Article(id=1307265046539690035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, issueId=1307264513963750099, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2024.040, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1701792000000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-06, revisedDate=1711296000000, revisedDateStr=2024-03-25, acceptedDate=1712505600000, acceptedDateStr=2024-04-08, onlineDate=1789605874905, onlineDateStr=2026-09-17, pubDate=1770652800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789605874905, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789605874905, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789605874905, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1307264513963750099, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, year='2026', volume='44', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='404', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1770652800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789605747929, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789605747929, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=22, endPage=36, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1307265046711656500, articleId=1307265046539690035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, language=EN, title=Division of the Sequence Stratigraphy of the Sinian Qigebrak Formation in the Northwest Tarim Basin: Evidence from the high-resolution analysis of depositional facies and the Fischer plot, columnId=null, journalTitle=Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective The Qigebrak Formation developed abundant microbial carbonates, which are the favorable target for deep to ultra-deep oil and gas exploration. However, the existing stratigraphic division scheme of the Qigebrak Formation remains controversial, hindering the analysis of reservoir depositional evolution and distribution prediction. Further in-depth research and clarification are urgently needed. Methods This study focused on the Shiairik section in the northwest Aksu area of the Tarim Basin to define the depositional environment and sea-level change, and conduct a sequence stratigraphic division of the Qigebrak Formation based on the analysis of high-precision depositional facies and the Fischer plot. Results Ten main facies are recognized from the Qigebrak Formation and grouped into a carbonate ramp platform. Two subfacies; i.e., inner and middle ramp, are developed under this setting. The inner ramp consists of the tidal flat, lagoon, tidal channel, and grain shoals. Eight subtypes of peritidal cycles, two subtypes of shallow subtidal cycles and two subtypes of middle-ramp cycles are identified. Based on the stacking patterns reflected in the Fischer diagrams, analysis of orders of depositional facies and proportion of subtidal facies, the Qigebrak is divided into four third-order T-R sequences (SQ1-SQ4). Among these sequences, SQ1 only records the regressive system tract in the Qigebrak Formation, whereas SQ4 only preserves the transgressive system tract. Conclusions This study suggests that (1) it is reasonable to divide the Qigebrak Formation into four sequences; (2) the top of the Qigebrak Formation could have experienced the million-year-scale exposure and erosion, which would favor the formation of scaled reservoirs.

, authors=YuanZheng WANG1, XiaoTong GE2, 3, 4, Pan TANG5, Bo YANG6, DaiZhao CHEN6, Bin WANG1, Mo DENG1, GuoWei ZHAO1, authorsList=YuanZheng WANG, XiaoTong GE, Pan TANG, Bo YANG, DaiZhao CHEN, Bin WANG, Mo DENG, GuoWei ZHAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=DaiZhao CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
CHEN DaiZhao, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1307265048313880643, articleId=1307265046539690035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, language=CN, title=塔里木盆地西北部震旦系奇格布拉克组层序地层划分——基于高分辨率相分析和Fischer图解的证据, columnId=null, journalTitle=沉积学报, columnName=, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 塔里木盆地震旦系奇格布拉克组广泛发育微生物碳酸盐岩,是深层—超深层油气勘探的有利层位。然而,奇格布拉克组现有的层序地层划分方案存在明显分歧,不利于储层沉积演化分析和展布预测的开展,亟待进一步的深入研究和厘定。 方法 以塔西北阿克苏地区什艾日克剖面为对象,基于高分辨率的沉积相刻画和Fischer图解分析,明确奇格布拉克组沉积环境和海平面变化特征,进行层序地层的划分。 结果 奇格布拉克组共划分出10种主要的岩相类型,岩相组合特征指示其沉积背景为碳酸盐岩缓坡台地,发育内缓坡和中缓坡两种沉积亚相,其中内缓坡由潮坪、潟湖、潮道和颗粒滩等微相组成。奇格布拉克组共识别出8种潮缘旋回亚型、2种浅水潮下旋回亚型和2种中缓坡旋回亚型;根据Fischer图解反映的旋回叠加样式,结合沉积相序和潮下带占比分析结果,将奇格布拉克组划分为SQ1~SQ4等4个三级T-R层序,其中SQ1只有海退体系域记录在奇格布拉克组,而SQ4只保留了海侵体系域。 结论 (1)塔西北地区奇格布拉克组层序地层“四分”的划分方案是合理的;(2)奇格布拉克组顶部经历的百万年尺度的暴露剥蚀有利于规模化储层的形成。

, authors=汪远征1, 葛小瞳2, 3, 4, 唐攀5, 杨钹6, 陈代钊6, 王斌1, 邓模1, 赵国伟1, authorsList=汪远征, 葛小瞳, 唐攀, 杨钹, 陈代钊, 王斌, 邓模, 赵国伟, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=陈代钊, authorNote=

汪远征,男,1990年出生,博士,工程师,储层沉积学,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
陈代钊,男,研究员,碳酸盐岩沉积学,E-mail:
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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307265046539690035, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Depositional features in the Qigebrak Formation from the Shiairik section in the Aksu area

