Article(id=1307264558893133898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, issueId=1307264513963750099, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2024.016, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1695052800000, receivedDateStr=2023-09-19, revisedDate=1705852800000, revisedDateStr=2024-01-22, acceptedDate=1710432000000, acceptedDateStr=2024-03-15, onlineDate=1789605758641, onlineDateStr=2026-09-17, pubDate=1770652800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789605758641, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789605758641, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789605758641, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1307264513963750099, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, year='2026', volume='44', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='404', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1770652800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789605747929, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789605747929, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=324, endPage=338, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1307264559052517451, articleId=1307264558893133898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, language=EN, title=Redox Conditions of the Shallow Sea in the Mesoproterozoic Longjiayuan Formation, Western Henan Province, columnId=null, journalTitle=Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective The levels of oxygen in shallow waters and the atmosphere during the Mesoproterozoic period (approximately 1.8-1.0 Ga) have raised controversy. Currently, it is widely believed that there may have been fluctuating high and low oxygen levels at that time. However, the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of the ancient planet during this period limits our understanding of the redox state of the ancient oceans, but accumulated evidence tends to indicate dynamic fluctuations in the oxygen content of shallow seas. Methods This study, which focused on the carbonate strata of the Longjiayuan Formation in the Guandaokou Group, western Henan province (oldest age 1.59 Ga), carried out petrological, elemental geochemical and C and O isotope geochemical analyses, mainly using Ce anomalies δ. Indicators such as δ13C and Y/Ho restored the redox state of the shallow sea in the region. Results Microscopically, the formation lithology consisted mainly of relatively pure fine-grained, powdery, and mud crystalline dolomite, with main structures containing different forms of laminated stones and siliceous bands. The main geochemical data indicated overall Th content <0.5 µg/g, Y/Ho > 26, ΣREE <12 µg/g, and Ce/Ce*, Pr(N)/Yb(N) and Y/Ho. There was no significant correlation between ΣREE and Th concentration, indicating that the sample material was not affected by terrestrial debris interference to any great extent. Mn/Sr was generally low (average<6),δ18O>-10‰, and there was no significant correlation between Ce/Ce*, Eu/Eu* and Dy(N)/Sm(N), indicating that the original seawater signal was relatively well preserved during diagenesis. The rare earth element distribution indicated significant negative Ce anomalies (0.53-0.94) and positive Y anomalies in the region around 1.54 Ga, similar to the value for modern seawater rare earth elements. This was accompanied by a significant increase in Y/Ho (mean 64), followed by δ13C, which experienced a significant positive deviation and later recovered to the original level of the Mesoproterozoic era. Conclusions These findings indicated that there may have been a brief oxidation event in the region during the Mesoproterozoic. The range (0.53-0.94) and time (~1.54 Ga) of negative Ce anomalies in the Longjiayuan Formation were reasonably consistent with values in the second and third segments of the Gaogaozhuang Formation, and in the lower part of the Yangzhuang Formation. These indicated that the atmosphere and shallow sea environment in the North China Craton underwent an overall oxygenation process of common amplitude during this period. The negative Ce anomaly and its rapid rebound indicated that the low oxygen state in the shallow sea and atmosphere of the Mesoproterozoic continued to dominate, interspersed with a pulse-type oxygenation process that may have been widespread throughout the North China Craton at that time. This study provided direct evidence of pulse oxygenation events during the Mesoproterozoic, which was useful in determining the redox state of shallow waters during this period, and to explore the impact of oxygen level on the evolution of eukaryotes.

, authors=ZeYuan SHI, GuoCheng ZHANG, FengBo SUN, QianQian LI, WenTong YANG, DeShun ZHENG, authorsList=ZeYuan SHI, GuoCheng ZHANG, FengBo SUN, QianQian LI, WenTong YANG, DeShun ZHENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=FengBo SUN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
SUN FengBo, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1307264562147913818, articleId=1307264558893133898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, language=CN, title=豫西中元古界龙家园组浅海氧化还原环境重建, columnId=null, journalTitle=沉积学报, columnName=, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 中元古代(约1.8~1.0 Ga)浅海和大气氧含量水平一直存在争议。 方法 通过对华北克拉通南缘龙家园组(底部年龄为1.59 Ga)碳酸盐岩Ce异常、δ13C和Y/Ho指标的分析,研究了该地区当时浅海的氧化还原状态。 结果 研究区在1.54 Ga前后存在明显的Ce负异常(0.53~0.94)和δ13C的正偏,且伴随着Y/Ho(平均值64)的显著增加,并在后来恢复到中元古代原有的水平。 结论 可能存在了一次短暂的氧化事件,此次氧化事件与华北北缘蓟县系同期地层相吻合,代表了该时期浅海氧含量的波动可能在华北板块普遍存在。该研究能为中元古代脉冲增氧事件提供直接证据,有助于进一步确定该时期浅海的氧化还原状态以及氧气对真核生物演化的影响。

, authors=石泽远, 张国成, 孙风波, 李倩倩, 杨雯童, 郑德顺, authorsList=石泽远, 张国成, 孙风波, 李倩倩, 杨雯童, 郑德顺, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=孙风波, authorNote=

石泽远,男,1997年出生,硕士研究生,沉积盆地分析,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
孙风波,男,讲师,E-mail:
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石泽远,男,1997年出生,硕士研究生,沉积盆地分析,E-mail:

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石泽远,男,1997年出生,硕士研究生,沉积盆地分析,E-mail:

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International Geology Review, 62(11): 1433-1449., articleTitle=Reconstruction of nearshore chemical conditions in the Mesoproterozoic: Evidence from red and grey beds of the Yangzhuang Formation, North China Craton, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1307264567898304664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307264558893133898, awardId=42172131, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(42172131), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1307264567986385049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307264558893133898, awardId=42172131, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(42172131), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1307264562449903707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307264558893133898, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1307264562458292316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307264558893133898, companyId=1307264562449903707, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Resource and Environment, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, Henan 454000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1307264562470875229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307264558893133898, companyId=1307264562449903707, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=河南理工大学资源环境学院,河南 焦作 454000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1307264566342217862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307264558893133898, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Geological map of the study area

(a) southern margin of Precambrian North China Craton (modified from Zuo et al., 2019);(b) section of Longjiayuan Formation

, figureFileSmall=ttiGARfRLItzvY2udVFWJw==, figureFileBig=nIvlaU75adppKdz4cgzfJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307264566409326727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307264558893133898, language=CN, label=图1, caption=研究区区域地质图

(a)华北克拉通南缘前寒武纪地质简图(据左鹏飞等,2019修改);(b)龙家园组剖面地质图

, figureFileSmall=ttiGARfRLItzvY2udVFWJw==, figureFileBig=nIvlaU75adppKdz4cgzfJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307264566606459016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307264558893133898, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Macroscopic characteristics of stromatolites in Longjiayuan Formation

(a-d) mud crystalline dolomite, with layered, deformed, and chrysanthemum-shaped siliceous bands;(e-h) layered dolomite comprising horizontally layered, wavy, conical and columnar layered rock;(i, j) conglomerate dolomite containing a small amount of columnar stromatolites

, figureFileSmall=Ev2wmskPG/K01zDla9+QOw==, figureFileBig=nqyJS3FtFxsu7bzkWyc6zg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307264566686150793, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307264558893133898, language=CN, label=图2, caption=龙家园组白云岩宏观特征

