Article(id=1266686779190035328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, issueId=1266686777441018407, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13532/j.jmsce.cn10-1638/td.2025-1136, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1745856000000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-29, revisedDate=1767801600000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-08, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1779931262061, onlineDateStr=2026-05-28, pubDate=1777046400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1779931262061, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1779931262061, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1779931262061, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1266686777441018407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, year='2026', volume='8', issue='2', pageStart='013014-1', pageEnd='023542-19', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1779931261643, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1779931348520, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1266687141976358949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, issueId=1266686777441018407, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1266687141976358950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, issueId=1266686777441018407, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=023011-1, endPage=023011-20, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1266686779479442307, articleId=1266686779190035328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, language=EN, title=Research progress on physical reconstruction of coal-rock mass and roadway model test based on sand-powder 3D printing, columnId=1266686779412333442, journalTitle=Journal of Mining and Strata Control Engineering, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The surrounding rock of roadways often contains complex joint fractures, holes of different sizes, and other internal structural characteristics, which seriously affect their stability. Indoor physical model tests are one of the main ways to study the stability of engineering rock masses. However, traditional methods struggle to produce physical models with exactly the same structures and properties, and the mechanical properties and internal structures of physical models differ considerably from those of in-situ rock masses, which greatly limits the scientific nature of physical model tests in reflecting the actual engineering roadway. In recent years, the rapid development of 3D printing technology has effectively made up for the shortcomings of traditional methods. At the level of material research and development, sand-powder 3D printing coal-rock-like materials with high similarity to natural coal-rock in mechanical behavior are successfully prepared by systematically regulating printing matrix, particle gradation, binder saturation, and glass fiber content. This progress lays a material foundation for the production of physical models. At the level of mechanism research, based on mechanical tests on anchorage bodies using such coal-rock materials, the anchorage mechanisms of supporting elements such as bolts have been systematically revealed. These tests verify the feasibility of using these materials to simulate the anchorage in natural rock masses and provide a theoretical basis for the design of supporting structure. Finally, at the level of physical model tests, researches have employed the sand-powder 3D printing technology with the layered printing process to construct physical models of anchored roadways under the conditions of both intact surrounding rock and fractured surrounding rock. The influence of cracks on the deformation and failure law of roadway is quantitatively analyzed with the aid of the biaxial loading system and the digital speckle technique (DIC). The failure modes revealed by the tests are highly consistent with the field observation results. Collectively, these studies confirm that the sand-powder 3D printing technology can achieve high-precision reconstruction with respect to material properties, internal structure, and mechanical response, effectively overcoming the shortcomings of traditional model tests and showing good application prospects and scientificity in physical simulation research of rock mass engineering.

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巷道围岩中往往含有复杂的节理裂隙、形态大小不一的孔洞等内部结构特征, 这些缺陷严重影响了巷道围岩的稳定性。室内物理模型试验是研究工程岩体稳定性的主要途径之一, 然而, 传统方法难以制造出一批具有完全相同结构和性质的物理模型且物理模型的力学特性和内部结构与工程实际岩体的力学特性存在较大差异, 这极大限制了物理模型试验在反映实际工程巷道时的科学性。近年来, 快速发展的3D打印技术可有效弥补传统方法的不足, 在材料研发层面, 通过系统调控打印基质、颗粒级配、黏结剂饱和度以及玻璃纤维掺量等方法, 成功制备出在力学行为上与天然煤岩高度相似的砂型3D打印类煤岩材料, 为实现物理模型的制作奠定了材料基础。在机理研究层面, 基于此类煤岩材料开展的锚固体力学试验, 系统揭示了锚杆等支护元件的锚固机制, 验证了其用于模拟天然岩体锚固试验的可行性, 为支护结构的设计提供了理论依据。最终, 在模型试验层面, 研究进一步利用砂型3D打印技术, 通过分层打印工艺, 分别构建了完整围岩与含裂隙围岩条件下的锚固巷道物理模型。结合双轴加载系统与数字散斑技术(DIC), 定量分析了裂隙对巷道变形破坏规律的影响。试验所揭示的破坏模式与工程现场观测结果高度吻合。系列研究表明, 砂型3D打印技术能够实现从材料性能、内部结构到力学特性的高精度重构, 有效弥补了传统模型试验方法的不足, 在岩体工程物理模拟研究中展现出良好的应用前景与科学性。

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高明涛(2001—), 男, 山东临沂人, 硕士研究生。E-mail:
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蒋力帅(1989—), 男, 江苏南通人, 教授, 博士, 主要从事巷道围岩控制、裂隙岩体力学、矿山动力灾害防治等方面的研究工作。E-mail:

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蒋力帅(1989—), 男, 江苏南通人, 教授, 博士, 主要从事巷道围岩控制、裂隙岩体力学、矿山动力灾害防治等方面的研究工作。E-mail:

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蒋力帅(1989—), 男, 江苏南通人, 教授, 博士, 主要从事巷道围岩控制、裂隙岩体力学、矿山动力灾害防治等方面的研究工作。E-mail:

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journalId=1266358798366031926, articleId=1266686779190035328, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Preparation of rock-like samples by different 3D printing materials and processes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
打印材料 成型工艺成型试样文献来源
树脂材料 SLA谢和平、鞠杨[8, 2425, 27]、朱建波[12, 16]、苏海健[28]
PLA FDMJIANG[12]、SONG[21]、王培涛[2930]、王本鑫[31]
混凝土 FDMFENG[32]、MA[33]、SONG[34]、HODDER[35]
石膏粉末 BJTWU[36]、SONG[21]、KONG[37]、SHARAFISAFA[38]
陶瓷粉末 BJTZHOU[16, 26]、SHEN[39]
砂粉 BJTGOMEZ[14]、VOGLER[15]、田威[1819]、PRIMKULOV[40]、ZHANG[4142]
), ArticleFig(id=1266686808747294787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, articleId=1266686779190035328, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同3D打印材料与工艺制备类岩石试样

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
打印材料 成型工艺成型试样文献来源
树脂材料 SLA谢和平、鞠杨[8, 2425, 27]、朱建波[12, 16]、苏海健[28]
PLA FDMJIANG[12]、SONG[21]、王培涛[2930]、王本鑫[31]
混凝土 FDMFENG[32]、MA[33]、SONG[34]、HODDER[35]
石膏粉末 BJTWU[36]、SONG[21]、KONG[37]、SHARAFISAFA[38]
陶瓷粉末 BJTZHOU[16, 26]、SHEN[39]
砂粉 BJTGOMEZ[14]、VOGLER[15]、田威[1819]、PRIMKULOV[40]、ZHANG[4142]
), ArticleFig(id=1266686808831180868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, articleId=1266686779190035328, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Silica sand gradation scheme

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
颗粒级配组别颗粒粒径范围占比/%
221~300 μm150~221 μm75~150 μm
G1(粗颗粒)100.00
G2(中颗粒)100.00
G3(细颗粒)100.00
A1(α=0.3)8.7610.0181.23
A2(α=0.4)11.5112.7175.78
A3(α=0.5)14.1715.1270.71
A4(α=0.6)16.7517.2765.98
), ArticleFig(id=1266686808936038469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, articleId=1266686779190035328, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

