Article(id=1266686778397319720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, issueId=1266686777441018407, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13532/j.jmsce.cn10-1638/td.2025-1241, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1751212800000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-30, revisedDate=1756742400000, revisedDateStr=2025-09-02, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1779931261872, onlineDateStr=2026-05-28, pubDate=1777046400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1779931261872, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1779931261872, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1779931261872, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1266686777441018407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, year='2026', volume='8', issue='2', pageStart='013014-1', pageEnd='023542-19', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1779931261643, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1779931348520, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1266687141976358949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, issueId=1266686777441018407, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1266687141976358950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, issueId=1266686777441018407, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=023022-1, endPage=023022-13, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1266686778745446955, articleId=1266686778397319720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, language=EN, title=Research on the evolution patterns of rock burst-inducing factors in steeplyinclined and extremely thick coal seams, columnId=1266686778661560874, journalTitle=Journal of Mining and Strata Control Engineering, columnName=Engineering Case, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

As the mining depth of steeply inclined and extremely thick coal seams continuously increases, the rock burst disasters associated with them are becoming increasingly severe. The rock burst-inducing factors exhibit diversity and keep evolving, which poses difficulties to precise prevention of rock bursts. To address these issues, this paper explored the evolutionary patterns of inducing factors in a typical steeply inclined and extremely thick coal seams mine in Xinjiang by means of case analysis, field monitoring, and theoretical analysis. By analyzing five typical rock burst events in the mine, the main inducing factors were found to be steeply inclined roofs, intermediate rock pillars, remaining coal pillars, mining depth, mining intensity, and horizontal tectonic stress. Moreover, an improved analytic hierarchy process incorporating triangular fuzzy numbers was proposed to quantitatively evaluate the weights of these inducing factors and characterize their evolutionary patterns. The results disclose that steeply inclined roofs and intermediate rock pillars possess the highest weights and constitute the most significant inducing factors, and their weights keep growing with the continuous mining of coal seams. The weights of mining depth and horizontal tectonic stress generally rise with the continuous mining of coal seams, which reflects their enhanced inducing effects. In contrast, the weight of remaining coal pillars generally shows a decreasing trend, suggesting their gradually diminishing influence within the gob on rock bursts. The weight of mining intensity also decreases overall. Fianlly, the evolutionary patterns of inducing factors in steeply inclined and extremely thick coal seams were well verified through mining data analysis, microseismic monitoring, ground stress testing, numerical simulation, and theoretical research. The research results can provide support for precise control of rock bursts in steeply inclined and extremely thick coal seams.

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急倾斜特厚煤层开采深度持续增大, 其冲击地压灾害日益严峻, 诱冲因素呈现出多样性和演变特征, 为冲击地压精准防治带来困难。针对以上问题, 综合采用案例分析、现场监测和理论分析等方法, 以新疆某典型急倾斜特厚煤层矿井为工程背景开展诱冲因素演变规律研究。通过分析矿井5次典型冲击地压显现事件, 发现急倾斜顶板、中间岩柱、遗留煤柱、开采深度、开采强度和水平构造应力是主要诱冲因素。基于三角模糊数改进了层次分析方法, 建立了诱冲因素权重量化计算方法并得到了诱冲因素演变规律。研究发现, 急倾斜顶板和中间岩柱的诱冲权重最大, 是最为主要的诱冲因素, 且随煤层开采持续增大; 开采深度和水平构造应力诱冲权重随着急倾斜特厚煤层持续开采整体增大, 诱冲作用逐渐增强; 遗留煤柱诱冲权重整体呈降低趋势, 表明采空区内遗留煤柱对冲击地压的影响逐渐减小; 开采强度的诱冲权重整体降低。通过开采数据分析、微震监测、地应力测试、数值模拟和理论研究等手段较好地验证了急倾斜特厚煤层诱冲因素演变规律。研究成果可为急倾斜特厚煤层冲击地压精准治理提供参考。

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李振雷(1988—), 男, 山东菏泽人, 教授, 博导, 博士, 主要从事煤岩动力灾害等方面的研究工作。E-mail:
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钟涛平(1996—), 男, 江西抚州人, 讲师, 博士(后), 主要从事煤岩动力灾害等方面的研究工作。E-mail:

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钟涛平(1996—), 男, 江西抚州人, 讲师, 博士(后), 主要从事煤岩动力灾害等方面的研究工作。E-mail:

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钟涛平(1996—), 男, 江西抚州人, 讲师, 博士(后), 主要从事煤岩动力灾害等方面的研究工作。E-mail:

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articleId=1266686778397319720, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Rock burst damage situation of the mine