(a~d)为泥晶白云岩,纹层状、变形层状和菊花状硅质条带;(e~h)为发育的叠层石白云岩,分别为水平纹层状、波状、锥状和柱状叠层石;(i,j)为含砾白云岩,发育少量柱状叠层石

, figureFileSmall=Ev2wmskPG/K01zDla9+QOw==, figureFileBig=nqyJS3FtFxsu7bzkWyc6zg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307264566765842570, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307264558893133898, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Photomicrographs of stromatolites in Longjiayuan Formation

(a) mud crystalline dolomite under plane-polarized light (PPL);(b) mud crystalline dolomite under cross-polarized light (XPL), with visible siliceous bands;(c) powdery crystalline dolomite under PPL, with irregular calcite-filled pores and dark brown spherical aggregates (red arrows);bright spots between the aggregates (yellow arrow) composed of fine-grained dolomite;(d) dense alternating light and dark layer with raised and curved layers under PPL;(e) fine-grained dolomite under PPL;(f) layered stone vein with densely stacked alternating light and dark algal layers in the upper part, and irregular clumps in the lower part (red arrows) under PPL

, figureFileSmall=lZEV62E/XhhWsCvIZCSR5w==, figureFileBig=j6DlxiEWr6T8bGImy6PxeA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307264566849728651, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307264558893133898, language=CN, label=图3, caption=龙家园组白云岩微观特征

(a)泥晶白云岩,单偏光(-);(b)泥晶白云岩中的硅质条带,正交偏光(+);(c)粉晶白云岩,填充方解石不规则孔隙,分布深褐色的球形聚集体(红色箭头指示),凝块之间的亮斑由细晶白云石组成(黄色箭头指示),(-);(d)致密纹层明暗相间,纹层凸起弯曲,(-);(e)细晶白云岩,(-);(f)叠层石脉络,上部密集叠置分布藻纹层,纹层明暗相间,下部聚集不规则凝块(红色箭头指示),(-)

, figureFileSmall=lZEV62E/XhhWsCvIZCSR5w==, figureFileBig=j6DlxiEWr6T8bGImy6PxeA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307264566950391948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307264558893133898, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=ΣREY indicators and Th covariance plots

(a) Ce/Ce* vs. Th, correlation coefficient is 0.16; (b) Y/Ho vs. Th, correlation coefficient is 0.23; (c) Pr(N)/Yb(N) vs. Th, correlation coefficient is 0.08; (d) ΣREE vs.Th, correlation coefficient is 0.39; (e) ΣLREE vs. Th, correlation coefficient is 0.35; (f) ΣHREE. vs. Th, correlation coefficient is 0.31

, figureFileSmall=fRbw7e6EAZVvUAv8H4Qzhw==, figureFileBig=sacVGR0duVC9d1IUjGOYiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307264567030083725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307264558893133898, language=CN, label=图4, caption=ΣREY各项指标与Th协变图

(a)Ce/Ce*和Th元素协变图,相关系数为0.16;(b)Y/Ho和Th元素协变图,相关系数为0.23;(c)Pr(N)/Yb(N)和Th元素协变图,相关系数为0.08;(d)ΣREE和Th元素协变图,相关系数为0.39;(e)ΣLREE和Th元素协变图,相关系数为0.35;(f)为ΣHREE和Th元素协变图,相关系数为0.31

, figureFileSmall=fRbw7e6EAZVvUAv8H4Qzhw==, figureFileBig=sacVGR0duVC9d1IUjGOYiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307264567101386894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307264558893133898, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=REY patterns and covariance plots

(a-d) REY partition curves of four stages after PAAS standardization;(e) Eu/Eu* vs. Ce/Ce*, correlation coefficient is 0.20;(f) Dy(N)/Sm(N) vs. Ce/Ce*, correlation coefficient is 0.17

, figureFileSmall=KcGh1/nRh+hLxHHZAsHdmw==, figureFileBig=lEbLZvvWA2PQgmWbcsFGpQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307264567202050191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307264558893133898, language=CN, label=图5, caption=REY配分曲线及Ce/Ce*与Eu/Eu*和Dy(N)/Sm(N)协变图

(a~d)分别为PAAS标准化后四个阶段REY配分曲线图;(e)为Eu/Eu*和Ce/Ce*的协变图,相关系数为0.20;(f)为Dy(N)/Sm(N)和Ce/Ce*的协变图,相关系数为0.17

, figureFileSmall=KcGh1/nRh+hLxHHZAsHdmw==, figureFileBig=lEbLZvvWA2PQgmWbcsFGpQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307264567260770448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307264558893133898, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Main geochemical characteristics of carbonate rocks in the Longjiayuan Formation, figureFileSmall=kNOrj6P9EQ5CIepGpAPrvQ==, figureFileBig=2R18D4Wlb+JfIpFQnd6Lxg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307264567327879313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307264558893133898, language=CN, label=图6, caption=龙家园组碳酸盐岩主要地球化学特征, figureFileSmall=kNOrj6P9EQ5CIepGpAPrvQ==, figureFileBig=2R18D4Wlb+JfIpFQnd6Lxg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307264567394988178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307264558893133898, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Comparison of geochemical records of the Second member and Third member of the Gaoyuzhuang Formation, Yangzhuang Formation and the Fourth member of the Wumishan Formation (Shang et al., 2019;Sun et al., 2020;Yang et al., 2020), figureFileSmall=y/gl7QJp/BbaSupdfn1/QA==, figureFileBig=jeBEPBAMmjJzSSaZyfaH7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307264567466291347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307264558893133898, language=CN, label=图7, caption=高于庄组二段和三段、杨庄组和雾迷山组四段的地球化学记录对比(Shang et al.,2019孙龙飞等,2020杨晋东等,2020, figureFileSmall=y/gl7QJp/BbaSupdfn1/QA==, figureFileBig=jeBEPBAMmjJzSSaZyfaH7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307264567525011604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307264558893133898, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Rare earth elements in carbonate rocks in Longjiayuan Formation, with values for Y, Th, Ce/Ce*, Y/Ho and ΣREY