硅砂级配方案

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
颗粒级配组别颗粒粒径范围占比/%
221~300 μm150~221 μm75~150 μm
G1(粗颗粒)100.00
G2(中颗粒)100.00
G3(细颗粒)100.00
A1(α=0.3)8.7610.0181.23
A2(α=0.4)11.5112.7175.78
A3(α=0.5)14.1715.1270.71
A4(α=0.6)16.7517.2765.98
), ArticleFig(id=1266686809015730246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, articleId=1266686779190035328, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Uniaxial compression test results of specimens with variably anchored specimens[68]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
锚固形式加载速率/(mm·min−1)峰值强度/MPa峰值应变/%弹性模量/GPa
完整试样0.310.161.665.08
半长锚固0.311.991.805.28
全长锚固0.313.381.876.13
), ArticleFig(id=1266686809108004935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, articleId=1266686779190035328, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同锚固形式试样单轴压缩试验结果[68]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
锚固形式加载速率/(mm·min−1)峰值强度/MPa峰值应变/%弹性模量/GPa
完整试样0.310.161.665.08
半长锚固0.311.991.805.28
全长锚固0.313.381.876.13
), ArticleFig(id=1266686809175113800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, articleId=1266686779190035328, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Bearing capacity of roadway model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
巷道模型类型承载力/kN承载力提高系数/%
完整巷道模型116.56
裂隙巷道模型113.32−2.78
), ArticleFig(id=1266686809246416969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, articleId=1266686779190035328, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

巷道模型的承载力

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
巷道模型类型承载力/kN承载力提高系数/%
完整巷道模型116.56
裂隙巷道模型113.32−2.78
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基于砂型3D打印的煤岩体物理重构与巷道模型试验研究进展
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蒋力帅 1 , 高明涛 1, 2 , 王宗可 1, 2 , 赵烨 1, 2 , 冯昊 1, 2, 3 , 张哲 1, 2, 4 , 蔡道生 5 , 李桂臣 6
采矿与岩层控制工程学报 | 综述 2026,8(2): 023011-1-023011-20
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采矿与岩层控制工程学报 | 综述 2026, 8(2): 023011-1-023011-20
基于砂型3D打印的煤岩体物理重构与巷道模型试验研究进展
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蒋力帅1 , 高明涛1, 2 , 王宗可1, 2, 赵烨1, 2, 冯昊1, 2, 3, 张哲1, 2, 4, 蔡道生5, 李桂臣6
作者信息
  • 1山东科技大学 露天煤矿灾害防治与生态保护全国重点实验室, 山东 青岛 266590
  • 2山东科技大学 能源与矿业工程学院, 山东 青岛 266590
  • 3东北大学 深部金属矿智能开采与装备全国重点实验室, 辽宁 沈阳 110819
  • 4熊本大学 尖端科学与技术学院, 日本 熊本 860-8555
  • 5武汉易制科技有限公司, 湖北 武汉 430074
  • 6中国矿业大学 矿业工程学院, 江苏 徐州 221116
  • 蒋力帅(1989—), 男, 江苏南通人, 教授, 博士, 主要从事巷道围岩控制、裂隙岩体力学、矿山动力灾害防治等方面的研究工作。E-mail:

通讯作者:

高明涛(2001—), 男, 山东临沂人, 硕士研究生。E-mail:
Research progress on physical reconstruction of coal-rock mass and roadway model test based on sand-powder 3D printing
Lishuai JIANG1 , Mingtao GAO1, 2 , Zongke WANG1, 2, Ye ZHAO1, 2, Hao FENG1, 2, 3, Zhe ZHANG1, 2, 4, Daosheng CAI5, Guichen LI6
Affiliations
  • 1State Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention and Ecology Protection in Open-pit Coal Mines, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
  • 2College of Energy and Mining Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
  • 3State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Deep Metal Mining and Equipment, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
  • 4Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
  • 5Wuhan Easymade Technology Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430074, China
  • 6School of Mines, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
出版时间: 2026-04-25 doi: 10.13532/j.jmsce.cn10-1638/td.2025-1136
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巷道围岩中往往含有复杂的节理裂隙、形态大小不一的孔洞等内部结构特征, 这些缺陷严重影响了巷道围岩的稳定性。室内物理模型试验是研究工程岩体稳定性的主要途径之一, 然而, 传统方法难以制造出一批具有完全相同结构和性质的物理模型且物理模型的力学特性和内部结构与工程实际岩体的力学特性存在较大差异, 这极大限制了物理模型试验在反映实际工程巷道时的科学性。近年来, 快速发展的3D打印技术可有效弥补传统方法的不足, 在材料研发层面, 通过系统调控打印基质、颗粒级配、黏结剂饱和度以及玻璃纤维掺量等方法, 成功制备出在力学行为上与天然煤岩高度相似的砂型3D打印类煤岩材料, 为实现物理模型的制作奠定了材料基础。在机理研究层面, 基于此类煤岩材料开展的锚固体力学试验, 系统揭示了锚杆等支护元件的锚固机制, 验证了其用于模拟天然岩体锚固试验的可行性, 为支护结构的设计提供了理论依据。最终, 在模型试验层面, 研究进一步利用砂型3D打印技术, 通过分层打印工艺, 分别构建了完整围岩与含裂隙围岩条件下的锚固巷道物理模型。结合双轴加载系统与数字散斑技术(DIC), 定量分析了裂隙对巷道变形破坏规律的影响。试验所揭示的破坏模式与工程现场观测结果高度吻合。系列研究表明, 砂型3D打印技术能够实现从材料性能、内部结构到力学特性的高精度重构, 有效弥补了传统模型试验方法的不足, 在岩体工程物理模拟研究中展现出良好的应用前景与科学性。

砂型3D打印  /  类煤岩材料  /  锚固机理  /  物理重构  /  巷道物理模型  /  DIC  /  破坏特征

The surrounding rock of roadways often contains complex joint fractures, holes of different sizes, and other internal structural characteristics, which seriously affect their stability. Indoor physical model tests are one of the main ways to study the stability of engineering rock masses. However, traditional methods struggle to produce physical models with exactly the same structures and properties, and the mechanical properties and internal structures of physical models differ considerably from those of in-situ rock masses, which greatly limits the scientific nature of physical model tests in reflecting the actual engineering roadway. In recent years, the rapid development of 3D printing technology has effectively made up for the shortcomings of traditional methods. At the level of material research and development, sand-powder 3D printing coal-rock-like materials with high similarity to natural coal-rock in mechanical behavior are successfully prepared by systematically regulating printing matrix, particle gradation, binder saturation, and glass fiber content. This progress lays a material foundation for the production of physical models. At the level of mechanism research, based on mechanical tests on anchorage bodies using such coal-rock materials, the anchorage mechanisms of supporting elements such as bolts have been systematically revealed. These tests verify the feasibility of using these materials to simulate the anchorage in natural rock masses and provide a theoretical basis for the design of supporting structure. Finally, at the level of physical model tests, researches have employed the sand-powder 3D printing technology with the layered printing process to construct physical models of anchored roadways under the conditions of both intact surrounding rock and fractured surrounding rock. The influence of cracks on the deformation and failure law of roadway is quantitatively analyzed with the aid of the biaxial loading system and the digital speckle technique (DIC). The failure modes revealed by the tests are highly consistent with the field observation results. Collectively, these studies confirm that the sand-powder 3D printing technology can achieve high-precision reconstruction with respect to material properties, internal structure, and mechanical response, effectively overcoming the shortcomings of traditional model tests and showing good application prospects and scientificity in physical simulation research of rock mass engineering.