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编号开采水平/m震源位置能量/J巷道破坏范围/m破坏形式及程度
I+500B61 750~1 959(209)顶板下沉0.3~0.5 m; 南侧底臌0.2~0.6 m; 南帮位移0.2~0.6 m; 北帮位移0.2~0.5 m, 北帮出现长3 m、宽1 m、深1.5 m垮冒的空洞; H架被抬起且向北倾斜, 破碎机及转载机机身向北移动0.3 m
B31 750~1 959(209)顶板下沉0.1~0.3 m; 南帮底臌0.2 m, 底角有宽0.05 m沟槽, 13根工字钢梁严重变形
II+475B2-B3岩柱5.0×108B6
B31 920~1 995(75)北帮肩角下沉0.3 m; U型棚收缩0.2 m; 南帮角下沉0.2~0.4 m; 1号、2号、4号、6号液压支架发生卸压和弯曲
III+450B2-B3岩柱9.5×106B61 840~1 950(110)1 980~2 025(45)北帮帮臌0.3 m; 南帮帮臌0.5 m; 底臌0.4 m; 顶梁脱焊, 转载机掉道, 超前支护单体向北帮弯曲
B3
IV+450B6顶板2.1×108B61 630~1 824(194)顶部下沉出现2 m×2 m×1 m网兜; 南帮帮臌0.5~1.3 m, 北帮帮臌0.3~0.7 m, 北帮肩窝下沉1.3 m; 顶板下沉0.7~1.0 m; 胶带运输机南移0.3~1.2 m
B31 790~1 808(18)南帮帮鼓0.3~0.5 m; 南帮底角底臌0.2 m; 工作面前溜机头底臌0.3 m, 液压支柱损坏
V+450B2-B3岩柱2.2×106B61 500~1 520(20)胶带运输机H架错位; 滑道与转载机机头错位
B31 510~1 565(55)南侧底角底臌0.3 m, 卸压槽闭合; 北帮帮臌0.4 m; 超前支架立柱弯曲, 安全阀损坏
), ArticleFig(id=1266686800912343734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, articleId=1266686778397319720, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

矿井冲击地压显现情况

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编号开采水平/m震源位置能量/J巷道破坏范围/m破坏形式及程度
I+500B61 750~1 959(209)顶板下沉0.3~0.5 m; 南侧底臌0.2~0.6 m; 南帮位移0.2~0.6 m; 北帮位移0.2~0.5 m, 北帮出现长3 m、宽1 m、深1.5 m垮冒的空洞; H架被抬起且向北倾斜, 破碎机及转载机机身向北移动0.3 m
B31 750~1 959(209)顶板下沉0.1~0.3 m; 南帮底臌0.2 m, 底角有宽0.05 m沟槽, 13根工字钢梁严重变形
II+475B2-B3岩柱5.0×108B6
B31 920~1 995(75)北帮肩角下沉0.3 m; U型棚收缩0.2 m; 南帮角下沉0.2~0.4 m; 1号、2号、4号、6号液压支架发生卸压和弯曲
III+450B2-B3岩柱9.5×106B61 840~1 950(110)1 980~2 025(45)北帮帮臌0.3 m; 南帮帮臌0.5 m; 底臌0.4 m; 顶梁脱焊, 转载机掉道, 超前支护单体向北帮弯曲
B3
IV+450B6顶板2.1×108B61 630~1 824(194)顶部下沉出现2 m×2 m×1 m网兜; 南帮帮臌0.5~1.3 m, 北帮帮臌0.3~0.7 m, 北帮肩窝下沉1.3 m; 顶板下沉0.7~1.0 m; 胶带运输机南移0.3~1.2 m
B31 790~1 808(18)南帮帮鼓0.3~0.5 m; 南帮底角底臌0.2 m; 工作面前溜机头底臌0.3 m, 液压支柱损坏
V+450B2-B3岩柱2.2×106B61 500~1 520(20)胶带运输机H架错位; 滑道与转载机机头错位
B31 510~1 565(55)南侧底角底臌0.3 m, 卸压槽闭合; 北帮帮臌0.4 m; 超前支架立柱弯曲, 安全阀损坏
), ArticleFig(id=1266686800992035511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, articleId=1266686778397319720, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Rock burst event II triangular fuzzy judgment matrix

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
诱冲因素顶板+岩柱遗留煤柱开采强度开采深度水平构造应力
顶板+岩柱1, 1, 11.74, 3.49, 4.881.54, 1.80, 2.040.89, 2.33, 3.730.78, 2.47, 4.54
遗留煤柱0.11, 0.29, 0.561, 1, 10.37, 0.52, 0.990.17, 0.67, 1.180.23, 0.71, 1.07
开采强度0.43, 0.55, 0.590.23, 1.93, 3.561, 1, 10.78, 1.29, 1.660.46, 1.37, 1.72
开采深度0.42, 0.43, 0.450.97, 1.50, 4.420.83, 1.29, 2.351, 1, 10.83, 1.06, 1.34
水平构造应力0.35, 0.40, 0.551.36, 1.41, 1.470.78, 1.37, 2.450.67, 0.94, 1.311, 1, 1
), ArticleFig(id=1266686801067532984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, articleId=1266686778397319720, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

冲击地压事件II三角模糊判断矩阵

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
诱冲因素顶板+岩柱遗留煤柱开采强度开采深度水平构造应力
顶板+岩柱1, 1, 11.74, 3.49, 4.881.54, 1.80, 2.040.89, 2.33, 3.730.78, 2.47, 4.54
遗留煤柱0.11, 0.29, 0.561, 1, 10.37, 0.52, 0.990.17, 0.67, 1.180.23, 0.71, 1.07
开采强度0.43, 0.55, 0.590.23, 1.93, 3.561, 1, 10.78, 1.29, 1.660.46, 1.37, 1.72
开采深度0.42, 0.43, 0.450.97, 1.50, 4.420.83, 1.29, 2.351, 1, 10.83, 1.06, 1.34
水平构造应力0.35, 0.40, 0.551.36, 1.41, 1.470.78, 1.37, 2.450.67, 0.94, 1.311, 1, 1
), ArticleFig(id=1266686801134641849, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, articleId=1266686778397319720, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Evolution of weights of different induced rock burst factors on each horizontal panel

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
开采水平/m事件顶板+岩柱遗留煤柱开采强度开采深度水平构造应力
+500I0.299 70.123 50.154 80.138 00.132 8
+475II0.306 30.088 10.169 50.143 80.138 8
+450III0.325 90.060 60.162 30.153 90.144 6
IV0.334 80.059 30.158 40.148 40.167 2
V0.344 40.058 30.135 80.142 00.183 8
), ArticleFig(id=1266686801218527930, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, articleId=1266686778397319720, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