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品编号LaCePrNdSmEuGdTbDyYHoErTmYbLuThΣREYCe/Ce*Y/Ho
/(μg/g)
FD-10.4261.3960.2050.8290.1670.0230.1740.0200.1030.8750.0230.0570.0080.0490.0070.0574.3630.79438.110
FD-21.1652.3390.3071.0820.2100.0420.2090.0290.1671.0950.0340.0860.0110.0840.0110.2346.8740.77631.841
FD-30.4690.9830.1180.5600.0870.0320.1260.0190.1040.7170.0170.0480.0050.0250.0050.0783.3141.14542.567
FD-40.1280.2190.0350.1730.0330.0080.0370.0040.0180.2990.0080.0130.0020.0120.0010.0240.9910.88336.218
FD-50.3210.5960.0860.3390.0790.0270.1000.0130.0760.4630.0140.0330.0040.0240.0030.0462.1770.79733.809
FD-60.2410.5110.0730.2880.0820.0160.0710.0110.0470.4210.0100.0260.0030.0150.0030.0081.8180.79043.374
FD-70.4380.7710.1120.3600.0670.0180.0920.0170.1130.7140.0190.0450.0060.0310.0040.0382.8060.64238.563
FD-80.3470.7570.0820.3640.0640.0250.0670.0100.0540.3990.0120.0290.0020.0190.0040.0202.2341.17233.458
FD-90.3320.8480.0770.2860.0560.0120.0360.0060.0310.2420.0110.020.0030.0180.0020.0731.9811.18721.118
FD-100.460.9960.1230.4230.0900.0220.0810.0130.0710.4800.0140.0310.0040.0280.0050.0882.8400.80034.619
FD-110.8571.9860.1990.6890.0990.0210.0910.0170.0870.5870.0190.0550.0090.0430.0080.3454.7690.99930.494
FD-120.2680.5590.0580.2430.0320.0060.0410.0050.0230.2620.0050.0120.0010.0130.0010.0131.5301.15549.766
FD-130.3860.8990.0860.2950.0580.0140.0520.0090.0530.3530.0100.0180.0020.0150.0020.0162.2511.04036.547
FD-140.3640.8440.0850.2610.0410.0110.0480.0060.0240.3040.0070.0200.0020.0160.0020.0192.0370.88042.581
FD-150.6301.2050.1400.5210.0840.0270.0830.0150.0920.7150.0200.0560.0080.0440.0070.0953.6480.93136.291
FD-160.3960.6450.0550.2080.0280.0070.0160.0070.0380.2670.0050.0150.0010.0100.0020.0161.7011.26650.981
FD-170.5670.9160.1120.4550.0390.0130.0690.0100.0570.4820.0110.0350.0040.0250.0020.0262.7960.96644.933
FD-180.5081.2930.1190.4600.0700.0200.0860.0120.0590.4910.0130.0340.0040.0230.0040.0333.1961.22337.499
FD-190.9972.1730.2370.8540.1560.0280.1270.0270.1430.8950.0280.0700.0090.0620.0080.2035.8140.95632.013
FD-200.3740.6900.0780.3030.0580.0090.0570.0100.0480.4250.0070.0260.0040.0230.0040.0252.1170.98857.045
FD-210.1720.2650.0260.1200.0170.0030.0190.0030.0180.1830.0050.0110.0020.0140.0010.0200.8591.31640.111
FD-220.1680.2380.0310.1060.0260.0030.0310.0040.0140.2600.0040.0140.0020.0120.0020.0180.9150.78460.262
FD-230.1560.2760.0330.1140.0220.0040.0220.0020.0130.2020.0030.0070.0010.0080.0010.0210.8640.82678.156
FD-240.3010.4660.0640.2260.0380.0090.0520.0070.0440.7250.0110.0350.0050.0320.0050.0572.0210.74966.266
FD-250.3180.3620.0840.3580.0820.0150.0800.0110.0950.9060.0210.0450.0080.0490.0060.0362.4400.53443.960
FD-260.2380.3390.0540.1860.0320.0060.0490.0090.0500.6350.0090.0300.0040.0230.0040.0331.6680.63169.582
FD-270.2320.3200.0420.1540.0210.0060.0350.0060.0380.6030.0100.0310.0050.0230.0040.0271.5300.81863.441
FD-280.3900.4930.0830.3570.0610.0170.0920.0120.0701.0950.0200.0670.0100.0580.0090.4312.8340.74355.622
FD-290.3910.4480.0780.2910.0680.0190.0680.0130.0851.4620.0220.0680.0100.0650.0100.0403.0970.61366.752
FD-300.1530.2450.0270.1220.0300.0040.0280.0040.0260.4080.0060.0170.0020.0170.0020.0301.0941.17564.412
FD-310.2720.3850.0560.2610.0640.0120.0620.0090.0640.9180.0140.0390.0060.0340.0040.0142.1980.94165.548
FD-320.7181.4070.1770.6070.1300.0230.1250.0160.0680.7120.0200.0510.0090.0490.0060.0654.1160.79036.389
FD-330.5791.1140.1200.4720.0790.0120.0700.0130.0700.5240.0140.0390.0060.0290.0050.0403.1451.05737.449
FD-340.5871.2420.1730.5860.1370.0240.0860.0160.0990.6080.0200.0570.0090.0520.0080.1623.7050.70429.735
FD-350.1960.3620.0430.1930.0310.0060.0360.0090.0270.3100.0090.0220.0030.0230.0030.0441.2721.11033.361
FD-360.3560.7980.0940.3480.0600.0090.0640.0090.0580.4060.0110.0300.0050.0310.0050.0572.2830.90437.534
FD-370.2810.5380.0660.2720.0550.0090.0450.0090.0460.4730.0120.0330.0040.0290.0050.0571.8760.98339.920
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龙家园组碳酸盐岩稀土元素和Y、Th、Ce/Ce*、Y/Ho及ΣREY值