(a) dolomudstone with few grains; (b) thin-bedded dolomites develop the hummocky cross-stratifications; (c) ooidal dolograinstones form abundant intragranular and molded pores; (d) thin-bedded ooidal grainstones (F5) with intercalated domal stromatolites (F8) were truncated by the medium-bedded ooidal grainstones (F4); (e) thin-bedded ooidal grainstone (F5) transits to the upper microbial dolo-laminite; (f) ribbon-like dolowackstone (F6) overlies the microbial dolo-laminite (F9); (g) dolowackstone contains the microbial intraclasts and peloids; (h) thrombolites develop irregular framework pores which filled by sparry dolomites; (i) lateral-linked domal-hemispheric stromatolites; (j) microbial laminites develop horizontal beddings; (k) foam-like fabrics and irregular fenestrae in the microbial laminas; (l) crusty submarine cements in the microbial laminas; (m) coarse sandstones with several layers of well-rounded pebbles; (n) medium- to thick-bedded dolograinstones develop cross-stratifications; (o) thin-bedded dolomites (yellow arrows) in the uppermost Qigebrak Formation near the surface of unconformity; See Fig.2 for the photograph locations

, figureFileSmall=9DAU9LSHAV1SwNSE0O1f9A==, figureFileBig=7VFayTNt8eqkSbb7El7n+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307265056354361485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307265046539690035, language=CN, label=图3, caption=阿克苏地区什艾日克剖面奇格布拉克组沉积特征

(a)泥晶白云岩,基本不含颗粒;(b)薄层状白云岩中发育丘状交错层层理;(c)鲕粒颗粒白云岩发育大量的粒内溶孔和铸模孔;(d)薄层状鲕粒颗粒白云岩(F5)中发育穹隆状叠层石(F8),被中层状鲕粒白云岩(F4)截切;(e)薄层状鲕粒颗粒白云石(F5)向上过渡为微生物纹层岩(F9);(f)飘带状粒泥白云岩(F6)位于波状微生物纹层岩(F9)之上;(g)粒泥白云岩,颗粒主要为微生物成因的砂屑或球粒;(h)凝块石白云岩,发育不规则的格架孔并被亮晶白云石充填;(i)侧向相连的穹隆状—半球状叠层石;(j)微生物纹层岩发育水平层理;(k)微生物纹层中的泡沫状结构和不规则窗孔;(l)微生物纹层岩中的“皮壳状”海底胶结物;(m)粗砂岩中发育多层磨圆好的砾石层;(n)中—厚层状颗粒白云岩发育交错层理;(o)奇格布拉克组顶部不整合面附近可见薄层状白云岩(黄色箭头);照片位置详见图2

, figureFileSmall=9DAU9LSHAV1SwNSE0O1f9A==, figureFileBig=7VFayTNt8eqkSbb7El7n+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307265056438247566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307265046539690035, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Fepositional model based on the analysis of the Qigebrak Formation in the Shiairik section, figureFileSmall=HsIs5xu3yfPAITDi2e0/KA==, figureFileBig=ciyByAGM+SZTJHVbx6mucw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307265056505356431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307265046539690035, language=CN, label=图4, caption=基于什艾日克剖面分析建立的奇格布拉克组沉积模式图, figureFileSmall=HsIs5xu3yfPAITDi2e0/KA==, figureFileBig=ciyByAGM+SZTJHVbx6mucw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307265056572465296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307265046539690035, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Meter⁃scale cycle types of the Qigebrak Formation, Shiairik section, figureFileSmall=CAAyDOpjgUtznAy+cegBmg==, figureFileBig=IMaiuWTtfUuMRu6HY6Mm6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307265056819929233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307265046539690035, language=CN, label=图5, caption=什艾日克剖面奇格布拉克组米级旋回类型, figureFileSmall=CAAyDOpjgUtznAy+cegBmg==, figureFileBig=IMaiuWTtfUuMRu6HY6Mm6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307265056908009618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307265046539690035, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=(a) Percentage of the subtidal zone in each cycle of the Qigebrak Formation, Shiairik section; (b) depositional facies in each cycle of the Qigebrak Formation, Shiairik section; (c) Fischer plot and typical cycle stacking patterns of the Qigebrak Formation, Shiairik section; (d) carbon isotopic profile of the Qigebrak Formation in Shiairik section (Wang et al., 2022); SQ. sequence stratigraphy; TST. transgressive systems tract; RST. regressive systems tract; mfs. maximum flooding surface, figureFileSmall=+fuTJfk2/m0rVZVZxpJTMg==, figureFileBig=bfC0gGhcvaDb3ZOvVJoU2w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307265056991895699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307265046539690035, language=CN, label=图6, caption=(a)什艾日克剖面奇格布拉克组中各旋回潮下带占比统计;(b)什艾日克剖面奇格布拉克组基于旋回的沉积相统计;(c)什艾日克剖面奇格布拉克组Fischer图解及典型的旋回叠加样式;(d)什艾日克剖面奇格布拉克组碳同位素曲线(Wang et al.,2022);SQ.层序;TST.海侵体系域;RST.海退体系域;mfs.最大海泛面, figureFileSmall=+fuTJfk2/m0rVZVZxpJTMg==, figureFileBig=bfC0gGhcvaDb3ZOvVJoU2w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307265057067393172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307265046539690035, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=(a) Shales and calcareous siltstones are interbedded on top of the Sugetbrak Formation, transiting into the thick⁃bedded, bimodal cross⁃bedded dolo⁃oolites; (b) bottom of the Qigebrak Formation (RST1) consists of the cross⁃bedded dolo⁃oolites, the domal stromatolites, the mixed dolomicrobialites and siliciclastic rocks; lithology transforms into the platy⁃ to thin⁃bedded dolostone in the TST2, which usually develops the hummock cross⁃stratification; (c) lithologies below and over the maximum flooding surface of the SQ2 are deep⁃gray platy⁃ to thin⁃bedded dolostones and gray thin⁃ to medium⁃bedded dolostones; TST. transgressive systems tract; RST. regressive systems tract; SB. sequence boundary, figureFileSmall=TR6P9zHc+4xcNIw4gUXCCA==, figureFileBig=PEM5wWVKBaqiQVtIDaoKuw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307265057142890645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307265046539690035, language=CN, label=图7, caption=(a)苏盖特布拉克组顶部页岩与钙质粉砂岩互层产出,向上过渡为奇格布拉克组的厚层状鲕粒颗粒白云岩,鲕粒白云岩中可见双向交错层理;(b)奇格布拉克组底部(RST1)自下而上分别为具交错层理的鲕粒颗粒白云岩、穹隆状叠层石、混积的微生物白云岩与碎屑岩;进入TST2,岩性转变为薄板状—薄层状白云岩,常见丘状交错层理;(c)SQ2最大海泛面(mfs2)之下为深灰色薄板状—薄层状白云岩,之上为灰色薄层状—中层状白云岩;TST.