Article(id=1266686810907370246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, issueId=1266686777441018407, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13532/j.jmsce.cn10-1638/td.2025-1176, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1748275200000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-27, revisedDate=1755100800000, revisedDateStr=2025-08-14, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1779931269623, onlineDateStr=2026-05-28, pubDate=1777046400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1779931269623, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1779931269623, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1779931269623, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1266686777441018407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, year='2026', volume='8', issue='2', pageStart='013014-1', pageEnd='023542-19', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1779931261643, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1779931348520, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1266687141976358949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, issueId=1266686777441018407, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1266687141976358950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, issueId=1266686777441018407, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=023031-1, endPage=023031-20, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1266686811129668360, articleId=1266686810907370246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, language=EN, title=Deformation mechanism and ''stress relief-support reinforcement'' synergistic control of gob-side roadway under thick and hard directly overlying roof, columnId=1266686778661560874, journalTitle=Journal of Mining and Strata Control Engineering, columnName=Engineering Case, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To investigate the instability and deformation characteristics of thick hard roofs overlying open roadways in deep mines, this study employs the sixth mining area of Dongtan Coal Mine(Yanzhou mining district)as an engineering case. A Timoshenko beam model on an elastic foundation was established to characterize roof deflection, incorporating structural and mechanical properties of thick hard strata. Analytical solutions for bending moment, shear force, and deflection were derived, revealing significant influences of roof layer position, thickness, and strength on roadway deformation-validated through numerical simulations. Key findings include: ① Roof flexural fracturing is critically controlled by thick hard roof properties. Maximum subsidence and fracture dimensions exhibit negative correlations with roof layer elevation: each 5 m elevation increase reduces subsidence by 16%-37%. Lower-layer roofs develop fractures deeper within coal walls, generating larger fractured blocks. The influence of roof thickness and strength evolves through two stages: During initial roadway development, thick hard roofs form stable, high-capacity cantilever structures where subsidence negatively correlates with thickness/strength. Subsequent intense mining triggers cantilever fracture, releasing dynamic loads that dominate roadway deformation. At this stage, thickness and strength positively influence fracture dimensions and energy release, intensifying roadway destabilization. ② Roadway deformation progresses through static load-dominated and dynamic load-expansion stages. Initially, the cantilever transfers static loads to deeper coal, expanding plastic zones. Post-fracture, the absence of immediate roof buffering allows dynamic stress waves to directly intensify surrounding rock damage. ③ Field tests demonstrate that hydraulic fracturing combined with deep-hole blasting reduces dynamic impact energy by 60%. Integrated with high-preload anchor cables and grouting, this limits roof subsidence to <300 mm. Optimizing advance rates to 3 m/day reduces high-energy seismic events by 65%. This research elucidates the mechanical mechanisms of impact-induced failure beneath thick hard roofs and proposes a targeted control strategy integrating directional roof cutting, multi-level support, and advance rate optimization. The outcomes provide theoretical and technical foundations for roadway stability control in deep mining environments under thick, hard, directly overlying strata.

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为研究深部矿井厚硬直覆型顶板沿空巷道变形失稳问题, 以兖州矿区东滩煤矿六采区为工程背景, 基于弹性地基Timoshenko梁理论, 建立了考虑顶板赋存特性的厚硬直覆型顶板挠曲变形力学模型, 计算得到厚硬顶板各区域弯矩、剪力及挠度解析解, 揭示了厚硬顶板赋存特性(顶板层位、厚度及强度)对沿空巷道变形破坏的差异化影响规律, 并通过数值模拟进行了验证, 阐明了厚硬直覆顶板型沿空巷道冲击失稳力学机理, 提出了针对厚硬直覆型顶板“定向切顶卸压–多级协同支护–推进速度调控”综合防控技术方案。主要结论为: ①巷道顶板挠曲破断特征受厚硬顶板赋存特性影响显著, 其最大下沉量及破断尺寸与厚硬顶板赋存层位成负相关, 层位每提高5 m, 最大下沉量非线性递减16%~37%, 且层位越低, 破断位置越深入煤壁, 破断形成块体结构尺寸越大。厚硬顶板赋存厚度与岩性强度对巷道顶板下沉量的影响可分为2个阶段, 在掘巷及巷道形成初期, 厚硬顶板易形成高承载性的稳定悬顶结构, 巷道顶板下沉量与厚硬顶板赋存厚度和岩性强度一定程度上成负相关, 后受剧烈采动影响, 悬顶结构发生破断运动, 释放的剧烈动载主导巷道变形, 此时岩层厚度与强度对其破断尺寸和能量释放产生正反馈效应, 此阶段厚硬岩层厚度越大、岩性强度越高, 对巷道围岩失稳变形影响越剧烈; ②厚硬直覆型顶板沿空巷道变形失稳过程可分为静载主导期和动载扩展期2个阶段, 在静载主导期, 厚硬顶板大跨度悬臂梁结构形成的超高静载向实体煤帮深处转移, 围岩塑性区由浅向深持续扩展, 伴随厚硬顶板破断运动, 巷道进入动载扩展期, 由于缺乏直接顶垫层缓冲作用, 厚硬基本顶传递载荷及破断产生的大能量冲击波难以耗散, 释放的剧烈动载扰动直接作用于巷道围岩, 进一步加剧变形破坏; ③现场工程试验结果表明, 水力压裂与深孔爆破协同弱化厚硬顶板, 可使动载冲击能量降低60%; 结合高预紧力锚索与注浆加固, 顶板下沉量降至300 mm; 优化推进速度至3 m/d后, 大能量矿震事件频次减少65%, 巷道稳定性控制效果显著。研究成果可为深部矿井厚硬直覆型顶板沿空巷道稳定性控制提供参考。

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吕凯(1993—), 男, 山西大同人, 讲师, 博士。E-mail:
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张广超(1987—), 男, 山东泰安人, 教授, 博士, 博士生导师

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张广超(1987—), 男, 山东泰安人, 教授, 博士, 博士生导师

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张广超(1987—), 男, 山东泰安人, 教授, 博士, 博士生导师

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Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2016, 35(S2): 3846−3857., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1266829068319212094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, articleId=1266686810907370246, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=23, rfOrder=44, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=吴志刚. 近水平综放开采沿空掘巷煤柱承载机理及应用研究[D]. 北京: 煤炭科学研究总院, 2020., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1266829068390515264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, articleId=1266686810907370246, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=23, rfOrder=45, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WU Zhigang. Research on bearing mechanism and application of coal pillars along empty roadway excavation in near-horizontal fully mechanized mining[D]. 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figureFileBig=faKq0PPycnrJ6idDdZ3vOA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266829058202550755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, articleId=1266686810907370246, language=CN, label=图8, caption=顶板不同赋存层位悬臂梁挠度曲线, figureFileSmall=+Kd/Vw7qSSpgsDpmIIOgHw==, figureFileBig=faKq0PPycnrJ6idDdZ3vOA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266829058273853924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, articleId=1266686810907370246, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Deflection curve of cantilever beam with different occurrence thickness of roof, figureFileSmall=lJ8gIkokN0Fl9Lb2+XEN3A==, figureFileBig=cwecZFcaSvS4l5vLNgarNw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266829058349351397, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, articleId=1266686810907370246, language=CN, label=图9, caption=顶板不同赋存厚度悬臂梁挠度曲线, figureFileSmall=lJ8gIkokN0Fl9Lb2+XEN3A==, figureFileBig=cwecZFcaSvS4l5vLNgarNw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266829058424848870, 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figureFileBig=/TMXb3kN6XO0pmrfP/3HAA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266829059548922358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, articleId=1266686810907370246, language=EN, label=Fig.18, caption=Horizontal displacement diagram of two sides of roadway with different occurrence thickness of hard roof, figureFileSmall=JtL4/vUTB4aXX05zK2IcDQ==, figureFileBig=3ybJ4Kzl7LSdyHmPrRUBGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266829059616031223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, articleId=1266686810907370246, language=CN, label=图18, caption=坚硬顶板不同赋存厚度巷道两帮水平位移, figureFileSmall=JtL4/vUTB4aXX05zK2IcDQ==, figureFileBig=3ybJ4Kzl7LSdyHmPrRUBGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266829059699917304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, articleId=1266686810907370246, language=EN, label=Fig.19, caption=Deformation characteristics of roadway roof with different lithology of thick and hard roof, 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articleId=1266686810907370246, language=CN, label=图25, caption=试验段巷道现场支护效果, figureFileSmall=+2GsPIpzCp292ALe9L2Usg==, figureFileBig=no8PTmSaTR9zCb1ZMsGsLA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266829060719133190, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, articleId=1266686810907370246, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Cantilever model calculation parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值参数数值
q0/MPa16.9q4/MPa5.46
q1/MPa27.04C/(GN·m−3)2.00
q2/MPa4.04EI/(MPa·m4)350 208
q3/MPa1.60
), ArticleFig(id=1266829060794630663, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, articleId=1266686810907370246, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