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样品编号LaCePrNdSmEuGdTbDyYHoErTmYbLuThΣREYCe/Ce*Y/Ho
/(μg/g)
FD-10.4261.3960.2050.8290.1670.0230.1740.0200.1030.8750.0230.0570.0080.0490.0070.0574.3630.79438.110
FD-21.1652.3390.3071.0820.2100.0420.2090.0290.1671.0950.0340.0860.0110.0840.0110.2346.8740.77631.841
FD-30.4690.9830.1180.5600.0870.0320.1260.0190.1040.7170.0170.0480.0050.0250.0050.0783.3141.14542.567
FD-40.1280.2190.0350.1730.0330.0080.0370.0040.0180.2990.0080.0130.0020.0120.0010.0240.9910.88336.218
FD-50.3210.5960.0860.3390.0790.0270.1000.0130.0760.4630.0140.0330.0040.0240.0030.0462.1770.79733.809
FD-60.2410.5110.0730.2880.0820.0160.0710.0110.0470.4210.0100.0260.0030.0150.0030.0081.8180.79043.374
FD-70.4380.7710.1120.3600.0670.0180.0920.0170.1130.7140.0190.0450.0060.0310.0040.0382.8060.64238.563
FD-80.3470.7570.0820.3640.0640.0250.0670.0100.0540.3990.0120.0290.0020.0190.0040.0202.2341.17233.458
FD-90.3320.8480.0770.2860.0560.0120.0360.0060.0310.2420.0110.020.0030.0180.0020.0731.9811.18721.118
FD-100.460.9960.1230.4230.0900.0220.0810.0130.0710.4800.0140.0310.0040.0280.0050.0882.8400.80034.619
FD-110.8571.9860.1990.6890.0990.0210.0910.0170.0870.5870.0190.0550.0090.0430.0080.3454.7690.99930.494
FD-120.2680.5590.0580.2430.0320.0060.0410.0050.0230.2620.0050.0120.0010.0130.0010.0131.5301.15549.766
FD-130.3860.8990.0860.2950.0580.0140.0520.0090.0530.3530.0100.0180.0020.0150.0020.0162.2511.04036.547
FD-140.3640.8440.0850.2610.0410.0110.0480.0060.0240.3040.0070.0200.0020.0160.0020.0192.0370.88042.581
FD-150.6301.2050.1400.5210.0840.0270.0830.0150.0920.7150.0200.0560.0080.0440.0070.0953.6480.93136.291
FD-160.3960.6450.0550.2080.0280.0070.0160.0070.0380.2670.0050.0150.0010.0100.0020.0161.7011.26650.981
FD-170.5670.9160.1120.4550.0390.0130.0690.0100.0570.4820.0110.0350.0040.0250.0020.0262.7960.96644.933
FD-180.5081.2930.1190.4600.0700.0200.0860.0120.0590.4910.0130.0340.0040.0230.0040.0333.1961.22337.499
FD-190.9972.1730.2370.8540.1560.0280.1270.0270.1430.8950.0280.0700.0090.0620.0080.2035.8140.95632.013
FD-200.3740.6900.0780.3030.0580.0090.0570.0100.0480.4250.0070.0260.0040.0230.0040.0252.1170.98857.045
FD-210.1720.2650.0260.1200.0170.0030.0190.0030.0180.1830.0050.0110.0020.0140.0010.0200.8591.31640.111
FD-220.1680.2380.0310.1060.0260.0030.0310.0040.0140.2600.0040.0140.0020.0120.0020.0180.9150.78460.262
FD-230.1560.2760.0330.1140.0220.0040.0220.0020.0130.2020.0030.0070.0010.0080.0010.0210.8640.82678.156
FD-240.3010.4660.0640.2260.0380.0090.0520.0070.0440.7250.0110.0350.0050.0320.0050.0572.0210.74966.266
FD-250.3180.3620.0840.3580.0820.0150.0800.0110.0950.9060.0210.0450.0080.0490.0060.0362.4400.53443.960
FD-260.2380.3390.0540.1860.0320.0060.0490.0090.0500.6350.0090.0300.0040.0230.0040.0331.6680.63169.582
FD-270.2320.3200.0420.1540.0210.0060.0350.0060.0380.6030.0100.0310.0050.0230.0040.0271.5300.81863.441
FD-280.3900.4930.0830.3570.0610.0170.0920.0120.0701.0950.0200.0670.0100.0580.0090.4312.8340.74355.622
FD-290.3910.4480.0780.2910.0680.0190.0680.0130.0851.4620.0220.0680.0100.0650.0100.0403.0970.61366.752
FD-300.1530.2450.0270.1220.0300.0040.0280.0040.0260.4080.0060.0170.0020.0170.0020.0301.0941.17564.412
FD-310.2720.3850.0560.2610.0640.0120.0620.0090.0640.9180.0140.0390.0060.0340.0040.0142.1980.94165.548
FD-320.7181.4070.1770.6070.1300.0230.1250.0160.0680.7120.0200.0510.0090.0490.0060.0654.1160.79036.389
FD-330.5791.1140.1200.4720.0790.0120.0700.0130.0700.5240.0140.0390.0060.0290.0050.0403.1451.05737.449
FD-340.5871.2420.1730.5860.1370.0240.0860.0160.0990.6080.0200.0570.0090.0520.0080.1623.7050.70429.735
FD-350.1960.3620.0430.1930.0310.0060.0360.0090.0270.3100.0090.0220.0030.0230.0030.0441.2721.11033.361
FD-360.3560.7980.0940.3480.0600.0090.0640.0090.0580.4060.0110.0300.0050.0310.0050.0572.2830.90437.534
FD-370.2810.5380.0660.2720.0550.0090.0450.0090.0460.4730.0120.0330.0040.0290.0050.0571.8760.98339.920
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Major element content and C⁃O isotopes data for Longjiayuan Formation carbonate rocks

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样品编号δ13C/‰δ18O/‰SiO2/%Al2O3/%TFe2O3/%MnO/%MgO/%CaO/%P2O5/%
FD-20.01-4.383.020.170.360.0521.0329.500.01
FD-7-0.42-6.328.310.040.290.0519.6428.410.01
FD-8-1.01-3.990.750.060.210.0221.6430.200.01
FD-10-1.30-5.4527.910.120.420.0215.6321.780.01
FD-12-0.12-6.2249.310.050.090.0211.2015.570.01
FD-13-0.22-7.1935.140.080.110.0214.2919.890.01
FD-14-0.18-7.1949.950.070.120.0110.8715.320.01
FD-15-0.48-4.8746.230.130.090.0111.7516.360.01
FD-17-0.06-6.4224.580.040.200.0216.5523.150.01
FD-180.14-5.3516.670.040.140.0118.2325.540.01
FD-19-1.42-6.0312.450.210.190.0119.1826.610.01
FD-200.11-5.930.030.050.110.0121.8830.360.01
FD-210.15-6.902.230.070.080.0121.2629.610.01
FD-22-0.21-6.900.070.030.170.0122.0530.370.01
FD-23-0.63-4.9622.600.040.120.0117.1123.640.01
FD-24-0.70-6.520.430.080.090.0121.5530.080.01
FD-25-0.89-6.6121.920.060.090.0117.0623.520.01
FD-27-0.72-6.522.000.030.120.0121.6429.840.01
FD-280.75-7.100.020.040.100.0121.7230.660.01
FD-301.01-7.10000.120.0122.0130.420.01
FD-311.14-6.4200.030.140.0122.0730.520.01
FD-320.71-6.610.900.100.190.0221.6029.910.01
FD-330.73-5.350.220.060.100.0121.9130.580.01
FD-35-0.06-6.810.090.060.120.0121.9030.350.01
FD-36-0.92-6.900.520.060.100.0121.8030.130.01
FD-37-0.14-5.740.120.070.110.0121.8830.350.01
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龙家园组碳酸盐岩部分主量元素含量特征和碳氧同位素数据

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样品编号δ13C/‰δ18O/‰SiO2/%Al2O3/%TFe2O3/%MnO/%MgO/%CaO/%P2O5/%
FD-20.01-4.383.020.170.360.0521.0329.500.01
FD-7-0.42-6.328.310.040.290.0519.6428.410.01
FD-8-1.01-3.990.750.060.210.0221.6430.200.01
FD-10-1.30-5.4527.910.120.420.0215.6321.780.01
FD-12-0.12-6.2249.310.050.090.0211.2015.570.01
FD-13-0.22-7.1935.140.080.110.0214.2919.890.01
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FD-15-0.48-4.8746.230.130.090.0111.7516.360.01
FD-17-0.06-6.4224.580.040.200.0216.5523.150.01
FD-180.14-5.3516.670.040.140.0118.2325.540.01
FD-19-1.42-6.0312.450.210.190.0119.1826.610.01
FD-200.11-5.930.030.050.110.0121.8830.360.01
FD-210.15-6.902.230.070.080.0121.2629.610.01
FD-22-0.21-6.900.070.030.170.0122.0530.370.01
FD-23-0.63-4.9622.600.040.120.0117.1123.640.01
FD-24-0.70-6.520.430.080.090.0121.5530.080.01
FD-25-0.89-6.6121.920.060.090.0117.0623.520.01
FD-27-0.72-6.522.000.030.120.0121.6429.840.01
FD-280.75-7.100.020.040.100.0121.7230.660.01
FD-301.01-7.10000.120.0122.0130.420.01
FD-311.14-6.4200.030.140.0122.0730.520.01
FD-320.71-6.610.900.100.190.0221.6029.910.01
FD-330.73-5.350.220.060.100.0121.9130.580.01
FD-35-0.06-6.810.090.060.120.0121.9030.350.01
FD-36-0.92-6.900.520.060.100.0121.8030.130.01
FD-37-0.14-5.740.120.070.110.0121.8830.350.01
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豫西中元古界龙家园组浅海氧化还原环境重建
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石泽远 , 张国成 , 孙风波 , 李倩倩 , 杨雯童 , 郑德顺
沉积学报 | 2026,44(1): 324-338
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沉积学报 | 2026 , 44 (1) : 324 -338
豫西中元古界龙家园组浅海氧化还原环境重建
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石泽远 , 张国成, 孙风波 , 李倩倩, 杨雯童, 郑德顺
作者信息
  • 河南理工大学资源环境学院,河南 焦作 454000
通讯作者:
孙风波,男,讲师,E-mail:
作者简介:

