Article(id=1266686778871271514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, issueId=1266686777441018407, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13532/j.jmsce.cn10-1638/td.2025-1346, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1757260800000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-08, revisedDate=1762963200000, revisedDateStr=2025-11-13, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1779931261984, onlineDateStr=2026-05-28, pubDate=1777046400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1779931261984, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1779931261984, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1779931261984, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1266686777441018407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, year='2026', volume='8', issue='2', pageStart='013014-1', pageEnd='023542-19', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1779931261643, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1779931348520, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1266687141976358949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, issueId=1266686777441018407, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1266687141976358950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, issueId=1266686777441018407, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=013014-1, endPage=013014-19, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1266686779181650013, articleId=1266686778871271514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, language=EN, title=Mechanical behavior of ice-filled fractured sandstone and modified D-P strength criterion, columnId=1266686779106152540, journalTitle=Journal of Mining and Strata Control Engineering, columnName=Fundamental Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In cold-region rock engineering, ice-filled fractures significantly weaken the mechanical properties of rock masses, which severely impacts the safety and stability of projects. To investigate the mechanical behavior and failure mechanisms of ice-filled fractured rock masses, uniaxial compression tests, acoustic emission monitoring, and discrete element numerical simulations were conducted in this study. On this basis, the mechanical properties and failure mechanisms of ice-filled fractured sandstone were systematically examined, with a focus on how fracture thickness (5–30 mm) and dip angle (0°–90°) influenced rock mass strength, elastic modulus, energy evolution, and crack propagation. The results show that compressive strength, elastic modulus, and pre- and post-peak energy all decrease non-linearly with the increase in fracture thickness, among which the elastic modulus drops by 20%–34%. The fracture dip angle was found to dominate the classification of failure modes. Vertical fractures (90°) exhibit the highest strength (23.56 MPa) due to efficient stress transfer, while low-angle fractures (15°–30°) experience a 30%–45% reduction in strength due to interface shear effects. Three failure modes were identified: ice layer crushing (α≤15°), interface slip (15°–75°), and rock main fracture (α≥75°). A micro-parameter system for the ice-rock composite medium was developed based on the PFC discrete element model, achieving over 90% agreement between simulation results and experimental data. By considering the coupling effects of fracture thickness and dip angle, the D-P strength criterion was modified, and the theoretical values deviate from experimental data by less than ±5% These findings provide theoretical support for the stability evaluation and disaster prevention in cold-region rock engineering and lay the groundwork for studying ice-rock interaction mechanisms in complex freeze-thaw environments.

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寒区岩体工程中, 含冰裂隙削弱了工程岩体的力学特性, 严重影响着工程岩体的安全与稳定。为研究含冰裂隙岩体的力学行为和破坏机制, 开展了单轴压缩试验、声发射监测及离散元数值模拟试验, 系统研究了含冰裂隙砂岩的力学特性与破坏机制, 重点分析裂隙厚度(5~30 mm)和倾角(0°~90°)对岩体强度、弹性模量、能量演化及裂纹扩展的调控规律。结果表明: 抗压强度、弹性模量及峰前/峰后能量均随裂隙厚度增加呈非线性衰减, 弹性模量降幅达20%~34%; 裂隙倾角主导破坏模式分类, 垂直裂隙(90°)因高效应力传递表现出最高强度(23.56 MPa), 低倾角(15°~30°)受界面剪切效应影响强度降低30%~45%, 并识别出冰层压碎(α≤15°)、界面滑移(15°~75°)及岩石主控断裂(α≥75°)3类破坏模式。基于PFC离散元构建冰−岩复合介质细观参数体系, 模拟结果与试验数据吻合度超过90%。考虑裂隙厚度与倾角耦合效应修正了D-P强度准则, 计算理论值与试验误差控制在±5%以内。研究成果为寒区岩体工程稳定性评估及灾害防控提供理论支撑, 并为复杂冻融环境下冰−岩相互作用机理研究奠定基础。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《采矿与岩层控制工程学报》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=4AofhT1ASX9vtnBL81IGQQ==, magXml=iawCaX+5RZFMBvy0IsHQeA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=Xkp/rJ0r1gd2ppdFP5jr/w==, pdfFileSize=10893707, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=afbFZ9gbvrESMjMX6/HhDw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=SLuBz/UaJ8vmR8nfE598PA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

陈光波(1990—), 男, 山东淄博人, 副教授, 博士, 主要从事岩石力学方面的研究工作。E-mail:

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陈光波(1990—), 男, 山东淄博人, 副教授, 博士, 主要从事岩石力学方面的研究工作。E-mail:

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陈光波(1990—), 男, 山东淄博人, 副教授, 博士, 主要从事岩石力学方面的研究工作。E-mail:

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label=Fig.5, caption=Stress-strain curve of sandstone specimen with ice crack, figureFileSmall=zePPuWJjBESFF0HBAIqdPQ==, figureFileBig=ld50kYF7o56tp7+Be5ft8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266686809271587160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, articleId=1266686778871271514, language=CN, label=图5, caption=含冰裂隙砂岩试样应力−应变曲线, figureFileSmall=zePPuWJjBESFF0HBAIqdPQ==, figureFileBig=ld50kYF7o56tp7+Be5ft8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266686809342890329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, articleId=1266686778871271514, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=The relationship between fracture aperture and compressive strength & elastic modulus, figureFileSmall=tTda6yScsRPkYHwQ1RfUrg==, figureFileBig=t4n1HfUioTR4YKy+RN4iMw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266686809422582106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, articleId=1266686778871271514, language=CN, label=图6, caption=裂隙厚度与抗压强度和弹性模量的关系, 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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, articleId=1266686778871271514, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Parallel bond contact model, figureFileSmall=VRp7Hi5zVdQKji+GmPU5GA==, figureFileBig=AxqmqvCWXVw+uY0mdoVHwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266686809997201762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, articleId=1266686778871271514, language=CN, label=图10, caption=平行黏结接触模型示意图, figureFileSmall=VRp7Hi5zVdQKji+GmPU5GA==, figureFileBig=AxqmqvCWXVw+uY0mdoVHwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266686810072699235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, articleId=1266686778871271514, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Test-simulation calibration results, figureFileSmall=I6GcrBFVpgRv8lfGKpKVRQ==, figureFileBig=8qTj2r29qcgNzlqn2XydVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266686810152391012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, articleId=1266686778871271514, language=CN, label=图11, caption=试验与模拟校正结果, figureFileSmall=I6GcrBFVpgRv8lfGKpKVRQ==, figureFileBig=8qTj2r29qcgNzlqn2XydVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266686810269831525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, articleId=1266686778871271514, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Stress-strain curve of ice-filled fractured sandstones (numerical simulation), figureFileSmall=wX5PAqkLplK4N5aZ3SKw8w==, figureFileBig=GkjRV5WnomZo07n0DuXkiw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266686810345328998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, articleId=1266686778871271514, language=CN, label=图12, caption=含冰裂隙砂岩的应力−应变曲线(数值模拟), figureFileSmall=wX5PAqkLplK4N5aZ3SKw8w==, figureFileBig=GkjRV5WnomZo07n0DuXkiw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266686810420826471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, articleId=1266686778871271514, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=Compressive strength of ice-filled fractured sandstones (numerical simulation), 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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, articleId=1266686778871271514, language=CN, label=图16, caption=含冰裂隙砂岩峰后能量(数值模拟), figureFileSmall=zszqNzYks7Q86JNyKXx2iA==, figureFileBig=7DUQRHzziBHxnbpT9/n/NQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266686810999640431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, articleId=1266686778871271514, language=EN, label=Fig.17, caption=The failure modes of ice-bearing fractured sandstone with different fracture dip angles (numerical simulation), figureFileSmall=DFnj3HWeWlWcs8CZS0Dngw==, figureFileBig=dM/ZCyM/bFZIqFf1m0LsCg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266686811087720816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, articleId=1266686778871271514, language=CN, label=图17, caption=不同裂隙倾角的含冰裂隙砂岩破坏模式(数值模拟), figureFileSmall=DFnj3HWeWlWcs8CZS0Dngw==, figureFileBig=dM/ZCyM/bFZIqFf1m0LsCg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266686811179995505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, articleId=1266686778871271514, language=EN, label=Fig.18, caption=Acoustic emission of sandstone with ice-filled fractures of varying apertures at 0° dip angle (numerical simulation), figureFileSmall=zur9o1J/UCag5Y8UVJiQkg==, figureFileBig=F05W3An01sUM16Gm261hyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266686811259687282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, articleId=1266686778871271514, language=CN, label=图18, caption=0°倾角不同裂隙厚度含冰裂隙砂岩声发射(数值模拟), figureFileSmall=zur9o1J/UCag5Y8UVJiQkg==, figureFileBig=F05W3An01sUM16Gm261hyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266686811360350579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, articleId=1266686778871271514, language=EN, label=Fig.19, caption=Acoustic emission of sandstone with ice-filled fractures of varying apertures at 60° dip angle (Numerical Simulation), figureFileSmall=dCyZ04sW0uWLQD9OAkv6lQ==, figureFileBig=+gKGKTqEbaf4EeK8Xu1Dtw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266686811444236660, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, articleId=1266686778871271514, language=CN, label=图19, caption=60°倾角不同裂隙厚度含冰裂隙砂岩声发射(数值模拟), figureFileSmall=dCyZ04sW0uWLQD9OAkv6lQ==, figureFileBig=+gKGKTqEbaf4EeK8Xu1Dtw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266686813105181045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, articleId=1266686778871271514, language=EN, label=Fig.20, caption=Acoustic emission of sandstone with ice-filled fractures of varying apertures at 90° dip angle (numerical simulation), figureFileSmall=0D/MSvNjJWTQQs33J2SemA==, figureFileBig=BhWABCnFGtkionuHmHcUMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266686813193261430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, articleId=1266686778871271514, language=CN, label=图20, caption=90°倾角不同裂隙厚度含冰裂隙砂岩声发射(数值模拟), figureFileSmall=0D/MSvNjJWTQQs33J2SemA==, figureFileBig=BhWABCnFGtkionuHmHcUMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266686813293924727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, articleId=1266686778871271514, language=EN, label=Fig.21, caption=Compressive strength of ice-filled fractured sandstone under different confining pressures (numerical simulation), figureFileSmall=xIex8q/2UgTBw+ZT671N6A==, figureFileBig=aKDLFetzAmKE2/aaIEyM8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266686813365227896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, articleId=1266686778871271514, language=CN, label=图21, caption=不同围压下含冰裂隙砂岩抗压强度(数值模拟), figureFileSmall=xIex8q/2UgTBw+ZT671N6A==, figureFileBig=aKDLFetzAmKE2/aaIEyM8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266686813436531065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, articleId=1266686778871271514, language=EN, label=Fig.22, caption=Cohesion and internal friction angle of ice-filled fractured sandstone (numerical simulation), figureFileSmall=cvOZtKIzSNnp5tA5OgrT/A==, figureFileBig=WhkIvqAA0SP7he+wlORAgg==, tableContent=null), 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articleId=1266686778871271514, language=EN, label=Fig.24, caption=Curve of $ {d}_{(\alpha ,h)} $ and $ {q}_{(\alpha ,h)} $ fitting coefficient varying with fracture thickness, figureFileSmall=osOjFDNLGxIBiCoNm7dqkA==, figureFileBig=ErJ8xrlZpG3YMMETn2E0mQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266686813801435518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, articleId=1266686778871271514, language=CN, label=图24, caption= $ {d}_{(\alpha ,h)} $$ {q}_{(\alpha ,h)} $随裂隙厚度的变化曲线, figureFileSmall=osOjFDNLGxIBiCoNm7dqkA==, figureFileBig=ErJ8xrlZpG3YMMETn2E0mQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266686813872738687, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, articleId=1266686778871271514, language=EN, label=Fig.25, caption=The fitting coefficient curves of $ {d}_{(\alpha ,h)} $ and $ {q}_{(\alpha ,h)} $ under different fracture dip angles, figureFileSmall=TCXXJx5em90qdU36A1NI/w==, figureFileBig=3DKm4xnrmPNOs4tHK9nO0g==, tableContent=null), 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articleId=1266686778871271514, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Mechanical parameters for ice-filled fractured sandstones

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号抗压强度/MPa弹性模量/MPa峰前能量/kJ峰后能量/kJ
原始数据平均值原始数据平均值原始数据平均值原始数据平均值
SY-30-523.1223.561682.351718.670.149200.155070.04890.05072
23.751731.460.158700.0516
23.811742.200.157310.0517
SY-30-1016.7817.231489.621526.490.084700.088450.03670.03794
17.321534.850.089600.0383
17.591555.000.091100.0388
SY-30-1514.1914.761318.751359.270.067800.070430.02840.02929
14.821366.380.071200.0295
15.271392.700.072300.0299
SY-30-2012.1812.671198.561239.450.057300.059860.02160.02239
12.731246.280.060100.0226
13.101273.510.062200.0230
SY-30-2511.2911.771119.831158.690.049400.051620.01920.01996
11.821167.540.051900.0201
12.201188.700.053600.0206
SY-30-3010.9411.421099.681135.570.04800.050170.01840.01919
11.461141.250.050400.0193
11.861165.800.052100.0199
), ArticleFig(id=1266686814313140612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, articleId=1266686778871271514, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

含冰裂隙砂岩力学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号抗压强度/MPa弹性模量/MPa峰前能量/kJ峰后能量/kJ
原始数据平均值原始数据平均值原始数据平均值原始数据平均值
SY-30-523.1223.561682.351718.670.149200.155070.04890.05072
23.751731.460.158700.0516
23.811742.200.157310.0517
SY-30-1016.7817.231489.621526.490.084700.088450.03670.03794
17.321534.850.089600.0383
17.591555.000.091100.0388
SY-30-1514.1914.761318.751359.270.067800.070430.02840.02929
14.821366.380.071200.0295
15.271392.700.072300.0299
SY-30-2012.1812.671198.561239.450.057300.059860.02160.02239
12.731246.280.060100.0226
13.101273.510.062200.0230
SY-30-2511.2911.771119.831158.690.049400.051620.01920.01996
11.821167.540.051900.0201
12.201188.700.053600.0206
SY-30-3010.9411.421099.681135.570.04800.050170.01840.01919
11.461141.250.050400.0193
11.861165.800.052100.0199
), ArticleFig(id=1266686814405415301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, articleId=1266686778871271514, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Model detailed parameter

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩性参数试验 $ E^* $/GPa $ K^* $ $ \mu $ $ c $/MPa $ {\sigma }_{{\mathrm{c}}} $/MPa $ \varphi $/(°)
模拟参数10.441.50.36.754.530
模拟参数20.361.50.35.504.025
模拟参数30.281.50.34.253.520
粗砂岩模拟参数11.331.50.328.6519.250
模拟参数21.241.50.326.5018.645
模拟参数31.151.50.324.8017.240
交界面模拟参数10.701.50.39.007.550
模拟参数20.601.50.38.507.045
模拟参数30.501.50.38.006.540
), ArticleFig(id=1266686814480912774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, articleId=1266686778871271514, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