各水平工作面不同诱冲因素权重演变

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
开采水平/m事件顶板+岩柱遗留煤柱开采强度开采深度水平构造应力
+500I0.299 70.123 50.154 80.138 00.132 8
+475II0.306 30.088 10.169 50.143 80.138 8
+450III0.325 90.060 60.162 30.153 90.144 6
IV0.334 80.059 30.158 40.148 40.167 2
V0.344 40.058 30.135 80.142 00.183 8
), ArticleFig(id=1266686801281442491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, articleId=1266686778397319720, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Distribution of in-situ stress in the mining area

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测点位置埋深/m应力类型应力/MPa理论自重/MPa侧压系数
+475 m(测点1)323σH15.198.231.84
σv14.38
σh10.68
+475 m(测点2)323σH14.108.101.74
σv12.32
σh8.39
+450 m(测点3)348σH15.778.841.78
σv14.52
σh10.27
+450 m(测点4)348σH15.438.111.90
σv14.37
σh9.90
+350 m(测点5)467.4σH23.0811.362.03
σv11.36
σh10.65
+350 m(测点6)467.5σH22.7011.542.11
σv11.54
σh10.76
), ArticleFig(id=1266686801356939964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358798366031926, articleId=1266686778397319720, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

采区地应力分布

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测点位置埋深/m应力类型应力/MPa理论自重/MPa侧压系数
+475 m(测点1)323σH15.198.231.84
σv14.38
σh10.68
+475 m(测点2)323σH14.108.101.74
σv12.32
σh8.39
+450 m(测点3)348σH15.778.841.78
σv14.52
σh10.27
+450 m(测点4)348σH15.438.111.90
σv14.37
σh9.90
+350 m(测点5)467.4σH23.0811.362.03
σv11.36
σh10.65
+350 m(测点6)467.5σH22.7011.542.11
σv11.54
σh10.76
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急倾斜特厚煤层诱冲因素演变规律研究
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钟涛平 1 , 李振雷 1 , 刘恩德 1 , 杨菲 1 , 宋炳霖 2 , 宋大钊 1, 3, 4 , 何学秋 1, 3
采矿与岩层控制工程学报 | 工程案例 2026,8(2): 023022-1-023022-13
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采矿与岩层控制工程学报 | 工程案例 2026, 8(2): 023022-1-023022-13
急倾斜特厚煤层诱冲因素演变规律研究
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钟涛平1 , 李振雷1 , 刘恩德1, 杨菲1, 宋炳霖2, 宋大钊1, 3, 4, 何学秋1, 3
作者信息
  • 1北京科技大学 资源与安全工程学院, 北京 100083
  • 2国家能源集团新疆能源化工有限公司 新疆煤炭开采动力灾害防治工程技术研究中心, 新疆 乌鲁木齐 830027
  • 3新疆工程学院 新疆煤矿灾害智能防控与应急重点实验室, 新疆 乌鲁木齐 830023
  • 4北京科技大学 金属矿山开采安全与灾害防治全国重点实验室, 北京 100083
  • 钟涛平(1996—), 男, 江西抚州人, 讲师, 博士(后), 主要从事煤岩动力灾害等方面的研究工作。E-mail:

通讯作者:

李振雷(1988—), 男, 山东菏泽人, 教授, 博导, 博士, 主要从事煤岩动力灾害等方面的研究工作。E-mail:
Research on the evolution patterns of rock burst-inducing factors in steeplyinclined and extremely thick coal seams
Taoping ZHONG1 , Zhenlei LI1 , Ende LIU1, Fei YANG1, Binglin SONG2, Dazhao SONG1, 3, 4, Xueqiu HE1, 3
Affiliations
  • 1School of Resources and Safety Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
  • 2Xinjiang Engineering Research Center for Prevention and Control of Dynamic Disasters in Coal Mining, CHN Energy Xinjiang Energy Co., Ltd., Urumqi 830027, China
  • 3Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Intelligent Prevention and Emergency Response, Xinjiang Institute of Engineering, Urumqi 830023, China
  • 4State key Laboratory of Metal Mine Mining Safety and Disaster Prevention and Control, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
出版时间: 2026-04-25 doi: 10.13532/j.jmsce.cn10-1638/td.2025-1241
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急倾斜特厚煤层开采深度持续增大, 其冲击地压灾害日益严峻, 诱冲因素呈现出多样性和演变特征, 为冲击地压精准防治带来困难。针对以上问题, 综合采用案例分析、现场监测和理论分析等方法, 以新疆某典型急倾斜特厚煤层矿井为工程背景开展诱冲因素演变规律研究。通过分析矿井5次典型冲击地压显现事件, 发现急倾斜顶板、中间岩柱、遗留煤柱、开采深度、开采强度和水平构造应力是主要诱冲因素。基于三角模糊数改进了层次分析方法, 建立了诱冲因素权重量化计算方法并得到了诱冲因素演变规律。研究发现, 急倾斜顶板和中间岩柱的诱冲权重最大, 是最为主要的诱冲因素, 且随煤层开采持续增大; 开采深度和水平构造应力诱冲权重随着急倾斜特厚煤层持续开采整体增大, 诱冲作用逐渐增强; 遗留煤柱诱冲权重整体呈降低趋势, 表明采空区内遗留煤柱对冲击地压的影响逐渐减小; 开采强度的诱冲权重整体降低。通过开采数据分析、微震监测、地应力测试、数值模拟和理论研究等手段较好地验证了急倾斜特厚煤层诱冲因素演变规律。研究成果可为急倾斜特厚煤层冲击地压精准治理提供参考。