石泽远,男,1997年出生,硕士研究生,沉积盆地分析,E-mail:

Redox Conditions of the Shallow Sea in the Mesoproterozoic Longjiayuan Formation, Western Henan Province
ZeYuan SHI , GuoCheng ZHANG, FengBo SUN , QianQian LI, WenTong YANG, DeShun ZHENG
Affiliations
  • School of Resource and Environment, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, Henan 454000, China
  • Corresponding Author:
    SUN FengBo, E-mail:
出版时间: 2026-02-10 doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2024.016
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目的 中元古代(约1.8~1.0 Ga)浅海和大气氧含量水平一直存在争议。 方法 通过对华北克拉通南缘龙家园组(底部年龄为1.59 Ga)碳酸盐岩Ce异常、δ13C和Y/Ho指标的分析,研究了该地区当时浅海的氧化还原状态。 结果 研究区在1.54 Ga前后存在明显的Ce负异常(0.53~0.94)和δ13C的正偏,且伴随着Y/Ho(平均值64)的显著增加,并在后来恢复到中元古代原有的水平。 结论 可能存在了一次短暂的氧化事件,此次氧化事件与华北北缘蓟县系同期地层相吻合,代表了该时期浅海氧含量的波动可能在华北板块普遍存在。该研究能为中元古代脉冲增氧事件提供直接证据,有助于进一步确定该时期浅海的氧化还原状态以及氧气对真核生物演化的影响。

中元古代  /  龙家园组  /  碳酸盐岩  /  Ce异常  /  脉冲式增氧

Objective The levels of oxygen in shallow waters and the atmosphere during the Mesoproterozoic period (approximately 1.8-1.0 Ga) have raised controversy. Currently, it is widely believed that there may have been fluctuating high and low oxygen levels at that time. However, the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of the ancient planet during this period limits our understanding of the redox state of the ancient oceans, but accumulated evidence tends to indicate dynamic fluctuations in the oxygen content of shallow seas. Methods This study, which focused on the carbonate strata of the Longjiayuan Formation in the Guandaokou Group, western Henan province (oldest age 1.59 Ga), carried out petrological, elemental geochemical and C and O isotope geochemical analyses, mainly using Ce anomalies δ. Indicators such as δ13C and Y/Ho restored the redox state of the shallow sea in the region. Results Microscopically, the formation lithology consisted mainly of relatively pure fine-grained, powdery, and mud crystalline dolomite, with main structures containing different forms of laminated stones and siliceous bands. The main geochemical data indicated overall Th content <0.5 µg/g, Y/Ho > 26, ΣREE <12 µg/g, and Ce/Ce*, Pr(N)/Yb(N) and Y/Ho. There was no significant correlation between ΣREE and Th concentration, indicating that the sample material was not affected by terrestrial debris interference to any great extent. Mn/Sr was generally low (average<6),δ18O>-10‰, and there was no significant correlation between Ce/Ce*, Eu/Eu* and Dy(N)/Sm(N), indicating that the original seawater signal was relatively well preserved during diagenesis. The rare earth element distribution indicated significant negative Ce anomalies (0.53-0.94) and positive Y anomalies in the region around 1.54 Ga, similar to the value for modern seawater rare earth elements. This was accompanied by a significant increase in Y/Ho (mean 64), followed by δ13C, which experienced a significant positive deviation and later recovered to the original level of the Mesoproterozoic era. Conclusions These findings indicated that there may have been a brief oxidation event in the region during the Mesoproterozoic. The range (0.53-0.94) and time (~1.54 Ga) of negative Ce anomalies in the Longjiayuan Formation were reasonably consistent with values in the second and third segments of the Gaogaozhuang Formation, and in the lower part of the Yangzhuang Formation. These indicated that the atmosphere and shallow sea environment in the North China Craton underwent an overall oxygenation process of common amplitude during this period. The negative Ce anomaly and its rapid rebound indicated that the low oxygen state in the shallow sea and atmosphere of the Mesoproterozoic continued to dominate, interspersed with a pulse-type oxygenation process that may have been widespread throughout the North China Craton at that time. This study provided direct evidence of pulse oxygenation events during the Mesoproterozoic, which was useful in determining the redox state of shallow waters during this period, and to explore the impact of oxygen level on the evolution of eukaryotes.

