {U}_{\text{e}}}{\partial \varepsilon } $
$ {G}_{\text{d}}=\frac{\partial {U}_{\text{d}}}{\partial \varepsilon } $
在岩石变形破坏过程中, $ {G}_{\mathrm{e}} $可表征为每单位弹性应变$ \partial \varepsilon $岩石所吸收的弹性应变能, MJ/m3; $ {G}_{\mathrm{d}} $可表征为每单位不可恢复应变$ \partial \varepsilon $产生的能量耗散, MJ/m3。研究二者的演化过程, 能够从瞬时能量积聚和耗散的角度揭示岩石的变形损伤机制。
典型$ {G}_{\mathrm{e}} $$ {G}_{\mathrm{d}} $曲线如图14(a)所示, $ {G}_{\mathrm{e}} $$ {G}_{\mathrm{d}} $整体上表现出纺锤型分布特征, 即波动幅值在初始加载阶段较小, 在峰值强度附近达到最大, 随后逐渐回落。二者的波动幅值与应力加载阶段存在一定的对应关系, 越靠近峰值点波动幅值越大。
(1)在阶段1, $ {G}_{\mathrm{d}} $/$ {G}_{\mathrm{e}} $基本在1以上波动, 说明此时能量耗散率$ {G}_{\mathrm{d}} $主导能量演化, 对应于裂隙压密闭合过程, 该过程以能量耗散为主, 储存的弹性能较少, $ {G}_{\mathrm{e}} $也维持在较低水平。
(2)在阶段2, $ {G}_{\mathrm{e}} $$ {G}_{\mathrm{d}} $波动幅值持续增大, $ {G}_{\mathrm{d}} $/$ {G}_{\mathrm{e}} $以1为分界线上下振荡且大致对称分布。这表明能量的耗散和释放活动逐渐加剧, 但二者始终维持在动态平衡状态, $ {G}_{\mathrm{d}} $/$ {G}_{\mathrm{e}} $的显著波动说明了二者之间的相互竞争关系。
(3)在阶段3, 试件出现了明显的应力降, $ {G}_{\mathrm{e}} $$ {G}_{\mathrm{d}} $的波动也由峰值逐渐回落, 这一过程中$ {G}_{\mathrm{d}} $明显大于$ {G}_{\mathrm{e}} $, $ {G}_{\mathrm{d}} $/$ {G}_{\mathrm{e}} $始终稳定维持在1以上。应力降的出现标志着试件宏观裂纹的扩展和贯通, 能量的耗散和释放活动随试件承载能力的降低而逐渐减少, $ {G}_{\mathrm{d}} $/$ {G}_{\mathrm{e}} $的变化说明了能量变化由动态平衡向耗散主导的转变。
(4)在阶段4, 试件仍然保留了一定的残余强度, $ {G}_{\mathrm{e}} $$ {G}_{\mathrm{d}} $的波动幅值趋于稳定, $ {G}_{\mathrm{d}} $/$ {G}_{\mathrm{e}} $相较于上一阶段, 波动幅值增大, 但均值仍大于1。这种转变表明宏观裂纹扩展活动趋于稳定, 扩展速率放缓, 能量释放/耗散率也因此降低, 而能量演化也由上一阶段的耗能主导向动态平衡过渡, 但仍以耗能为主。
图14(a)~(c)展示了不同中间主应力条件下煤样$ {G}_{\mathrm{e}} $$ {G}_{\mathrm{d}} $的变化特征, 结果表明, $ {G}_{\mathrm{e}} $$ {G}_{\mathrm{d}} $随加载过程呈现波动变化, 在强度峰值点附近达到最大值, 在应力降和残余应力阶段波动幅值缓慢减小。当中间主应力从20 MPa升高至40 MPa时, $ {G}_{\mathrm{e}} $$ {G}_{\mathrm{d}} $的峰值和整体变化幅度未出现显著差异。当$ {\sigma }_{2} $进一步升高至60 MPa时, $ {G}_{\mathrm{e}} $$ {G}_{\mathrm{d}} $波动幅值显著降低, 从800 MJ/m3左右大幅下降至约200 MJ/m3$ {G}_{\mathrm{e}} $$ {G}_{\mathrm{d}} $的散点分布和$ {G}_{\mathrm{d}} $/$ {G}_{\mathrm{e}} $波动趋势表明, 在整个加载过程中, 能量耗散率$ {G}_{\mathrm{d}} $普遍高于能量释放率$ {G}_{\mathrm{e}} $(即$ {G}_{\mathrm{d}} $/$ {G}_{\mathrm{e}} $ > 1)。