海侵体系域;RST.海退体系域;SB.层序界面, figureFileSmall=TR6P9zHc+4xcNIw4gUXCCA==, 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塔里木盆地西北部震旦系奇格布拉克组层序地层划分——基于高分辨率相分析和Fischer图解的证据
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汪远征 1 , 葛小瞳 2, 3, 4 , 唐攀 5 , 杨钹 6 , 陈代钊 6 , 王斌 1 , 邓模 1 , 赵国伟 1
沉积学报 | 2026,44(1): 22-36
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沉积学报 | 2026 , 44 (1) : 22 -36
塔里木盆地西北部震旦系奇格布拉克组层序地层划分——基于高分辨率相分析和Fischer图解的证据
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汪远征1 , 葛小瞳2, 3, 4, 唐攀5, 杨钹6, 陈代钊6 , 王斌1, 邓模1, 赵国伟1
作者信息
  • 1.中国石化石油勘探开发研究院无锡石油地质研究所,江苏 无锡 214126
  • 2.页岩油气富集机理与高效开发全国重点实验室,北京 102206
  • 3.中国石化页岩油气勘探开发重点实验室,北京 102206
  • 4.中国石化石油勘探开发研究院,北京 102206
  • 5.长江大学录井技术与工程研究院,湖北 荆州 434023
  • 6.中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所新生代地质与环境重点实验室,北京 100029
通讯作者:
陈代钊,男,研究员,碳酸盐岩沉积学,E-mail:
作者简介:

汪远征,男,1990年出生,博士,工程师,储层沉积学,E-mail:

Division of the Sequence Stratigraphy of the Sinian Qigebrak Formation in the Northwest Tarim Basin: Evidence from the high-resolution analysis of depositional facies and the Fischer plot
YuanZheng WANG1 , XiaoTong GE2, 3, 4, Pan TANG5, Bo YANG6, DaiZhao CHEN6 , Bin WANG1, Mo DENG1, GuoWei ZHAO1
Affiliations
  • 1.Wuxi Research Institute of Petroleum Geology, SINOPEC, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214126, China
  • 2.State Key Laboratory of Shale Oil and Gas Enrichment Mechanisms and Efficient Development, Beijing 102206, China
  • 3.SINOPEC Key Laboratory of Shale Oil/Gas Exploration and Production Technology, Beijing 102206, China
  • 4.Petroleum Exploration and Production Research Institute, SINOPEC, Beijing 102206, China
  • 5.Research Institute of Mud Logging Technology and Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China
  • 6.Key Laboratory of Cenozoic Geology and Environment, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
  • Corresponding Author:
    CHEN DaiZhao, E-mail:
出版时间: 2026-02-10 doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2024.040
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目的 塔里木盆地震旦系奇格布拉克组广泛发育微生物碳酸盐岩,是深层—超深层油气勘探的有利层位。然而,奇格布拉克组现有的层序地层划分方案存在明显分歧,不利于储层沉积演化分析和展布预测的开展,亟待进一步的深入研究和厘定。 方法 以塔西北阿克苏地区什艾日克剖面为对象,基于高分辨率的沉积相刻画和Fischer图解分析,明确奇格布拉克组沉积环境和海平面变化特征,进行层序地层的划分。 结果 奇格布拉克组共划分出10种主要的岩相类型,岩相组合特征指示其沉积背景为碳酸盐岩缓坡台地,发育内缓坡和中缓坡两种沉积亚相,其中内缓坡由潮坪、潟湖、潮道和颗粒滩等微相组成。奇格布拉克组共识别出8种潮缘旋回亚型、2种浅水潮下旋回亚型和2种中缓坡旋回亚型;根据Fischer图解反映的旋回叠加样式,结合沉积相序和潮下带占比分析结果,将奇格布拉克组划分为SQ1~SQ4等4个三级T-R层序,其中SQ1只有海退体系域记录在奇格布拉克组,而SQ4只保留了海侵体系域。 结论 (1)塔西北地区奇格布拉克组层序地层“四分”的划分方案是合理的;(2)奇格布拉克组顶部经历的百万年尺度的暴露剥蚀有利于规模化储层的形成。

高分辨率沉积相  /  Fischer图解  /  奇格布拉克组  /  塔里木盆地西北部

Objective The Qigebrak Formation developed abundant microbial carbonates, which are the favorable target for deep to ultra-deep oil and gas exploration. However, the existing stratigraphic division scheme of the Qigebrak Formation remains controversial, hindering the analysis of reservoir depositional evolution and distribution prediction. Further in-depth research and clarification are urgently needed. Methods This study focused on the Shiairik section in the northwest Aksu area of the Tarim Basin to define the depositional environment and sea-level change, and conduct a sequence stratigraphic division of the Qigebrak Formation based on the analysis of high-precision depositional facies and the Fischer plot. Results Ten main facies are recognized from the Qigebrak Formation and grouped into a carbonate ramp platform. Two subfacies; i.e., inner and middle ramp, are developed under this setting. The inner ramp consists of the tidal flat, lagoon, tidal channel, and grain shoals. Eight subtypes of peritidal cycles, two subtypes of shallow subtidal cycles and two subtypes of middle-ramp cycles are identified. Based on the stacking patterns reflected in the Fischer diagrams, analysis of orders of depositional facies and proportion of subtidal facies, the Qigebrak is divided into four third-order T-R sequences (SQ1-SQ4). Among these sequences, SQ1 only records the regressive system tract in the Qigebrak Formation, whereas SQ4 only preserves the transgressive system tract. Conclusions This study suggests that (1) it is reasonable to divide the Qigebrak Formation into four sequences; (2) the top of the Qigebrak Formation could have experienced the million-year-scale exposure and erosion, which would favor the formation of scaled reservoirs.