sand-powder 3D printing  /  coal-rock-like materials  /  anchorage mechanism  /  physical reconstruction  /  physical model of roadway  /  DIC  /  failure characteristics
蒋力帅, 高明涛, 王宗可, 赵烨, 冯昊, 张哲, 蔡道生, 李桂臣. 基于砂型3D打印的煤岩体物理重构与巷道模型试验研究进展. 采矿与岩层控制工程学报, 2026 , 8 (2) : 023011-1 -023011-20 . DOI: 10.13532/j.jmsce.cn10-1638/td.2025-1136
Lishuai JIANG, Mingtao GAO, Zongke WANG, Ye ZHAO, Hao FENG, Zhe ZHANG, Daosheng CAI, Guichen LI. Research progress on physical reconstruction of coal-rock mass and roadway model test based on sand-powder 3D printing[J]. Journal of Mining and Strata Control Engineering, 2026 , 8 (2) : 023011-1 -023011-20 . DOI: 10.13532/j.jmsce.cn10-1638/td.2025-1136
众所周知, 在矿业工程中, 巷道围岩中往往含有复杂的内部结构特征, 例如纵横交错的节理裂隙和形态大小不一的孔洞, 这些缺陷直接影响巷道围岩的变形、强度、渗流特征, 并直接关系到岩体工程的稳定性[15]。因此, 研究巷道围岩的变形破坏特征, 分析围岩内部结构对巷道变形的影响一直是研究的热点问题。
室内物理模型试验是研究工程岩体稳定性的主要途径之一。室内物理模型的制作往往采用传统的浇筑、堆砌等手段, 但这些方法难以制造出一批具有完全相同结构和性质的物理模型, 并且传统方法制造的室内物理模型的力学特性与工程实际岩体的力学特性存在较大差异, 再则试验往往具有破坏性, 破坏后难以开展重复性试验。因此, 这些问题极大地限制了物理模型试验在反映实际工程巷道时的科学性。
近年来, 快速发展的3D打印技术可以配合CT扫描技术或根据现场工程节理裂隙测量结果, 对任意目标岩体的任意部位以任意比例进行实体重构, 精确制备与原岩内部结构相同的类岩石试样来进行所需试验, 突破了传统浇筑法无法制备内部节理裂隙的局限[67]。3D打印技术既保证了打印试样尺寸、精度、质量、性能的一致性, 又保证了试验过程的可重复性和试验结果的可靠性, 为物理模型试验研究提供了关键技术与方法。
将3D打印技术应用于物理模型试验研究得到了国内外学者的广泛关注。鞠杨等[8]运用CT成像、三维重构和立体光固化成型(SLA)3D打印技术制备了含复杂裂隙的天然煤岩模型, 直观地显示了荷载作用下裂隙煤岩内部的应力场分布, 进而提出了岩石灾变非连续结构与物理场效应透明解析与推演; XIA等[910]利用3D打印技术重构非规则柱状节理岩体; JIANG等[1112]采用FDM工艺和聚乳酸塑料(PLA)制作了不同节理特征的岩石试样; XIA等[13]采用E–44环氧树脂、KH550改性纳米SiO2粉末与593固化剂按质量比为80∶40∶26的制备方法, 获得了破坏特征呈现显著的轴向拉伸损伤和较高单轴抗压强度的3D打印试样; GOMEZ[14]、VOGLER[15]、ZHU[1617]、田威[1819]等采用砂岩粉末作为基质材料, 经过BJT工艺制作试样并开展单轴压缩及巴西劈裂试验, 发现砂型3D打印试样的单轴抗压强度等关键力学参数和破坏形式与天然岩石接近; ZHAO等[20]采用3D打印技术重构了不同倾角的柱状节理岩体块体模型, 揭示了双轴压缩条件下非规则柱状节理岩体的破坏模式与力学特性; 江权等[5]采用石膏粉末层喷头型和熔融沉积型(FDM)2种3D打印技术, 以石膏粉末为材料制作了含孔洞、裂隙的模型试样和隧道物理模型; SONG等[21]又以石膏粉末和PLA材料制备更复杂的隧道物理模型, 进一步论证了3D打印技术在复杂岩体物理模型中的适用性。
综上所述, 国内外学者已初步将3D打印技术应用于岩石力学试验领域的模具制作、试样制备及模型构建等方面。然而, 作为一种类岩石材料, 经3D打印成型的试样基本弹塑性力学特性是否与所模拟的岩性相符, 是应用这一手段开展岩石力学相关研究的重要前提与基础。目前, 在与天然原岩“特性相近、结构相符”的类岩体试样制备方法与技术、类岩体材料的锚固强化机理、物理模型尤其含复杂裂隙的巷道物理模型[1415, 2223]等方面, 还有待进一步探索。
砂型3D打印技术作为一种新兴的物理重构手段, 在解决传统巷道模型试验中存在的模型一致性差、结构模拟精度低等问题方面展现出显著潜力。本文系统论述了基于砂型3D打印的类煤岩材料研发、锚固机理研究及巷道物理模型试验的最新进展。在材料层面, 通过调控打印基质、颗粒级配、黏结剂饱和度与纤维增强等手段, 实现了类煤岩材料在强度(3~35 MPa)与破坏特征上与天然煤岩的高度相似; 在锚固机理层面, 研究揭示了锚固长度、护表面积与加锚密度对围岩强化的非线性影响规律; 在模型试验层面, 分层打印技术结合数字散斑(DIC)方法, 成功重构了含裂隙巷道模型的变形破坏过程, 验证了其与工程现场观测结果的一致性。最后, 本文指出当前技术在模拟高强度岩体、复杂动静载耦合试验等方面的局限, 并对未来研究方向提出展望。
3D打印是一种以三维数字模型为基础的增材制造技术, 3D打印技术按打印成型工艺可分为熔融沉积成型(FDM)、立体光固化成型(SLA)、激光烧结成型(SLS)、三维粉末黏结成型(BJT)等, 各种工艺所用的打印材料也不尽相同, 而不同材料和打印工艺所制备试样的力学特性是否与真实煤岩体相似, 是该技术能否科学合理地作为类岩石材料的关键。针对这一问题, 国内外学者对不同材料的打印试样开展了多种岩石力学试验(表1)。