模型细观参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩性参数试验 $ E^* $/GPa $ K^* $ $ \mu $ $ c $/MPa $ {\sigma }_{{\mathrm{c}}} $/MPa $ \varphi $/(°)
模拟参数10.441.50.36.754.530
模拟参数20.361.50.35.504.025
模拟参数30.281.50.34.253.520
粗砂岩模拟参数11.331.50.328.6519.250
模拟参数21.241.50.326.5018.645
模拟参数31.151.50.324.8017.240
交界面模拟参数10.701.50.39.007.550
模拟参数20.601.50.38.507.045
模拟参数30.501.50.38.006.540
), ArticleFig(id=1266686814548021639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, articleId=1266686778871271514, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Fitting coefficient between the mechanical parameter Y and the fracture dip angle

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
力学参数Y裂隙倾角α/(°)
0153045607590
抗压强度A3.5572×1072.8510×1072.5224×1072.0690×1072.4546×1073.0254×1074.9920×107
B7.3687×1065.0162×1064.3269×1063.1550×1064.3764×1065.7071×1069.0497×106
C3.494743.869173.568663.382366.007323.105890.65256
R20.990.990.990.990.990.990.99
弹性模量A4632.2553286.2033170.1753087.6054206.2715445.5756340.905
B858.371565.899558.794555.060831.4381097.7131254.207
C20.9248.0046.9776.48914.31422.45931.020
R20.990.990.980.990.990.990.99
峰前能量A0.244140.208940.171550.121550.128040.226610.55300
B0.051780.042510.036380.022040.025430.051490.11604
C4.825634.291144.039233.893434.136443.800892.20631
R20.990.990.990.990.980.980.99
峰后能量A0.144400.093590.061940.045880.025020.049460.11169
B0.033790.021620.013200.009150.004180.010710.02587
C1.299061.013082.477362.183503.998401.758900.07783
R20.990.990.990.990.990.990.99
), ArticleFig(id=1266686814627713416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, articleId=1266686778871271514, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

力学参数Y与裂隙倾角的拟合系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
力学参数Y裂隙倾角α/(°)
0153045607590
抗压强度A3.5572×1072.8510×1072.5224×1072.0690×1072.4546×1073.0254×1074.9920×107
B7.3687×1065.0162×1064.3269×1063.1550×1064.3764×1065.7071×1069.0497×106
C3.494743.869173.568663.382366.007323.105890.65256
R20.990.990.990.990.990.990.99
弹性模量A4632.2553286.2033170.1753087.6054206.2715445.5756340.905
B858.371565.899558.794555.060831.4381097.7131254.207
C20.9248.0046.9776.48914.31422.45931.020
R20.990.990.980.990.990.990.99
峰前能量A0.244140.208940.171550.121550.128040.226610.55300
B0.051780.042510.036380.022040.025430.051490.11604
C4.825634.291144.039233.893434.136443.800892.20631
R20.990.990.990.990.980.980.99
峰后能量A0.144400.093590.061940.045880.025020.049460.11169
B0.033790.021620.013200.009150.004180.010710.02587
C1.299061.013082.477362.183503.998401.758900.07783
R20.990.990.990.990.990.990.99
), ArticleFig(id=1266686814707405193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, articleId=1266686778871271514, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Fitting coefficients of E and F for different fracture dips

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裂隙倾角α/(°)cφ
EFR2EFR2
014.048−0.1800.98546.046−0.0890.986
1511.283−0.1770.97644.287−0.0830.985
307.344−0.1670.96341.643−0.0800.997
454.307−0.1580.97939.801−0.0790.989
604.378−0.1560.98140.311−0.0800.983
757.671−0.1660.97542.874−0.0830.979
9011.530−0.1760.97645.216−0.0890.996
), ArticleFig(id=1266686814795485578, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, articleId=1266686778871271514, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同裂隙倾角下E和F的拟合系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
裂隙倾角α/(°)cφ
EFR2EFR2
014.048−0.1800.98546.046−0.0890.986
1511.283−0.1770.97644.287−0.0830.985
307.344−0.1670.96341.643−0.0800.997
454.307−0.1580.97939.801−0.0790.989
604.378−0.1560.98140.311−0.0800.983
757.671−0.1660.97542.874−0.0830.979
9011.530−0.1760.97645.216−0.0890.996
), ArticleFig(id=1266686814866788747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, articleId=1266686778871271514, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Fitting coefficients of Y and fracture dip angle

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Zcφ
EFEF
拟合系数X15.753−0.18246.938−283.654
P−11.8760.266−7.281283.575
L51.95853.59749.20645.737
S26.40821.49124.0175222.353
R20.9920.9780.9680.987
), ArticleFig(id=1266686814950674828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, articleId=1266686778871271514, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

拟合系数Y和裂隙倾角的拟合系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Zcφ
EFEF
拟合系数X15.753−0.18246.938−283.654
P−11.8760.266−7.281283.575
L51.95853.59749.20645.737
S26.40821.49124.0175222.353
R20.9920.9780.9680.987
), ArticleFig(id=1266686815013589389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, articleId=1266686778871271514, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

The fitting coefficients of $ {d}_{(\alpha ,h)} $ and $ {q}_{(\alpha ,h)} $ under different fracture dip angles

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Z $ {d}_{(\alpha ,h)} $ $ {q}_{(\alpha ,h)} $
mnmn
拟合系数X5.873−0.15226.081−0.254
P−1.5730.050−20.7720.286
L49.40330.47651.67953.254
S25.55030.47628.11821.801
R20.9920.9980.9980.997
), ArticleFig(id=1266686815105864078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, articleId=1266686778871271514, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

不同裂隙倾角下$ {d}_{(\alpha ,h)} $$ {q}_{(\alpha ,h)} $拟合系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Z $ {d}_{(\alpha ,h)} $ $ {q}_{(\alpha ,h)} $
mnmn
拟合系数X5.873−0.15226.081−0.254
P−1.5730.050−20.7720.286
L49.40330.47651.67953.254
S25.55030.47628.11821.801
R20.9920.9980.9980.997
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含冰裂隙砂岩力学行为及D-P强度准则修正
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陈光波 1, 2 , 徐泽瑞 1 , 李谭 1 , 张俊文 3 , 王二雨 1 , 王创业 1 , 刘业娇 1 , 张国华 4
采矿与岩层控制工程学报 | 基础研究 2026,8(2): 013014-1-013014-19
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采矿与岩层控制工程学报 | 基础研究 2026, 8(2): 013014-1-013014-19
含冰裂隙砂岩力学行为及D-P强度准则修正
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陈光波1, 2 , 徐泽瑞1, 李谭1, 张俊文3, 王二雨1, 王创业1, 刘业娇1, 张国华4
作者信息
  • 1内蒙古科技大学 矿业与煤炭学院, 内蒙古 包头 014010
  • 2山东科技大学 能源与矿业工程学院, 山东 青岛 266590
  • 3中国矿业大学(北京) 能源与矿业学院, 北京 100083
  • 4黑龙江科技大学, 黑龙江 哈尔滨 150022
  • 陈光波(1990—), 男, 山东淄博人, 副教授, 博士, 主要从事岩石力学方面的研究工作。E-mail:

Mechanical behavior of ice-filled fractured sandstone and modified D-P strength criterion
Guangbo CHEN1, 2 , Zerui XU1, Tan LI1, Junwen ZHANG3, Eryu WANG1, Chuangye WANG1, Yejiao LIU1, Guohua ZHANG4
Affiliations
  • 1School of Mining and Coal, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou 014010, China
  • 2School of Energy and Mining Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
  • 3School of Energy and Mining, China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
  • 4Heilongjiang University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150022, China
出版时间: 2026-04-25 doi: 10.13532/j.jmsce.cn10-1638/td.2025-1346
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寒区岩体工程中, 含冰裂隙削弱了工程岩体的力学特性, 严重影响着工程岩体的安全与稳定。为研究含冰裂隙岩体的力学行为和破坏机制, 开展了单轴压缩试验、声发射监测及离散元数值模拟试验, 系统研究了含冰裂隙砂岩的力学特性与破坏机制, 重点分析裂隙厚度(5~30 mm)和倾角(0°~90°)对岩体强度、弹性模量、能量演化及裂纹扩展的调控规律。结果表明: 抗压强度、弹性模量及峰前/峰后能量均随裂隙厚度增加呈非线性衰减, 弹性模量降幅达20%~34%; 裂隙倾角主导破坏模式分类, 垂直裂隙(90°)因高效应力传递表现出最高强度(23.56 MPa), 低倾角(15°~30°)受界面剪切效应影响强度降低30%~45%, 并识别出冰层压碎(α≤15°)、界面滑移(15°~75°)及岩石主控断裂(α≥75°)3类破坏模式。基于PFC离散元构建冰−岩复合介质细观参数体系, 模拟结果与试验数据吻合度超过90%。考虑裂隙厚度与倾角耦合效应修正了D-P强度准则, 计算理论值与试验误差控制在±5%以内。研究成果为寒区岩体工程稳定性评估及灾害防控提供理论支撑, 并为复杂冻融环境下冰−岩相互作用机理研究奠定基础。

含冰裂隙砂岩  /  力学行为  /  破坏模式  /  裂隙厚度  /  裂隙倾角  /  强度准则

In cold-region rock engineering, ice-filled fractures significantly weaken the mechanical properties of rock masses, which severely impacts the safety and stability of projects. To investigate the mechanical behavior and failure mechanisms of ice-filled fractured rock masses, uniaxial compression tests, acoustic emission monitoring, and discrete element numerical simulations were conducted in this study. On this basis, the mechanical properties and failure mechanisms of ice-filled fractured sandstone were systematically examined, with a focus on how fracture thickness (5–30 mm) and dip angle (0°–90°) influenced rock mass strength, elastic modulus, energy evolution, and crack propagation. The results show that compressive strength, elastic modulus, and pre- and post-peak energy all decrease non-linearly with the increase in fracture thickness, among which the elastic modulus drops by 20%–34%. The fracture dip angle was found to dominate the classification of failure modes. Vertical fractures (90°) exhibit the highest strength (23.56 MPa) due to efficient stress transfer, while low-angle fractures (15°–30°) experience a 30%–45% reduction in strength due to interface shear effects. Three failure modes were identified: ice layer crushing (α≤15°), interface slip (15°–75°), and rock main fracture (α≥75°). A micro-parameter system for the ice-rock composite medium was developed based on the PFC discrete element model, achieving over 90% agreement between simulation results and experimental data. By considering the coupling effects of fracture thickness and dip angle, the D-P strength criterion was modified, and the theoretical values deviate from experimental data by less than ±5% These findings provide theoretical support for the stability evaluation and disaster prevention in cold-region rock engineering and lay the groundwork for studying ice-rock interaction mechanisms in complex freeze-thaw environments.