high-resolution depositional facies  /  Fischer plot  /  Qigebrak Formation  /  northwest Tarim Basin
汪远征, 葛小瞳, 唐攀, 杨钹, 陈代钊, 王斌, 邓模, 赵国伟. 塔里木盆地西北部震旦系奇格布拉克组层序地层划分——基于高分辨率相分析和Fischer图解的证据. 沉积学报, 2026 , 44 (1) : 22 -36 . DOI: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2024.040
YuanZheng WANG, XiaoTong GE, Pan TANG, Bo YANG, DaiZhao CHEN, Bin WANG, Mo DENG, GuoWei ZHAO. Division of the Sequence Stratigraphy of the Sinian Qigebrak Formation in the Northwest Tarim Basin: Evidence from the high-resolution analysis of depositional facies and the Fischer plot[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2026 , 44 (1) : 22 -36 . DOI: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2024.040
随着我国浅层油气重大发现率下降,寻找深层—超深层油气资源是下一步油气勘探的重点(贾承造和张水昌,2023)。震旦系微生物碳酸盐岩作为深层—超深层油气重要的储集岩之一受到广泛关注(罗平等,2013李朋威等,2015陈代钊和钱一雄,2017闫磊等,2021)。近年来,我国已经在四川盆地震旦系灯影组微生物碳酸盐岩油气勘探中取得重大突破,相继发现了威远、安岳等大型油气田(邹才能等,2014Zhu et al.,2015)。与灯影组相比,塔里木盆地震旦系奇格布拉克组沉积时代相当(Wang et al.,2022),沉积充填序列、构造背景和成藏组合相似(朱永进等,2020;孙东胜等,2022),同样具有形成规模微生物碳酸盐岩储层的条件(Tang et al.,2022陈旭东等,2023),并且近期的油气勘探也在该层位获得了油气流(杨海军等,2020罗明霞等,2024)。这表明奇格布拉克组具有良好的油气勘探潜力,值得开展进一步探索和研究。
层序地层的划分是进行沉积演化分析、储层空间展布预测的基础。前人针对奇格布拉克组已经开展了层序地层学方面的研究,但认识还存在明显分歧。王宇等(2010)根据尤尔美那克剖面沉积相变化将塔西北震旦系划分为两个沉积层序,认为奇格布拉克组发育在第二层序高位体系域的中晚期。而钱一雄等(2014)基于肖尔布拉克剖面精细的旋回地层学分析,将奇格布拉克组划分为一个三级层序和三个四—五级层序,这与杨云坤等(2014)根据岩性组合和碳同位素变化得出的认识一致。石开波等(2016)姜海健等(2017)综合野外露头、钻井和地震剖面的分析结果,认为奇格布拉克组只发育一个二级层序。杨翰轩等(2020)在前人研究的基础上,以阿克苏地区肖西沟剖面和什艾日克剖面为例,通过识别暴露面将奇格布拉克组划分为两个三级层序,这与柯坪地区昆盖阔坦剖面奇格布拉克组只发育一个三级层序的观点相矛盾(郑剑锋等,2021)。最近,沈卫兵等(2023)以主要不整合面的识别和岩性充填序列的变化为依据,提出奇格布拉克组应划分为一个二级层序和两个三级层序。
综上所述,造成奇格布拉克组层序地层划分分歧的原因主要有以下几点:(1)以岩性变化而非岩相组合(沉积相)变化作为海平面升降的判断依据;(2)对沉积相缺乏精细的刻画;(3)奇格布拉克组中—上部以潮缘带微生物白云岩为主,沉积相分异弱,层序识别难。因此,针对奇格布拉克组层序划分中存在的上述问题,以新疆阿克苏地区什艾日克剖面为研究对象,在精细的沉积相刻画和旋回识别基础上,结合Fischer图解法进行可容纳空间的量化分析,进而实现三级层序的划分。该层序地层划分方法为微生物碳酸盐岩占主导的前寒武纪地层层序划分提供了一种新的思路。
塔里木陆块形成时间距今约870~820 Ma(Zhao et al.,2021),其最初作为罗迪尼亚超大陆的一个组成部分长期位于其北缘(Li et al.,2008Zhao et al.,2018)。大约在800~750 Ma,受到超级地幔柱活动的影响,罗迪尼亚超大陆逐步裂解(Merdith et al.,2017Wu et al.,2021)。与此同时,塔里木陆块开始从罗迪尼亚超大陆中独立出来,并进入漫长的裂谷演化阶段(Wu et al.,2021)。从成冰纪至埃迪卡拉纪早期,塔里木陆块遭受了强烈的拉伸作用,形成一系列的裂陷盆地(陈永权等,2019何碧竹等,2019)。在塔西北地区,该时期沉积了巧恩布拉克组的巨厚碎屑岩,其中含火山岩和多期冰积岩夹层(Xu et al.,2005丁海峰等,2014石开波等,2018Vandyk et al.,2019刘若涵等,2020)(图1)。