图15对不同中间主应力下砂岩的$ {G}_{\mathrm{e}} $$ {G}_{\mathrm{d}} $变化特征展开分析, 与煤样不同的是, $ {G}_{\mathrm{e}} $$ {G}_{\mathrm{d}} $的波动峰值出现在屈服阶段。由于砂岩脆性较高, 达到强度峰值后往往是宏观裂纹的瞬间贯通, 因此应力降过程测得的$ {G}_{\mathrm{e}} $$ {G}_{\mathrm{d}} $数据点较少。中间主应力的改变对$ {G}_{\mathrm{e}} $$ {G}_{\mathrm{d}} $整体波动趋势影响较弱, 大部分$ {G}_{\mathrm{e}} $$ {G}_{\mathrm{d}} $的波动峰值在800 MJ/m3左右。
图16为不同中间主应力下复合煤岩的$ {G}_{\mathrm{e}} $$ {G}_{\mathrm{d}} $变化特征, 可以看出, 复合煤岩在峰后有着更为平缓的应力降过程, 在这一过程中的$ {G}_{\mathrm{e}} $$ {G}_{\mathrm{d}} $波动幅值始终维持在较高水平。中间主应力的增大对$ {G}_{\mathrm{e}} $$ {G}_{\mathrm{d}} $的变化趋势有显著影响, 当$ \sigma $2逐步增大时, $ {G}_{\mathrm{e}} $$ {G}_{\mathrm{d}} $波动峰值由2 000 MJ/m3左右逐步降低至900 MJ/m3和400 MJ/m3左右。此外, $ \sigma $2对应力降阶段的$ {G}_{\mathrm{e}} $$ {G}_{\mathrm{d}} $有很强抑制作用, 随着$ \sigma $2的增大, 应力降阶段$ {G}_{\mathrm{e}} $$ {G}_{\mathrm{d}} $的平均振荡幅度显著降低。
脆性指数是描述岩体变形破坏行为的重要参数, 目前已有的脆性评价指标大致可分为四类: 矿物成分、岩石强度、应力−应变曲线、能量平衡分析[42]。岩石在受力过程中的变形与破坏本质上是一个能量驱动、转化与耗散的过程, 基于能量参数的脆性指数分析方法, 能够更直接地揭示岩石变形破坏过程中的内在能量机制。
图17展示了能量转换原理图, 在峰前阶段, 外部输入的能量一部分以弹性能$ {U}_{\mathrm{E}} $的形式储存于岩石内部, 另一部分则通过摩擦、塑性变形等方式转化为耗散能$ {U}_{\mathrm{P}} $。岩石越偏向脆性, 转化成弹性能的占比越大。
在峰后, 由于岩石破坏模式的不同可以分为Ⅰ类和Ⅱ类两类。Ⅰ类岩石在峰值后, 维持试件裂纹扩展除了释放的弹性能外, 还需要外部额外输入的能量才能进行, 而Ⅱ类岩石在峰后的失稳破坏过程则是自发性的, 仅依靠峰前积累的能量即可进行, 不需要外部能量。根据试验选择的试件材料特性, 本文仅针对Ⅰ类岩石进行讨论。
在峰值后, 在峰前积累的弹性能和外部输入能量的共同作用下, 岩石宏观裂纹不断发展和贯通, 试件的承载能力持续下降, 但这种下降不是没有限度的, 最终仍保留一定的残余强度$ {\sigma }_{\mathrm{r}} $, 对应保留下来的弹性能成为残余弹性能$ {U}_{\text{ER}} $
峰前的弹性储能水平与峰后岩石的破坏模式有很大关联, 一般而言, 峰前积累的弹性储能越多, 峰后能量释放的越剧烈, 也更容易发生脆性破坏。可以通过如下指标衡量峰前弹性储能对脆性指数的影响[39]:
$ {\text{BI}}_{1}=\frac{{U}_{\text{E}}}{{U}_{\text{E}}+{U}_{\text{P}}} $
式中, $ {\text{BI}}_{1} $为基于峰前弹性储能的脆性指数评价指标; $ {U}_{\mathrm{E}} $为峰前储存的弹性能; $ {U}_{\mathrm{P}} $为峰前的耗散能。
当岩石强度由峰值强度$ {\sigma }_{\mathrm{c}} $降低至残余强度$ {\sigma }_{\mathrm{r}} $时, 岩石储存的弹性能也从$ {U}_{\mathrm{E}} $降低至$ {U}_{\text{ER}} $, 期间耗散的弹性能则成为了岩石破坏的驱动力。耗散弹性能$ {U}_{\text{EC}} $越大, 说明释放弹性能越剧烈, 岩石脆性程度越高。因此, 可通过如下指标衡量弹性能释放率对脆性指数的影响[43]:
$ {\text{BI}}_{2}=\frac{{U}_{\text{EC}}}{{U}_{\text{E}}} $
式中, $ {\text{BI}}_{2} $为基于弹性能释放率的脆性指数评价指标; $ {U}_{\text{EC}} $为消耗的弹性能。
如前文所述, 驱动岩石破坏的能量来源主要有两类, 一个是释放的弹性能$ {U}_{\text{EC}} $, 另一个是外载荷提供的附加能$ {U}_{\mathrm{A}} $。而消耗弹性能在其中占比越高, 则说明岩石越倾向脆性破坏。因此, 可通过如下指标衡量破裂能中弹性能占比对脆性指数的影响[42]:
$ {\text{BI}}_{3}=\frac{{U}_{\text{EC}}}{{U}_{\text{EC}}+{U}_{\text{A}}} $
式中, $ {\text{BI}}_{3} $为基于破裂能中弹性能占比的脆性指数评价指标, $ {U}_{\mathrm{A}} $为峰后附加能。
由式(13)~(15), 综合脆性指数评价指标BI可通过下式计算:
$ \text{BI}={\text{BI}}_{1}\times {\text{BI}}_{2}\times {\text{BI}}_{3} $
不同中间主应力下各类试件的脆性指数变化曲线如图18所示, 各脆性指数分量和综合脆性指标与中间主应力大小成显著负相关关系, 表明中间主应力的增大对岩石的脆性起到抑制作用。不同试件种类脆性指数排序略有差异, 这体现了试件峰后阶段能量释放效率与破坏驱动机制的不同。
不同类型试件的脆性指数分量$ {\text{BI}}_{1} $由高到低排序为: 砂岩>复合煤岩>煤, 这表明复合煤岩的峰前弹性储能水平介于砂岩和煤之间。而其余两个脆性指数分量$ {\text{BI}}_{2} $$ {\text{BI}}_{3} $的顺序为: 砂岩>煤>复合煤岩, 且复合煤岩的脆性指数$ {\text{BI}}_{2} $$ {\text{BI}}_{3} $显著低于砂岩和煤, 这表明复合煤岩峰后弹性能释放显著低于砂岩和煤。从综合脆性指数$ \text{BI} $来看, 脆性强弱由高到低为: 砂岩>煤>复合煤岩, 结合前文对各个脆性指数分量的分析, 说明峰后弹性能释放对脆性指数的影响比峰前弹性储能更大。
仅观察试件表面破坏形态难以全面体现破坏模式, 为了更好观察内部裂纹扩展全貌, 本文对破坏后试件进行CT扫描, 并等间隔选取10个界面的二维CT剖面进行分析。通过CT扫描可以得到试件内部孔隙裂纹结构的灰度图, 将灰度图像导入Matlab软件, 经过二值化、降噪等步骤处理后, 得到裂缝提取后的二值化图像, 具体步骤如图19所示。
对所有CT图像进行二值化处理后, 统计每个试件10个CT切片的裂隙分布情况, 并根据裂纹长度和角度绘制成玫瑰图。图20展示了煤样的裂隙分布图, 可以看出, 煤样的裂隙主要由一道贯穿试件的主裂纹组成, 次生裂纹较少。裂纹主方向集中在65°~75°, 主方向上裂纹总长度均为400 mm左右, 中间主应力的改变对裂纹主方向和主方向总长度影响较小。