ice-filled fractured sandstone  /  mechanical behavior  /  failure mode  /  fracture thickness  /  fracture dip angle  /  strength criterion
陈光波, 徐泽瑞, 李谭, 张俊文, 王二雨, 王创业, 刘业娇, 张国华. 含冰裂隙砂岩力学行为及D-P强度准则修正. 采矿与岩层控制工程学报, 2026 , 8 (2) : 013014-1 -013014-19 . DOI: 10.13532/j.jmsce.cn10-1638/td.2025-1346
Guangbo CHEN, Zerui XU, Tan LI, Junwen ZHANG, Eryu WANG, Chuangye WANG, Yejiao LIU, Guohua ZHANG. Mechanical behavior of ice-filled fractured sandstone and modified D-P strength criterion[J]. Journal of Mining and Strata Control Engineering, 2026 , 8 (2) : 013014-1 -013014-19 . DOI: 10.13532/j.jmsce.cn10-1638/td.2025-1346
岩石力学学科对工程建设、地质灾害预防以及资源勘探开发等方面具有重要意义。随着工程技术的不断发展, 寒区工程的开发广度和强度显著增加。在我国, 寒区面积广泛, 例如阿尔金山脉、喀喇昆仑山脉和青藏高原等地区, 这些寒区岩体内部常有冻结层或地下冻结岩层, 其中冰层厚度和长度从几米到上百米不等[1]。经过长期的地质作用, 岩体内富含大量的节理、裂隙, 冰充填在这些裂隙中极大地削弱了岩体的力学性质, 严重影响着寒区岩体的安全与稳定[24], 如图1所示[5]。含冰裂隙岩体的力学行为受到学术界和工程界的广泛关注, 成为研究的重点与热点[68]
针对含冰裂隙岩体力学性质, 国内外学者开展了大量的研究。在试验研究方面, DAVIES等[9]研究了含冰节理岩体边坡的破坏机理以及抗剪强度; 刘波等[10]开展了不同温度下的冻结红砂岩和冻结裂隙红砂岩不同裂隙倾角下的单轴和三轴压缩试验, 分析其强度变化; 杨昊等[11]研究了预制单裂隙岩石(模仿冻结裂隙红砂岩)的力学特性, 探讨了裂隙的倾角、迹长、隙宽、围压以及温度等因素对单裂隙岩体的影响; 荣腾龙[12]研究了不同倾角下单裂隙岩体在单轴试验下的物理参数、力学强度及断裂特性, 并分析其影响因素; 李强等[5]研究了含冰裂隙岩体的不同温度与裂隙倾角下, 抗压强度随裂隙倾角的变化及热融条件下力学性质的劣化; 刘艳章等[13]研究了含裂隙砂岩的损伤断裂特性, 发现了岩石裂纹扩展长度和单轴压缩强度主要与裂隙倾斜角度有关; LIU等[1415]利用声发射试验, 研究了围压条件下冻融岩石的声发射能量与幅度变化, 揭示了冻结砂岩内部微裂纹的变化, 评价了竖井施工现场冻结砂岩的真实状态; 单仁亮等[16]研究了在不同冻结速率、裂缝尺寸、倾斜角度及边界条件下, 砂岩贯通裂缝的冻胀力, 探讨了贯通裂缝的发展趋势、劣化机理及破坏形式; 杨阳等[17]利用SHPB动态冲击试验, 研究低温状态下红砂岩的变形破坏和能量传递规律。
在数值模拟方面, 众多学者采用不同方法对含冰裂隙岩体的力学特性进行研究。李新平等[18]研究了多裂隙岩体的力学特性, 并根据岩体内的应力、应变建立了多裂隙岩体的损伤断裂模型, 并进行模拟试验; 欧阳群安[19]利用颗粒离散元方法对典型的冰力学问题开展了研究, 建立了冰力学问题颗粒离散元模拟的微观本构模型; 赵建宇[20]结合试验研究和数值模拟手段, 研究了冰岩组合体的力学特征, 分析其不同组合角度的动态破坏规律研究; 黄明健等[21]利用PFC-FLAC耦合方法, 研究了冰岩组合体动态力学特性及裂纹演化特征。
现有研究虽为含冰裂隙岩体力学行为提供了有益参考, 然而, 关于含冰裂隙厚度与倾角耦合作用对岩体力学响应的研究尚显不足。本研究以含冰裂隙砂岩为对象, 通过单轴压缩试验和数值模拟, 探讨裂隙倾角与厚度对其力学特性的影响规律, 分析了该砂岩的强度特性、破坏模式及宏观变形特征; 考虑裂隙厚度与倾角耦合效应修正了D-P强度准则。研究成果可为寒区裂隙岩体的力学评估与工程稳定性评价提供理论依据。
选择青海省玉树藏族自治州长拉山隧道的常见砂岩作为研究对象。加工前用超声波检测仪测砂岩波速, 剔除波速差异>5%的试样(目标波速3200±100 m/s), 确保岩石基体均一; 同时检测砂岩密度(2.65±0.02 g/cm3)与孔隙率(8.2±0.3%), 仅保留参数在误差范围内的试样。利用钻孔机、切割机、磨石机, 加工成ϕ50 mm×95 mm、ϕ50 mm×90 mm、ϕ50 mm×85 mm、ϕ50 mm×80 mm、ϕ50 mm×75 mm、ϕ50 mm×70 mm不同尺寸的试样, 并不用于开展试验, 而是对这些试样再次加工。为制备不同裂隙厚度的夹冰试样, 采用数控切割机沿30°倾角对这些试样切割, 倾角误差≤0.5°, 裂隙厚度误差≤0.2 mm, 确保裂隙几何参数统一。切割面用800目砂纸打磨, 通过表面粗糙度仪测量, 控制粗糙度Ra=1.6±0.2 μm, 增强冰与岩石的机械咬合力。
将试样置于预先准备好的尺寸为ϕ50 mm×100 mm的聚乙烯PE管中, 采用去离子水(电阻率≥18.2 MΩ·cm)制备冰层, 通过离子色谱仪检测, 确保Na+、Cl含量<0.1 mg/L, 用注射器分3次向裂隙注水, 每次间隔2 h, 注水量按裂隙体积计算(如5 mm厚裂隙注水量0.5±0.05 mL), 避免水分分布不均。注水后用胶带密封注水孔, 冻结前用游标卡尺测裂隙厚度, 同一组试样厚度偏差≤0.3 mm, 统一打磨至ϕ50 mm×100 mm, 消除尺寸差异, 低温箱以5 ℃/h速率降至−20 ℃, 恒温10 d, 避免温差导致冰晶体发育不均, 诱导冰晶体沿垂直裂隙方向生长, 冻结完成后去除外表覆盖的聚乙烯PE管, 切除表面多余的碎冰, 取部分冻结后冰试样, 用排水法测体积(精度0.01 mL)、电子天平称重(精度0.001 g), 计算密度(控制在0.917±0.002 g/cm3), 获得尺寸ϕ50 mm×100 mm含冰裂隙砂岩试样。试样制备流程如图2所示, 制备好的实物如图3所示。
使用SAW−2000微机控制电液伺服岩石压力试验机(图4), 对含冰裂隙砂岩试样进行了单轴压缩试验, 加载速率0.05 mm/min, 符合《GB/T 50266—2013 岩石力学试验方法标准》, 用激光对中仪调整试样, 偏心距≤0.1 mm, 减少加载偏心误差。试验选择了6种不同裂隙厚度h (裂隙倾角30°): 5、10、15、20、25和30 mm。试样编号按照SY-裂隙倾角−裂隙厚度命名, 分别为SY-30-5~SY-30-30。通过室内试验获取含冰砂岩的宏观力学参数, 可为后续数值模拟参数标定提供依据。
在单轴压缩试验条件下, 包含冰裂隙的砂岩试样的应力−应变曲线如图5所示。每种裂隙厚度−倾角组合开展3次平行试验, 剔除偏离平均值>10%的异常值后补充相关试验, 保证获得3组试验数据, 并对其取均值, 确保数据代表性, 相关结果见表1。值得注意的是, 弹性模量是通过应力−应变曲线中弹性阶段的斜率来确定的, 即应力与应变之比。峰前能量、峰后能量分别为应力−应变曲线峰前部分和峰后部分下的面积, 计算公式分别为式(1)、(2), 计算结果见表1
$ {U}_{1}=\int\nolimits_{0}^{{\varepsilon }_{{\mathrm{f}}}}\sigma (\varepsilon ){\mathrm{d}}\varepsilon $
式中, $ {\varepsilon }_{{\mathrm{f}}} $为峰值应变; $ \sigma (\varepsilon ) $为关于应变的函数。
$ {U}_{2}=\int\nolimits_{{\varepsilon }_{{\mathrm{f}}}}^{{\varepsilon }_{{\mathrm{d}}}}\sigma (\varepsilon ){\mathrm{d}}\varepsilon $