进入埃迪卡拉纪晚期,裂谷活动逐渐减弱,塔里木盆地逐渐过渡为坳陷盆地(石开波等,20162018何碧竹等,2019Shen et al.,2022)。此阶段,塔西北地区先后沉积了苏盖特布拉克组的河湖相碎屑岩和浅海—陆棚相混积岩、奇格布拉克组的台地相碳酸盐岩(周志毅等,2001Turner,2010吴林等,2017)(图1)。至埃迪卡拉纪末期,受柯坪运动的影响,塔北地区普遍发生抬升剥蚀,形成广泛分布的不整合(陈永权等,2019)。
早寒武世,塔里木盆地整体进入后裂谷沉积期,但是仍然受同沉积构造活动的影响(Turner,2010Guan et al.,2019He et al.,2021)。伴随着大范围的海侵,塔北地区广泛沉积了玉尔吐斯组下部的硅质岩和页岩(金值民等,2021)(图1),向上逐渐过渡为碳酸盐岩。至肖尔布拉克组沉积期,局部发育受断层活动控制的台缘生物礁(Guan et al.,2019)。
选取的什艾日克剖面位于阿克苏市的西南(图1b),是研究震旦系构造、沉积和古环境的经典剖面之一(Zhu et al.,2011Zhang et al.,2020He et al.,2021吴福志等,2021Tang et al.,2022)。该剖面奇格布拉克组下部以碎屑岩—碳酸盐岩混积为主,中—上部主要由微生物碳酸盐岩构成,顶部发育受岩溶影响的重结晶白云岩,溶蚀洞缝中见沥青充填。前人已经建立了该剖面上震旦统精细的碳同位素年代地层格架(Wang et al.,2022)。
本次研究采用旋回地层学的研究方法,对什艾日克剖面进行了米级旋回尺度的观测(图2)。基于野外剖面宏观沉积特征和薄片显微特征,奇格布拉克组共划分出10种主要岩相类型,根据岩相组合规律识别出中缓坡、内缓坡两种沉积亚相,其中内缓坡亚相可进一步细分为颗粒滩、潮道、潟湖和潮坪等微相(图34)。
中缓坡亚相主要由3种岩相类型构成,分别为薄板—薄层状具水平层理泥晶白云岩(F1)、薄—中层状具丘状交错层理粒泥/泥粒白云岩(F2)、暗色泥岩(F3),其特征及沉积相解释如下。
描述:该岩相在剖面上颜色为灰色—深灰色,产出样式为薄板状—薄层状,发育水平层理、偶见小型丘状交错层理。岩石组成以泥晶白云石为主,含少量颗粒,未见微生物组构(图3a)。该岩相向上常过渡为F2或F4(中—厚层状且交错层理颗粒白云岩),也可突变为F3(图25)。
解释:薄板—薄层状的产出样式指示相对较低的沉积速率;水平层理、局部的小型交错层理表明沉积水体总体安静但偶尔受到风暴作用的影响;泥晶白云岩、未见微生物组构指示开阔潮下静水环境。该岩相常与下伏的F3、上覆的F2或F4构成向上变浅的潮下旋回,因此其沉积环境解释为中缓坡。
描述:该岩相颜色为灰色,呈薄层状—中层状产出,发育中型丘状交错层理(图3b)、冲刷面,沿冲刷面局部可见定向的板条状砾屑;岩性为粒泥白云岩或泥粒白云岩,显微镜下颗粒常沿层面韵律分布,颗粒类型包括砾屑、砂屑、球粒、陆源碎屑等,未见微生物丝状结构和窗孔等;其中次棱角—棱角状的粉—细砂级陆源碎屑表现出弥散分布的特征。该岩相通常位于旋回的上部,其下为F2或F3(图25)。
解释:发育的丘状交错层理、冲刷面以及板条状砾屑、颗粒层与泥晶基质韵律互层,这都是频繁风暴作用的产物;陆源碎屑韵律分布等也指示风成沉积的特征;未见微生物结构、窗孔等表明非潮坪沉积成因的特征。该岩相单层厚度薄且与F1或F3构成向上变浅的旋回,因此将其沉积环境解释为受风暴作用影响的中缓坡。
描述:该岩相颜色常为灰色—暗绿色,岩性为泥岩或钙质泥岩,发育水平层理;常位于旋回的底部,向上转变为F1(图5)。
解释:灰色—暗绿色指示该岩相沉积于弱氧化—弱还原环境;水平层理以及与F1的关系表明其形成于水体更深的静水环境。因此,该岩相沉积环境解释为中—外缓坡。
内缓坡亚相主要由7种岩相构成,分别为:中—厚层状具交错层理颗粒白云岩(F4)、薄—中层状鲕粒白云岩(F5)、飘带状—透镜状粒泥白云岩(F6)、凝块石白云岩(F7)、叠层石白云岩(F8)、近水平—波状层理微生物白云岩(F9)、薄—中层状含砾砂岩(F10),其特征及沉积相解释如下。
描述:该岩相颜色为灰色,以中层或厚层状产出,厚度为米级,主要分布在奇格布拉克组的底部和上部;岩性为颗粒白云岩,颗粒类型以鲕粒、球粒为主,含有少量的砂屑(图3c,d,n);发育中—大型交错层理(如板状交错层理)(图3n)。该岩相通常作为盖子位于旋回的上部,与下伏的F3、F1、F5构成向上变浅的旋回,其上常被下一旋回的F3或F6所盖。
解释:中—厚层状、颗粒白云岩、中大型交错层理等均表明其形成于动荡、高能的沉积环境,又由于其位于F1之上、F3或F6之下,因此所属沉积相应为颗粒滩(厚度数米)或潮道(多小于2 m)。
描述:该岩相颜色为灰色,呈薄—中层状产出,厚度为分米级;发育冲刷面和交错层理(图3d),可见定向排列、磨圆较好的砾屑;局部发育孤立的穹隆状叠层石(图3d)。岩性为亮晶鲕粒白云岩。该岩相常位于旋回的中上部,其下接F2,向上变为F4;也可位于旋回的下部,向上过渡为F9(图3e)。
解释:亮晶鲕粒白云岩、冲刷面、交错层理、砾屑等均指示高能动荡的浅水环境;其向上可过渡为F4或F9,表明其沉积环境既可以是切入潮坪的潮道,也可以是颗粒滩。