悬臂梁模型计算参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值参数数值
q0/MPa16.9q4/MPa5.46
q1/MPa27.04C/(GN·m−3)2.00
q2/MPa4.04EI/(MPa·m4)350 208
q3/MPa1.60
), ArticleFig(id=1266829062392660488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, articleId=1266686810907370246, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Mechanical parameters of coal and rock mass

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩性密度/ (kg·m−3)体积 模量/GPa剪切 模量/MPa抗拉 强度/MPa黏聚 力/MPa内摩 擦角/(°)
表土层1 7900.340.70.160.5520
砂岩2 7506.74.55.02.934
砂质泥岩2 5105.64.22.54.734
泥岩2 2504.83.82.24.330
中砂岩2 6505.84.93.53.535
细砂岩2 5005.64.52.52.236
煤层1 4122.31.21.32.625
), ArticleFig(id=1266829062526878217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, articleId=1266686810907370246, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

煤岩体力学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩性密度/ (kg·m−3)体积 模量/GPa剪切 模量/MPa抗拉 强度/MPa黏聚 力/MPa内摩 擦角/(°)
表土层1 7900.340.70.160.5520
砂岩2 7506.74.55.02.934
砂质泥岩2 5105.64.22.54.734
泥岩2 2504.83.82.24.330
中砂岩2 6505.84.93.53.535
细砂岩2 5005.64.52.52.236
煤层1 4122.31.21.32.625
), ArticleFig(id=1266829062602375690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, articleId=1266686810907370246, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Levels of the three factors

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素水平1水平2水平3水平4
层位h/m051015
厚度d/m10243040
岩性s泥岩粉砂岩细砂岩砂岩
), ArticleFig(id=1266829062803702283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, articleId=1266686810907370246, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

3种因素水平

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素水平1水平2水平3水平4
层位h/m051015
厚度d/m10243040
岩性s泥岩粉砂岩细砂岩砂岩
), ArticleFig(id=1266829062870811148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, articleId=1266686810907370246, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Orthogonal design scheme

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号层位h/m厚度d/m岩性s下沉量/mm编号层位h/m厚度d/m岩性s下沉量/mm
1010泥岩68591010细砂岩575
2024粉砂岩726101024砂岩605
3030细砂岩745111030泥岩595
4040砂岩780121040粉砂岩630
5510粉砂岩655131510砂岩545
6524细砂岩705141524泥岩415
7530砂岩720151530粉砂岩675
8540泥岩550161540细砂岩590
), ArticleFig(id=1266829062942114317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, articleId=1266686810907370246, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

正交设计方案

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号层位h/m厚度d/m岩性s下沉量/mm编号层位h/m厚度d/m岩性s下沉量/mm
1010泥岩68591010细砂岩575
2024粉砂岩726101024砂岩605
3030细砂岩745111030泥岩595
4040砂岩780121040粉砂岩630
5510粉砂岩655131510砂岩545
6524细砂岩705141524泥岩415
7530砂岩720151530粉砂岩675
8540泥岩550161540细砂岩590
), ArticleFig(id=1266829063030194702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, articleId=1266686810907370246, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Analysis of orthogonal test results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分析 方法参数层位h/m厚度d/m岩性s交互效应
05101510243040泥岩粉砂岩细砂岩砂岩层位–厚度层位–岩性厚度–岩性
极差 分析均值/mm734.0657.5601.3556.3614.8650.3690.8692.0571.8665.8677.5687.5
极差R/mm177.777.2115.7
方差 分析偏差平方和SS12.35×1042.41×1048.97×104
F38.67.528.110.28.711.3
PP0.000 170.018 300.003 900.0040.0070.003
), ArticleFig(id=1266829063101497871, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, articleId=1266686810907370246, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

正交试验结果分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分析 方法参数层位h/m厚度d/m岩性s交互效应
05101510243040泥岩粉砂岩细砂岩砂岩层位–厚度层位–岩性厚度–岩性
极差 分析均值/mm734.0657.5601.3556.3614.8650.3690.8692.0571.8665.8677.5687.5
极差R/mm177.777.2115.7
方差 分析偏差平方和SS12.35×1042.41×1048.97×104
F38.67.528.110.28.711.3
PP0.000 170.018 300.003 900.0040.0070.003
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厚硬直覆型顶板沿空巷道变形破坏机制与“卸–固”协同控制
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张广超 1 , 雷腾 1 , 吕凯 1 , 张照允 2, 3 , 董金帅 1 , 韩飞 2 , 刘宇航 1 , 李晓斌 4 , 尹茂胜 1 , 陈通 1 , 左昊 1
采矿与岩层控制工程学报 | 工程案例 2026,8(2): 023031-1-023031-20
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采矿与岩层控制工程学报 | 工程案例 2026, 8(2): 023031-1-023031-20
厚硬直覆型顶板沿空巷道变形破坏机制与“卸–固”协同控制
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张广超1, 雷腾1, 吕凯1 , 张照允2, 3, 董金帅1, 韩飞2, 刘宇航1, 李晓斌4, 尹茂胜1, 陈通1, 左昊1
作者信息
  • 1山东科技大学 能源与矿业工程学院, 山东 青岛 266590
  • 2山东能源集团有限公司, 山东 济南 250101
  • 3兖矿能源集团股份有限公司, 山东 济宁 272000
  • 4北京低碳清洁能源研究院 煤炭开采水资源保护与利用全国重点实验室, 北京 102209
  • 张广超(1987—), 男, 山东泰安人, 教授, 博士, 博士生导师

通讯作者:

吕凯(1993—), 男, 山西大同人, 讲师, 博士。E-mail:
Deformation mechanism and ''stress relief-support reinforcement'' synergistic control of gob-side roadway under thick and hard directly overlying roof
Guangchao ZHANG1, Teng LEI1, Kai LYU1 , Zhaoyun ZHANG2, 3, Jinshuai DONG1, Fei HAN2, Yuhang LIU1, Xiaobin LI4, Maosheng YIN1, Tong CHEN1, Hao ZUO1
Affiliations
  • 1College of Energy and Mining Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
  • 2Shandong Energy Group Co., Ltd., Jinan 250101, China
  • 3Yankuang Energy Group Co., Ltd., Jining 272000, China
  • 4State Key Laboratory of Water Resource Protection and Utilization in Coal Mining, National Institute of Low Carbon and Clean Energy, Beijing 102209, China
出版时间: 2026-04-25 doi: 10.13532/j.jmsce.cn10-1638/td.2025-1176
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为研究深部矿井厚硬直覆型顶板沿空巷道变形失稳问题, 以兖州矿区东滩煤矿六采区为工程背景, 基于弹性地基Timoshenko梁理论, 建立了考虑顶板赋存特性的厚硬直覆型顶板挠曲变形力学模型, 计算得到厚硬顶板各区域弯矩、剪力及挠度解析解, 揭示了厚硬顶板赋存特性(顶板层位、厚度及强度)对沿空巷道变形破坏的差异化影响规律, 并通过数值模拟进行了验证, 阐明了厚硬直覆顶板型沿空巷道冲击失稳力学机理, 提出了针对厚硬直覆型顶板“定向切顶卸压–多级协同支护–推进速度调控”综合防控技术方案。主要结论为: ①巷道顶板挠曲破断特征受厚硬顶板赋存特性影响显著, 其最大下沉量及破断尺寸与厚硬顶板赋存层位成负相关, 层位每提高5 m, 最大下沉量非线性递减16%~37%, 且层位越低, 破断位置越深入煤壁, 破断形成块体结构尺寸越大。厚硬顶板赋存厚度与岩性强度对巷道顶板下沉量的影响可分为2个阶段, 在掘巷及巷道形成初期, 厚硬顶板易形成高承载性的稳定悬顶结构, 巷道顶板下沉量与厚硬顶板赋存厚度和岩性强度一定程度上成负相关, 后受剧烈采动影响, 悬顶结构发生破断运动, 释放的剧烈动载主导巷道变形, 此时岩层厚度与强度对其破断尺寸和能量释放产生正反馈效应, 此阶段厚硬岩层厚度越大、岩性强度越高, 对巷道围岩失稳变形影响越剧烈; ②厚硬直覆型顶板沿空巷道变形失稳过程可分为静载主导期和动载扩展期2个阶段, 在静载主导期, 厚硬顶板大跨度悬臂梁结构形成的超高静载向实体煤帮深处转移, 围岩塑性区由浅向深持续扩展, 伴随厚硬顶板破断运动, 巷道进入动载扩展期, 由于缺乏直接顶垫层缓冲作用, 厚硬基本顶传递载荷及破断产生的大能量冲击波难以耗散, 释放的剧烈动载扰动直接作用于巷道围岩, 进一步加剧变形破坏; ③现场工程试验结果表明, 水力压裂与深孔爆破协同弱化厚硬顶板, 可使动载冲击能量降低60%; 结合高预紧力锚索与注浆加固, 顶板下沉量降至300 mm; 优化推进速度至3 m/d后, 大能量矿震事件频次减少65%, 巷道稳定性控制效果显著。研究成果可为深部矿井厚硬直覆型顶板沿空巷道稳定性控制提供参考。