Mesoproterozoic  /  Longjiayuan Formation  /  carbonate rock  /  Ce anomaly  /  pulsed oxygenation
石泽远, 张国成, 孙风波, 李倩倩, 杨雯童, 郑德顺. 豫西中元古界龙家园组浅海氧化还原环境重建. 沉积学报, 2026 , 44 (1) : 324 -338 . DOI: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2024.016
ZeYuan SHI, GuoCheng ZHANG, FengBo SUN, QianQian LI, WenTong YANG, DeShun ZHENG. Redox Conditions of the Shallow Sea in the Mesoproterozoic Longjiayuan Formation, Western Henan Province[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2026 , 44 (1) : 324 -338 . DOI: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2024.016
氧气对真核生物的起源和早期演化至关重要,在元古宙期间,地球发生过两次氧化事件,即元古宙初期的大氧化事件(GOE)和新元古代晚期的氧化事件(NOE)(Lyons et al.,2014)。然而,在这两个事件之间的一段漫长时期,大气和浅海中的氧化还原状态仍然存在争议,Holland et al.(1986)Canfield(1998)最早认为1.85 Ga后条带状铁建造(Banded Iron Formation,BIF)的消失与深海氧化还原条件转换有关,即从富铁缺氧环境转换为硫化缺氧的环境。Poulton et al.(2010)通过分析沉积物中的铁组分、硫同位素,发现古元古代晚期就已经出现表层海水氧化,深部海水富铁缺氧(Planavsky,2011)。近年来,部分学者对华北克拉通蓟县系(~1.60 Ga)的研究发现:该时期浅海环境处于低氧背景下的脉冲式波动状态(Zhang et al.,2018Shang et al.,2019Fang et al.,2020尚墨翰,2020孙龙飞等,2020Zou et al.,2020Luo et al.,2021Wei et al.,2021Yu et al.,2022)。但是由于时空的异质性,人们对这一时期全球范围内氧化还原状态的理解仍然较局限,并且这个时期对于氧化水平的争论限制了人们对真核生物演化的认识,因此对中元古代古海洋的氧化还原环境的研究非常必要。
华北克拉通中元古界发育和保存良好,在恢复古海洋氧化还原研究中备受关注。近年来,大量有关华北克拉通前寒武纪古海洋氧化还原性质的研究成果发表(Ling et al.,2013Duda et al.,2014田兴磊等,2014Tang et al.,20162017Sarangi et al.,2017Zhang et al.,2018Shang et al.,2019Fang et al.,2020尚墨翰,2020孙龙飞等,2020杨晋东等,2020Zou et al.,2020Luo et al.,2021Wei et al.,2021陈知等,2022Yu et al.,2022赵坤等,2023)。然而,大部分研究均集中在华北克拉通北缘,对南缘同时期不同地层的氧化还原状态的恢复同样重要。华北克拉通南缘地区的中元古界官道口群(ca. 1.70~1.40 Ga)为一套发育完整的浅海相碎屑—碳酸盐岩建造,主要分布于豫西卢氏—栾川地层小区和陕西洛南地区。本次研究选择该地区官道口群龙家园组的碳酸盐岩地层(~1.59 Ga)为研究对象(张恒等,2019),对其开展了岩石学、元素地球化学和碳氧同位素地球化学分析,以探讨其沉积时期华北克拉通浅海的氧化还原状态。
华北克拉通南缘广泛分布太古代—古元古代结晶基底和保存较为良好的中—新元古代盖层,在熊耳群岩浆活动(1.80~1.78 Ga)之后,豫西地区沉积了一套中—新元古代碎屑岩—碳酸盐岩地层,该地区主要划分为三个地层小区:嵩箕地层小区、渑池—确山地层小区和卢氏—栾川地层小区(万渝生等,2015张瑞英等,2017翟明国,2019)。研究区地层归属卢氏—栾川地层小区,该地层小区包括中元古界官道口群、新元古界栾川群和陶湾群等沉积地层(胡国辉等,2013)。其中官道口群主要分布于豫西地区的卢氏、灵宝一带,向西延入陕西洛南地区,向东延入方城拐河一带,整体为一套潮坪—浅海相的碳酸盐岩沉积,与下伏熊耳群、上覆栾川群呈平行不整合接触。官道口群自下而上分为高山河组、龙家园组、巡检司组、杜关组和冯家湾组。其中,高山河组主要为一套碎屑岩组合,夹少量碳酸盐岩,主要岩性为石英砂岩、页板岩,局部含少量砾岩;龙家园组岩性主要为白云岩、叠层石白云岩,含大量燧石条带;巡检司组以燧石条带、燧石团块白云岩为主要特征,发育大量叠层石;杜关组以细晶白云岩、中晶白云岩为主,底部发育灰绿色砂质页岩,叠层石种类丰富;冯家湾组主要为泥质白云岩夹白云质板岩,部分层位发育叠层石(河南省地质矿产局,1989)。
研究剖面龙家园组位于河南省灵宝市苏村乡福地村南部,经纬度坐标为34°19′02″ N,110°57′32″ E(图1)(左鹏飞等,2019),该剖面由于道路修建使得出露完整,主要是一套以白云岩为主的碳酸盐岩沉积,其中夹有大量的条带、条纹及团块燧石,含丰富的叠层石(河南省地质矿产局,1989)。底部以紫红色石英砂岩为标志,与下伏高山河组不整合接触,顶部以燧石条带白云岩和厚层白云岩互层为标志,与上覆巡检司组整合接触(河南省地质矿产局,1989席文祥等,1997Li et al.,2013),厚度为611 m。根据岩性变化可大致分为三段(图1b):一段以灰色—浅灰色泥晶白云岩为主,夹有大量不同形态燧石条带和少量纹层状、波状叠层石白云岩(图2a~d);二段以灰色—肉红色粉晶、细晶白云岩为主,发育大量柱状、锥状、波状以及水平纹层状叠层石,夹有少量不同形态硅质岩(图2e~h);三段以浅灰色—肉红色细晶白云岩,含砾白云岩为主,部分发育球状、波状和柱状叠层石(图2i~j)。通过不同形态的叠层石及其组合特征,其沉积环境可划分为潮间带—潮下带—潮间带的波动环境(李倩倩和郑德顺,2023)。龙家园组底部和下部的凝灰岩同位素年代学研究表明,该组的底部沉积时限为~1.59 Ga,中部沉积时限为~1.54 Ga,是中元古代蓟县纪最早期沉积岩系(张恒等,2019)。
研究样品采自灵宝市苏村乡福地村剖面,共采集样品104份,制作探针薄片96张,其中40份样品用于全岩主量元素和稀土元素分析。主量元素由武汉上谱分析科技有限责任公司完成,运用X射线荧光光谱法(XRF)测试,分析仪器为日本理学(Rigaku)生产的ZSX Primus Ⅱ,XRF分析精度优于2%。样品处理工作主要包括样品的烧失、称样以及在XRF玻璃熔片振荡电热熔融炉中将样品熔成玻璃片待测。微量元素测试由武汉上谱分析科技有限责任公司完成,使用ICP-MS分析的样品处理,分析仪器为Agilent 7700e ICP-MS。稀土元素分析精度优于5%,微量元素分析精度优于10%。分析结果采用澳大利亚后太古宙页岩(PAAS)标准化稀土元素总含量加钇元素含量(Rare Earth Elements and Yttrium,REY)(McLennan,1989)。26份样品的碳氧同位素分析由澳实分析测试有限公司完成,使用无机磷酸法消解析出CO2,实验仪器为Thermo-Finnigan GasBench系统连动MAT DeltaPlus同位素质谱仪(CF-IRMS),其分辨精度为:δ13C<0.01‰,δ18O<0.05‰,结果采用V-PDB标准化。
