Article(id=1307264334703383028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, issueId=1307263778819690680, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2024.126, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1724256000000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-22, revisedDate=1732550400000, revisedDateStr=2024-11-26, acceptedDate=1737388800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-01-21, onlineDate=1789605705190, onlineDateStr=2026-09-17, pubDate=1781020800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789605705190, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789605705190, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789605705190, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1307263778819690680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, year='2026', volume='44', issue='3', pageStart='799', pageEnd='1214', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1781020800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789605572657, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789605572657, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=903, endPage=920, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1307264336267858423, articleId=1307264334703383028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, language=EN, title=Lacustrine Siderite Formation in the Ordos Basin, North China: Insights into the Lower Jurassic Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event, columnId=null, journalTitle=Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective The widespread siderites in the marine strata of the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event (T-OAE) are believed to have resulted from a low sulfate concentration and increased terrestrial iron supply. Similar large amounts of siderite have also been reported in paleolakes in the same period. However, the mechanism of lacustrine siderite development and its connection with the T-OAE remain unexplored, but is crucial to a better comprehension of lacustrine biogeochemical cycling in the early Toarcian. Methods Mineralogical and carbon isotope geochemical analyses were performed on siderite samples from the lacustrine Anya section of the Ordos paleolake. The sources of iron and carbon, as well as the sedimentary environment, were investigated by integrating major and trace element data, which allowed exploration of the formation mechanism of siderites during the T-OAE period of climatic change. Results The coexistence of pyrites and siderites was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The value of inorganic carbon isotopes (δ13Ccarb) varies from -11.25‰ to +16.32‰, and the organic carbon isotope (δ13Corg) value ranges between -32.03‰ and +14.33‰. Light rare earth elements (REEs) are enriched and heavy REEs are depleted, with Eu anomalies ranging from 0.69 to 0.85. Conclusions The iron in the Anya siderites is derived from terrestrial inputs; the carbon included HCO3 produced by methanogenesis, as well as carbon released by organic matter decomposition and aerobic methane oxidation, either bacterially in the suboxic zone or archaeally below the oxic-anoxic interface immediately after methane production. The pore fluids during siderite formation were a suboxic to anoxic environment. During the T-OAE, intensified continental weathering and increased surface runoff transported abundant Fe2+ ions into basin lakes whose widespread anoxia, abundant organic matter and low sulfate concentrations created favorable conditions for extensive siderite deposition.

, authors=Yang CHEN1, Xin JIN1, 2, YiZhou HUANG3, YunWang ZHANG1, YuChao CHEN1, Qin WANG1, ZhiQiang SHI1, 2, authorsList=Yang CHEN, Xin JIN, YiZhou HUANG, YunWang ZHANG, YuChao CHEN, Qin WANG, ZhiQiang SHI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xin JIN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
JIN Xin, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1307264338436313610, articleId=1307264334703383028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, language=CN, title=鄂尔多斯盆地Toarcian大洋缺氧事件时期菱铁矿的成因及其地质意义, columnId=null, journalTitle=沉积学报, columnName=, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 在海相托阿尔期大洋缺氧事件(Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event,T-OAE)地层中,大量菱铁矿的形成被认为与该事件时期低硫酸盐浓度以及内陆铁的供应增加有关。在同期的湖相地层中也发育丰富的菱铁矿,然而,关于湖相菱铁矿的成因机制及其与T-OAE之间的联系尚未有研究。因此,探究湖相菱铁矿的形成机制对认识T-OAE时期湖泊的生物地球化学循环过程具有重要意义。 方法 对湖相安崖剖面中的菱铁矿样品进行矿物学和碳同位素地球化学分析,结合主、微量元素对菱铁矿铁源、碳源以及沉积环境进行研究,探讨其形成机制及其与T-OAE的联系。 结果 扫描电镜(SEM)下观察到黄铁矿与菱铁矿存在共生现象;菱铁矿的无机碳同位素(δ13Ccarb)值范围变化较广,介于-11.25‰~16.32‰;菱铁矿有机碳同位素(δ13Corg)值则介于-32.03‰~-14.33‰;稀土元素特征表现为轻稀土元素相对富集、重稀土元素相对亏损,并且存在Eu负异常,其值介于0.69~0.85。 结论 安崖剖面T-OAE时期菱铁矿样品的铁源主要来自陆源输入,碳源则分别来自产甲烷带产生的HCO3-,以及次氧化带有机质分解和甲烷有氧氧化所产生的碳。菱铁矿形成时的流体环境为次氧化—缺氧环境。T-OAE时期大陆风化作用的加剧和地表径流输入的增多为湖泊输入了丰富的铁源。同时,该时期广泛的缺氧条件、充足的有机质含量,以及湖泊自身相对较低的硫酸盐浓度,为菱铁矿铁的形成提供了有利的条件。