鞠杨等[2427]运用CT成像、三维重构和SLA技术, 利用树脂材料制备含复杂裂隙的天然煤岩模型, 直观显示了荷载作用下裂隙煤岩内部的应力场分布, 提出了岩石灾变非连续结构与物理场效应的透明解析与推演, 并对比分析了几种不同的3D打印技术, 发现采用SLA技术所打印的试样适合模拟硬岩; JIANG等[12]采用FDM工艺和聚乳酸塑料(PLA)制作了不同裂隙特征的类岩石试样, 通过试验发现FDM工艺和PLA材料制作的试样受力学性质所限, 难以直接用于模拟天然岩石; 王本鑫等[23]以石膏粉末为材料制作出完整和含非贯通裂隙的3D打印岩石试样, 试验结果表明该材料由于孔隙度较大, 具有低强度特性和高塑性变形特征双重特性; GOMEZ[14]、VOGLER[15]、田威[1819]、ZHANG[4142]等采用砂型3D打印制作试样并开展试验, 发现砂型3D打印试样在单轴抗压强度、弹性模量等关键力学参数和破坏形式上均与天然软岩较为接近。
综上可知, 砂型3D打印类岩体试样在常规打印材料和参数配置下, 具有弹塑性力学特性与煤岩相近、特性稳定、不需长期养护、成本低廉等优点, 普遍认为可用于大规模类岩体试样制备。
砂型3D打印技术采用三维粉末黏结技术(BJT), 选用颗粒粒径适宜的砂粉为原料, 由电脑系统和电信号控制的喷头在指定区域微滴喷洒黏结剂, 将目标试样黏合堆叠成型, 具体过程大致可分为如下几个步骤:
(1) 3D模型的建立。通过C4D建模软件建立3D打印模型, 并导出可被打印机识别的stl文件。
(2) 打印参数设置及打印前准备。建立3D模型后需要设置打印参数, 如填充率、分层厚度等。打印参数设置完毕后, 根据确定的打印参数选择砂粉作为基质材料, 将砂粉与固化剂充分混合均匀后制成打印基质。
(3)物理模型成型。将3D模型导入打印机中, 3D打印机通过逐层打印的方式进行模型的制作,如图1所示。打印成型的各层试样由于砂粒之间的呋喃树脂未完全固化并且与酸性固化剂未完全反应, 试样的强度较低并容易造成表面砂粉脱落, 因此需在正常室温下放置7 d进行养护[43], 7 d后试样内呋喃树脂与固化剂基本完全反应且各项力学性能趋于稳定。
砂型3D打印材料具有基质组分与天然岩石相近、弹塑性特征和脆性破坏形式与岩石相似、成本低和成型快等优点, 但其力学强度偏低(5~8 MPa)[44]。由于其强度限制, 砂型3D打印材料仅能模拟部分天然软岩的力学性质, 这严重制约了该类材料在天然煤岩体物理重构中的应用范围。为了拓展砂型3D打印材料在模拟煤系地层中的适用性, 笔者系统研究了不同材料(砂粉类型、颗粒级配等)、参数(黏结剂饱和度等)和增强相(纤维类型、掺量等)对成型试样力学性能的影响, 研发适用于模拟煤系地层的高力学相似性复合类煤岩材料。
国内外研究学者[1415, 1819, 4142]利用3D打印技术以砂粉为基质材料制造了3D打印试样并对其开展了力学测试, 研究发现该类型的3D打印试样在单轴抗压强度、弹性模量等关键力学参数和破坏形式上均与天然岩石相近, 为了进一步分析打印材料对试样力学特性的影响, 比较采用何种类型砂粉的试样能够在室内试验研究中更好地替代天然煤岩试样, 笔者[45]采用市面上常见的石英砂、GS19砂、宝珠砂和硅砂4种砂粉为基质, 在黏结剂饱和度为55%的条件下制成50 mm×50 mm×100 mm的标准长方体试样。在单轴压缩条件下得到不同打印基质试样的应力−应变曲线和破裂形式对比图, 如图2所示。4种打印基质试样在轴向荷载作用下都经历了微裂隙压密、弹性变形、塑性变形和破坏4个阶段, 但其强度特征和峰后破坏特征存在显著差异。硅砂和GS19砂试样单轴抗压强度(分别为7.16和6.51 MPa)较高, 破坏时呈现典型的脆性破坏, 裂纹以剪切破裂为主; 而石英砂和宝珠砂试样单轴抗压强度(分别为4.45和3.60 MPa)较低, 破坏时呈现明显的延性特征。综上可知, 硅砂试样在强度特征、变形特征和弹塑性特征方面都能较好地模拟软岩的力学特性, 这充分表明了硅砂用于砂型3D打印类煤岩材料制作的可行性。
在砂型3D打印中, 黏结剂饱和度直接影响了黏结剂的胶结效果。黏结剂饱和度是指单层喷射的黏结剂用量, 表示黏结剂在砂粒之间的填充率, 可通过计算机控制系统精确调控。黏结剂饱和度不仅影响砂粉颗粒之间的粘结强度, 还会直接影响试样内部孔隙结构, 进而影响试样的力学特性。VAEZI等[46]使用ZCorp公司的ZP粉末和Zb56黏结剂在相同打印层厚条件下制造了不同黏结剂饱和度的打印试样并对其进行了力学测试, 试验结果表明, 随着黏结剂饱和度从90%增加到125%, 试样的抗拉强度和抗弯强度得到了显著提升; 刘泉声等[47]以石膏粉末为打印基质制造了黏结剂饱和度分别为100%、125%、150%、175%和200%的5种试样并对其开展力学测试, 试验结果表明, 当黏结剂饱和度从100%增加到200%时, 试样的单轴抗压强度也呈递增趋势。综上可知, 黏结剂饱和度对3D打印试样强度有着显著影响。
基于此, 为探究黏结剂饱和度对砂型3D打印试样强度的影响, 笔者[45]用硅砂粉制作了黏结剂饱和度分别为25%、50%、75%、100%, 尺寸为50 mm×50 mm×100 mm的4种长方体试样, 内部黏结剂体积分别占试样总体积的0.94%、1.87%、2.81%、3.74%。
对试样进行单轴压缩试验, 得到试样的应力−应变曲线如图3[45]所示。由图3可知, 4种黏结剂饱和度试样都在破坏后发生应力骤降, 呈现出明显的脆性破坏特征。随着黏结剂饱和度的增加, 试样单轴抗压强度显著提升, 延性也有所增加, 黏结剂饱和度为50%、75%、100%时, 单轴抗压强度相对25%时分别提高了70.9%、199.3%和406.2%。当黏结剂的饱和度为100%时, 试样的抗压强度达到最大值15.49 MPa。可见黏结剂饱和度对试样的力学特性和变形特性有显著影响, 由此可以通过调节黏结剂饱和度的方式来重构单轴抗压强度在3~15 MPa范围内的目标岩石。
颗粒级配是评价土体或集料工程性质的关键指标。级配良好的材料, 其颗粒大小连续分布, 能够形成密实的结构, 具有较高的强度和稳定性; 相反, 级配不良的材料则往往存在孔隙率过大、强度不足等问题。颗粒级配分析在土木工程、水利工程、道路工程等领域应用广泛, 是确定材料适用性、进行配合比设计的重要依据。然而, 在制备类煤岩试样时, 所用砂粉的颗粒粒径分布较为单一, 导致堆积时孔隙率偏高, 难以形成密实结构, 压实后仍存在较多孔隙, 过高的孔隙率会导致试样内部颗粒间接触点减少, 弱化结构致密性, 进而劣化其力学特性。为此, 笔者[4849]通过扩大砂粉粒径分布范围、增大粒径极差等方式来优化级配, 促使小颗粒精准填充大颗粒间隙, 改善孔隙结构并显著提升堆积密度。基于此, 采用紧密堆积理论设计级配方案, 根据常规打印参数和Andreasen模型[48](式1), 确定各粒径段大小及连续级配比例, 级配方案见表2