急倾斜特厚煤层  /  冲击地压  /  诱冲因素  /  演变规律

As the mining depth of steeply inclined and extremely thick coal seams continuously increases, the rock burst disasters associated with them are becoming increasingly severe. The rock burst-inducing factors exhibit diversity and keep evolving, which poses difficulties to precise prevention of rock bursts. To address these issues, this paper explored the evolutionary patterns of inducing factors in a typical steeply inclined and extremely thick coal seams mine in Xinjiang by means of case analysis, field monitoring, and theoretical analysis. By analyzing five typical rock burst events in the mine, the main inducing factors were found to be steeply inclined roofs, intermediate rock pillars, remaining coal pillars, mining depth, mining intensity, and horizontal tectonic stress. Moreover, an improved analytic hierarchy process incorporating triangular fuzzy numbers was proposed to quantitatively evaluate the weights of these inducing factors and characterize their evolutionary patterns. The results disclose that steeply inclined roofs and intermediate rock pillars possess the highest weights and constitute the most significant inducing factors, and their weights keep growing with the continuous mining of coal seams. The weights of mining depth and horizontal tectonic stress generally rise with the continuous mining of coal seams, which reflects their enhanced inducing effects. In contrast, the weight of remaining coal pillars generally shows a decreasing trend, suggesting their gradually diminishing influence within the gob on rock bursts. The weight of mining intensity also decreases overall. Fianlly, the evolutionary patterns of inducing factors in steeply inclined and extremely thick coal seams were well verified through mining data analysis, microseismic monitoring, ground stress testing, numerical simulation, and theoretical research. The research results can provide support for precise control of rock bursts in steeply inclined and extremely thick coal seams.