, authors=陈杨1, 金鑫1, 2, 黄一舟3, 张云望1, 陈俞超1, 王琴1, 时志强1, 2, authorsList=陈杨, 金鑫, 黄一舟, 张云望, 陈俞超, 王琴, 时志强, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=金鑫, authorNote=

陈杨,男,2000年出生,硕士研究生,沉积地质学,E-mail:

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金鑫,男,教授,沉积地质学,E-mail:
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陈杨,男,2000年出生,硕士研究生,沉积地质学,E-mail:

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(a)研究区地层发育简表(据张之辉,2020修改);(b)研究剖面位置(据Jin et al.,2022修改);(c)安崖剖面岩性柱(据Jin et al.,2022张云望等,2023修改)

, figureFileSmall=xtLKnflKAzMkbHHUoDc+vQ==, figureFileBig=xGRLeXUsH1YQs+lkVMma0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307264343293317701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307264334703383028, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Outcrop characteristics of siderites and their surrounding rocks in the Fuxian Formation, Anya section, Yulin, northeastern Ordos Basin, figureFileSmall=kXbUjauJ9MenK/t4+Xq1Pg==, figureFileBig=hem7zbyzevhF8/YAHKAytA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307264343360426566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307264334703383028, language=CN, label=图2, caption=鄂尔多斯盆地东北部榆林安崖剖面富县组露头特征

(a)安崖剖面9.0 m处黑色页岩中的结核状菱铁矿生长导致的页岩层理偏转现象(黄色方框处),即菱铁矿结核被黑色页岩包裹而未穿插页岩层理,呈现出页岩环绕结核生长的形态,且结核周围的层理出现偏转现象;(b)安崖剖面15.2 m处灰色粉砂质泥岩中的结核状菱铁矿生长导致的层理偏转现象(黄色方框处);(c)安崖剖面10.7~11.8 m段菱铁矿与黑色页岩交替出现(黄色虚线标注为层状菱铁矿);(d)在安崖剖面16.7 m处见深灰色粉砂质泥岩夹层状菱铁矿,菱铁矿的新鲜断面为红褐色(黄色方框处)

, figureFileSmall=kXbUjauJ9MenK/t4+Xq1Pg==, figureFileBig=hem7zbyzevhF8/YAHKAytA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307264343444312647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307264334703383028, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Microscopic characteristics of siderites in the Fuxian Formation, Anya section, Yulin, northeastern Ordos Basin, figureFileSmall=ot4TTVQ+yH3LNZIUDwOZZQ==, figureFileBig=MtqGTtt8p01syTyr/mA5Ww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307264345147200072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307264334703383028, language=CN, label=图3, caption=鄂尔多斯盆地东北部榆林安崖剖面富县组菱铁矿镜下特征

(a)安崖剖面10.8 m处层状菱铁矿样品,可见条状和粒状的菱铁矿颗粒;(b)安崖剖面10.8 m处层状菱铁矿样品,可见菱铁矿颗粒聚集形成集合体;(c)安崖剖面25.4 m处层状菱铁矿的花瓣状菱铁矿,含有暗色有机质结核;(d)安崖剖面8.2 m处层状菱铁矿干涉色,与方解石类似,少量见高级白干涉色;(e)安崖剖面10.2 m处结核状菱铁矿,可见条状和粒状的菱铁矿颗粒;(f)安崖剖面15.2 m处结核状菱铁矿,菱铁矿颗粒蚀变严重