厚硬直覆型顶板  /  沿空巷道  /  弹性地基  /  变形破坏  /  多级协同支护

To investigate the instability and deformation characteristics of thick hard roofs overlying open roadways in deep mines, this study employs the sixth mining area of Dongtan Coal Mine(Yanzhou mining district)as an engineering case. A Timoshenko beam model on an elastic foundation was established to characterize roof deflection, incorporating structural and mechanical properties of thick hard strata. Analytical solutions for bending moment, shear force, and deflection were derived, revealing significant influences of roof layer position, thickness, and strength on roadway deformation-validated through numerical simulations. Key findings include: ① Roof flexural fracturing is critically controlled by thick hard roof properties. Maximum subsidence and fracture dimensions exhibit negative correlations with roof layer elevation: each 5 m elevation increase reduces subsidence by 16%-37%. Lower-layer roofs develop fractures deeper within coal walls, generating larger fractured blocks. The influence of roof thickness and strength evolves through two stages: During initial roadway development, thick hard roofs form stable, high-capacity cantilever structures where subsidence negatively correlates with thickness/strength. Subsequent intense mining triggers cantilever fracture, releasing dynamic loads that dominate roadway deformation. At this stage, thickness and strength positively influence fracture dimensions and energy release, intensifying roadway destabilization. ② Roadway deformation progresses through static load-dominated and dynamic load-expansion stages. Initially, the cantilever transfers static loads to deeper coal, expanding plastic zones. Post-fracture, the absence of immediate roof buffering allows dynamic stress waves to directly intensify surrounding rock damage. ③ Field tests demonstrate that hydraulic fracturing combined with deep-hole blasting reduces dynamic impact energy by 60%. Integrated with high-preload anchor cables and grouting, this limits roof subsidence to <300 mm. Optimizing advance rates to 3 m/day reduces high-energy seismic events by 65%. This research elucidates the mechanical mechanisms of impact-induced failure beneath thick hard roofs and proposes a targeted control strategy integrating directional roof cutting, multi-level support, and advance rate optimization. The outcomes provide theoretical and technical foundations for roadway stability control in deep mining environments under thick, hard, directly overlying strata.