$ {P}_{\text{X}}=100{\left(\frac{D}{{D}_{\text{max}}}\right)}^{\alpha } $
式中, $ {{P}}_{\text{X}} $为某级集料的通过率, %; $ {D} $为希望计算的某级集料粒径, mm; $ {{D}}_{\max } $为颗粒组合的最大粒径, mm; $ \textit{α} $为递减系数, 一般情况下$ \textit{α} $=0.3~0.6。
按照预定级配方案, 在黏结剂饱和度100%的条件下制备了尺寸规格为ϕ50 mm×100 mm的标准圆柱体试样。
利用RLJW–2000岩石试验系统以0.3 mm/min位移控制速率对砂型3D打印试样进行单轴压缩试验, 得到应力–应变曲线与试样的力学特性, 如图4[49]图5所示。由图45可知, 级配后试样抗压强度与弹性模量提升效果显著。特别地, 当递减系数α为0.5时, 试样级配达到最优状态, 其峰值强度达到最大34.31 MPa, 其弹性模量也达到最大4.05 GPa。与3.2节所提到的试样相比, 级配后的试样强度得到了显著提升。因此, 改变颗粒级配的方式为提升砂型3D打印材料的力学强度提供了新思路。
岩石材料的微观结构特征决定着其宏观物理力学特性[5051], 通过提高岩石材料内部结构的稳定性可达到增强岩石材料力学特性的目的, 为进一步研发强度更高、并与天然岩石力学特性相近的砂型材料, 拓展砂型3D打印类岩石材料的适用范围。基于材料科学领域“复合化”的思想[52], 即在既定材料中掺入其他物质以改变结构稳定性, 考虑在砂型3D打印材料中掺入其他材料作为增强相, 通过改善3D打印材料的微观结构特征以提高其力学特性。纤维被广泛用于增强复合材料的性能, 在材料中掺入纤维能提高其结构效率和稳定性[53], 纤维增强复合材料具有高强度、高模量等优点, 已经广泛应用于各个领域[5457]。随着3D打印技术的发展, 纤维增强复合材料的应用领域进一步扩大, 国内外已有学者开展3D打印纤维增强复合材料的研究[5860]。蔡冯杰等[61]提出利用纤维增强树脂基材料的方法, 采用3D打印技术将玻璃纤维和聚乳酸复合并且快速成型, 提高了3D打印树脂基材料的强度; 崔永辉等[62]以聚乳酸塑料(PLA)为基体, 连续玻璃纤维为增强体, 采用熔融沉积成型(FDM)的3D打印成型工艺来制备连续玻璃纤维增强PLA复合材料试样。这些研究均表明了纤维作为增强相在3D打印技术中的应用潜力, 但针对砂型3D打印纤维增强复合材料方面的研究还鲜有探索。为了进一步提高砂型3D打印类岩石材料与岩体的相似性, 笔者[63]在颗粒粒径为75~150 μm的细颗粒硅砂粉基质中分别掺入质量为砂粉质量0%、2%、4%、6%、8%、10%及12%的粒径为75 μm的玻璃纤维, 构成7个不同的试验组, 在呋喃树脂黏结剂饱和度为100%的条件下打印出尺寸为ϕ50 mm×100 mm的圆柱体试样。
对试样进行单轴压缩试验, 得到了不同玻璃纤维掺量试样的应力–应变曲线与力学特性, 如图6[63]7所示。由图67可知, 在试样成型过程中添加玻璃纤维对试样的力学特性有显著提升作用, 且不同玻璃纤维掺量对试样强度的提升效果具有明显差异。随着玻璃纤维掺量的增加, 试样的峰值强度和屈服应变显著提高, 脆性破坏特征更加明显, 破坏后残余强度也有所提升; 然而, 当玻璃纤维掺量超过一定阈值后, 试样的峰值强度开始下降, 峰后塑性破坏特征明显。当玻璃纤维掺量为10%时, 试样的单轴抗压强度达到最大值35.18 MPa, 弹性模量也达到最大值4.15 GPa。掺入玻璃纤维可以在不改变试样内部结构的前提下, 显著提升试样的强度。
从宏观层面发现不同玻璃纤维掺量对3D打印试样的力学特性产生了显著影响, 但玻璃纤维对试样力学特性的作用机理仍需从微观层面深入研究。诸多研究表明, 岩石内部的节理、裂隙等缺陷是导致力学特性降低的主要原因[64], 基于此, 采用电镜扫描(SEM)探究了玻璃纤维增强砂型3D打印试样的力学特性变化影响机理, 观察研究了微观尺度下试样破裂处的显微结构。玻璃纤维增强试样的作用机理如图8[63]所示。
图8可知, 玻璃纤维可通过抑制裂纹的萌生与扩展, 显著增强试样的力学特性。纤维附着于砂粒表面, 通过界面间产生的黏结力和摩擦力提升颗粒间的抗变形能力。同时, 纤维在砂粒黏结区起“桥接”作用, 形成网络骨架, 限制颗粒滑动与旋转, 从而增强整体黏结强度。当裂纹扩展时, 相交纤维通过拉伸、断裂或拔出的行为耗散能量, 迫使裂纹改变方向或延缓其发展。随着纤维含量增加, 颗粒间黏结增强, 结构更致密, 孔隙复杂度降低, 应力集中减弱, 力学特性持续提升。然而, 过量纤维会导致结团, 形成界面薄弱层, 引入新缺陷, 反而降低试样强度。
从宏观和微观尺度来看, 适量玻璃纤维可有效提升材料力学特性, 但其增强效果存在最优掺量阈值, 超过后增强效应下降。结果表明, 玻璃纤维是一种有效的增强材料, 但其用量需在制备过程中予以优化。
前文提出通过改变打印基质、黏结剂饱和度、颗粒级配及玻璃纤维增强等方式, 成功制备了单轴抗压强度在3~35 MPa的类煤岩材料。然而, 材料模拟的适用性不仅在于强度范围的覆盖, 更关键在于其力学特性与天然煤岩的相似性。对此, 笔者将砂型3D打印类煤岩材料与天然煤岩的力学特性进行了系统对比分析。
图9为类煤岩材料与天然煤岩的应力–应变关系对比。由图9可知, 砂型3D打印类煤岩试样的全程应力–应变曲线与天然煤岩表现出高度的形态相似性。二者均完整地经历了微裂隙压密、弹性变形、塑性变形和破坏4个阶段。这种在宏观力学行为上的一致性, 证明了砂型3D打印材料能够有效地模拟天然煤岩的弹塑性变形过程和脆性破坏机制。
砂型3D打印技术能够成功模拟大部分单轴抗压强度低于35 MPa的软岩至中等强度煤岩(如常见的泥岩、砂质泥岩及部分煤体), 其不仅能在力学强度上匹配, 更重要的是在变形特性和破坏特征上展现出与天然岩石良好的相似性。
然而, 对于高强度(如单轴抗压强度>50 MPa)、高刚度(弹性模量>5 GPa)的岩石(如某些致密页岩、灰岩), 现有砂型3D打印材料与技术还无法实现科学合理的重构模拟, 其在弹性模量和峰值强度等力学性能上还有待提升。
综上, 上述研究通过对砂型3D打印类煤岩材料的研发, 基本实现了对强度低于35 MPa的软岩至中等强度煤岩的物理重构, 不仅在强度上能够覆盖, 更重要的是其应力–应变曲线与天然煤岩高度相似, 完整复现了微裂隙压密、弹性、塑性和破坏4个典型阶段, 在宏观力学响应行为上表现出卓越的适用性。然而, 该技术目前存在明显的强度上限, 对于单轴抗压强度>50 MPa、弹性模量>5 GPa的高强度、高刚度煤岩(如致密页岩、灰岩)的模拟, 相关成型材料与技术还有待进一步研发。