, figureFileSmall=ot4TTVQ+yH3LNZIUDwOZZQ==, figureFileBig=MtqGTtt8p01syTyr/mA5Ww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307264345247863369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307264334703383028, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Micromorphological characteristics and energy dispersive spectroscopic (EDS) analysis of siderite grains in the Fuxian Formation, Anya section, Yulin, northeastern Ordos Basin, figureFileSmall=shDgpEwp/opiPUp0IBrnpg==, figureFileBig=JH6S6aNWzyOXntzIJNj+HA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307264345327555146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307264334703383028, language=CN, label=图4, caption=鄂尔多斯盆地东北部榆林安崖剖面富县组中菱铁矿颗粒的微观形态及其能谱特征

(a)菱铁矿颗粒中可见生长环边结构,其中Sd代表菱铁矿,Py代表黄铁矿。样品取自安崖剖面6.4 m处的结核状菱铁矿样品;(b)图(a)中点1的能谱分析结果,显示其主要由Fe、C、O、Ca和Mn元素组成;(c)图(a)中点2的能谱分析结果,表明其主要由Fe、C、O、Al、Si和Mg元素组成;(d)菱铁矿颗粒在背散射电子图像中呈现出由较亮的内核(1)和较暗的环边(2)构成的特征结构。样品取自安崖剖面11.8 m处的层状菱铁矿样品;(e)图(d)中点1的能谱分析数据;(f)图(d)中点2的能谱分析数据,显示环边处元素具有较高含量的Al、Si和Mg元素;(g)黄铁矿(1)与菱铁矿(2)共生现象,亮白色为黄铁矿,其形态不规则,呈放射状。样品取自安崖剖面13.0 m处的层状菱铁矿样品;(h)图(g)中点1的能谱分析数据,显示出较高含量的S和Fe元素,证实了该亮白色区域由黄铁矿组成;(i)图(g)中点2的能谱分析数据,显示出较高含量的O和Fe元素,表明为菱铁矿;(j)菱铁矿颗粒与大量的草莓状菱铁矿集合体共生现象。样品取自安崖剖面13.0 m处的层状菱铁矿样品;(k)菱铁矿颗粒与大量的自形黄铁矿颗粒共生现象。样品取自安崖剖面13.0 m处的层状菱铁矿样品;(l)图(k)中点1的能谱分析数据,显示Fe、S、O元素含量较高,表明菱铁矿与黄铁矿共存

, figureFileSmall=shDgpEwp/opiPUp0IBrnpg==, figureFileBig=JH6S6aNWzyOXntzIJNj+HA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307264345394664011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307264334703383028, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Chondrite⁃normalized REE diagram for siderites, figureFileSmall=P74VZLPPY8uC6MHWTXyziA==, figureFileBig=9Z6TiKDBfiDTTqQbMCTbxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307264345461772876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307264334703383028, language=CN, label=图5, caption=菱铁矿样品中稀土元素分配模式图(球粒陨石标准化), figureFileSmall=P74VZLPPY8uC6MHWTXyziA==, figureFileBig=9Z6TiKDBfiDTTqQbMCTbxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307264345537270349, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307264334703383028, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Geochemical data and paleoenvironmental proxy variations of siderites and bulk rocks during the T⁃OAE in the Anya section, Yulin, northeastern Ordos Basin, figureFileSmall=b4R2c2Zgtw5nL0PQb/k4/w==, figureFileBig=Lm+EQ6l4nEXdRtMRUSeA7Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307264345604379214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307264334703383028, language=CN, label=图6, caption=鄂尔多斯盆地东北部榆林安崖剖面T⁃OAE时期菱铁矿和全岩的地球化学数据以及古环境替代指标变化

全岩有机碳同位素(δ13Cbulk rock)、藿烷有机碳同位素(δ13Chop)、菱铁矿样品的无机碳同位素(δ13Ccarb)和有机碳同位素(δ13Corg)及其矿物组分、黄铁矿含量、芳基异戊二烯类化合物含量(Isorenieratane)、透光带(PZE)及古环境指标的变化趋势(δ13Cbulk rock,TOC数据来自Jin et al.,20202022;FeHR/FeT数据来自Li et al.,2023;植被危机区间数据来自Jin et al.,2022Baranyi et al.,20232024δ13Chop、Isorenieratane数据来自Huang et al.,2024;黄铁矿数据来自陈杨等,2025;岩性柱引自Jin et al.,2022张云望等,2023