龙家园组碳酸盐岩主要包括泥晶白云岩、粉晶白云岩和细晶白云岩。泥晶白云岩晶粒大多小于0.005 mm(图3a),半自形粒状结构,发育大量燧石条带,层状产出(图3b),多见薄纹层及平行层理,保存有大量原始沉积构造,主要分布在龙一段中下部。粉晶白云岩晶粒介于0.005~0.050 mm(图3c),多呈半自形粒状结构,发育叠层石(图3d),主要分布在龙一段中上部和龙二段整段。细晶白云岩晶粒介于0.10~0.25 mm(图3e,f),部分有重结晶现象,主要分布在龙二段中上部和龙三段。研究区样品整体较为纯净,显示出较少的陆源碎屑和有机质。
选取样品的稀土元素数据如表1所示,部分主量元素数据如表2所示。文中研究的40份样品的稀土元素总量较低,其ΣREY值介于0.86~6.87 µg/g(平均值为2.57 µg/g,n=37),类似于纯净微生物碳酸盐岩的稀土含量(Nothdurft et al.,2004),其中轻稀土含量(LREE)介于0.60~5.15 µg/g(平均值为1.77 µg/g,n=37),重稀土含量(HREE)介于0.26~1.73 µg/g(平均值为0.80 µg/g,n=37),轻重稀土比值LREE/HREE介于0.72~4.35(平均值为2.36,n=37),且只有三个样品值小于1。样品Th浓度含量为0.008~0.431 µg/g(平均值为0.071 µg/g,n=37),明显低于受陆源碎屑物质影响的碳酸盐岩(Th<0.5 µg/g)(Ling et al.,2013Tang et al.,2016陈知等,2022)。但也有三个样品ΣREY相对较高,其对应的Th元素值均大于0.5 µg/g,且最高达到2.0 µg/g,即说明该样品可能受到过陆源碎屑的污染,所以直接将该样品筛选掉不做讨论。此外,样品Ce/Ce*、Pr(N)/Yb(N)、Y/Ho、ΣREE与Th浓度没有明显相关性(图4),Ce/Ce*与Eu/Eu*和Dy(N)/Sm(N)之间也无明显相关性(图5)。
根据稀土元素碳酸盐岩REY配分曲线图(图5a~d)以及Ce/Ce*δ13C和Y/Ho在柱状图上的差异(图6),将研究区样品从底部到顶部分为四个阶段。阶段I(n=7;图5a),REY配分模式图具有微弱的HREE亏损,Ce异常不明显或负异常,Y正异常的特征。Ce/Ce*的波动范围为0.78~1.15,平均值为0.86,其中6个样品处于0.90以下,出现了一次较弱的Ce负异常;Y/Ho平均值为38,但Mn/Sr相对较高,平均值为18。阶段II(n=14;图5b),REY配分模式图表现为Ce异常不明显或弱正异常,并伴随着Y正异常和Eu正异常;Ce/Ce*的波动范围为0.80~1.31,平均值为1.06,其中有12个样品介于0.90~1.30,表现出无明显异常;Y/Ho平均值为39,Mn/Sr普遍较低,平均值为6。阶段III(n=10;图5c),REY模式图表现出明显的La正异常,Ce负异常和Y正异常。Ce/Ce*的波动范围为0.53~0.94,平均值为0.71,其中有8个样品值均小于0.90,为一次显著的Ce负异常;并且阶段III的碳酸盐岩具有较高的Y/Ho值,平均值为64,较低的Mn/Sr值,平均值为3。阶段IV(n=6;图5d),REY模式图出现了逐渐向阶段I靠拢的趋势,表现为异常不明显或Ce负异常,Y正异常;Ce/Ce*的波动范围为0.70~1.10,平均值为0.92,并且有4个样品值介于0.90~1.30,这与阶段II中Ce/Ce*的波动类似,并且同样拥有较高的Y/Ho值,和较低的Mn/Sr值(平均值为3)。
本次研究共测得碳氧同位素数据26组(表2)。结果显示,δ13C介于-0.91‰~1.14‰,δ18O介于-7.20‰~-3.99‰,两者没有明显的相关性。阶段I、阶段II和阶段III前半部分δ13C主要以负偏为主,到了阶段III后半部分和阶段IV,发生了明显的正偏,并在最后回落到0附近(图6)。
由于碎屑矿物中稀土元素含量较高,即使受到陆源碎屑相的轻微污染,也可以掩盖原始海洋中的碳酸盐岩REY模式,ΣREY含量也可能在成岩改造和蚀变的过程中受到影响(Nothdurft et al.,2004)。因此在讨论这些数据的氧化还原特征之前,需要验证所得到的碳酸盐岩REY数据能否代表海洋的原始环境。海相碳酸盐岩的Ce异常主要取决于沉积环境的氧化还原条件(吴明清等,1992),正Ce异常代表还原环境,而负Ce异常代表氧化环境(倪志耀等,1998)。在碳酸盐岩沉积过程中,由于碎屑物质的混入,也会使碳酸盐岩稀土元素呈现陆源母岩特征,即Ce负异常和更高的稀土元素含量(汤好书等,2009Ling et al.,2013)。碎屑物质的影响可以通过考虑元素浓度的相关性以及稀土元素总和来检测:如果Th小于0.5 µg/g,Sc小于2.0 µg/g,ΣREE小于12.0 µg/g(Ling et al.,2013Duda et al.,2014),则认为碳酸盐岩中的REY特征没有受到碎屑污染的影响;Y/Ho>26也经常用来判别碳酸盐岩是否能代表原始海水信号的指标(Bolhar et al.,2004Ling et al.,2013)。在龙家园组的样品中:Th含量总体上较低(Th小于0.5 µg/g)、Y/Ho大于26、ΣREE小于12 µg/g,且Ce/Ce*、Pr(N)/Yb(N)、Y/Ho、ΣREE与Th浓度没有明显的相关性(图4);轻稀土含量(LREE)和重稀土含量(HREE)与陆源碎屑相关的Th元素没有显示出明显的线性相关关系(图4)。因此,研究区样品中的稀土元素主要来源于原始海水,陆源碎屑对样品的REY模式影响可以不计。
虽然碳酸盐岩中的其他稀土元素通常不易受到成岩作用的影响,但成岩作用仍可能是改变海相碳酸盐岩中Ce异常的主要因素(Webb et al.,2009陈知等,2022)。在成岩过程中,受到成岩期流体交代的碳酸盐岩往往会伴随着更多的Mn加入和Sr流失,所以Mn/Sr是用来判断原岩是否受到成岩作用影响的重要指标(Zou et al.,2020陈知等,2022)。另外,沉积后的成岩作用会使Ce富集、Eu亏损,并伴随着Dy(N)/Sm(N)降低,从而影响ΣREY对原始海水信号的指示作用(Shields and Stille,2001)。氧同位素组成δ18O<-10‰一般代表强烈蚀变(Banner and Hanson,1990)。所测龙家园样品中,Mn/Sr整体较小,δ18O>-10‰,Ce/Ce*与Eu/Eu*和Dy(N)/Sm(N)之间没有明显的相关性(图5e,f),表明原始海水信号能够在成岩过程中比较完整地保存下来。
Y和Ho在缺氧海水中经常表现出相似的化学性质,但在氧化海水中,Ho从海水中的移除速率远大于Y,从而出现很高的Y/Ho值(Nozaki et al.,1997)。Ce的地球化学行为在缺氧和氧化的环境中差异也很大,与其他通常以三价态存在的稀土元素不同,它可以以四价的氧化态存在,这取决于环境的氧化还原条件。在氧化的海水中,Ce3+通过Fe-Mn氧化物或者氢氧化物时被氧化成Ce4+,从而和其他稀土元素分离,导致海水中Ce呈负异常、Fe-Mn氧化物中Ce呈正异常。而在弱氧化和缺氧的海水中,由于Fe-Mn氧化物或者氢氧化物会发生还原溶解,Ce4+被还原为Ce3+并释放到水体中,导致Ce的弱负异常或无异常,甚至呈现出Ce的正异常。在太古宙、元古宙等缺氧海洋中,缺少Ce3+和Fe-Mn氧化物,Ce/Ce*值可能接近或者高于1。在元古宙之后直到现代海洋的弱氧化和氧化环境中,Ce/Ce*值可能介于0.55~1.00(Ling et al.,2013孙龙飞等,2020陈知等,2022)。因此,Ce/Ce*能够记录地球历史上的浅海氧化还原变化。Ce异常的传统计算方法为Ce/Ce*=2×Ce(N)/[La(N)+Pr(N)]。但由于海水中La一般具有显著正异常,传统计算方法会导致非客观的Ce异常(Wyndham et al.,2004林治家等,2008田兴磊等,2014樊秋爽等,2022)。因此,本研究采用了Lawrence et al.(2006)推荐的方法Ce/Ce*=Ce(N)/[Pr2(N)/Nd(N)],以获得海水的真实Ce异常,下标N表示采用后太古宙澳大利亚平均页岩进行标准化。当Ce/Ce*小于0.90时,表示Ce的负异常,指示了碳酸盐岩形成时水体相对氧化的环境,Ce/Ce*值为0.90~1.30时,代表Ce无明显异常,Ce/Ce*值大于1.30时代表正异常,指示水体的还原—缺氧环境(陈知等,2022赵坤等,2023)。