steeply inclined and extremely thick coal seams  /  rock burst  /  rock burst-inducing factors  /  evolution law
钟涛平, 李振雷, 刘恩德, 杨菲, 宋炳霖, 宋大钊, 何学秋. 急倾斜特厚煤层诱冲因素演变规律研究. 采矿与岩层控制工程学报, 2026 , 8 (2) : 023022-1 -023022-13 . DOI: 10.13532/j.jmsce.cn10-1638/td.2025-1241
Taoping ZHONG, Zhenlei LI, Ende LIU, Fei YANG, Binglin SONG, Dazhao SONG, Xueqiu HE. Research on the evolution patterns of rock burst-inducing factors in steeplyinclined and extremely thick coal seams[J]. Journal of Mining and Strata Control Engineering, 2026 , 8 (2) : 023022-1 -023022-13 . DOI: 10.13532/j.jmsce.cn10-1638/td.2025-1241
随着煤炭资源开采深度的不断增加, 我国煤矿开采逐渐进入深部、高应力及复杂地质条件区域, 冲击地压灾害愈发严重[15]。其中, 急倾斜特厚煤层矿井由于煤层倾角大、厚度显著, 赋存条件复杂, 水平构造应力集中显著增强[69], 使得诱冲因素更加复杂多变, 增加了冲击地压防控难度。
国内外开展了大量诱冲因素的研究[1013]。谭云亮等[14]认为地质构造、坚硬顶板、开采深度和煤岩冲击倾向性是诱冲的客观主控因素, 采掘卸荷、煤柱和采空区是诱冲的人为因素; 钟涛平等[15]研究发现上覆刀把形采空区会导致工作面围岩静载集中、动载扰动剧烈, 从而增大冲击地压风险; 夏永学等[16]研究发现位于构造区的中央大巷在特定地质环境和工程结构下会发生以静载为绝对主导的重复冲击显现; 张修峰等[17]认为煤柱诱发冲击地压主要可分为应力叠加型、整体失稳型和切割蠕变型3类, 并分别提出了针对性防治措施; 薛成春等[18]研究了深部大倾角厚煤层开采过程中围岩应力和能量分布演化规律和诱冲机理; 赵毅鑫等[19]研究发现深部开采时邻空巷道围岩受“三载荷”叠加作用, 易达到失稳冲击的临界值从而诱发冲击地压。上述研究进一步深化了对冲击地压诱冲因素的认知, 但主要集中在一般倾斜煤层。
近年来, 有关急倾斜特厚煤层冲击地压机理的研究逐渐丰富[2023], 李东辉等[24]研究发现急倾斜顶板和岩柱导致强矿震频发, 形成强动载扰动; 何学秋等[25]提出了急倾斜特厚煤层顶板和岩柱存在压撬型冲击地压机理; 李安宁等[26]发现了水平应力对急倾斜煤层存在夹持效应, 将导致夹持煤体型冲击地压; 王崧玮等[27]研究发现急倾斜煤层存在“夹持−错动”型冲击机制; 欧阳振华等[28]研究发现急倾斜煤层群同水平交替开采时存在冲击自保护卸压机制; 李浩荡等[29]研究发现急倾斜特厚煤层群中间岩柱宽度越小越容易诱发冲击地压显现; 曹民远等[30]通过微震数据分析发现急倾斜采空区上覆煤柱、采掘工作面相距距离对冲击地压显现具有重要影响。以上研究从不同角度分析了急倾斜特厚煤层冲击机理, 为诱冲因素演变规律研究提供了一定基础。
急倾斜特厚煤层多采用水平分段放顶煤开采, 随着开采深度的持续增大[31], 不同因素的诱冲作用也将持续变化, 这为冲击地压的精准防治带来巨大困难。因此, 深入分析急倾斜特厚煤层矿井冲击地压诱冲因素的演变规律具有重要意义。笔者通过分析典型冲击地压案例揭示了急倾斜特厚煤层诱冲因素, 建立了诱冲因素权重的量化方法, 揭示了诱冲因素演变规律并进行验证, 研究成果可为急倾斜特厚煤层冲击地压精准防治提供理论支撑和实践指导。
某急倾斜特厚煤层矿井位于新疆天山山脉的博格达山脉区域, 地质构造特征受到大陆板块运动作用, 表现为地层的强烈褶皱和逆冲断层的频繁出现, 如图1所示。矿井整体处于大水平构造应力作用区内。
矿井南采区地表最大海拔为934 m, 最大相对高差130 m, 一般高差为60 m, 一般标高约+850 m, 南采区井口标高为+804 m。南采区主要开采B1+2煤层和B3-6煤层。B1+2煤层厚度为31.83~39.45 m, 倾角87°~89°; B3-6煤层厚度为39.85~52.3 m, 倾角87°~89°, 两煤层之间是多层岩层组成的中间岩柱, 岩柱的宽度并不固定, 变化范围为53~110 m。工作面运输巷沿底板平行布置, 回风巷沿顶板平行布置, 巷道走向方向与井田最大水平构造应力近似垂直。南采区当前在+425~+400 m水平进行采掘作业。工作面采用水平分段放顶煤开采工艺, 每个分段高度为25 m, 其中下部割煤厚度为3 m, 上部放煤高度为22 m, 如图2所示。采空区采用黄土回填。受历史采掘工作影响, 沿工作面走向方向, 多处区域采空区上方覆存有遗留煤柱, 煤柱大小不一。
矿井南采区历史上共发生多次严重冲击地压事故[32], 5次典型冲击地压显现事件的破坏情况见表1, 冲击地压震源和破坏范围分布如图3[33]所示。
大部分冲击事件发生在工作面开采至上覆遗留煤柱下方或附近位置(图3)。走向上来看, 多次冲击事件破坏范围集中在遗留煤柱附近区域, 发生在+500 m水平冲击事件的破坏范围为1750~1959 m; 发生在+475 m水平的冲击事件破坏范围为1920~1995 m; 发生在+450 m水平的3次冲击事件破坏范围分别为1840~2025、1630~1824、1500~1565 m。
冲击破坏区域以回采巷道为主, 位于工作面前方0~209 m, 破坏范围为75~418 m。从冲击显现特征来看, 发生于+500 m开采水平的冲击事件显现出从急倾斜顶板向中间岩柱破坏的方向性, +475 m和+450 m水平冲击显现时表现出从中间岩柱向急倾斜顶板破坏的方向性, 顶板和中间岩柱对冲击破坏具有重要影响。此外, +475 m水平发生1次冲击地压而+450 m水平发生了3次冲击地压, 表明开采深度增大也将增大冲击地压危险。