thick and hard directly overlying roof  /  goaf-side roadway  /  elastic foundation  /  deformation and failure  /  multi-stage coordinated support
张广超, 雷腾, 吕凯, 张照允, 董金帅, 韩飞, 刘宇航, 李晓斌, 尹茂胜, 陈通, 左昊. 厚硬直覆型顶板沿空巷道变形破坏机制与“卸–固”协同控制. 采矿与岩层控制工程学报, 2026 , 8 (2) : 023031-1 -023031-20 . DOI: 10.13532/j.jmsce.cn10-1638/td.2025-1176
Guangchao ZHANG, Teng LEI, Kai LYU, Zhaoyun ZHANG, Jinshuai DONG, Fei HAN, Yuhang LIU, Xiaobin LI, Maosheng YIN, Tong CHEN, Hao ZUO. Deformation mechanism and ''stress relief-support reinforcement'' synergistic control of gob-side roadway under thick and hard directly overlying roof[J]. Journal of Mining and Strata Control Engineering, 2026 , 8 (2) : 023031-1 -023031-20 . DOI: 10.13532/j.jmsce.cn10-1638/td.2025-1176
顶板灾害长期以来是困扰煤炭井工开采的重要因素之一, 其中厚硬顶板大面积破断极易诱发深部采场强矿压显现, 造成巷道围岩失稳、动力灾害频发, 严重影响煤炭资源安全高效开采[14]。尤其当地层中直接顶较薄, 厚硬顶板直接赋存在煤层上方时, 由于其具有强度高、厚度大、整体性好且承载能力强的特点, 工作面开采过程中易形成大跨度悬顶结构, 聚集大量弹性变形能, 一旦发生整体性破断垮落, 由于没有直接顶的垫层缓冲作用, 厚硬基本顶破断产生的大能量冲击波难以耗散, 会直接传递至采场围岩中, 引发瞬时冲击变形。以东滩煤矿为例, 主采煤层上方赋存多层厚硬岩层, 随工作面持续推进, 厚硬直覆型顶板发生大面积破断, 致使大能量矿震频发, 诱发巷道冲击失稳, 严重威胁生命财产安全[5]。因此, 针对深部矿井厚硬直覆型顶板下沿空巷道变形失稳机理及防控技术开展深入研究极具紧迫性和现实意义。
在厚硬顶板破断机制及能量演化研究方面, 众多专家学者开展了大量研究。张宏伟等[6]通过数值模拟与现场观测揭示了厚硬顶板形成“砌体梁”及“F”型悬顶结构的运移规律, 阐明了超前支承压力区对煤壁的高应力作用机制; 高明仕等[7]基于冲击动力学构建了厚硬顶板覆岩破断冲击能量模型, 揭示了厚硬顶板覆岩高位破断对矿井不同区域的灾害差异性影响; 雷照源等[8]凭借虚功原理分析不同空间位置大采高工作面生命周期内坚硬厚顶板破断机制; 卜庆为等[9]运用力学理论构建了采场厚硬顶板采动承载力学模型, 揭示了厚硬顶板破断失稳强矿压显现影响特征; 杨强等[10]认为坚硬顶板破坏实质上是结构变形不协调的体现, 提出了一套以不平衡力指示变形不协调区域的煤炭开采过程弹塑性有限元数值方法; 于斌等[1112]构建了远场破断结构力学模型与近场弹性薄板理论体系, 揭示了顶板“见方”开采时纵向断裂转向致灾机制; 高晓进等[13]针对深井“三巷布置”工作面临空巷强烈矿压显现现象, 分析了直覆硬厚顶板侧向破断模式, 揭示了临空巷强矿压显现机制。
在厚硬顶板破断致冲机理及防控技术研究方面, 左昊等[14]分析了直覆型顶板破断特征、释能机制及沿空巷道冲击失稳能量判别准则; 赵善坤等[1518]通过数值模拟与现场试验揭示了定向长钻孔水力压裂可形成密集缝网实现顶板卸压; 赵铁林等[19]建立了不同形式的顶板简化力学模型, 揭示了复合坚硬顶板深孔爆破组合放顶规律与机制; 张永将等[20]采用数值模拟手段研究了坚硬顶板下临空巷道支承压力分布情况, 提出磨料射流水力割缝–压裂联合切顶卸压方法, 可有效削弱顶板应力传递。
上述研究成果对厚硬顶板破断运动规律及巷道冲击变形破坏失稳机理进行了深入探索, 并取得了诸多创新性结论。然而, 现有研究多集中于整体顶板破断或顶板–采场系统下的宏观力学响应及其诱发的异常矿压显现, 缺乏针对沿空巷道围岩–顶板动力耦合作用的定量分析及有效控制策略研究, 特别是厚硬顶板赋存特性对巷道围岩变形失稳的差异化影响机制尚不明晰, 尤其在厚硬直覆型顶板条件下, 由于缺乏直接顶的应力缓冲与能量耗散作用, 顶板赋存特性如何调控应力传递路径与巷道变形模式的动态平衡, 仍是亟待解决的关键科学问题。鉴于此, 笔者以东滩煤矿六采区6305、6306工作面厚硬直覆型顶板条件下沿空巷道为研究对象, 采用现场实测、理论分析、数值模拟及工程应用等研究方法, 对厚硬直覆型顶板下巷道围岩变形失稳机理进行了定量研究, 据此建立“卸−固”协同的多级防控技术体系, 研究成果可为深部矿井相似地质条件下巷道稳定性控制提供参考。
以东滩煤矿六采区6306轨道巷为工程背景, 6306综采工作面位于六采区中下部, 相邻6305采空区, 主采3煤层, 平均埋深为681.76 m, 平均厚度为5.2 m, 平均倾角为4°, 工作面倾向长度为260 m, 走向长度为1 456.3 m, 采用后退式综合机械化一次采全高采煤法, 工作面采掘布置平面图如图1所示。
选取东滩煤矿六采区O2–D7钻孔对6306工作面上覆岩层特征进行分析, 钻孔柱状图如图2所示。
图2可知, 6306工作面直接顶主要成分为泥岩, 厚度0~5.73 m, 平均厚度仅2.58 m, 节理发育, 破碎易冒落, 自西向东逐渐变厚, 部分区域厚度较薄甚至为0 m; 基本顶主要由粉砂岩、中砂岩等坚硬砂岩构成, 平均厚度约27.89 m, 属于典型厚硬直覆型顶板, 受该特殊顶板赋存结构影响, 巷道围岩易发生显著变形, 并伴随大能量冲击扰动事件。
6306工作面开采期间, 受厚硬直覆型顶板赋存影响, 锚杆索支护结构长期处于超负荷状态, 锚杆索拉断、脱锚等失效现象频发, 特别地, 随悬顶面积不断增大, 在推采线超前40~140 m处轨道巷发生冲击失稳, 煤壁片帮、底臌严重, 顶板T型钢带发生脱落, 顶板锚杆及部分单元支架失效, 具体矿压显现特征如下。
(1)顶板非对称变形, 底板突发性底臌
轨道巷掘进初期, 巷道整体性较好, 无明显变形破坏, 随工作面推进, 局部地段巷道出现一定程度底臌变形, 变形量小于100 mm, 顶板变形不明显, 工作面推进至距开切眼550.2 m处时, 沿空巷道发生冲击性失稳, 顶板不对称破坏特征加剧, 煤柱侧顶板显著下沉, 最大移近量达1 500 mm。
(2)两帮持续性内挤
巷道实体煤帮煤体大量突出, 帮部管道线路等掉落至底部, 钢带变形严重, 锚网锚索失效, 维护困难; 煤柱帮变形剧烈, 表面煤体呈破碎剥落状态, 两帮处于持续性内挤状态, 最大收缩量达到1 000 mm(图3)。
(3)大能量事件频发
六采区各工作面开采过程中, 现场监测到多起大能量事件, 6305工作面开采期间, 共发生大能量(E>105 J)震动事件55次(图4), 6306工作面截至进尺420 m时, 共监测到大能量(E>105 J)震动事件30次, 震动能量达到2.38×106 J。
综合6306工作面地质生产条件、巷道冲击前后矿压显现规律, 初步分析6306沿空掘巷冲击失稳的原因如下。
(1)厚硬直覆型特殊顶板赋存。厚硬直覆型顶板具有高完整性、高强度、低渗透性的力学特征, 随工作面开采, 易形成大跨度悬顶结构, 侧向采动支承压力向深部围岩转移, 应力峰值位于实体煤帮侧, 巷道两帮浅部围岩处于碎裂状态, 两帮内挤变形严重。
(2)缺少直接顶垫层缓冲作用。直接顶缺失造成采动应力及上覆岩层载荷通过厚硬顶板直接作用于巷道, 同时顶板破断释放的动载能量无法通过直接顶裂隙扩展与摩擦滑移耗散, 直接以应力波形式传递至巷道围岩, 致使巷道动力现象频发。
(3)深部开采高地应力。六采区上覆岩层为多关键层组厚硬岩层[21], 在矿井深部开采过程中, 覆岩自重与垂直支承压力向顶板上方积聚, 产生的高静载与厚硬顶板破断引起的大能量冲击动载叠加, 且煤层和顶底板岩层皆具有弱冲击倾向性, 使巷道具备了发生冲击失稳的条件。
选取六采区典型地段为试验巷道, 巷道直接顶为灰黑色泥岩, 厚度0.10~0.42 m, 平均0.28 m, 基本顶为灰白色中、细砂岩组, 厚度6.33~41.63 m, 平均25.94 m, 属于典型厚硬直覆型顶板条件, 沿工作面倾向, 地层剖面如图5所示。
为准确研究厚硬直覆型顶板沿空巷道变形失稳机理, 笔者以尚未破断的厚硬直覆型顶板为研究对象, 基于Timoshenko梁理论和Winkler地基假设, 以弹性区和塑性区交界处为原点, 建立一侧采空弹性地基悬臂梁力学模型, 并将煤壁前方支承压力恢复至原岩应力的位置取作固支边界, 如图6所示。
图6中, x轴为工作面倾向方向; y轴为垂直方向; l1为弹性地基范围; l2为煤壁前方塑性区范围; l3为沿空巷道宽度; l4为3.5 m小煤柱; l5为悬臂端深入到6305采空区的长度。
Winkler地基理论认为, 地基单位面积表面上任一点所受的压力与该点的地基下沉变形量成线性正比关系, 即
$ {q}_{\text{c}}=CY $
式中, qc为单位面积弹性地基反力, MPa; C为弹性地基系数; Y为坚硬顶板岩梁垂直位移, m。
根据建立的厚硬顶板弹性地基悬臂梁力学模型, 基于Timoshenko梁理论, 得到厚硬顶板各部分挠度方程。