室内试验是研究锚杆支护结构锚固效应与机制的重要方法。李术才等[65]选用改性橡胶粉–水泥砂浆模拟岩石, 用玻璃纤维增强塑料作为锚杆模拟材料, 通过室内试验研究单轴拉伸条件下, 锚杆对含贯穿裂隙岩体的加固效应。结果表明锚杆不仅提升了节理岩体的变形模量、抗拉强度, 还实现了对贯穿裂纹的止裂作用; 陈璐等[66]采用煤矿煤层顶板岩石作为加锚基体, 用钢丝模拟锚杆, 对由二者组成的加锚岩石进行了巴西劈裂、单轴压缩和压剪试验研究。结果表明, 锚杆通过其横向约束、“销钉”效应以及荷载传递机制, 全方位地增强了锚固体的力学性能; 腾俊洋等[67]采用相似材料预制含层理岩石, 室内钻取0°和90°层理标准试样, 以45号钢加工而成的螺杆模拟锚杆, 分别对试样进行端部锚固和全长锚固, 从而得到不加锚杆、端部锚固、全长锚固3种试样, 而后对试样进行单轴压缩试验。结果表明, 层理相同的试样, 锚固体试样随着锚固长度的增加, 其抗压强度也得到了显著提升。以上研究表明, 无论是天然岩石还是浇筑方式制作的类岩石试样均能应用于锚固体试验的研究, 然而, 传统方法制作的试样仅能预制简单的贯通裂隙, 这与天然岩石内部复杂的裂隙结构还存在着较大的差异, 另外, 通过观察传统方法制作的锚固体试样的应力–应变曲线可发现同组试样的力学行为存在的差异性较大, 这表明传统试样的离散性较大。这严重制约了试验结果的准确性。由此可见, 传统方法在模拟复杂裂隙结构、保证试样一致性与可重复性方面仍存在局限。
前文提到砂型3D打印类煤岩材料不仅能够实现与软岩至中等强度天然煤岩在力学强度上的一致性, 更在变形行为与破坏形态上表现出高度相似性, 这不仅弥补了传统试样的不足, 更为高精度、可复现的锚固体试验研究提供了理想材料基础。基于此, 笔者[68]采用颗粒粒径为75~120 μm的GS19硅砂粉打印出尺寸为ϕ50 mm×50 mm的黏结剂饱和度100%的圆柱体试样若干。试样如图10所示, 试验所用锚固剂选用环氧树脂型植筋胶, 锚固构件选用M4镀白锌铁制的螺母、螺杆和垫片。
对不同锚固形式的试样进行单轴压缩试验, 得到单轴压缩试验结果见表3[68], 试样应力–应变曲线如图11[68]所示。
图11可知, 砂型3D打印锚固体试样的应力–应变曲线具有明显的微裂隙压密阶段、弹性变形阶段、塑性变形阶段以及峰值强度后的应变软化阶段, 这与腾俊洋等[67]所得到的浇筑锚固试样的应力–应变曲线类似。结合表3数据进一步分析发现, 锚杆锚固可以明显提升锚固体试样的力学特性, 但不同锚固形式下的提升效果存在一定差异。具体表现为锚固长度对试样的单轴抗压强度、峰值应变和弹性模量均具有显著正相关影响, 即锚固长度越长, 锚固能力越强, 加锚试样的强度与刚度相应提高, 抗变形与抗压能力也得到明显增强。因此, 适当增加锚固长度是维持锚固体力学稳定的有效途径。
众多专家学者对锚固体室内力学试验做了大量研究, 勾攀峰等[69]通过试验研究发现, 安设锚杆可以有效提高锚固岩体的峰值强度和残余强度, 且锚杆对岩体残余强度的强化作用更为显著。并且, 随着锚杆布置密度的增加, 锚固体峰值前、后的弹性模量E、黏聚力C、内摩擦角φ值均呈现不同程度提升。赵同彬等[70]基于室内蠕变试验和理论分析, 对加锚改善岩石流变力学特性进行了研究, 并探讨了锚固控制岩石流变的力学机制。结果表明, 随着锚杆密度的增加, 岩石的流变性可以得到较好地控制, 但超过一定阈值后继续增加锚杆对控制流变的效果不再显著, 说明锚固控制存在合理范围。王平等[71]为探究锚杆对多组有序裂隙岩体的加固机制, 采用水泥砂浆预制裂隙类岩体, 并以GFRP筋模拟锚杆进行全长锚固, 开展了单轴压缩试验。研究发现, 锚杆改变了裂隙尖端应力强度因子, 从而增强试件抗变形能力, 提高峰值强度与残余强度; 但锚固密度并非越高越好, 适当密度才能实现最优支护效果。然而, 上述研究主要聚焦于加锚密度对锚固体力学行为的影响, 针对护表构件对锚固体整体性能及锚固效应强化方面的探讨仍较为有限。其中, 陈璐等[72]以煤层顶板岩石作为加锚基体, 用钢丝模拟锚杆, 薄钢片模拟钢带, 对加锚体进行了三点弯曲试验, 并与常规试件进行对比分析。结果显示, 相较于常规试件, 加锚体抗弯性能显著提升, 表明护表构件在增强锚固体整体性能与锚固效应方面具有重要作用, 值得进一步关注与研究。
为进一步探究护表构件面积和加锚密度对锚固体力学特性的影响, 笔者[73]采用颗粒粒径为75~120 µm的GS19硅砂粉作为打印基质, 在呋喃树脂黏结剂饱和度100%的条件下打印了尺寸为100 mm×100 mm×200 mm的长方体试样, 设计了1组完整、3组不同护表面积和6组不同加锚密度的试验组来进行研究, 每组试验进行2次测试。试验所用的锚杆及护表构件由SUS304钢加工而成, 锚固剂选择环氧型植筋胶, 锚固形式为全长锚固。具体试验方案及参数如图12所示, 锚固体试样实物如图13[73]所示。
采用RLJW–2000型岩石伺服试验系统以0.6 mm/min加载速率对试样进行单轴压缩试验, 得到不同护表面积锚固体试样的力学特性和不同加锚密度锚固体试样的力学特性分别如图1415所示。
图14可以发现, 护表构件在锚杆支护中的应用可显著提高锚固围岩的整体力学特性, 试样的弹性模量与护表面积呈显著正相关; 在岩石强度方面, 锚杆+15 mm钢带和锚杆+30 mm钢带试样的结果随护表面积的增加, 其变化可以忽略不计, 这表明单纯增加护表面积未必能线性增强岩体强度, 但考虑到岩体的综合力学属性, 仍需对护表构件进行合理设计。
图15可以观察到, 增大锚固密度可以提高锚固体的整体力学特性, 这一结果与其他学者所得试验结果具有一致性[6970]; 当锚杆数量在4根以后, 随着锚杆数量及密度的增加, 锚杆对锚固体力学特性的强化作用反而开始减弱, 这一现象与王平等[71]的研究结果具有一致性。分析该现象发生的原因为: 一方面是由于锚杆过多, 密集的锚杆孔影响了原有类岩石试样的整体性, 在受到外界荷载作用时, 更容易在试样内部发生结构损伤; 另一方面, 过多的锚杆增大了锚杆与试样间产生薄弱点的可能, 而这些薄弱点往往会率先破坏, 进而引发锚固体连锁性的失稳破坏。
综上, 无论是护表构件面积还是加锚密度, 其对锚固体力学特性的强化作用均存在一定的阈值。特别是围岩性质较为软弱的情况下, 锚杆及护表构件与围岩间的匹配关系显得极为重要。对比各工况锚固体试样, 采用钢护板后, 试样S1的力学特性与试样M2相比有了一定提升; 采用钢带后, 试样S2、S3的峰值应力及弹性模量可达到与试样M3、M4近似的水平。这表明增大护表面积可使锚固围岩获得与增加锚杆时相同的强化效果。