图21为统计的不同中间主应力下砂岩的裂隙分布图和玫瑰图, 可以看出, 砂岩的裂隙主要由两道不同方向的主裂纹组成, 在$ \sigma $2=20 MPa时, 次生裂纹演化较为复杂, 在$ \sigma $2=40 和60 MPa时, 几乎没有次生裂纹。在$ \sigma $2=20 MPa时, 两道主裂纹角度分别为55°和115°, 两道主裂纹的总长度分别为863.15和1 045.76 mm, 这表明裂隙网络的演化极为复杂, 次生裂隙的大量扩展使得统计的裂纹主方向总长度显著高于正常值。在$ \sigma $2=40 和60 MPa时, 两道主裂纹方向集中在65°~115°之间, 主方向裂隙总长度在500~600 mm左右, 显著低于$ \sigma $2=20 MPa时的总长度。中间主应力对裂隙扩展模式的影响主要集中在$ \sigma $2=20 MPa的情况下, 在40 和60 MPa时对主裂纹裂隙扩展几乎没有影响。
图22所示, 复合煤岩的裂隙网络复杂度显著高于煤和纯砂岩, 可以看出: 复合煤岩的裂隙主要由两道不同方向的主裂纹组成, 裂纹分布受中间主应力影响, 中间主应力的增大使裂纹扩展方向向平行交界面偏转。
$ \sigma $2=20 MPa时, 主裂纹和次生裂纹分布集中在75°和115°, 尤其是在115°方向上分叉出多道平行的75°次生裂纹。在$ \sigma $2=40 MPa时, 主裂纹和次生裂纹分布集中在45°、55°和115°等3个方向, 从裂隙分布图上来看, 45°和55°方向的裂纹为同一道主裂纹, 但在扩展路径上角度略有改变。在$ \sigma $2=60 MPa时, 裂纹扩展主方向集中在175°, 且主要集中在煤层, 而砂岩层的裂隙扩展方向在90°附近, 为垂直结构面方向。
分形维数常被用于定量分析岩石试件的破碎程度, 分形维数越大, 说明试件破坏的复杂性和不规则程度越高。为精确捕捉岩石断裂表面的不规则性与复杂性, 本研究采用盒维数计算其分形维数。其优势在于计算效率高且结果可靠, 尤其适合处理复杂的不规则断裂形态。
盒维数是一种基于盒计数法计算得到的分形维数[44]。该方法主要原理为: 建立边长为 δ 的正方形网格覆盖平面裂隙, 统计包含裂隙的网格数量 $ N(\delta ) $; 通过改变网格尺寸$ \delta $并记录对应的 $ N(\delta ) $, 获取尺度序列数据集。随后, 在双对数坐标系中对数据点 lg$ N(\delta ) $ 与 lg(1/δ) 进行线性回归分析, 拟合直线斜率的负数即为盒维数值。计算公式如下:
$ D=-\underset{\delta \rightarrow 0}{\lim }\frac{\mathrm{\lg }N(\delta )}{\mathrm{\lg }\delta } $
对CT二维切面进行分析, 计算所有切面的分形维数值并将其平均值作为试件的分形维数, 计算结果如图23所示。可以看出, 煤的分形维数变化平缓, 表明煤样对中间主应力的变化敏感性较低, 破坏模式较为稳定; 砂岩的分形维数随中间主应力的增大呈“W”形变化, 波动较为剧烈; 复合煤岩的整体分形维数水平远高于煤和砂岩, 且中间主应力的增大促进裂纹扩展更为复杂(分形维数增大)。
为了更好地观察裂隙的三维空间演化规律, 将CT扫描图像导入软件Avizo进行裂隙结构三维重构, 结果如图24所示。
中间主应力的增大, 对煤样主裂纹的扩展路径影响并不明显, 主裂纹带为一道倾斜贯穿整个试件的破坏面, 其余裂隙为煤样的原生层理裂隙。
砂岩在$ \sigma $2=20 MPa时的破坏面较其余2个更为复杂, $ \sigma $2=40 MPa时的破坏面为共轭破坏面, 次生裂纹较少, $ \sigma $2=60 MPa时的破坏面为“X”形破坏面, 同样无明显次生裂纹。
复合煤岩的主裂纹由2道不同方向的主裂纹组成, 但次生裂纹的扩展方向与所处岩层有关, 砂岩层的次生裂纹大多沿$ \sigma $1方向扩展(垂直交界面方向), 而煤层的次生裂纹大多沿$ \sigma $3方向扩展(平行交界面方向)。这是由于砂岩层脆性显著, 内部颗粒易沿$ \sigma $1方向发生脆性劈裂, 而煤层塑性更强, 在$ \sigma $3方向受拉或剪切时, 软弱结构面易产生滑移型裂纹。