(1) AB
AB段弹性地基上方梁的弯曲变形微分方程满足:
$ EI{y}_{1}^{(4)}={Q}_{1}(x)-C{y}_{1} $
式中, E为平面应变条件下顶板的弹性模量, MPa; I为单位顶板的惯性矩, I=bh3/12; b为梁宽度, m; h为基本顶厚度, m; y1为顶板AB段任意单元段dx的挠度, m; Q1(x)为AB段弹性地基梁上方分布载荷, MPa, Q1(x)=(q1q0)x/l1+q1
为方便计算, 令β4=C/(4EI), 则式(2)简化为
$ {y}_{1}^{(4)}+4{\beta }^{4}{y}_{1}=\frac{{Q}_{1}(x)}{EI} $
根据厚硬岩层初次破断前四周嵌固特性, 确定悬臂梁边界条件为固支, 基于材料力学相关结论得到挠度方程在x=–l1处的固支边界条件为
$ \begin{cases} {y}_{1}\left(-{l}_{1}\right)=0\\{y}_{1}^{\prime}\left(-{l}_{1}\right)=0\end{cases} $
图7可得截面处剪力F和弯矩M0
$ \begin{cases} F=\dfrac{{q}_{1}+{q}_{\text{3}}-{q}_{2}}{2}{l}_{2}+{q}_{3}({l}_{3}+{l}_{4}+{l}_{5})-{q}_{4}{l}_{4}\\{M}_{0}=\dfrac{{q}_{1}+{q}_{2}+\text{2}{q}_{3}}{\text{6}}{l}_{2}^{2}+\dfrac{{q}_{3}{({{l}_{3}}+{{l}_{4}}+{{l}_{5}})}^{2}}{2}+\\\qquad{l}_{2}{q}_{3}({l}_{3}+{l}_{4}+{l}_{5})-{q}_{4}{l}_{4}\left(\dfrac{{l}_{4}}{2}+{l}_{2}+{l}_{3}\right)\end{cases} $
代入式(3)可得弹性基地AB段挠度函数y1(x)在x=0处的补充方程为
$ \begin{cases} -EI\dfrac{{\text{d}}^{2}{y}_{\text{1}}}{\text{d}{x}^{2}}\left| {}_{x=\text{0}}\right.={M}_{\text{0}}\\-EI\dfrac{{\text{d}}^{3}{y}_{\text{1}}}{\text{d}{x}^{3}}\left| {}_{x=\text{0}}\right.=F\end{cases} $
联立式(2)~(6)可求得AB段挠度表达式y1(x)及其待定系数T1T2T3T4
$ \begin{aligned}{y}_{1}(x)&={\text{e}}^{\beta x}\left[{T}_{1}\cos (\beta x)+{T}_{2}\sin (\beta x)\right]+\\& {\text{e}}^{-\beta x}\left[{T}_{3}\cos (\beta x)+{T}_{4}\sin (\beta x)\right]+\frac{{q}_{1}-{q}_{0}}{{l}_{1}C}x+\frac{{q}_{1}}{C}\end{aligned} $
(2) BC
BC段弹性地基梁的弯曲变形微分方程满足:
$ EI{y}_{2}^{(4)}={Q}_{2}(x)+{Q}_{3}(x) $
式中, y2BC段任一单元段dx的挠度, m; Q2(x)为BC段弹性地基梁上方分布载荷, MPa, Q2(x)=(q3q1)x/l2+q1; Q3(x)为BC段煤壁前方塑性区支承反力分布载荷, MPa, Q3(x)=q2x/l2q2
支承反力峰值q2可由式(9)计算得出[22], 即
$ EI{y}_{1}^{(4)}(0)=EI{y}_{2}^{(4)}(0) $
运用积分法, 可得覆岩载荷BC段挠度, 即
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} E I y_{2}^{(4)}=\frac{q_{3}-q_{1}+q_{2}}{l_{2}} x+q_{1}-q_{2} \\ E I y_{2}^{\prime \prime \prime}=\frac{q_{3}-q_{1}+q_{2}}{2 l_{2}} x^{2}+\left(q_{1}-q_{2}\right) x+A_{1} \\ E I y_{2}^{\prime \prime}=\frac{q_{3}-q_{1}+q_{2}}{6 l_{2}} x^{3}+\frac{q_{1}-q_{2}}{2} x^{2}+A_{1} x+A_{2} \\ E I y_{2}^{\prime}=\frac{q_{3}-q_{1}+q_{2}}{24 l_{2}} x^{4}+\frac{q_{1}-q_{2}}{6} x^{3}+\frac{A_{1}}{2} x^{2}+A_{2} x+A_{3} \\ E I y_{2}=\frac{q_{3}-q_{1}+q_{2}}{120 l_{2}} x^{5}+\frac{q_{1}-q_{2}}{24} x^{4}+\frac{A_{1}}{6} x^{3}+\frac{A_{2}}{2} x^{2}+A_{3} x+A_{4} \end{array}\right.$
式中, A1A2A3A4为待定系数。
挠度方程在x=0处满足连续条件:
$ \left\{\begin{array}{l} y_{1}^{\prime \prime \prime}(0)=y_{2}^{\prime \prime \prime}(0) \\ y_{1}^{\prime \prime}(0)=y_{2}^{\prime \prime}(0) \\ y_{1}^{\prime}(0)=y_{2}^{\prime}(0) \\ y_{1}(0)=y_{2}(0) \end{array}\right.$
联立式(7)~(8), (10)~(11)可得待定系数A1A2A3A4BC段岩梁挠度方程y2(x), 即
$ \begin{aligned}{y}_{2}(x)&=\dfrac{\dfrac{{q}_{3}-{q}_{1}+{q}_{2}}{120{l}_{1}}{x}^{5}+\dfrac{{q}_{1}-{q}_{2}}{24}{x}^{4}}{EI}+\\& \dfrac{\dfrac{{A}_{1}}{6}{x}^{3}+\dfrac{{A}_{2}}{2}{x}^{2}+{A}_{3}x+{A}_{4}}{EI}\end{aligned} $
(3) CD
CD段弹性地基上方梁的弯曲变形微分方程满足:
$ EI{y}_{3}^{(4)}={q}_{3} $
式中, y3CD段任一单元段dx的挠度, m; q3CD段弹性地基梁上方均布载荷, MPa。
运用积分法, 解得覆岩载荷CD段挠度, 即
$ \left\{\begin{array}{l} E I y_{3}^{(4)}=q_{3} \\ E I y_{3}^{\prime \prime \prime}=q_{3} x+B_{1} \\ E I y_{3}^{\prime \prime}=\frac{q_{3}}{2} x^{2}+B_{1} x+B_{2} \\ E I y_{3}^{\prime}=\frac{q_{3}}{6} x^{3}+\frac{B_{1}}{2} x^{2}+B_{2} x+B_{3} \\ E I y_{3}=\frac{q_{3}}{24} x^{4}+\frac{B_{1}}{6} x^{3}+\frac{B_{2}}{2} x^{2}+B_{3} x+B_{4} \end{array}\right. $
式中, B1B2B3B4为待定系数。
挠度方程在x=l2处满足连续条件:
$ \left\{\begin{array}{l} y_{2}^{\prime \prime \prime}\left(l_{2}\right)=y_{3}^{\prime \prime \prime}\left(l_{2}\right) \\ y_{2}^{\prime \prime}\left(l_{2}\right)=y_{3}^{\prime \prime}\left(l_{2}\right) \\ y_{2}^{\prime}\left(l_{2}\right)=y_{3}^{\prime}\left(l_{2}\right) \\ y_{2}\left(l_{2}\right)=y_{3}\left(l_{2}\right) \end{array}\right.$
联立式(10)、(14)~(15)可得待定系数B1B2B3B4CD段岩梁挠度方程y3(x), 即
$ {y}_{3}(x)=\dfrac{\dfrac{{q}_{3}}{24}{x}^{4}+\dfrac{{B}_{1}}{6}{x}^{3}+\dfrac{{B}_{2}}{2}{x}^{2}+{B}_{3}x+{B}_{4}}{EI} $
(4) DE
DE段弹性地基梁的弯曲变形微分方程满足:
$ EI{y}_{4}^{(4)}={q}_{{{}_{3}}}-{q}_{4} $
式中, y4DE段任意单元段dx的挠度, m; q3CD段弹性地基梁上方分布载荷, MPa; q4为煤柱对弹性地基梁的支承反力, MPa。
煤柱支承反力可由Bieniawski公式计算[23], 即
$ {q}_{4}=\frac{{\sigma }_{\text{c}}}{5}\left(0.64+0.36\frac{W}{H}\right) $