基于矿井历次冲击地压事故的现场破坏情况, 研究发现“急倾斜顶板+岩柱”综合作用、遗留煤柱、开采强度、开采深度、水平构造应力等因素都对冲击显现影响显著, 且各开采水平冲击事件的显现特征差异明显, 表明各诱冲因素对历次冲击事件的贡献不一, 诱冲因素随采深出现较大变化。因此, 笔者对各因素的诱冲作用进行深入分析。
对历次冲击地压事件发生前1个月的微震事件进行统计分析发现(图4), 微震活动主要集中于煤层、悬空顶板以及中间岩柱3类区域, 其中, 发生于煤层的微震事件占比约为17.0%, 悬空顶板约为23%, 而中间岩柱占比高达60%。表明中间岩柱区域是冲击能量积聚与释放的主要部位, 悬空顶板和中间岩柱占比总和超83%。
B3-6煤层+475 m水平开采期间工作面里程1 500~2 100 m范围内的微震事件分布如图5(a)所示。从微震事件平面分布可知, 急倾斜顶板和岩柱是大能量事件主要发生区域, 且岩柱内的大能量事件分布更为密集。综合微震事件的平剖面定位图可知, 急倾斜顶板和岩柱对冲击显现具有重要作用。
急倾斜特厚煤层顶板和岩柱地表观测结果如图5(b)和(c)所示, 井下工作面开采导致顶板和岩柱地表出现了明显拉裂破坏。地表拉裂往往是由于其下部岩层发生运动破坏导致, 表明工作面开采后采空区内顶底板失去支撑, 诱发了急倾斜顶板和岩柱朝向采空区内发生位移并破坏, 从而释放大量能量形成诱冲扰动。
综上可知, 开采阶段附近的岩体内部破裂频发, 是诱冲动载的主要来源。急倾斜顶板和岩柱是诱发冲击地压显现的主要因素之一, 急倾斜顶板和岩柱内岩体失稳破坏释放大量能量形成强动载, 从而诱发冲击地压显现。
B3-6煤层+475 m水平在2015年1月15日至2015年2月23日期间, 工作面位置处于遗留煤柱影响区, 工作面位置分别位于遗留煤柱影响范围前、中、后时的微震时序演化特征如图6所示。
图6可知, 微震日总频次和能量在工作面进入煤柱影响范围时整体达到峰值, 日总频次的最高值为223次、平均值为75.52次, 微震日总能量的最大值为4.91×108 J、平均值为1.83×107 J。工作面进入遗留煤柱影响区前, 日总频次的最高值为21次、平均值为5.23次, 日总能量的最大值为5.93×106 J、平均值为4.95×105 J; 工作面出遗留煤柱影响区后, 日总频次的最高值为34次、平均值为9.48次, 日总能量的最大值为5.32×105 J、平均值为1.50×105 J。与进入煤柱影响范围前相比, 工作面位于煤柱影响区内时微震事件的日总频次均值整体增大1344.66%、日总能量增大3594.69%。
对比分析可得, 各分层在进出煤柱影响区域时受遗留煤柱影响围岩活动剧烈, 工作面更易受强动载扰动, 从而增大了冲击地压危险。
以冲击地压II为例, 分析2015年冲击地压发生前后各1个月的工作面日推进度、微震事件日总频次和日总能量的时序规律, 如图7所示。在冲击地压显现前, 工作面日推进度最大可达7 m, 平均为4.43 m; 微震日总频次最大值为80次, 平均值为38.91次; 日总能量出现107 J以上的峰值, 平均值为1.40×106 J。冲击地压显现后, 为防治冲击地压, 工作面降低了开采强度, 日推进度最大值为4.6 m, 平均值为3.25 m; 微震日总频次最大值为114次, 平均值为42.05次; 日总能量最大值为1.02×106 J, 平均值为2.25×105 J。
对比冲击地压显现前后工作面推进度与微震事件变化可知, 日推进速度平均降低了26.64%, 导致微震事件日总频次平均增大8.07%、日总能量平均降低83.93%。表明开采强度降低使得围岩能量逐渐转为以高频次、低能量的形式释放, 冲击地压危险整体降低。
高强度开采时, 开采活动对围岩的动载扰动进一步加强, 悬空顶板的长度持续增加且迅速积累大量弹性能, 最终导致了冲击地压显现。因此, 工作面开采强度是冲击地压显现的重要影响因素。
急倾斜特厚煤层形成主要受大型地质构造影响。矿井南采区位于八道湾向斜南翼, 井田内的主要构造体系呈北东方向, 包含七道湾背斜和八道湾向斜, 其轴向方位70°~75°。由于向斜和背斜等是受挤压形成, 其主要水平应力方向应与构造轴向垂直。根据构造运动和构造走向, 可推断煤矿南采区的水平主应力方位为330°~340°。依据急倾斜特厚煤层工作面布置, 上述应力环境下水平构造应力与工作面和巷道接近垂直, 围岩将受到水平应力的挤压作用。在水平构造应力挤压与支承应力叠加作用下(图8), 将显著增大工作面围岩静载应力集中, 从而增大冲击地压风险。
层次分析法是将定性和定量相结合的、系统化的、层次化的权重分析决策方法, 主要步骤为: 建立层次结构模型、构造对比判断矩阵、权重排序及其一致性检验。构造判断矩阵时常采用1~9标示法。采用三角模糊数表示评价的模糊性, 用构造模糊判断矩阵代替对比判断矩阵, 通过区间值替代单一数值, 以更全面地反映判断中的不确定性[35]。引进三角模糊数改进层次分析法后的方法如下:
(1)建立层次结构模型。分别为目标层、准则层、方案层。
(2)构造模糊判断矩阵A。在各层级影响因素之间进行两两比较, 获得相对重要性判断结果aij=(lij, mij, pij), 其中, aij为本层级中因素i相对于因素j的重要程度, lij为重要程度的最小可能值, pij为重要程度的最大可能值, mij为重要程度的最可能值。重要程度标度仍采用1~9标度法表示。矩阵形式为
$ \boldsymbol{A}=\left[\begin{matrix}(1,1,1) & {a}_{12} & \cdots & {a}_{1n}\\{a}_{21} & (1,1,1) & \cdots & {a}_{2n}\\\vdots & \vdots & & \vdots \\{a}_{n1} & {a}_{n2} & \cdots & (1,1,1)\end{matrix}\right] $
(3)构建模糊中值矩阵M=(mij)n×n, 并进行一致性检验。
(4)生成模糊判断因子矩阵B:
$ \boldsymbol{B}=\left[\begin{matrix}1 & 1+{s}_{12} & \cdots & 1+{s}_{1n}\\1+{s}_{21} & 1 & \cdots & 1+{s}_{2n}\\\vdots & \vdots & & \vdots \\1+{s}_{n1} & 1+{s}_{n2} & \cdots & 1\end{matrix}\right] $