描述:该岩相颜色为灰色—深灰色,呈飘带状或透镜状(图3f)。岩性以粒泥白云岩为主,颗粒类型主要为微生物成因的球粒或砂屑(图3g);发育波状—水平层理,不发育窗孔等暴露成因构造。该岩相作为旋回的底部盖于上一潮缘旋回,向上过渡为F8或F9(图25)。
解释:粒泥白云岩、波状—水平层理指示相对低能的沉积环境;颗粒以微生物成因为主表明其沉积环境靠近潮坪;无暴露成因标志显示为水下沉积。结合该岩相在旋回中与F8、F9的叠置关系,将其沉积相解释为潟湖。
描述:该岩相颜色为灰色,常呈透镜状或者厚层状产出。凝块主要由泥晶白云石组成,局部可见到微生物丝状结构,凝块间的格架孔被细粉晶—中粗晶白云石充填(图3h)。该岩相可呈层状位于旋回的顶部,其下为F6;也可以透镜状与F4伴生。
解释:凝块中的微生物丝状结构表明其形成与微生物群落的活动有关。厚层状、位于F6之上表明其沉积时可容纳空间充足;而与F4伴生则指示高能的浅水环境。因此,该岩相可能形成于潟湖或者颗粒滩。
描述:该岩相颜色为灰色—深灰色;叠层石按形态可分为波状、穹隆状、柱状和半球状(图3i);通常侧向相连呈层状产出,局部见孤立分布的穹隆状叠层石。该岩相可以作为旋回的底,其上、下均为F9(图5、PC5);也可以作为旋回的盖,下接F5或F6(图25)。
解释:叠层石的形态受沉积水动力影响,通常柱状叠层石所处的水动力强度要高于穹隆状叠层石,而波状叠层石相比前两者更低;柱状和穹隆状叠层石均可以出现在潮间—潮下环境(曹瑞骥和袁训来,2006)。综合本剖面中该岩相与F9、F5或F6的上、下接触关系,其沉积环境应为局限的潮下带—潮间带(即潟湖或潮坪),而孤立分布在F5中的穹隆状叠层石则解释为潮道成因。
描述:该岩相颜色以灰色—浅灰色为主,中—厚层状产出。微生物纹层表现为波状—近水平状(图3j);单纹层厚度通常为毫米级,少数为厘米级。显微镜下,可见明显的微生物丝状、泡沫状结构(图3k),微生物纹层间往往可见被黏结的砂屑和球粒,普遍发育窗孔;局部可见“皮壳状”海底胶结物(图3l),孔隙边缘可见纤维状胶结物。该岩相可单独构成旋回,也常和下伏的F8或F10构成向上变浅的旋回(图5)。
解释:近水平—波状的微生物纹层、纹层间被黏结的砂屑和球粒,均指示周期性变化的弱水动力环境;泡沫状、丝状的底栖蓝细菌结构表明沉积环境位于透光带;发育的窗孔、“皮壳状”海底胶结物反映周期性暴露和淹没。在旋回中常位于F8或F10的上部则指示其沉积水体更浅。综上,将该岩相发育的沉积环境解释为潮坪。
描述:该岩相剖面上位于奇格布拉克组的底部(图2),常以薄—中层状产出,厚度为分米级;岩石类型包括含砾中—粗砂岩、中砂岩和泥岩,其中泥岩往往含砾或砂;砂岩颜色为灰黄色—黄绿色,而泥岩则呈灰绿色;粒序层理和交错层理发育,伴有频繁出现的冲刷面。(含砾)砂岩中颗粒以石英、长石为主,粒度越小石英占比越高;砂层与砾石层韵律出现(图3m);颗粒磨圆为次棱角状—次圆状,少数可达圆状。泥岩和砂岩常组成向上变浅的旋回。当与碳酸盐岩组成旋回时,该岩相通常以滞留沉积(砂岩或含砾砂岩)的形式或作为海侵单元(泥岩)位于旋回的下部,向转变为F9或F6(图5)。
解释:碎屑岩的出现指示存在陆源供给;发育的交错层理和粒序层理、频繁的冲刷面以及韵律的砂砾层表明沉积水体动荡、周期变化、能量强;颗粒磨圆好说明沉积过程经历了反复的搬运和磨蚀。结合该岩相在旋回中的产出样式,将其沉积相解释为潮坪。
前人已对塔西北多个野外剖面的上震旦统进行了沉积学研究,认为奇格布拉克组主要发育碳酸盐岩缓坡台地相,可进一步细分为内缓坡亚相和中缓坡亚相(杨翰轩等,2020郑剑锋等,2021)。本研究基于对什艾日克剖面奇格布拉克组精细的相分析(不包括受岩溶作用显著影响的顶部)(图2),也建立了奇格布拉克组碳酸盐岩缓坡台地沉积模式(图4)。不同的是,本研究认为中缓坡亚相分布在奇格布拉克组的下部,内缓坡亚相则分布在奇格布拉克组的底部和中—上部。此外,奇格布拉克组顶部由于受岩溶作用和深度重结晶影响,岩相和旋回界线难以准确识别。而根据奇格布拉克组顶部不整合面附近发现的无微生物纹层的薄层状白云岩(图3o)推测,其沉积水体向上可能加深,这与唐攀等(2024)基于肖尔布拉克剖面和阿克苏采石场剖面沉积相研究得到的结论一致。
什艾日克剖面奇格布拉克组由大量向上变浅的米级旋回组成,根据岩相叠置关系和沉积环境差异可划分为三大类:(1)以潮缘带岩相(F8、F9、F10)为盖的潮缘旋回(PC);(2)以浅水潮下高能带岩相(F4)为盖的浅水潮下旋回(SC);(3)以浅水潮下低能带岩相(F1、F2)为盖的中缓坡旋回(MC)。其中,潮缘旋回主要分布在奇格布拉克组的底部和中、上部,可进一步分为8种亚型(PC1~PC8);浅水潮下旋回可分为2种亚型(SC1、SC2),分散在奇格布拉克组的下部和底部;中缓坡旋回也可分为2种亚型(MC1、MC2),集中分布在奇格布拉克组的下部。各旋回的发育样式及内部岩相的叠置关系如图5所示。