式中, σc为煤单轴抗压强度, MPa; W为煤柱宽度, m; H为煤柱或巷道高度, m。
运用积分法, 可得覆岩载荷DE段挠度, 即
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} E I y_{4}^{(4)}=q_{3}-q_{4} \\ E I y_{4}^{\prime \prime \prime}=\left(q_{3}-q_{4}\right) x+C_{1} \\ E I y_{4}^{\prime \prime}=\frac{q_{3}-q_{4}}{2} x^{2}+C_{1} x+C_{2} \\ E I y_{4}^{\prime}=\frac{q_{3}-q_{4}}{6} x^{3}+\frac{C_{1}}{2} x^{2}+C_{2} x+C_{3} \\ E I y_{4}=\frac{q_{3}-q_{4}}{24} x^{4}+\frac{C_{1}}{6} x^{3}+\frac{C_{2}}{2} x^{2}+C_{3} x+C_{4} \end{array}\right.$
式中, C1C2C3C4为待定系数。
挠度方程在x= l2+ l3处满足连续条件:
$ \left\{\begin{array}{l} y_{3}^{\prime \prime \prime}\left(l_{2}+l_{3}\right)=y_{4}^{\prime \prime \prime}\left(l_{2}+l_{3}\right) \\ y_{3}^{\prime \prime}\left(l_{2}+l_{3}\right)=y_{4}^{\prime \prime}\left(l_{2}+l_{3}\right) \\ y_{3}^{\prime}\left(l_{2}+l_{3}\right)=y_{4}^{\prime}\left(l_{2}+l_{3}\right) \\ y_{3}\left(l_{2}+l_{3}\right)=y_{4}\left(l_{2}+l_{3}\right) \end{array}\right. $
联立式(14)、(19)~(20)可得待定系数C1C2C3C4DE段岩梁挠度方程y4(x), 即
$ {y}_{4}(x)=\dfrac{\dfrac{{q}_{3}-{q}_{4}}{24}{x}^{4}+\dfrac{{C}_{1}}{6}{x}^{3}+\dfrac{{C}_{2}}{2}{x}^{2}+{C}_{3}x+{C}_{4}}{EI} $
(5) EF
EF段弹性地基梁的弯曲变形微分方程满足:
$ EI{y}_{5}^{(4)}={q}_{3} $
式中, y5EF段任意单元段dx的挠度, m; q3EF段弹性地基梁上方分布载荷, MPa。
解得覆岩载荷EF段挠度, 即
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} E I y_{5}^{(4)}=q_{3} \\ E I y_{5}^{\prime \prime \prime}=q_{3} x+D_{1} \\ E I y_{5}^{\prime \prime}=\frac{q_{3}}{2} x^{2}+D_{1} x+D_{2} \\ E I y_{5}^{\prime}=\frac{q_{3}}{6} x^{3}+\frac{D_{1}}{2} x^{2}+D_{2} x+D_{3} \\ E I y_{5}=\frac{q_{3}}{24} x^{4}+\frac{D_{1}}{6} x^{3}+\frac{D_{2}}{2} x^{2}+D_{3} x+D_{4} \end{array}\right. $
式中, D1D2D3D4为待定系数。
挠度方程在x= l2+l3+l4处满足连续条件:
$ \left\{\begin{array}{l} y_{4}^{\prime \prime \prime}\left(l_{2}+l_{3}+l_{4}\right)=y_{5}^{\prime \prime \prime}\left(l_{2}+l_{3}+l_{4}\right) \\ y_{4}^{\prime \prime}\left(l_{2}+l_{3}+l_{4}\right)=y_{5}^{\prime \prime}\left(l_{2}+l_{3}+l_{4}\right) \\ y_{4}^{\prime}\left(l_{2}+l_{3}+l_{4}\right)=y_{5}^{\prime}\left(l_{2}+l_{3}+l_{4}\right) \\ y_{4}\left(l_{2}+l_{3}+l_{4}\right)=y_{5}\left(l_{2}+l_{3}+l_{4}\right) \end{array}\right. $
联立式(19)、(23)~(24)可得待定系数D1D2D3D4EF段岩梁挠度方程y5(x), 即
$ {y}_{5}(x)=\dfrac{\dfrac{{q}_{3}}{24}{x}^{4}+\dfrac{{D}_{1}}{6}{x}^{3}+\dfrac{{D}_{2}}{2}{x}^{2}+{D}_{3}x+{D}_{4}}{EI} $
厚硬顶板赋存高度、厚度、岩性强度是影响其挠度变形特征的主要因素, 基于前文弹性地基梁力学模型, 利用Maple软件计算分析上述因素对厚硬直覆型顶板挠曲变形特征的影响规律。悬臂梁模型使用的计算参数见表1
图8为厚硬顶板不同赋存层位下弹性地基梁挠度曲线。
图8可知: ①巷道区域厚硬顶板挠曲变形程度与其赋存层位成负相关, 当厚硬顶板赋存层位为0、5、10、15 m时, 顶板最大弯曲变形量为43、36、27、17 mm, 依次减小16.3%、25.0%、37.0%; ②实体煤上方厚硬顶板有向上弯曲现象, 即反弹现象, 当厚硬顶板赋存层位为0、5、10、15 m时, 实体煤上方反弹区顶板最大挠度分别为15、20、28、34 mm; ③随厚硬顶板赋存层位减小, 最大挠度超前位置越深入煤壁, 依次为8.0、9.5、11.0、12.5 m, 现有研究指出最大挠度反弹位置即为岩梁后续破断位置, 这说明随顶板赋存层位降低, 顶板破断位置越远离煤帮, 破断后形成的块体结构尺寸越大, 发生的回转运动越剧烈, 对巷道围岩挤压作用程度越严重。
图9为直覆型坚硬顶板不同赋存厚度下弹性地基梁挠度曲线对比图。
图9可知: ①在掘巷及巷道形成初期, 巷道顶板挠曲变形程度与坚硬顶板赋存厚度成负相关, 当坚硬顶板赋存厚度为10、15、20、25 m时, 巷道区域顶板最大变形分别为120、70、50、40 mm, 这是由于厚硬顶板固有的高强度与高完整性使其在此时易形成稳定的悬顶结构, 其厚度越大, 结构稳定性越强, 巷道顶板变形量越小。受后续剧烈采动影响, 悬顶结构发生破断, 释放的剧烈动载主导巷道变形, 坚硬顶板赋存厚度对能量释放产生正反馈效应, 此时坚硬顶板厚度越大, 对巷道围岩失稳变形影响越剧烈; ②随坚硬顶板厚度增大, 岩层抗弯刚度增大, 承载能力增强, 实体煤区域顶板反弹程度越低, 当坚硬顶板赋存厚度为10、15、20、25 m时, 实体煤上方顶板反弹区最大挠度分别为17.8、17.0、16.5、15.8 mm; ③随坚硬顶板厚度增大, 深入巷帮实体煤表现出明显的反弹压缩现象, 反弹压缩交界位置依次为煤壁前方7、9、10、12 m, 现有研究阐明反弹压缩交界位置可以视为岩梁发生破断的位置, 表明随直覆坚硬顶板厚度增大, 顶板破断位置越深入煤壁, 破断后形成的块体结构尺寸越大, 回转运动越剧烈, 释放的动载扰动能量越大, 对巷道围岩变形失稳影响越强烈。
图10为厚硬直覆顶板不同岩性强度下弹性地基梁挠度曲线对比图。
图10可知: ①在掘巷及巷道形成初期, 巷道顶板挠曲变形程度与顶板岩性强度成负相关, 当顶板为泥岩、粉砂岩、细砂岩、砂岩时, 巷道区域顶板最大变形分别为115、70、58、40 mm, 这是由于此时顶板悬露面积较小, 相较于软弱泥岩, 高强度砂岩具有更高的承载能力, 形成的悬顶结构更稳定, 挠曲变形量更小, 积聚的弯曲弹性能更多。在后续剧烈采动影响下, 悬顶结构产生破断运动, 此时高强度砂岩顶板释放的弹性能更剧烈, 即岩性强度越高, 对巷道围岩变形失稳的影响越显著; ②随顶板岩性强度的提升, 对实体煤区域顶板的反弹抑制程度越高, 当顶板为泥岩、粉砂岩、细砂岩、砂岩时, 实体煤上方顶板反弹区最大挠度分别为20、18、17、16 mm; ③随顶板岩性强度提高, 顶板最大挠度位置越深入煤壁, 当顶板为泥岩、粉砂岩、细砂岩、砂岩时, 破断位置依次为煤壁前方10、11、12、14 m, 这说明顶板强度越高, 破断块体尺寸越大, 回转运动越剧烈, 对巷道围岩变形失稳的影响越剧烈。
基于东滩煤矿六采区实际工程地质条件, 采用FLAC3D数值仿真软件, 建立三维数值计算模型如图11所示。模型X轴为工作面走向, 长800 m, 其中模拟工作面推进长度700 m, 考虑边界效应, 留设50 m宽边界煤柱, Y轴为工作面倾向, 长600 m, 布置6305和6306两个工作面, 倾向长度分别为240 m和255 m, 煤柱宽度3 m, Z轴为垂直方向, 高717.4 m。模型底部边界垂直固定, 侧向边界施加法向水平位移约束, 侧压系数取1.3。
模型各地层采用Mohr-Coulomb本构模型, 基于室内力学试验并结合东滩煤矿地质生产报告获取煤岩体力学参数, 为提高模型的准确性, 使用广义Hoek-Brown强度准则对各岩层的力学参数进行校核, 对于相同特性的岩层进行合并处理, 最终确定模型的力学参数, 详见表2