式中, sij = (pijlij)/(2 mij), sij为专家评判结果的标准离差率, 其值越大, 代表专家判断的模糊程度越大, 可信度越低; 其值越小, 代表专家评判的模糊程度越小, 可信度越高。
(5)生成调整判断矩阵Q, Q = M×B, 并把Q转换成对角线为1的判断矩阵Q'
(6)单层权重计算。利用特征值法计算因素i的权重γi:
$ {\gamma }_{i}=\sqrt[{ n}]{\prod\limits_{j=1}^{n}{\delta }_{ij}} $
式中, δij为判断矩阵Q'中的元素。
(7)综合权重计算。根据单层权重计算结果, 加权计算得到各因素的综合指标权重w=(ω1, ω2, ···, ωn)。
以冲击地压事件II为例进行详细的量化计算。对各诱冲因素重要程度的判断结果求其平均值, 得到的模糊矩阵见表2
构建模糊中值矩阵M=(mij)n×n, 并进行一致性检验, 计算得其随机一致性比率为0.040 86, 小于0.1, 满足一致性要求。
生成模糊判断因子矩阵B:
$ \boldsymbol{B}=\left[\begin{matrix}1 & 1.45 & 1.14 & 1.61 & 1.76\\1.78 & 1 & 1.60 & 1.76 & 1.59\\1.14 & 1.86 & 1 & 1.34 & 1.46\\1.03 & 2.15 & 1.59 & 1 & 1.24\\1.25 & 1.04 & 1.61 & 1.34 & 1\end{matrix}\right] $
计算判断矩阵Q:
$ \boldsymbol{Q}=\left[\begin{matrix}17.33 & 19.38 & 18.63 & 18.70 & 17.61\\4.98 & 5.58 & 5.36 & 5.38 & 5.06\\9.59 & 10.73 & 10.31 & 10.35 & 9.75\\8.04 & 9.29 & 8.52 & 8.73 & 8.32\\7.73 & 9.02 & 8.17 & 8.41 & 8.05\end{matrix}\right] $
转化为对角线为1的矩阵Q':
$ {\boldsymbol{Q}}^{\prime}\mathbf=\left[\begin{matrix}1 & 3.48 & 1.81 & 2.14 & 2.19\\0.29 & 1 & 0.52 & 0.62 & 0.63\\0.55 & 1.92 & 1 & 1.19 & 1.21\\0.46 & 1.67 & 0.83 & 1 & 1.03\\0.40 & 1.62 & 0.79 & 0.96 & 1\end{matrix}\right] $
求得顶板+岩柱、遗留煤柱、开采强度、开采深度、水平构造应力的权重w=(0.3063, 0.0881, 0.1695, 0.1438, 0.1388)。
分别计算冲击地压事件I~V的诱冲因素量化结果, 见表3
可以看出, 3个开采水平的最大权重诱冲因素均为急倾斜顶板+岩柱, 权重值在0.299 7~0.344 4之间, 即急倾斜顶板和中间岩柱是诱发急倾斜特厚煤层冲击显现的主控因素, 而且随着急倾斜特厚煤层持续开采, 急倾斜顶板和中间岩柱的诱冲权重也在持续增大。最小权重因素都为遗留煤柱, 权重值在0.058 3~0.123 5之间, 随着开采深度的增大其对冲击地压的影响整体减小。从+450 m水平3起事件的开采深度诱冲权重最大值(0.153 9)和平均值(0.148 1)来看, 较+475 m水平(0.1438)和+500 m水平(0.138 0)整体呈持续增大趋势。各开采水平的水平构造应力诱冲权重整体呈持续增大趋势。开采强度诱冲权重整体呈现降低趋势, 这与矿井自冲击地压显现以来持续降低开采强度来防治冲击地压的实际情况较为一致。
依据动静载叠加诱冲理论[36], 当围岩受到的静载σs和动载σd叠加超过其临界冲击强度σlimit时, 将诱发冲击地压显现, 如式(7)。
$ \sigma_{\text{s}}+\sigma_{\text{d}}\ge\sigma_{\mathrm{limit}} $
水平构造应力是急倾斜特厚煤层冲击显现的主导应力, 因此, 静载可用式(8)进行表达:
$ {\sigma }_{\text{s}}=K\lambda \rho gH $
式中, K为应力集中系数; λ为侧压力系数, 即水平构造应力与自重应力的比值; ρ为覆岩密度; g为重力加速度; H为开采深度。
开采深度或水平构造应力的持续增大, 将导致急倾斜特厚煤层开采阶段煤体受到的静载持续增大, 使得围岩极易达到静载极限状态, 冲击地压危险显著增大。
依据文献[34]中的数值模型、参数及边界条件等开展模拟研究, 模拟结果如图9所示。由图9(a)可知, 急倾斜赋存条件下, 煤层是主要的应力集中区, 呈现出明显水平应力集中状态, 尤其是巷道掘进后围岩应力峰值进一步增大, 且峰值应力分布在巷道垂向3~5 m范围内。表明水平构造应力对工作面应力集中具有重要影响。
图9(b)可知, 当不考虑侧压力系数变化的条件下, 采区从+475 m水平向下开采至+350 m水平时, 巷道水平应力峰值最大可从30.20 MPa增大至44.14 MPa, 增幅可达46.16%。随着煤层不断开采, 开采深度的诱冲作用逐渐增大。
采区+475、+450、+350 m处地应力和水平构造应力分布见表4。分析各水平的侧压系数可以发现, 随着埋深增大侧压力系数从1.74增大至2.11, 整体呈递增趋势, 说明随着急倾斜煤层不断向深部开采时, 其受到的水平构造应力作用将增强, 工作面静载将进一步提高, 水平构造应力的诱冲作用逐渐增大。
对比可知, 数值模拟、现场测试结果与开采深度和水平构造应力的诱冲权重演变规律较为一致。
研究表明, 急倾斜特厚煤层开采后其顶板和中间岩柱将朝向采空区发生变形并积聚弹性能。岩层发生破断或破裂时将释放其积聚的弹性能, 形成动载扰动, 从而诱发冲击地压显现[37]。急倾斜顶板和中间岩柱积聚的弹性能越多, 越易诱发强动载扰动。
岩层积聚的能量与其弯矩大小直接相关, 悬露岩层任意x处积聚的弹性能U(x)分布计算公式[38]
$ U\left(x\right)=\frac{{M}^{2}\left(x\right)}{2EI} $
式中, E为弹性模量; I为抗弯刚度; M(x)为弯矩表达式。
其中, 岩层破坏释放的能量与工作面所受动载的关系式[39]