Fischer图解作为旋回地层学的经典研究手段,其原理是通过定量计算一定时间段内旋回的累计偏移量,绘制累计偏移量随时间的变化曲线,进而直观地反映可容纳空间和海平面的变化情况(Fischer,1964Read and Goldhammer,1988Brownlaw et al.,1996)。由于Fischer图解是建立在对实际地层的描述之上,并强调旋回的叠加样式,因此Sadler et al.(1993)将Fischer图解的横坐标改为旋回个数,并使用“基于旋回平均厚度的累计偏移量(cumulative departure from mean cycle thickness)”取代“累计偏移量(cumulative thickness)”作为纵坐标。当旋回的厚度大于基于旋回平均厚度的累计偏移量时,Fischer曲线向正向移动,指示可容纳空间的增加,反之则指示可容纳空间的减少。目前,利用Fischer图解进行浅水台地相层序地层划分已经取得了良好的应用成果(Fischer,1964Read and Goldhammer,1988Catuneanu,2002Chen and Tucker,2003Zhang et al.,2015Guo et al.,2018)。奇格布拉克组广泛发育潮缘带微生物碳酸盐岩,沉积特征保存较好,旋回可识别性强,这为我们利用Fischer图解进行可容纳空间刻画提供了良好的基础。
通常情况下,实测浅水潮下和潮缘旋回数大于50时,Fischer图解才能较好地反映可容纳空间的变化情况(Sadler et al.,1993Chen et al.,2016Guo et al.,2018)。本研究在什艾日克剖面奇格布拉克组实测旋回101个,其中潮缘旋回、浅水潮下旋回和中缓坡旋回个数分别为68、12和21,绘制的Fischer图解如图2图6c(纵坐标分别为地层厚度和旋回顺序)所示。从奇格布拉克组底部向上至第15旋回,Fischer曲线持续缓慢下降;随后保持缓慢下降的趋势至第28旋回,但下降幅度小于之前;自第29旋回至第56旋回,Fischer曲线先快速下降然后平稳下降。从第56旋回开始,Fischer曲线再次上升,至第70旋回达到最高点,而后持续下降至第88旋回。此后至第101旋回,Fischer曲线再次呈现上升的趋势。
通常情况下,低位体系域在碳酸盐岩台地内并不发育,因此选用T-R层序模型来进行奇格布拉克组的层序划分。根据各旋回潮下带占比(图6a)和沉积相类型(图6b)的统计,结合Fischer曲线的变化趋势,奇格布拉克组自下而上可划分为4个三级T-R层序(SQ1~SQ4)(图26)。
在什艾日克剖面,苏盖特布拉克组与奇格布拉克组之间为整合接触、未见暴露成因构造或沉积间断。SQ1沉积时期,该剖面苏盖特布拉克组顶部由互层产出的页岩和薄层状粉砂岩构成,夹薄层状粉砂质白云岩(图7a),指示混积陆棚远端沉积环境(Wang et al.,2022),进入奇格布拉克组底部,岩性向上转变为厚层状—块状鲕粒颗粒白云岩、穹隆状叠层石、混积的微生物白云岩和碎屑岩(图7b),表明沉积环境已转变为内缓坡颗粒滩,随后则在潟湖、潮坪和潮道之间震荡变化。从苏盖特布拉克组顶部至奇格布拉克组底部,沉积水体向上逐渐变浅。奇格布拉克组底部以潮缘带旋回为主,局部发育浅水潮下旋回,Fischer曲线持续缓慢下降,表明可容纳空间向上减小。因此,奇格布拉克组底部具有典型的海退特征,属于SQ1的海退体系域(RST1)。
SQ2发育在奇格布拉克组的下部,其层序界面是一个明显的沉积相变面。越过该层序界面,岩性转变为薄层状泥晶白云岩,夹暗色泥岩,显示沉积环境由潮坪突变为中缓坡(图6图7b,c)。整个海侵阶段(TST2),沉积环境以中缓坡为主,局部发育内缓坡潮道,至最大海泛面(mfs2)附近,岩性以深灰色薄板状泥晶白云岩为主,水平层理发育(图7c)。mfs2之上,岩性由中缓坡的薄层状—中层状粒泥白云岩过渡为潟湖相的飘带状白云岩、潮坪相微生物白云岩,局部夹潮道相的颗粒白云岩,表明沉积水体向上变浅,是典型的海退期沉积序列。然而,Fischer曲线在SQ2海侵阶段(TST2)却呈现出下降的趋势(图6c),指示可容纳空间“减小”,与海侵阶段可容纳空间应持续增大的基本认识(Catuneanu et al.,2006)相悖。已有研究表明,在开阔的深水潮下环境中,碳酸盐岩的产率会随着水体深度的增加而逐渐下降(Schlager,2005)。TST2时期的什艾日克剖面处于中缓坡环境(深水潮下),随着海侵的持续,虽然可容纳空间不断增大,但沉积物的堆积量却逐渐减少,因此基于旋回厚度反映可容纳空间变化的Fischer图解会呈现出“逐渐下降”(即可容纳空间减小)的反常现象。
SQ3发育在奇格布拉克组的中上部,该段沉积环境为内缓坡潮坪—潟湖,主要由以微生物纹层岩为盖的潮缘旋回组成。尽管SQ3内部各旋回间不显著的相变使得依靠沉积相变化进行层序界面的识别和体系域的划分变得困难,但从各个旋回中潮下带占比的统计结果看,TST3阶段要明显高于RST2和RST3(图6c)。此外,Fischer曲线在SQ2和SQ3分界线前后表现出明显的反转;SQ3时期,Fischer曲线先上升然后下降,指示可容纳空间先增加后减小,最大海泛面(mfs3)靠近Fischer曲线上升翼的顶部;海侵阶段(TST3),旋回组表现出明显的对称性,而海退阶段(RST3)的旋回组则以向上变浅、非对称为特征(图2)。