砂型3D打印类煤岩锚固体试样在制造过程中可有效保护材料的原始结构和完整性, 传统试样制作在打孔过程中不可避免地会对试样造成振动、应力集中或微裂纹, 导致初始损伤, 影响试验数据的准确性。而砂型3D打印通过逐层堆积预先在模型中设计孔洞, 实现了“无接触”成孔, 最大程度保持了材料的均质性与连续性, 为锚固性能研究提供了更理想的试验基础。另外, 传统方法对完整试样需进行二次机械钻孔, 流程繁琐。而本技术实现了试样与孔洞的一体化成型, 省去了后续钻孔工序, 缩短了制作周期, 同时避免了因钻孔失误造成的试样报废, 有利于大批量、标准化试样的高效制备。
然而, 真实情况下钻头在煤岩试样中钻孔会形成特定的纹理和微观粗糙度, 而3D打印成孔的孔壁表面形貌由粉末颗粒和打印分辨率决定, 两者在细观尺度上存在显著差异。这直接影响锚固剂与孔壁的粘结强度, 可能使试验结果与真实情况存在一定差异。
巷道物理模型试验可以较为真实地反映地质构造以及工程结构状况, 直观地观察试验结果及硐室的破坏状况, 使人更容易从全局上把握岩体工程整体的力学特征、变形趋势和稳定性特点, 因此巷道物理模型试验一直是研究地下巷道硐室结构围岩稳定和支护系统优化设计、验证数值模拟结果的重要手段[7478]。然而, 在实际工程条件中, 巷道围岩中分布着复杂的裂隙结构且巷道顶底板岩层与煤层之间存在着岩性差异, 利用传统方法和3D打印一次成型技术[5]制作的物理模型难以同时满足对岩层岩性差异和含复杂裂隙结构的重构模拟。砂型3D打印技术可以快速、高效地制作出结构复杂的三维实体, 且通过改变基质材料、颗粒级配、黏结剂饱和度和添加玻璃纤维等方式, 可以得到不同力学强度的类煤岩材料, 这为巷道物理模型不同岩层的模拟制作提供了新思路。另外, 前文已充分验证了砂型3D打印材料用于探究锚固机理的可行性。这为砂型3D打印巷道物理模型支护结构的制作提供了理论依据。
利用室内模型试验研究巷道围岩的变形破坏特征时, 需确保试样满足现场岩体的结构特征。由于自然岩体的复杂性, 很难找到一批具有完全相同结构和性质的岩体试块, 这极大地制约了岩体力学的研究。相似材料模型试验为此提供了有效的研究途径, 众多专家学者基于该方法分析了巷道在不同应力条件下的变形响应与破坏规律。例如, 潘一山等[79]利用爆炸加载相似模拟试验和数字散斑观测方法(DSCM), 研究高速冲击载荷作用下巷道动态破坏过程; 宋文成等[80]开展了底板突水相似模拟试验, 揭示了采动过程中底板岩体破裂和渗流变化特征。以上研究利用相似材料制作的巷道物理模型可较为准确地模拟出各岩层间的岩性差异, 通过对其开展力学试验取得了较好的结果。
然而, 相似材料模型虽可较好模拟岩层间的岩性差异, 但其制作需经历分层铺设、捣实、养护等工序, 单个模型通常耗时2~4周, 时间成本较高; 人工铺设和捣实过程中, 材料密实度、层厚等参数难以精确控制, 存在一定的人为误差; 对于含有复杂空腔、裂隙网络等精细结构的模型, 传统方法制作难度大。3D打印虽可实现复杂几何形状的精确成型, 却难以体现不同岩层间的岩性差异和满足相似理论要求。因此, 如何实现对岩体岩性差异与复杂结构的同步模拟, 仍是当前模型试验中需进一步解决的关键问题。为解决此问题, 笔者[81]以西部某煤矿为工程背景, 初步构建了完整巷道物理模型和裂隙巷道物理模型。为真实反映现场围岩裂隙发育特征、岩层力学差异及巷道支护条件, 将模型设计为4层打印结构, 分别模拟中粒砂岩、砂质泥岩、12上煤和细粒砂岩。根据实测岩层参数, 确定各层强度需满足比例关系为中粒砂岩∶砂质泥岩∶煤层∶细粒砂岩=9∶7∶8∶10。为匹配该强度比例, 采用前文所述的调整砂粉粒径与黏结剂饱和度的方法, 制备了强度不同的砂型3D打印类煤岩材料。分别打印各层后, 用强力云石胶黏结成型, 最终得到完整巷道模型及在巷道周边设有8条近垂直裂隙的模型, 如图16[81]所示。
3D打印物理模型几何相似比1∶50, 物理模型尺寸如图16(a)所示, 厚度设置为60 mm。物理模型的支护形式和裂隙巷道物理模型的裂隙分布情况如图16(b)所示。支护设计根据工程现场的支护形式按比例建立, 顶板锚杆采用直径2 mm, 长度44 mm的铁丝; 帮部锚杆采用直径1.5 mm, 长度42 mm的铁丝; 锚索采用直径1.5 mm, 长度160 mm的铝丝, 采用云石胶进行锚固。
地下工程围岩通常处于复杂且非静水的多轴偏应力环境中[82], 工程扰动诱发的应力重分布使双轴与多轴应力状态尤为常见[1, 83]。单向加载试验仅能模拟单一应力路径, 而双轴加载试验能够同时施加水平和垂直荷载, 更准确地反映实际工程中水平构造应力与垂直应力的耦合作用。
姜耀东等[8485]相关研究表明, 在双向加载模型试验中, 4号煤底板受水平荷载和承压水向上推力联合作用, 底板破坏范围和程度均较单向加载模型试验更为明显。这说明在深部承压水上采煤过程中, 水平构造应力在底板失稳破坏过程中发挥着关键作用, 而单向加载试验无法准确预测这种复合应力状态下的破坏特征。
为更真实地模拟巷道在实际工程中的受力状态, 确保试验结果的准确性和可靠性, 试验采用双轴加载系统对巷道模型进行加载, 并在加载过程中结合数字散斑技术实现了对模型变形特征的无接触监测, 如图17[81]所示。
试验采用初始阶段法向与侧向加载轴同时以0.3 kN/s的速率加载, 待侧向加载轴加至设定值2.5 MPa时停止加压, 法向轴继续以相同速率加载直至模型试样破坏的方式对模型进行加载, 试验结果见表4。由表4可知, 与完整巷道模型相比, 裂隙巷道模型承载力降低了2.78%, 这表明裂隙的存在削弱了巷道模型的承载能力。试验结果与江权等[5]的试验结果存在一定的相似性。
通过试验得到的完整巷道模型与裂隙巷道模型在加载时间分别为50、200和350 s的DIC应变云图如图18[81]所示。由图18(a)可知, 完整巷道模型在初始阶段呈现巷道周边应变集中现象, 随着加载推进, 巷道帮部应变集中更加明显, 在两帮肩角位置以及靠近底板角的位置出现较大变形; 由图18(b)可知, 在添加了近垂直裂隙后, 裂隙巷道模型在加载过程中其周边应变集中现象与完整巷道模型相比更加明显。随着加载进行, 裂隙周边也产生应变集中现象, 当加载至350 s时, 巷道左帮应变集中程度明显大于右帮, 同时顶板和底板出现应变集中区, 顶板应变值相对更大而底板较小, 此时表明顶板变形量较大且有发生垮落下沉的趋势, 底板有轻微的底臌趋势。