基于上述判别方法,阶段I中Ce/Ce*平均值为0.86,出现了微弱的负异常,阶段II中Ce/Ce*平均值为1.06,但是两个阶段的Y/Ho比值都不高(图5a,b),说明此时海水处在低氧—缺氧阶段。结合阶段I普遍发育的菊花状硅质岩和波状叠层石、阶段II发育的波状、柱状和锥状叠层石,可以将Ce/Ce*的变化解释为水体深浅的变化,即从水深较浅的潮间带环境向水体较深的潮下带过渡的环境。这两个阶段δ13C一直负偏,没有发生系统性的变化,说明了低氧—缺氧环境导致初级生产力持续较低。这很好地解释了Ce从弱的负异常到无明显异常的变化可能是沉积水体加深所导致的。第III阶段出现了明显的Ce负异常(平均值为0.71),从图(图5c)中可以很明显地看出所有碳酸盐岩样品都伴随着显著的La正异常、Y正异常、Ce负异常和弱的Gd正异常,Y/Ho平均值也达到63,Pr(N)/Yb(N)平均值为0.66,表现为LREE亏损,HREE富集,与现代海洋的REY配分模式一致(Bau et al.,1996Tostevin et al.,2016王宇航等,2018),并且这一阶段Mn/Sr较低,平均值为3。Ce的负异常远低于中元古代普遍低氧环境的Ce异常值,表明沉积环境发生了明显的变化,简单的碳酸盐岩沉积时期水体加深已经不适合解释该变化,更有可能是大气中氧气的初始增加,导致表层海水含氧量增加,从而使Fe-Mn的氧化还原界面在浅海发生波动,在界面上方的沉积水柱中Fe2+和Mn2+氧化形成Fe-Mn氢氧化物颗粒,可溶性Ce3+被消耗,氧化产物Ce4+从水体中移除导致了该水域中Ce的负异常信号。阶段IV中Ce/Ce*又恢复到初始水平,Y/Ho比值又重新回落到38,与阶段II相似,大部分样品Ce/Ce*介于0.90~1.30,表明含氧量又回归到低氧水平,但是这一阶段的δ13C发生正偏,随后又回落到之前的水平,可能是因为阶段III的大气和浅海含氧量的增加导致了初级生产力增加,浅海生物光合作用增加,导致有机碳埋藏的结果。但随着阶段III增氧的结束,δ13C又回到正常水平。以上四个阶段均在正常浪基面之上的浅水碳酸盐岩潮坪环境中发生(李倩倩和郑德顺,2023),没有明显的水深变化。因此,阶段III的氧含量增加实际受控于氧含量的波动,记录了一次明显的脉冲增氧过程。
在中元古代普遍低氧的状态下,海洋的氧化还原状态存在很大的空间异质性(Sperling et al.,2014)。前人通过对华北克拉通蓟县系碳酸盐岩I/(Ca+Mg)以及Ce异常值的分析,恢复了该时期不同的海水氧化还原状态:对高于庄组二段和三段(1.59~1.56 Ga)碳酸盐岩的I/(Ca+Mg)值分析得出,二段处于普遍氧化的浅水环境,三段出现了一次水体氧气增加又迅速回落的过程(Shang et al.,2019Fang et al.,2020)。三段下部明显的Ce负异常指示了一次脉冲式的增氧过程(Zhang et al.,2018);杨庄组下部(~1.55 Ga)Ce/Ce*出现了一次明显负异常(0.50~0.90),其上部(~1.54 Ga)的白云质灰岩I/(Ca+Mg)值在0.50 μmol/mol以上,均指示了该时期氧气存在着动态波动(杨晋东等,2020Zou et al.,2020);从雾迷山组四段Ce异常的分析得出,该段出现了Ce/Ce*正异常到负异常再到正异常的过程,并且变化幅值和高于庄组相当,同样记录了一次明显的脉冲式增氧事件(孙龙飞等,2020),并且证明了增氧事件并没有随着时间的推移而结束。
根据龙家园组中部凝灰岩进行定年的结果,将该组中部限定在了1 541.1±7.9 Ma(张恒等,2019)。本次研究中,龙家园组阶段III的脉冲增氧发生在地层中上部,所以起始时间可以限定在1.54 Ga前后,这与高于庄组二段、三段(1.59~1.56 Ga)、杨庄组下部(~1.55 Ga)和雾迷山组四段(~1.48 Ga)的脉冲增氧事件发生时间几乎吻合,并且Ce异常波动幅值(0.53~0.94)也与其相当(图7),印证了这一时期华北克拉通可能存在普遍的脉冲式增氧过程。这几次明显的增氧过程和龙家园组的脉冲式增氧进一步表明华北克拉通中元古代的含氧量并非稳定在低氧或相对高氧的状态,而是在全球普遍低氧的背景下,氧气穿插波动。造成氧气脉冲式增高的原因是:在第一次大氧化事件发生以后,由于大气氧含量显著升高,一方面逐渐导致水体中的自由氧含量增加,氧化还原界面下降,有机质被氧化的机会提高,有机质中的营养成分会释放到海水中促进藻类等植物生长,另一方面促进陆源硫酸盐和营养元素的增加,并不断输入海洋,促进了硫酸还原菌的反应,海洋的生产力提高。藻类植物的增加和海洋初级生产力提高导致了光合作用的增强,一方面由于光合作用产生的氧气氧化了海洋中的还原物质,使该区域的浅海发生了一次负的Ce异常,另一方面增多的氧气会引来更多的有机质,有机质也会消耗光合作用带来的氧气,并且给硫酸还原菌提供营养,使其不断还原硫酸盐生成H2S,H2S一部分与深水的Fe2+发生反应生成黄铁矿,另一部分则消耗了浅海的氧气,导致浅海又变成了缺氧环境。在中元古代真核生物演化的“停滞”期,这种瞬时情况下氧含量的增加可能会在短时间内促进真核生物的演化,但浅海的环境长时间处于低氧的状态,这也成为了阻碍真核生物演化的主要原因。随着第二次大氧化事件发生,在这一过程中,硫酸还原菌的还原作用已经不足以抵消产生的氧气,最终才会导致海洋中的Ce异常从“躁动不安”转变为“百花齐放”,达到现代Ce含量水平,这也解释了后生动物进化延迟到元古宙末期的原因(Tang et al.,2016Tostevin et al.,2016)。
(1) 华北克拉通南缘龙家园组可以根据Ce异常分为四个阶段,其中位于龙家园组二段中上部的第III阶段出现了明显的Ce负异常,与下伏地层和上覆地层比较,发生了一次明显的脉冲式增氧过程。
(2) 龙家园组出现Ce负异常的范围(0.53~0.94)和时间(~1.54 Ga),与高于庄组二段、三段和杨庄组下部Ce异常的波动范围和发生时间几乎吻合,指示了华北克拉通在该时期大气和浅海环境存在普遍的增氧过程,并且增氧幅值相当。
(3) Ce出现负异常又快速回升,说明中元古代浅海和大气的低氧状态仍然占主导地位,同时穿插脉冲式增氧过程,并且这种脉冲式增氧过程在华北克拉通中元古代普遍存在。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(42172131)
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2026年第44卷第1期
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doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2024.016
  • 接收时间:2023-09-19
  • 首发时间:2026-09-17
  • 出版时间:2026-02-10
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-19
  • 修回日期:2024-01-22
  • 录用日期:2024-03-15
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National Natural Science Foundation of China(42172131)
国家自然科学基金项目(42172131)
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    河南理工大学资源环境学院,河南 焦作 454000

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孙风波,男,讲师,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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