式中, $ {\varepsilon }_{{\mathrm{d}}} $为残余应变。
裂隙厚度h与抗压强度、弹性模量、峰前能量、峰后能量的关系, 如图67所示。
图6可知, SY-30-5试样抗压强度最大, 为23.56 MPa, SY-30-30试样抗压强度最小, 为11.42 MPa。裂隙厚度越厚, 抗压强度越小。外力作用下, 冰与砂岩的交界处产生应力集中, 冰的承载力较差, 容易破裂, 引发裂纹扩展。即使冰本身有黏聚力, 但相比砂岩弱很多, 因此冰层会成为结构中的薄弱点。抗压强度Rc与裂隙厚度h呈非线性关系, 见式(3), 拟合优度$ {R}^{2} $为0.99。
$ {R}_{\text{c}}=2.50\times {10}^{7}-4.27\times {10}^{6}\cdot {\mathrm{ln}}(h-3.59) $
SY-30-5试样弹性模量最大, 为17.19 MPa, SY-30-30试样弹性模量最小, 为11.36 MPa。随着裂隙厚度h增加, 弹性模量E逐渐减小。弹性模量E与裂隙厚度h符合非线性关系, 见式(4), 拟合优度$ {R}^{2} $为0.99。
$ E=2.47\times {10}^{3}-3.94\times {10}^{2}\cdot {\mathrm{ln}}(h+1.65) $
峰前能量主要为应变能的积聚, 能量来源主要分为两部分, 一是砂岩在受载条件下发生弹性变形积聚弹性能, 二是冰在受载条件下发生变形积聚弹性能。由图7可知, SY-30-5试样峰前能量最大, 达到了0.15507 kJ, 而SY-30-30试样峰前能量最小, 仅为0.0502 kJ。随着裂隙厚度h的增大, 峰前能量U呈现逐渐减少的趋势。峰前能量U与裂隙厚度h之间呈现出非线性关系, 具体可通过式(5)表示, 且拟合优度为0.99。
$ U=1.31\times {10}^{-1}-2.57\times {10}^{-2}\cdot {\mathrm{ln}}(h-4.61) $
峰后能量主要为含冰裂隙砂岩破坏时的耗散能, 主要由砂岩和冰的塑性变形、破坏、碎块与断面摩擦滑移等消耗的能量。由图7可知, SY-30-5试样峰后能量最多, 为0.05072 kJ, SY-30-30试样峰后能量最少, 为0.01919 kJ。随着裂隙厚度h的增加, 峰后能量$ {U}_{\text{d}} $逐渐减少。拟合发现: 峰后能量$ {U}_{\text{d}} $与裂隙厚度h基本符合非线性关系, 见式(6), 拟合优度$ {R}^{2} $为0.98。
$ {U}_{{\mathrm{d}}}=7.02\times {10}^{-2}-1.57\times {10}^{-2}\cdot {\mathrm{ln}}(h-1.60) $
冰在单轴压缩试验中展现晶体各向异性主导的破坏模式: 六方晶系(Ih相)初期加载时晶内滑移诱发塑性变形, 而继续加载则触发穿晶脆性断裂, 其各向异性特征与层状砂岩力学行为高度相似。同时, 试样破坏后常因应力释放与环境热交换, 导致新生微裂纹被部分冰晶重填充(5 mm), 致使裂纹可视性降低(图8(a))。为精确表征裂纹系统, 在试验结果图中采用视觉增强标注宏观主裂纹轨迹, 而在示意图(图8(b))中采用半透明叠层技术重构裂纹网络, 清晰呈现主裂纹分叉、次级裂纹衍生的空间耦合关系。这种宏−微观相结合的裂纹表征方法可为类比岩石脆−塑性转变机制提供可视化依据。
图8可知, 试样断裂行为呈现显著的厚度依存特征。所有试样均观测到主裂纹沿冰层呈左上方至右下方扩展趋势, 对应冰的弹性变形、岩−冰界面微裂纹萌生(裂隙厚度越小, 冰承载占比高, 峰前能量越大)。
值得注意的是, 次级裂纹的演化规律与主裂纹扩展特征存在明显耦合关系: 当裂隙厚度h由5 mm增至30 mm时, 对应试样中次级裂纹数量分别为16、13、10、9、6、4条, 其空间分布由全域均匀覆盖逐步转变为局部集中模式。特别地, 仅裂隙厚度5 mm试样呈现典型的脆性断裂特征, 其表面形成复杂网状裂纹系统, 对应冰层压碎、岩石宏观裂纹扩展及界面摩擦滑移(小倾角15°~30°试样峰后能量小, 因界面滑移主导, 耗能少)。
通过对次级裂纹的衍生扩展进一步观察发现, 当冰层厚度(裂隙厚度)达到25 mm时开始出现局部剥落现象, 冰层厚度30 mm试样中剥落面积显著增大。剥落现象主要源于双重作用机制: 其一, 冰层厚度增加导致冰层中心区域形成环状应力集中区; 其二, 冰晶生长过程中形成的原生缺陷(包括晶界微裂隙和空穴)作为薄弱环节, 在临界应力状态下引发分层失效。
本节所有数据均为PFC离散元数值模拟结果。为探讨裂隙厚度h与裂隙倾角α对含冰裂隙砂岩力学特性的影响, 设计6种不同裂隙厚度h (5、10、15、20、25 及30 mm)和7种裂隙倾角α(0°、15°、30°、45°、60°、75°及90°)的含冰裂隙砂岩, 如图9所示。
采用平行黏结接触模型(图10)。参考《冻土力学试验规程》中−20 ℃纯冰力学参数, 结合纯冰单轴压缩试验(峰值强度4.5±0.3 MPa), 选择冰的参数(E*=0.44 GPa、c=6.75 MPa)。参考砂岩单轴压缩预试验(峰值强度35.0±1.2 MPa、弹性模量2.5±0.1 GPa), 选择粗砂岩参数(E*=1.33 GPa、c=28.65 MPa)。通过调整交界面黏聚力至模拟与试验强度偏差<5%(如α=30°、h=10 mm时, 偏差4.2%)后, 确定交界面参数(E*=0.70 GPa、c=9.00 MPa)。
值得说明的是, 所有参数均进行多次试验, 以下以裂隙倾角30°、裂隙厚度10 mm的试样为例, 进行室内试验和数值试验对比验证。模拟参数见表2, 模拟结果如图11所示。图11中部分差异源于天然岩体初始缺陷的分布, 导致未能呈现出典型的压密阶段。定量分析表明, 单轴压缩下数值模拟与试验曲线的弹性模量、峰值强度及破坏形态吻合度超过90%(R2>0.9), 证实细观力学模拟参数1能有效表征冰−岩复合介质的力学行为。
在单轴压缩试验条件下, 冰裂隙存在的砂岩试样的部分应力−应变曲线见图12。由图12可知, 裂隙厚度越小, 抗压强度越大; 裂隙倾角90°的试样抗压强度最大, 其次为裂隙倾角0°试样, 裂隙倾角60°的试样最小。图13~16展示了裂隙厚度、裂隙倾角分别与抗压强度、弹性模量、峰值前能量以及峰值后能量之间的相互关系。
图13可知, 含冰裂隙砂岩抗压强度随裂隙厚度增加而下降, 抗压强度与裂隙厚度成非线性关系, 拟合系数见表3, 关系式为
$ Y=A-B\ln (h+C) $
式中, Y为抗压强度; ABC为拟合系数。
图13(a)可知, 相同裂隙厚度条件下, 抗压强度随裂隙倾角增加而先减小后增加, 变化趋势随着裂隙厚度增加逐渐放缓。由图13(b)可知, 低裂隙倾角(0~30°)时下降趋势更显著, 其下降幅度随裂隙倾角增加而先减少后增加, 裂隙倾角60°时最平稳, 是由于冰岩交界处产生的界面效应在抗压强度的影响下占据主导地位。裂隙倾角0°时降幅最大。其中裂隙倾角90°较为特殊, 降幅偏小, 是由于岩石为主要应力的载体, 故整体强度增高。
图14(a)可知, 相同裂隙厚度条件下, 含冰裂隙砂岩弹性模量随裂隙倾角增加而先减少后增加, 其变化趋势随厚度增加无明显变化。由图14(b)可知, 相同裂隙倾角条件下, 含冰裂隙砂岩弹性模量随裂隙厚度h增加呈递减趋势, 其变化趋势较为平稳, 弹性模量与裂隙厚度h呈现非线性关系, 关系式为式(7), 拟合系数见表3
图15(a)可知, 相同裂隙厚度条件下, 峰前能量随裂隙倾角增加而先减少后增加, 变化趋势随着裂隙厚度增加而逐渐放缓。由图15(b)可知, 相同裂隙倾角条件下, 峰前能量随裂隙倾角增加呈现递减趋势, 变化趋势随裂隙倾角增加而先放缓后加快, 同样与裂隙厚度呈现非线性关系, 关系式为式(7), 拟合系数见表3。裂隙倾角为0°时下降趋势最快, 裂隙倾角为90°时较为特殊, 其下降幅度偏小, 是由于岩石变为主要应力的载体, 故整体强度增高。
图16(a)可知, 相同裂隙厚度条件下, 峰后能量随裂隙倾角增加而先减少后增加, 变化趋势随着裂隙厚度增加逐渐放缓。由图16(b)可知, 相同裂隙倾角条件下, 峰后能量随裂隙倾角增加呈现递减趋势, 变化趋势随裂隙倾角增加而先放缓后加快, 同样与裂隙厚度呈现非线性关系, 关系式为式(7), 拟合系数见表3。其中裂隙倾角为0°时, 峰后能量下降趋势最为显著, 且最大值超过裂隙倾角90°的峰后能量。这一规律与试验中的强度衰减规律一致。