$ \left\{\begin{array}{l}\Delta U_r=\lambda r^{-\alpha} \displaystyle\int U(x) \mathrm{d} x=1 / 2 m v_r^2 \\\sigma_{\mathrm{d}}=\rho C v_r^2\end{array}\right. $
式中, ∆Ur为距离震源r处质点的动能; α为震动波动能衰减系数; λ为岩层破坏释放的能量转化为震源动能的系数; m为质点质量; vr为质点震动速度; C为震动波传播系数; ρ为围岩介质密度。
依据文献[33]推导得到的急倾斜岩层弯矩M(x)分布, 结合式(9)可推得急倾斜悬空岩层的弹性能密度分布特征。取10 m厚的单位宽度岩层, 弹性模量为10 GPa, 其弹性能密度分布如图10所示。
统计矿井从+500 m水平开采至+425 m水平过程中各分层微震事件的各能级占比分布, 如图11所示。随着工作面开采深度增大, 各分层微震总频次呈升高趋势, 且各分层微震事件总能量呈降低趋势。各分层能量释放以103 J事件为主, 各分层103 J事件频次及能量变化较平稳, +500 m工作面到+425 m工作面微震事件频次降低约11.05%, 能量降低约为40.62%; 各分层小能级事件频次及能量变化剧烈, 101 J事件频次、能量分别增大1 031.08%和823.20%; 102 J事件频次、能量分别增大301.79%和263.99%; 各分层大能级事件频次及能量均呈降低趋势, 105 J事件频次、能量变化约为97.22%和95.53%。工作面在开采受遗留煤柱影响区域时, 随着开采深度的增大其微震事件释放本应更为剧烈, 但现场监测结果表明微震事件能量释放逐渐转为低能高频释放, 表明遗留煤柱对冲击地压的影响逐渐降低, 这与遗留煤柱诱冲权重演变规律较为一致。
通过深入剖析急倾斜特厚煤层不同开采水平的典型冲击案例, 揭示了主要诱冲因素, 得到了各诱冲因素权重演变规律。通过降低开采强度可在一定程度上降低工作面冲击地压危险, 随着煤层进一步开采, 矿井仍需保持合理的开采强度以防治冲击地压。而随着开采深度的增大, 工作面距遗留煤柱越远, 遗留煤柱对冲击地压的影响逐渐减小, 因此矿井后续防冲的重点应当从遗留煤柱向其他诱冲因素转移。
急倾斜顶板和中间岩柱是最为主要的诱冲因素, 且诱冲权重持续增大, 其主要通过释放积聚的弹性能形成强动载扰动诱冲。开采深度和水平构造应力随煤层开采持续增大, 将显著提高工作面静载集中, 在低动载扰动时也可能诱发冲击显现。因此, 急倾斜特厚煤层在后续开采过程中的防冲重点应当为急倾斜顶板和中间岩柱、开采深度和水平构造应力, 并针对动载来源和静载集中进行分源防冲。急倾斜特厚煤层工作面动载主要来自于岩层弯曲变形过程中积聚的大量能量在破坏运动时释放, 通过岩体爆破或水力致裂等措施破坏岩体结构, 使其提前释放积聚的能量, 以实现从源头降低动载。水平应力从煤层两侧岩层传递至工作面导致静载集中, 通过大直径卸压钻孔或爆破弱化工作面两侧邻近岩体, 从而弱化水平应力传递, 将水平应力朝煤层深处转移, 以降低工作面静载集中, 或通过煤体注水、煤体爆破等方法弱化工作面煤体, 使其承载能力降低, 从而降低静载集中。
(1)通过分析急倾斜特厚煤层5次典型冲击地压事件, 揭示了主要诱冲因素。随着开采深度增加工作面冲击地压显现次数整体增多, 较大的开采强度会导致工作面围岩微震活动剧烈。冲击地压震源主要分布在急倾斜顶板和中间岩柱内, 且其冲击显现前后1个月内微震事件占比总和超83%。冲击地压主要发生在工作面开采至遗留煤柱影响区的阶段, 且该阶段内微震事件能量和频次呈明显峰值。急倾斜顶板和中间岩柱、遗留煤柱、开采深度、开采强度和水平构造应力是主要诱冲因素。
(2)通过引入三角模糊数改进了层次分析法, 建立了诱冲因素权重量化计算方法。通过三角模糊数将诱冲因素判断结果表示为区间值, 即, 最小值、最可能值、最大值。通过模糊判断因子矩阵分析判断标准离差率。采用模糊中值矩阵和判断因子矩阵的加权修正法。使用特征值法计算权重, 引入随机一致性比率进行合理性校验, 保证了最终权重结果的逻辑一致性和数值有效性。
(3)计算得到急倾斜顶板+岩柱的诱冲权重值为0.299 7~0.344 4, 且随采深增大而持续增大, 是最主要的诱冲因素。遗留煤柱诱冲权重值为0.058 3 ~0.123 5, 相较其他因素其对冲击地压的影响最小, 且随采深增大而逐渐减小。开采强度诱冲权重随采深增大整体呈降低趋势, 这与矿井通过降低开采强度防治冲击地压的实际一致。开采深度与水平构造应力诱冲因素整体呈增大趋势。开采数据分析、微震监测、地应力测试、数值模拟和理论研究等较好地验证了上述急倾斜特厚煤层诱冲因素演变规律。
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2026年第8卷第2期
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doi: 10.13532/j.jmsce.cn10-1638/td.2025-1241
  • 接收时间:2025-06-30
  • 首发时间:2026-05-28
  • 出版时间:2026-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-30
  • 修回日期:2025-09-02
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    1北京科技大学 资源与安全工程学院, 北京 100083
    2国家能源集团新疆能源化工有限公司 新疆煤炭开采动力灾害防治工程技术研究中心, 新疆 乌鲁木齐 830027
    3新疆工程学院 新疆煤矿灾害智能防控与应急重点实验室, 新疆 乌鲁木齐 830023
    4北京科技大学 金属矿山开采安全与灾害防治全国重点实验室, 北京 100083

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李振雷(1988—), 男, 山东菏泽人, 教授, 博导, 博士, 主要从事煤岩动力灾害等方面的研究工作。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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