什艾日克剖面奇格布拉克组顶部岩溶发育,地层缺失明显,因此并未完整记录SQ4。从SQ3末期至SQ4初期,相分异弱,沉积环境主要为微生物白云岩占主导的内缓坡潮坪(图6),Fischer曲线由下降转变为缓慢上升。SQ4时期,沉积相自下而上由潮坪为主过渡为潮道—潟湖、颗粒滩(图3n),顶部岩溶带也发现原始地层减薄的特征,推测为深水潮下环境,指示沉积水体总体向上加深,另外Fischer曲线也呈现上升的趋势(图6c),两者均反映可容纳空间向上增加。因此,该剖面SQ4仅保留了海侵体系域(TST4)。
前人关于奇格布拉克的层序划分方案存在明显分歧(王宇等,2010钱一雄等,2014石开波等,2016姜海健等,2017郑剑锋等,2021沈卫兵等,2023)。多数学者将奇格布拉克组与下伏苏盖特布拉克组之间的岩性转换(碎屑岩—碳酸盐岩)面视为不整合面,作为奇格布拉克组层序地层划分的起点(钱一雄等,2014石开波等,2016郑剑锋等,2021沈卫兵等,2023)。然而,野外剖面和岩石显微特征显示该界面上、下地层为连续沉积,界面下未见暴露、沉积间断等现象,且沉积环境自下而上逐渐变浅(Wang et al.,2022),因而将该界面作为层序界面有待商榷。本研究SQ2中的海侵在阿克苏地区均可识别(钱一雄等,2014石开波等,2016吴林等,2017),至少代表了一次区域性的沉积事件,可作为奇格布拉克组下部对比的标志。旋回的叠置样式(即Fischer曲线)表明奇格布拉克组中部至顶部,仍可以细分为两个层序。从SQ2晚期至SQ4早期,主要发育潮缘带沉积相(潮坪—潟湖—潮道),旋回间相分异弱,层序界面处地层连续,反映相对稳定的台地沉积背景。
根据已建立的塔北震旦系碳同位素地层格架(He et al.,2007Zhang et al.,2020Wang et al.,2022),奇格布拉克组与华南地区震旦系灯影组沉积时间相当,介于550~538.8 Ma(Gradstein et al.,2020),持续时间约为11.2 Ma。通常情况下,三级层序的时间跨度为几十万年至几百万年(Haq and Schutter,2008Catuneanu,2019),所以本研究中将奇格布拉克组划分为4个三级层序从时间跨度上是合理的。从全球范围来说,尽管Haq and Schutter(2008)提出将550 Ma之后的震旦纪地层划分为5个三级层序,并分别限定了每个层序的发育时间,但是尚未得到学界的普遍认可。因此,震旦纪时期的三级层序(或海平面)是否可全球对比尚需进一步研究。综合层序地层划分结果和已有的年代学证据推算(图6c,d),SQ4的持续时间约为7 Ma,这表明仅残留海侵体系域的SQ4顶部可能经历了百万年尺度的暴露剥蚀,极有利于形成规模化的白云岩储层。
(1) 基于什艾日克剖面宏观沉积特征和显微薄片观察,震旦系奇格布拉克组共划分出10种岩相类型;根据岩相组合特征建立奇格布拉克组碳酸盐岩缓坡台地沉积模式,识别出内缓坡和中缓坡两种亚相,其中内缓坡由潮坪、潟湖、潮道以及颗粒滩等微相组成。
(2) 什艾日克剖面奇格布拉克组识别出了8种潮缘旋回亚型、2种浅水潮下旋回亚型和2种中缓坡旋回亚型;通过高分辨率沉积相和Fischer图解分析,奇格布拉克组共划分为4个三级T-R层序(SQ1~SQ4),其中SQ1在奇格布拉克组仅发育海退体系域,而SQ4仅保留了海侵体系域。
(3) 塔北震旦系奇格布拉克组顶部可能经历了百万年尺度的暴露剥蚀,有利于规模化白云岩储层的形成。
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2026年第44卷第1期
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doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2024.040
  • 接收时间:2023-12-06
  • 首发时间:2026-09-17
  • 出版时间:2026-02-10
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-06
  • 修回日期:2024-03-25
  • 录用日期:2024-04-08
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    1.中国石化石油勘探开发研究院无锡石油地质研究所,江苏 无锡 214126
    2.页岩油气富集机理与高效开发全国重点实验室,北京 102206
    3.中国石化页岩油气勘探开发重点实验室,北京 102206
    4.中国石化石油勘探开发研究院,北京 102206
    5.长江大学录井技术与工程研究院,湖北 荆州 434023
    6.中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所新生代地质与环境重点实验室,北京 100029

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陈代钊,男,研究员,碳酸盐岩沉积学,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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