基于多功能真三轴流固耦合试验系统, 开展了不同中间主应力下煤、砂岩、复合煤岩试样的真三轴加载试验, 对试样的强度和变形特征、能量演化规律、脆性指数变化、裂隙破坏模式展开分析, 研究主要结论如下:
(1) 复合煤岩的强度峰值介于煤与砂岩之间, 且更接近煤。相较于煤与砂岩, 复合煤岩塑性变形能力更强, 峰后应力降更小。中间主应力的增大使煤的体积应变压缩, 砂岩的体积应变膨胀。而复合煤岩在高、低应力(20、60 MPa) 时表现为膨胀, 在中应力(40 MPa) 时表现为压缩。采用新强度准则分析了试验结果, $ \sigma $2g(α)呈显著负线性关系, 且层厚比越大, 围压增大对g(α)的抑制越为明显。
(2) 煤样耗散能在峰前稳定增长, 在峰后显著增加; 砂岩耗散能在塑性变形阶段就开始加速增长; 复合煤岩能量演化在低应力时接近砂岩, 在高应力时接近煤。峰值点处煤与复合煤岩总能量随σ2增大成负相关关系, 而砂岩总能量则随σ2增大成正相关关系。煤样加载全过程的$ {G}_{{\mathrm{d}}} $普遍高于$ {G}_{{\mathrm{e}}} $, $ {G}_{{\mathrm{e}}} $$ {G}_{{\mathrm{d}}} $在强度峰值处波动最大, 在高应力时波动幅值大幅下降; 砂岩$ {G}_{{\mathrm{e}}} $$ {G}_{{\mathrm{d}}} $的波动峰值在屈服阶段, 且σ2的改变对其波动幅值影响不大; 复合煤岩峰后波动平缓但幅值高, σ2增大使降低了波动幅值, 并显著抑制峰后阶段振荡幅度。
(3) 各脆性指数分量及综合脆性指数均与中间主应力呈显著负相关关系。不同脆性指数排序的差异这体现了试件峰后阶段能量释放效率与破坏驱动机制的不同。综合各脆性指数分量的分析, 说明峰后弹性能释放对脆性指数的影响比峰前弹性储能更大。
(4) 不同岩石破坏模式显著不同。煤样主要由单一主裂纹贯穿, 受$ \sigma $2变化影响小; 砂岩在低σ2时裂隙复杂, 由2条主裂纹及大量次生裂纹组成, 在中高应力时, 次生裂纹显著减少, 破坏趋于简化; 复合煤岩的主裂纹由两道不同方向的主裂纹组成, 但次生裂纹的扩展方向与所处岩层有关, 砂岩层的次生裂纹大多沿$ \sigma $1方向扩展, 而煤层的次生裂纹大多沿$ \sigma $3方向扩展。
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doi: 10.13532/j.jmsce.cn10-1638/td.2025-1273
  • 接收时间:2025-07-16
  • 首发时间:2026-05-28
  • 出版时间:2026-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-16
  • 修回日期:2025-09-08
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    1深圳大学 深地工程智能建造与健康运维全国重点实验室, 广东 深圳 518060
    2深圳大学 土木与交通工程学院, 广东 深圳 518060
    3重庆大学 煤矿灾害动力学与控制国家重点实验室, 重庆 400030
    4太原理工大学 安全与应急管理工程学院, 山西 太原 030024

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熊紫阳(2001—), 男, 湖北鄂州人, 博士研究生, 主要从事深部矿山岩体力学与灾害机理研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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