结合巷道模型加载后实物(图19)[81]可知: 完整巷道模型在加载过程中, 巷道左右肩角为裂隙高度发育区, 以剪切破坏为主, 围岩破碎严重。巷道两帮在锚杆支护下将压力转为内部拉力, 起到关键支撑作用, 破坏以拉伸为主导。肩角区域受顶板下沉与两帮支撑的复合作用, 承受显著竖向剪切, 导致裂隙发育扩展。顶板因锚索锚固于厚硬砂岩层, 整体下沉但完整性较好。破坏分区符合巷道变形与矿压理论, 表明该砂型3D打印模型可有效模拟真实围岩变形特征; 添加了近垂直裂隙的模型经加载后, 两帮出现块状破碎的片帮现象, 顶板整体下沉, 但整体完整性相对较好, 这表明支护结构在加载过程中起到了抑制巷道围岩变形的作用, 这与工程现场巷道实测现象较为一致, 为后续模拟现场围岩变形现象、优化深部巷道围岩变形控制以及开展3D打印巷道模型试验提供了参考与支持。
传统方法制作的巷道模型无重构巷道围岩中纵横交错的复杂节理裂隙结构。这使得制作的模型在结构上与工程实际存在较大差异, 极大地限制了试验的科学性。而3D打印一次成型技术虽能高精度地复制围岩中的复杂裂隙结构, 但其材料均质, 无法模拟出实际工程中各岩层强度、变形特征的差异。
砂型3D打印技术制造的物理模型既能重构巷道围岩中复杂的裂隙结构, 又能通过分层打印的方式模拟岩层间的岩性差异。其突破了传统方法与3D打印一次成型技术的局限。
综上所述, 砂型3D打印技术在模拟巷道物理模型的力学特性和破坏特征方面表现出高度的适用性和可靠性, 尤其在对复杂岩层结构和裂隙的模拟上优势明显。
本文系统回顾与总结了基于砂型3D打印技术的煤岩体物理重构与巷道模型试验的研究进展。通过对材料研发、锚固机理研究及物理模型试验等多个层面的深入分析, 主要获得以下结论:
(1)在材料研发层面, 研究证实通过系统调控打印基质材料、颗粒级配、黏结剂饱和度以及玻璃纤维掺量等关键参数, 可有效研发出单轴抗压强度在3~35 MPa范围内的砂型3D打印类煤岩材料。该方法不仅实现了对天然煤岩强度的模拟, 更关键的是, 所制备材料的全程应力–应变曲线与天然煤岩高度相似, 完整复现了微裂隙压密、弹性、塑性及破坏4个典型变形阶段, 表明其在宏观力学响应与脆性破坏形态上均具备良好的相似性, 为物理模型试验提供了可靠的材料基础。
(2)在锚固机理研究层面, 通过对不同锚固参数(锚固长度、护表面积、加锚密度)的砂型3D打印试样进行力学试验, 揭示了支护系统对围岩的强化机制。试验表明, 锚固长度与试样的强度和刚度呈正相关; 而护表面积与加锚密度对力学性能的强化作用存在一定阈值, 超过该阈值后强化效应减弱甚至产生负面影响。这些规律与工程实践经验相符, 充分验证了砂型3D打印类煤岩材料在锚固机理研究中的可行性与可靠性, 为支护结构的设计提供了理论依据。
(3)在物理模型试验层面, 利用砂型3D打印技术成功构建了可模拟顶底板岩性差异及复杂裂隙的巷道物理模型。双轴加载试验结合DIC技术结果表明, 含裂隙巷道模型的承载能力较完整模型降低2.78%, 且应变集中现象更为显著; 模型的最终破坏形态(两帮片帮、顶板整体下沉)与现场观测现象高度一致。这从力学特性到破坏模式上, 均证明了砂型3D打印技术在高精度、可重复制备复杂地质力学模型方面的独特优势, 为深部巷道围岩变形与控制研究提供了新的有效手段。
利用砂型3D打印技术在巷道物理模型制作方面具有极大优势和发展前景, 但目前3D打印技术和试验手段还存在一定的局限性, 巷道物理模型的制作与力学试验的开展还有不足之处。若将砂型3D打印技术真正成熟、大范围运用到巷道物理模型的研究中, 还需进行以下研究:
(1)目前, 砂型3D打印试样虽已可模拟大部分天然煤岩的力学行为, 但自然界中还存在着少数高力学强度的天然煤岩, 其弹性模量和抗压强度远高于现有的砂型3D打印试样。后续研究将采用颗粒级配–纤维增强协同调控的手段, 进一步提高砂型3D打印试样的力学强度。
(2)巷道物理模型中的支护结构目前仅模拟了锚杆、锚索等支护元件, 缺少对钢带等护表构件的模拟, 因而后续的试验研究中还需在巷道物理模型的支护结构中加上护表构件等元件, 从而使支护结构更加完善, 使试验结果更加准确。
(3)巷道物理模型的破坏形式是通过双轴加载试验得到的, 双轴加载试验属于静载试验, 而工程实际中, 巷道围岩所受到的应力情况往往是复杂多样的, 除受到地应力和水平应力外, 巷道围岩往往还受到扰动应力的影响。在后续的试验中, 还需对巷道物理模型开展动静载组合试验。
试验测试分析初步表明, 砂型3D打印技术在裂隙围岩巷道变形破坏特征研究中具有广阔的应用前景。相信随着砂型3D打印技术的发展, 目前存在的一些应用局限必将而得到解决, 并最终极大地促进裂隙围岩巷道变形破坏特征研究的发展。
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2026年第8卷第2期
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doi: 10.13532/j.jmsce.cn10-1638/td.2025-1136
  • 接收时间:2025-04-29
  • 首发时间:2026-05-28
  • 出版时间:2026-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-29
  • 修回日期:2026-01-08
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    1山东科技大学 露天煤矿灾害防治与生态保护全国重点实验室, 山东 青岛 266590
    2山东科技大学 能源与矿业工程学院, 山东 青岛 266590
    3东北大学 深部金属矿智能开采与装备全国重点实验室, 辽宁 沈阳 110819
    4熊本大学 尖端科学与技术学院, 日本 熊本 860-8555
    5武汉易制科技有限公司, 湖北 武汉 430074
    6中国矿业大学 矿业工程学院, 江苏 徐州 221116

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高明涛(2001—), 男, 山东临沂人, 硕士研究生。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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