不同裂隙倾角砂岩试样压缩破坏主要有如下3种裂纹破坏模式。
(1)破坏模式Ⅰ。当裂隙倾角α≤15°时, 阶段1: 此时试样处于稳定状态, 无明显裂纹与形变(图17(a))。阶段2: 亚稳定状态, 首先在冰层右端部出现半圆弧状裂纹, 随着加载的继续, 左端部出现半圆弧状裂纹(图17(b))。阶段3: 随着加载的继续, 两端半圆弧状裂纹逐渐向冰层内部侵入(图17(c)), 待冰层完全贯穿后, 冰层被整体压碎, 试样失效。冰层破坏后, 试样并未整体破断。
(2)破坏模式Ⅱ。当裂隙倾角15°≤α≤75°时, 阶段1: 此时试样处于稳定状态(图17(d)), 无明显裂纹与形变。阶段2: 在冰层的中部最初出现了竖向裂纹(图17(e)), 随后裂纹也出现在冰与岩石的接触面处。阶段3: 随着冰与岩石接触面的延伸, 直到上下两部分的岩石在该界面发生相对滑动, 整个试样最终发生破裂(图17(f))。
(3)破坏模式Ⅲ。当裂隙倾角α≥75°时, 阶段1: 试样此时处于稳定状态, 无明显裂纹与形变(图17(g))。阶段2: 先在冰层中心区域产生竖向裂纹(图17(h))。阶段3: 随着加载的继续, 逐渐蔓延到岩石层(图17(i)), 待岩石层贯穿后, 试样失效。岩石层破坏后, 试样整体破断。此模式下的破坏主要以岩石为主。
声发射能够直接反映岩石内部损伤演化规律, 撞击次数是指声发射信号越过门槛电压的振荡次数, 反应了煤岩体的声发射信号强度与频率, 广泛用于对声发射活动的评价和煤岩损伤的定量评价[2224]。数值模拟中, 试样内部通过颗粒之间的颗粒键连接, 当施加的应力超过颗粒键强度极限时, 颗粒键会发生断裂。每有一个颗粒键的断裂便视为撞击一次。含冰裂隙砂岩声发射特征如图18~20所示。在每次计算5000步的过程中, 对期间产生的声发射撞击次数进行统计, 并将其作为对应的微裂隙计数。声发射活动大致分为稳定期、活跃期、剧烈期3个阶段。破坏模式中的阶段1为稳定期(声发射计数<25次), 主要以原生裂纹闭合压密为主, 峰前能量积累较少, 微裂纹增长缓慢。阶段2为活跃期(25~50次), 部分微裂纹集中产生与贯通, 试样宏观有部分微小可见裂纹产生。该时期试样发生弹性变形, 积累较多能量。虽然裂纹产生会消耗部分能量, 但总体能量逐渐积聚。阶段3为剧烈期(>50次), 试样临近或达到峰值强度, 积聚的能量达到储能极限后, 能量快速释放, 便产生较大裂纹, 或大量微裂纹, 这些裂纹相互贯通、发展, 在试样宏观上产生明显裂纹, 试样快速发生失稳破坏。声发射的3个阶段特征与能量演化规律对应, 同时, 也佐证了破坏模式分类的合理性。从微裂纹计数来看, 裂隙倾角0°、90°时, 微裂纹计数峰值随裂隙厚度增加普遍减少。裂隙厚度增加时, 裂隙面间的间隙变大, 导致裂纹尖端的应力松弛, 微裂纹扩展不充分。裂隙倾角60°时, 微裂纹计数峰值随裂隙厚度增加无显著变化。从累计微裂纹计数来看, 裂隙倾角0°、90°时, 累计微裂纹计数随裂隙厚度增加无显著变化。裂隙倾角60°时, 累计微裂纹计数随裂隙厚度增加显著增加。
对含冰裂隙砂岩在不同围压条件下进行轴向加载数值试验, 获得了不同围压下含冰裂隙砂岩的强度数据, 如图21所示。由图21可知, 无论何种围压下, 随着裂隙厚度的增大, 抗压强度逐渐降低。
Mohr-Coulomb强度准则可以通过主应力表示, 其表达式[2528]如下:
$ {\sigma }_{1}=\frac{1+\sin \;\varphi }{1-\sin\; \varphi }{\sigma }_{3}+\frac{2{c}\cos \;\varphi }{1-\sin \;\varphi } $
式中, $ {\sigma }_{1} $为最大主应力; $ {\sigma }_{3} $为最小主应力; c为黏聚力; φ为内摩擦角。
通过式(8)对模拟数据进行线性拟合, 进而可得含冰裂隙砂岩的黏聚力c和内摩擦角φ数据, 具体结果见图22
图22可知, 试样的黏聚力c和内摩擦角φ随着裂隙厚度和裂隙倾角的变化呈现出与强度变化趋势相似的规律。当裂隙倾角0°或90°时, 黏聚力和内摩擦角较大; 当倾角45°或60°时, 黏聚力和内摩擦角较小, 具有明显的倾角效应。裂隙厚度从10 mm增至30 mm, 试样的黏聚力从6.24 MPa下降至5.11 MPa, 内摩擦角从4.27°下降至3.44°, 由此表明随裂隙厚度的增大, 黏聚力和内摩擦角的倾角效应逐渐减弱。
裂隙厚度从10 mm增至30 mm, 裂隙倾角为0°的试样, 黏聚力c的降幅分别为7.11%、5.07%、3.23%、3.71%; 内摩擦角φ的降幅分别为3.82%、2.26%、2.22%、1.63%, 黏聚力c的降幅明显大于内摩擦角φ, 表明裂隙厚度对黏聚力影响更为显著。此外, 试样强度降幅大于黏聚力和内摩擦角的降幅。这是由于岩石强度是黏聚力与内摩擦角的综合表现。黏聚力和内摩擦角符合式(9)。
$ R=E\cdot {h}^{F} $
式中, R为黏聚力c或内摩擦角φ; EF为拟合系数, 具体数值见表4
表4可知, 所有拟合优度均大于0.95, 拟合结果具有较高的精度。
含冰裂隙砂岩的黏聚力c和内摩擦角φ受裂隙倾角的影响, 表4中的拟合系数随裂隙倾角的变化而变化。对裂隙倾角与拟合系数之间的关系进行拟合, 两者符合式(10):
$ Z=X+P{{\mathrm{e}}}^{-\tfrac{{(\alpha -L)}^{2}}{2{S}^{2}}} $
式中, Z为在不同裂隙倾角α下的拟合系数; XPLS为相应的拟合系数, 具体数值见表5
表5可得拟合系数随裂隙倾角的变化曲线,如图23所示。将表4表5中数据代入式(9)和式(10)中, 得到关于裂隙厚度和裂隙倾角的黏聚力$ {c}_{(\alpha ,h)} $和内摩擦角$ {\varphi }_{(\alpha ,h)} $, 公式如下:
$\begin{split} {c}_{(\alpha ,h)}=&\left(15.753-11.876\cdot {{\mathrm{e}}}^{-\frac{{(\alpha -51.958)}^{2}}{2{\text{·}} {(26.408)}^{2}}}\text{}\right)\cdot \\&{h}^{\left(-0.182+0.266\cdot {{{\mathrm{e}}}^{-\frac{{(\alpha -53.597)}^{2}}{2{\text{·}} {(21.491)}^{2}}}}\right)}\end{split} $
$ \begin{split} {\varphi }_{(\alpha ,h)}=&\left(46.938-7.281\cdot {{\mathrm{e}}}^{-\frac{{(\alpha -49.206)}^{2}}{2{\text{·}} {(24.017)}^{2}}}\text{}\right)\cdot \\&{h}^{\left(-283.654+283.575\cdot {{{\mathrm{e}}}^{-\frac{{(\alpha -45.737)}^{2}}{2{\text{·}} {(5222.353)}^{2}}}}\text{}\right)}\end{split} $
D-P强度准则因其形式简单、物理意义明确而被广泛使用, 表达式为
$ f=a{I}_{1}+\sqrt{{J}_{2}}-K=0 $
式中, a为与岩石内摩擦角的相关系数; K为与岩石内摩擦角以及黏聚力的相关系数; I1J2分别为应力第1不变量和偏应力张量第2不变量。
对于常规三轴压缩条件下, 则式(13)简化为
$ {\sigma }_{1}=\frac{6a+\sqrt{3}}{\sqrt{3}-3a}{\sigma }_{3}+\frac{K}{\sqrt{3}-3a} $
其中,
$ a=\frac{2\sin\; \varphi }{\sqrt{3}(3-\sin \;\varphi )} $
$ K=\frac{6c\cos\; \varphi }{\sqrt{3}(3-\sin\; \varphi )} $
为了预测不同裂隙倾斜角度和裂隙厚度条件下岩石的强度, 本文对D-P准则进行了修正。通过引入与裂隙倾斜角度和厚度相关的参数$ {c}_{(\alpha ,h)} $$ {\varphi }_{(\alpha ,h)} $, 描述岩石在这些条件下的破坏强度特性。其具体表达式如下:
$ {\sigma }_{1}=\frac{6{a}_{(\alpha ,h)}+\sqrt{3}}{\sqrt{3}-3{a}_{(\alpha ,h)}}{\sigma }_{3}+\frac{{K}_{(\alpha ,h)}}{\sqrt{3}-3{a}_{(\alpha ,h)}} $
式中, $ {a}_{(\alpha ,h)} $为与$ {\varphi }_{(\alpha ,h)} $的相关系数; $ {K}_{(\alpha ,h)} $为与$ {c}_{(\alpha ,h)} $$ {\varphi }_{(\alpha ,h)} $的相关系数。
$ {d}_{(\alpha ,h)}=\dfrac{6{a}_{(\alpha ,h)}+\sqrt{3}}{\sqrt{3}-3{a}_{(\alpha ,h)}} $, $ {q}_{(\alpha ,h)}=\dfrac{{K}_{(\alpha ,h)}}{\sqrt{3}-3{a}_{(\alpha ,h)}} $, 则式(13)可以简化为
$ {\sigma }_{1}={d}_{(\alpha ,h)}{\sigma }_{3}+{q}_{(\alpha ,h)} $
计算$ {d}_{(\alpha ,h)} $$ {q}_{(\alpha ,h)} $的值, 如图24所示。
图24可知, $ {d}_{(\alpha ,h)} $$ {q}_{(\alpha ,h)} $随着裂隙厚度h增加, $ {d}_{(\alpha ,h)} $呈现明显的下降趋势; 而$ {q}_{(\alpha ,h)} $在0°、15°、30°、75°、90°呈现出较为明显的下降趋势, 在45°、60°下降幅度较小。通过对图25所示数据进行曲线拟合, D-P准则的系数随裂隙厚度的变化趋势符合式(8)。在不同裂隙倾角下, 拟合系数dEqEdFqF的变化规律如图25所示。
拟合系数dEqEdFqF与裂隙倾角的关系符合式(10), 具体系数见表6
将式(9)和(10)代入式(17)中, 可以得到考虑裂隙厚度和裂隙倾角的含冰裂隙砂岩D-P强度准则:
$ {\sigma }_{1}=({d}_{m}\cdot {h}^{{{d}_{n}}})\cdot {\sigma }_{3}+({q}_{m}\cdot {h}^{{{q}_{n}}}) $
将式(11)和式(12)中的数据代入式(19)后, 可以计算出裂隙厚度和裂隙倾角对含冰裂隙砂岩强度的理论值, 并进一步求得理论值与试验值之间的相对误差, 如图26所示。从图中可以看出, 含冰裂隙砂岩的强度理论值与模拟试验值之间的相对误差保持在±5%以内。这表明, 本文所提出的考虑裂隙厚度与裂隙倾角的含冰裂隙砂岩强度准则具有较高的准确性。
寒区岩石力学工程受到国内外专家学者的广泛关注, 尤其寒区采矿工程、寒区岩土工程、寒区隧道工程。随着工程技术的不断发展, 寒区工程的开挖广度和强度显著增加。我国寒区面积广泛, 例如阿尔金山脉、喀喇昆仑山脉和青藏高原等地区。寒区岩体内部的裂隙常常被冰充填, 形成含冰裂隙岩体, 严重影响着工程的安全与稳定。因此含冰裂隙岩体的力学性质对于工程安全建设具有重要意义。
论文开展了含冰裂隙砂岩的室内试验、数值模拟试验, 研究了含冰裂隙砂岩的力学性质、破坏特征; 同时, 考虑裂隙倾角和含冰厚度修正了D-P强度准则。其中的破坏特征研究对于工程中含冰裂隙岩体破坏特征(如滑移、断裂、崩落等)的研究具有较好的指导意义。力学性质演化规律对于含冰裂隙岩体的力学性质对比、估算具有较好的参考价值, 尤其通过修正D-P准则可以估算含冰裂隙岩体的强度, 提高了精确度, 尤其对于支护方式、支护材料、支护强度、支护密度等的选择具有较好的参考价值。综上可知, 上述研究对于维护寒区裂隙岩体工程安全和稳定性评价具有重要的工程意义。
在内摩擦角和黏聚力理论分析的基础上, 修正了D-P强度准则, 可用于描述含冰裂隙试件的强度演化规律。黏聚力和内摩擦角(式(11)、(12)), 是在本文初始参数的基础上获得的。本文介绍了一种科学的含冰裂隙试件黏聚力和内摩擦角的获取方法, 这是值得肯定的, 对于任意其他岩石可以按照该方法获得含冰裂隙组合试样的黏聚力和内摩擦角。
众所周知, D-P强度准则公式中a为与内摩擦角相关的参数, K为与内摩擦角和黏聚力相关的参数, 根据建立的内摩擦角、黏聚力与裂隙角度和含冰厚度的函数关系, 构建了aK两个参数与裂隙角度和含冰裂隙厚度的函数关系, 将其引入到D-P准则中, 对D-P强度准则进行修正。对修正的D-P强度准则进行合理性验证, 所有试样误差在±5%合理范围以内, 这表明修正的D-P强度准则准确度高、合理性好。
值得注意的是, D-P准则的修正是基于本文试验条件得出的, 试样强度除受裂隙厚度、裂隙倾角影响之外, 还受到许多其他因素的影响, 比如试样岩性、含冰性质、裂隙厚度、裂隙倾角、裂隙位置、裂隙数目、孔洞条件、试样尺寸、岩冰比例、加载方式等。试验条件改变后, 本文最终修正的D-P准则的有效性可能会降低。究其原因, 修正的D-P强度准则中各参数数据随试验条件的改变而变化, 一旦改变了某些条件, 本文得出修正的D-P准则的参数也会有所改变。然而, 想把试样岩性、含冰性质、裂隙厚度、裂隙倾角、裂隙位置、裂隙数目、孔洞条件、试样尺寸、岩冰比例、加载方式等众多因素全部考虑在内对D-P准则进行修正, 需要后续逐步完善和深入研究。
然而, 值得肯定的是, 本文这种含冰裂隙组合试样的内摩擦角和黏聚力获取方法和修正D-P强度准则的思路和方法是科学的、合理的、准确的, 对于符合或与本文试验条件相近的工程岩体强度估算具有良好的指导意义, 对于其他影响因素下的强度准则的修正也具有较高的参考价值。
(1) 含冰裂隙砂岩抗压强度、弹性模量及峰前/峰后能量随裂隙厚度增加呈非线性衰减规律。其中, 裂隙厚度≤10 mm时, 破坏以轴向主裂纹主导; 裂隙厚度≥15 mm时, 裂纹网络复杂度显著提升, 力学性能劣化速率加剧, 弹性模量降幅达20%~34%。
(2) 裂隙倾角对破坏模式具有显著影响。垂直裂隙(90°)因冰−岩界面应力传递效率高, 抗压强度最大; 低倾角(15°~30°)试样受界面剪切滑移效应主导, 强度降低30%~45%。
(3) 含冰裂隙岩体破坏模式划分为3类: 冰层压碎失效(α≤15°)、界面滑移破断(15°~75°)及岩石主控断裂(α≥75°)。破坏模式大致分为3个阶段, 分别为准稳态阶段、亚稳态阶段、失稳阶段。
(4) 基于PFC离散元模型构建冰−岩复合介质细观参数体系, 模拟结果与试验数据的弹性模量、峰值强度及裂纹扩展路径吻合度超过90%。
(5) 考虑裂隙厚度与裂隙倾角因素, 修正了Drucker-Prager强度准则, 建立了含冰裂隙砂岩强度准则。理论值与试验数据的相对误差在±5%以内, 验证了修正D-P准则的准确性。
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2026年第8卷第2期
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doi: 10.13532/j.jmsce.cn10-1638/td.2025-1346
  • 接收时间:2025-09-08
  • 首发时间:2026-05-28
  • 出版时间:2026-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-08
  • 修回日期:2025-11-13
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    1内蒙古科技大学 矿业与煤炭学院, 内蒙古 包头 014010
    2山东科技大学 能源与矿业工程学院, 山东 青岛 266590
    3中国矿业大学(北京) 能源与矿业学院, 北京 100083
    4黑龙江科技大学, 黑龙江 哈尔滨 150022
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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