为研究厚硬直覆型顶板不同赋存特征对下方沿空巷道围岩变形的差异化影响规律, 采用单因素控制变量法, 选取厚硬顶板0、5、10、15 m赋存层位和10、24、30、40 m赋存厚度及泥岩、砂岩、细砂岩、粉砂岩赋存岩性进行模拟研究。模拟过程为: 数值模型建立→应力平衡计算→6305工作面分步开挖→6306回采巷道开挖→6306工作面分步开挖。
模拟监测方案为: ①在厚硬顶板底部布置测线, 分析工作面不同推进距离下厚硬顶板垂直应力分布演化规律; ②为直观反映厚硬顶板对沿空巷道挤压变形作用程度, 在6306工作面巷道顶板超前5 m处布置测线, 分析沿空巷道围岩变形破坏规律。
图12为不同推进距离下厚硬直覆型顶板垂直应力分布特征。
图12可知: ①在工作面开采初期, 由于顶板悬露面积较小, 煤柱和围岩承载了大部分采动载荷, 应力集中现象不明显, 顶板整体性良好, 呈悬臂梁受载状态, 垂直应力分布较均匀, 煤壁四周支承压力较小, 采场处于较稳定状态; ②随工作面继续推进, 达到厚硬顶板初次垮落步距, 由于缺乏直接顶缓冲作用, 覆岩载荷重新分配后向两侧煤体集中转移, 煤柱侧易形成应力集中区, 当工作面推进至350 m时, 煤壁前方侧向支承压力大幅上升, 增量达8 MPa; ③当工作面推进至550 m时, 达到见方区域, 该处顶板刚度较薄弱, 受力高度集中, 采动应力场叠加效应显著增强。此时顶板在初次垮落后的大跨度残余结构再次形成临空悬臂梁, 承载能力衰减, 在煤壁侧形成应力峰值, 约36 MPa; ④随着工作面继续向前推进至750 m, 达到充分采动状态, 上覆岩层垮落后的应力得到释放, 形成的冒落带具备良好的碎胀缓冲能力, 采动应力和覆岩载荷由煤柱、围岩、冒落矸石共同承担, 侧向支承压力回落降低至26 MPa。同时, 煤柱与巷道围岩的塑性变形能力得到提升, 围岩承载系统转向次稳定状态, 冲击危险性降低, 采场趋于相对稳定阶段。
综上所述, 随工作面推进, 厚硬直覆型顶板垂直应力场呈现“缓慢演化–快速上升–稳定回落”的非线性演变特征, 反映出采动过程中顶板岩梁依次经历“完整悬臂梁–初次破断–周期垮落”三阶段演化过程, 破断时的弹性能释放及应力波传递是沿空巷道冲击失稳的根本诱因, 而缺失软弱直接顶的垫层缓冲作用进一步加剧了这种进程。
厚硬顶板不同赋存层位下巷道顶板垂直位移分布如图1314所示。
图1314可知: ①巷道顶板下沉量与厚硬顶板赋存层位成反比, 厚硬顶板赋存层位为0、5、10、15 m时, 巷道顶板最大下沉量分别为696、630、605、590 mm; ②厚硬顶板赋存高度由0 m增大到15 m过程中, 顶板最大下沉量分别减小9.48%、3.97%、2.48%, 说明当直接顶厚度达到一定值以后, 巷道顶板下沉量对其敏感程度降低; ③实体煤侧顶板平均下沉量为378.54 mm, 小于煤柱侧顶板平均下沉量418.42 mm, 与现场情况相符。这是由于随悬露面积增大, 厚硬顶板破断导致积聚的弹性能释放, 诱发采动应力与侧向支承压力叠加, 在煤柱上方出现应力集中。
厚硬顶板不同赋存层位下巷道两帮水平位移分布如图15所示。
图15可知: ①巷道两帮变形量与厚硬顶板赋存层位成反比, 厚硬顶板赋存层位为0、5、10、15 m时, 实体煤帮平均水平位移依次为430、387、346、315 mm, 煤柱帮平均水平位移依次为154、122、106、95 mm, 当厚硬顶板直接赋存在煤层上方时, 两帮变形量远大于其他赋存层位, 且实体煤帮平均水平位移远大于煤柱帮平均水平位移, 呈现不对称性破坏, 这是由于厚硬顶板破断时, 断裂线靠近煤柱侧, 水平应力集中系数更高, 煤柱应力向采空区侧大量转移, 导致两帮水平位移差异显著; ②随着厚硬顶板与煤层间距的增大, 实体煤帮最大变形量分别为498、456、420、385 mm, 依次降低8.4%、7.8%、7.6%, 煤柱帮最大变形量分别为197、167、150、138 mm, 依次降低15.2%、10.2%、8.0%, 两帮变形量降低幅度均有减小趋势, 表明厚硬顶板赋存高度达到一定值后, 对巷道两帮变形的影响逐渐减弱; ③煤柱帮上部变形明显大于下部, 主要集中于巷道上方2.5~3.0 m处, 当顶板赋存高度为0时, 上部水平位移较下部高70%, 与现场实际情况吻合, 这是由于煤柱作为支撑结构, 其顶部区域承受上覆岩层更大的垂直压力, 导致煤柱顶部应力集中更显著。
坚硬顶板不同赋存厚度下巷道顶板垂直位移分布如图1617所示。
图1617可知: ①巷道顶板下沉量与坚硬顶板赋存厚度成正比, 坚硬顶板赋存厚度为10、24、30、40 m时, 巷道顶板最大沉降量依次为636、666、714、726 mm, 由于缺乏直接顶缓冲作用, 坚硬顶板的自重载荷直接作用于巷道上方, 自重载荷越大, 即坚硬顶板厚度越大, 巷道下沉量越大; ②随着坚硬顶板赋存厚度由10 m增大至40 m, 巷道顶板最大下沉量增幅分别为4.7%、7.2%、1.6%, 当坚硬顶板厚度大于30 m后, 由于厚度增加导致顶板抗弯刚度与自重载荷同步增大, 两者协同作用致使巷道顶板下沉量增幅不明显; ③在实体煤区及煤柱区, 随着厚度由10 m增至40 m, 平均下沉量由428、439 mm增至518、529 mm, 沉降幅度分别扩大21%和20%, 表明随坚硬顶板厚度增大, 巷道围岩塑性区明显向两侧扩展, 加剧顶板破坏变形。
坚硬顶板不同赋存厚度下巷道两帮水平位移分布如图18所示。
图18可知: ①巷道两帮变形量与坚硬顶板赋存厚度成正比, 坚硬顶板赋存厚度为10、24、30、40 m时, 实体煤帮平均水平位移依次为375、430、505、534 mm, 煤柱帮平均水平位移依次为153、184、228、249 mm, 与赋存层位相比, 坚硬顶板赋存厚度对巷道两帮变形的影响更为显著, 这是由于赋存层位主要影响载荷传递路径, 当缺少软弱夹层赋存时, 坚硬顶板自身高载荷直接作用于巷道, 塑性区影响范围扩展至巷道围岩深部, 致使内部裂隙扩展, 加剧巷道变形; ②随着坚硬顶板厚度的增大, 实体煤帮最大变形量分别为441、498、575、606 mm, 依次增大12.9%、15.5%、5.4%, 煤柱帮最大变形量分别为195、227、271、293 mm, 依次增大16.4%、19.3%、8.1%, 巷道两帮变形幅度逐渐减小, 表明坚硬顶板赋存厚度达到一定值后, 对巷道两帮变形的影响逐渐减弱。
厚硬顶板不同岩性条件下巷道顶板垂直位移分布如图1920所示。
图1920可知: ①巷道顶板下沉量与厚硬岩层强度成正比, 厚硬顶板分别为泥岩、粉砂岩、细砂岩、砂岩时, 巷道顶板最大下沉量分别为437、601、632、676 mm, 由于直覆高强度顶板不易断裂, 在采动过程中会形成更大跨度的悬臂梁结构, 应力集中程度更高, 致使巷道顶板承受更大的覆岩载荷, 变形更剧烈; ②当顶板岩层为较软弱泥岩时, 巷道顶板平均下沉量较小, 仅为344 mm, 且下沉曲线较平缓, 直覆型顶板的影响不明显。当顶板为高强度粉砂岩、细砂岩、砂岩时, 相较于泥岩, 顶板最大下沉量分别增大37.5%, 44.6%, 54.7%, 下沉曲线呈陡峭“U”型分布, 变形程度加剧, 表明直覆型顶板的高强度、高承载性是影响沿空巷道变形的主要因素。
厚硬顶板不同岩性下巷道两帮水平位移分布如图21所示。
图21可知: ①巷道两帮变形量与厚硬岩层强度成正比, 厚硬顶板分别为泥岩、粉砂岩、细砂岩、砂岩时, 实体煤帮平均水平位移依次为313、373、383、441 mm, 煤柱帮平均水平位移依次为80、115、133、164 mm, 当厚硬顶板为较软弱泥岩时, 两帮变形不明显, 最大移近量仅420 mm, 这是由于软弱泥岩的低强度与高塑性变形能力, 使得顶板自身通过渐进变形吸收部分能量, 削弱了应力向巷道两帮的传递效率; ②随着厚硬顶板岩性强度的增大, 实体煤帮最大变形量依次为357、451、467、508 mm, 煤柱帮最大变形量依次为109、152、171、204 mm, 当厚硬顶板由软弱泥岩变为高强度砂岩时, 实体煤帮与煤柱帮最大变形依次增大42.3%、87.2%, 表明岩性强度的变化对巷道两帮变形量的影响更显著。
针对厚硬直覆型顶板条件下沿空巷道顶板最大下沉量的多因素耦合影响机制, 采用正交试验设计方法进行系统分析。选取L16(45)正交表, 设计16组试验方案, 通过数值模拟获取巷道顶板最大下沉量, 各因素水平见表3, 设计的16组试验正交设计方案见表4
基于上述正交试验数据, 采用极差分析和方差分析相结合的方法, 研究层位、厚度、岩性等3个因素对巷道顶板最大下沉量影响的主效应和交互效应。
由极差分析结果(表5)可知, ①层位是影响下沉量的主要因素, 层位高度由0增至15 m时, 下沉量平均值由734.0 mm降至556.3 mm, 表明直覆性是影响巷道顶板下沉的最主要因素; ②其次为岩性, 软弱泥岩顶板平均下沉量最小, 仅为571.8 mm, 高强度砂岩顶板平均下沉量最大, 为687.5 mm; 厚度影响相对最小, 厚度由10 m增至40 m时, 下沉量平均值由614.8 mm增至692.0 mm, 但增幅逐渐减小。
由方差分析的显著性结果(表5)可知, 层位与岩性的P值均小于0.01, 为极显著, 表明其为巷道顶板下沉的主控因素, 厚度的P值小于0.5, 为显著, 表明厚度增加会加剧下沉, 但影响程度小于岩性和层位。
图22可知, 3组折线图均不平行, 表明层位、厚度、岩性间存在明显交互效应, 且显著表现为: ①层位与厚度协同作用显著, 低层位条件下厚度增加10 m可导致下沉量增幅达12.9%, 而高层位时增幅降至5.4%; ②岩性与层位交互效应表现为高强度砂岩在低层位时下沉量剧增, 而软弱泥岩受层位影响较弱; ③厚度与岩性交互效应揭示砂岩顶板下沉量随厚度增加呈三阶段非线性增长, 而泥岩因塑性变形吸能特性削弱了厚度的影响。
由上述研究可知, 受厚硬直覆型顶板赋存影响, 6306工作面沿空巷道变形失稳演化过程可分为2个阶段: ①静载主导期: 悬臂梁结构形成, 静载向煤柱及实体煤帮深处转移, 厚硬直覆型顶板积聚大量弹性能, 围岩内部裂隙扩展加剧, 塑性区持续扩大; ②动载扩展期: 随工作面推进, 厚硬顶板发生破断运动, 释放剧烈动载, 致使支护系统失效, 巷道局部区域冲击失稳。在静载主导期, 由于开采范围较小, 加之厚硬顶板强度高、厚度大的特性, 围岩整体性较好, 此时采场处于非来压期间, 矿震活动以低频次、低能量的微震为主, 能级在103 J以下; 随工作面推进至见方区域, 厚硬顶板发生破断, 进入动载扩展期, 此时采场处于初次来压与周期来压期间, 大能量事件频发, 能级达106 J。
图23为厚硬直覆型顶板下巷道冲击失稳机理模型, 具体变形失稳机理分析如下。
(1)高静载集中致使围岩承载能力劣化
厚硬顶板的高强度与整体性使其在未破断前形成大跨度悬臂梁结构, 覆岩自重及相邻采空区传递载荷向巷道围岩深部转移。依据Mohr-Coulomb强度理论, 煤体在持续高静载作用下, 内部裂隙扩展速率加快, 黏聚力与内摩擦角显著降低, 导致围岩塑性区由浅部向深部扩展。数值模拟表明, 当顶板直接赋存于煤层上方时, 实体煤帮水平位移达430 mm, 顶板下沉量达696 mm, 远超围岩允许变形阈值。
(2)动载能量释放与应力波传递
当工作面见方来压或双见方来压时, 厚硬直覆型顶板发生大面积瞬时断裂, 释放的弹性能以应力波形式直接作用于巷道围岩, 形成动态冲击扰动, 并伴随大能量矿震, 导致煤帮水平位移突增, 顶板瞬时下沉速率达15 mm/d。动载冲击不仅诱发锚杆锚索失效, 还通过应力波叠加效应引发煤体碎胀, 表现为底板突发性底臌与两帮非对称内挤。
(3)缺少直接顶垫层缓冲作用
在常规地层结构中, 直接顶通常由较软弱岩层构成, 其岩体破碎后形成的充填矸石层具有碎胀效应, 可吸收部分上覆岩层应力, 并通过渐进压实维持采空区空间稳定性, 从而弱化采动应力, 延缓坚硬顶板载荷向巷道围岩的传递速率。相较之下, 直覆型坚硬顶板地层因直接顶缺失, 其高强度与大厚度特性导致采动过程中易形成大跨度悬臂梁结构, 厚硬顶板传递的剧烈动静载无法通过软弱夹层耗散, 致使围岩承载能力持续降低, 此外厚硬直覆型顶板积累大量弹性势能, 当工作面推采至见方来压或双见方来压等关键阶段, 极易发生大面积瞬时破断, 释放的弹性能以应力波形式直接作用于巷道围岩, 从而引发锚固系统失效, 造成巷道冲击失稳。
由前文研究可知, 直接顶缓冲层的缺失致使悬臂梁形成的超高静载与厚硬顶板破断释放的动载能量无法有效耗散是诱发沿空巷道冲击失稳的主要原因, 而厚硬顶板强度越高、厚度越大, 破断后的动载扰动越强烈。要实现巷道围岩稳定性控制, 关键在于要弱化厚硬顶板完整性, 改变其破断模式与能量释放形式。据此提出厚硬直覆型顶板沿空巷道“卸−固”协同控制原理: 通过主动干预弱化厚硬顶板完整性, 减小其赋存厚度与结构, 优化工作面推采速度以减小超前支承压力, 同时强化支护体系以提升巷道围岩抗冲击能力。
基于上述厚硬直覆型顶板巷道“卸−固”协同控制原理, 结合东滩煤矿六采区矿压显现特征与现有防治理论, 提出“定向切顶卸压–推采速度调控–多级协同支护”综合防控方案。
(1)定向切顶卸压
对于厚硬直覆型顶板垮落前后动静载叠加扰动问题, 采用水力压裂与深孔爆破协同工艺, 减小其赋存厚度, 通过定向弱化顶板完整性, 使顶板由“整体悬臂梁”转变为“分段块体梁”结构, 降低其储能能力与破断能级, 同时避免大范围瞬时垮落, 实现应力转移与释放, 降低动载冲击能量, 减少煤柱和围岩应力集中。
根据现场实际地质条件, 综合考虑现场施工条件与安全因素, 确定具体卸压方案如下。
①采用水力压裂技术对厚硬顶板进行卸压处理, 使用履带式钻机施工压力孔(孔径为75 mm, 孔深为12 m, 倾角为采空区方向75°), 并在孔口安装高压封孔器, 确保压裂液定向注入(注入速率80 L/min), 采用分段升压方式进行压裂液注入(初始压力设置为10 MPa, 每5 min增压5 MPa), 直至顶板出现明显裂隙, 过程中采用微震监测系统实时监测记录裂隙扩展范围。
②工作面推进至300 m左右时, 在巷道超前200 m处采用深孔爆破技术对厚硬顶板进行切顶处理(切顶深度取14 m以满足弱化带高度, 长度为50 m), 确定顶板储能降低至安全阈值, 采用径向不耦合装药结构(装药直径50 mm, 炮孔直径75 mm, 孔间距3 m, 装药密度1.2 kg/m), 采用孔间微差起爆方式(间隔为50 ms)。
(2)推采速度调控
通过实时监测顶板应力变化, 合理调整工作面推进速度, 结合顶板破断周期与垮落步距, 计算确定合理工作面推进速度(由原先5 m/d调整至3 m/d), 可有效降低顶板破断时释放的能量, 减小巷道变形量。
(3)多级协同支护
在切顶卸压后, 采用高预紧力锚杆索进行支护。顶板采用ϕ22 mm×8 m, 预紧力350 kN的高预应力锚索, 间排距1.2 m×1.2 m; 帮部采用ϕ20 mm×2.5 m玻璃钢锚杆, 间排距1.2 m×1.2 m; 配合W型钢带以控制浅部裂隙扩展, 同时配备可伸缩性U型钢支架吸收动载冲击能量, 保持巷道稳定。
以6306轨道巷走向位置800~1 200 m阶段为试验巷道, 开展现场矿压监测与单元支架工作阻力监测。监测数据显示, 控制方案实施后, 顶板最大下沉量降至300 mm, 日均下沉速率由15 mm/d降至3.5 mm/d, 且逐渐趋于平稳; 实体煤帮最大位移降至356 mm, 煤柱帮位移降至175 mm, 非对称变形明显改善。超前段液压支架工作阻力范围由35~48 MPa减至38~42 MPa, 波动幅度有效降低至10.5%, 顶板载荷分布趋于均匀。
对试验段巷道和非试验段巷道现场微震事件监测数据进行统计, 为期30 d, 如图24所示。监测结果表明: 试验段巷道矿震活动呈现低频率、低能量的显著特征, 每日平均震动频次仅18.3次, 较非试验段巷道少10.3次; 优化推进速度至3 m/d后, 105J以上大能量事件减少65%, 曲线呈现平稳收敛态势; 动载冲击能量降低60%; 震源集中区域由煤壁前方200~300 m处转移至采空区后方, 标志着围岩应力状态已从剧烈释放转为稳定可控, 实现了良好的控制效果(图25)。
(1)构建了考虑顶板赋存特性的厚硬直覆型顶板弹性地基悬臂梁力学模型, 计算得到了各段挠曲变形解析解, 揭示了厚硬顶板赋存特性与巷道围岩变形的量化关系: 巷道顶板最大下沉量及破断尺寸与厚硬顶板赋存层位成负相关, 且层位越低, 破断位置越深入煤壁; 赋存厚度与强度的影响分为2个阶段, 在掘巷及巷道形成初期易形成高承载性的稳定悬顶结构, 巷道顶板下沉量与之成负相关, 后受剧烈采动影响, 悬顶结构发生破断, 释放的剧烈动载主导巷道变形, 此时厚度与强度对其破断尺寸和能量释放产生正反馈效应。
(2)揭示了厚硬直覆型顶板沿空巷道“静载主导–动载扩展”的冲击失稳动态演化机理: 在静载主导期, 厚硬顶板大跨度悬臂梁结构形成的超高静载向实体煤帮深处转移, 围岩塑性区由浅向深持续扩展, 伴随厚硬顶板破断运动, 巷道进入动载扩展期, 由于缺乏直接顶垫层缓冲作用, 厚硬基本顶传递载荷及破断产生的大能量冲击波难以耗散, 释放的剧烈动载扰动直接作用于巷道围岩, 进一步加剧变形破坏。
(3)提出“定向切顶卸压–多级协同支护–推进速度调控”综合防控技术体系。现场试验结果表明, 水力压裂与深孔爆破协同弱化顶板, 可使动载冲击能量降低60%; 结合高预紧力锚索与注浆加固, 顶板下沉量降至300 mm; 优化推进速度至3 m/d后, 大能量矿震事件频次减少65%, 巷道稳定性控制效果显著。
(4)构建的模型适用于无直接顶覆存的厚硬直覆型顶板典型地层, 由于Winkler假设未考虑地基变形的连续性, 故计算与梁的实际变形过程有所偏差, 未来研究将围绕三维覆岩结构的影响展开。
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2026年第8卷第2期
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doi: 10.13532/j.jmsce.cn10-1638/td.2025-1176
  • 接收时间:2025-05-27
  • 首发时间:2026-05-28
  • 出版时间:2026-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-27
  • 修回日期:2025-08-14
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    1山东科技大学 能源与矿业工程学院, 山东 青岛 266590
    2山东能源集团有限公司, 山东 济南 250101
    3兖矿能源集团股份有限公司, 山东 济宁 272000
    4北京低碳清洁能源研究院 煤炭开采水资源保护与利用全国重点实验室, 北京 102209

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吕凯(1993—), 男, 山西大同人, 讲师, 博士。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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