, figureFileSmall=b4R2c2Zgtw5nL0PQb/k4/w==, figureFileBig=Lm+EQ6l4nEXdRtMRUSeA7Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307264345679876687, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307264334703383028, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Cross⁃plots of geochemical proxies for siderites from the Anya section, Yulin, northeastern Ordos Basin, figureFileSmall=WbkKnLLl6hNOXuQP3eRJMQ==, figureFileBig=iy8zyVG5GNmZNK33ZbAi+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307264345746985552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307264334703383028, language=CN, label=图7, caption=鄂尔多斯盆地东北部榆林安崖剖面菱铁矿样品中的各地球化学数据相关性图

(a)δ18Ocarbδ13Ccarb;(b)Eu/Eu*与TFe2O3;(c)Eu/Eu*与Fe/Al比值;(d)Eu/Eu*与Fe/Ti比值

, figureFileSmall=WbkKnLLl6hNOXuQP3eRJMQ==, figureFileBig=iy8zyVG5GNmZNK33ZbAi+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307264345830871633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307264334703383028, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Redox zoning in sediment pore water during early diagenesis (modified from Liu et al., 2019), figureFileSmall=15+8150BXGLFdtLz1+2jJA==, figureFileBig=MqLip2mOeOp/t+RXP6aa5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307264345935729234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307264334703383028, language=CN, label=图8, caption=成岩作用早期沉积物孔隙水中氧化还原分带(据Liu et al.,2019修改), figureFileSmall=15+8150BXGLFdtLz1+2jJA==, figureFileBig=MqLip2mOeOp/t+RXP6aa5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307264346007032403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307264334703383028, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Formation model of layered and nodular siderites in the Fuxian Formation in the Anya section, Yulin, northeastern Ordos Basin, figureFileSmall=wSv7nkWPhejdpLmbHHvalQ==, figureFileBig=JXzWPeHxLI05sW+Qraf++Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307264346082529876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307264334703383028, language=CN, label=图9, caption=鄂尔多斯盆地东北部榆林安崖富县组层状和结核状菱铁矿形成机制

(a)菱铁矿产出位置及形成过程;(b)菱铁矿结核形成模式图

, figureFileSmall=wSv7nkWPhejdpLmbHHvalQ==, figureFileBig=JXzWPeHxLI05sW+Qraf++Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307264346158027349, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307264334703383028, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Characteristics of major and trace elements of siderites, Anya section, northeastern Ordos Basin

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品编号SiO2/%K2O/%Na2O/%CaO/%MgO/%Al2O3/%TFe2O3/%MnO/%TiO2/%P2O5/%V/(μg/g)Ni/(μg/g)
S0133.8061.3210.1081.072.50713.35031.690.6970.6030.16158.16024.113
S026.3040.6570.0771.6144.7519.17040.321.1530.2940.13457.72920.738
S0321.9940.9220.0971.8935.65511.84032.350.4130.5610.04854.10017.841
S056.7650.3980.0862.4981.4604.07954.220.9300.2390.42620.22811.930
S0822.9760.6850.0883.4403.64911.02031.150.3030.4131.42467.87311.591
S1010.4070.3390.0772.1043.5445.48346.670.6330.2130.34863.31913.297
S1325.4820.6700.0781.1802.42418.11028.840.1590.5200.189174.3139.701
S2138.2620.8810.0870.6981.34324.82015.080.1100.5880.167129.28112.427
S244.9790.1300.0851.9341.7433.63755.900.4160.1140.60652.8495.803
S2728.4200.7900.0871.2713.19616.65026.720.2300.4550.197157.09723.170
S3121.2440.5550.0831.7023.39512.21034.690.2950.3410.249132.7338.863
SS019.8760.4200.0871.7532.5925.20549.950.5360.1900.44843.1126.403
SS0511.7040.4020.1383.3091.7367.37746.450.3550.2101.76766.87210.575
SS1015.5070.4640.0720.7961.65010.03043.500.9500.2880.268107.47227.305
), ArticleFig(id=1307264346250302038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307264334703383028, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

鄂尔多斯盆地东北部榆林安崖剖面菱铁矿主量元素和部分微量元素特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品编号SiO2/%K2O/%Na2O/%CaO/%MgO/%Al2O3/%TFe2O3/%MnO/%TiO2/%P2O5/%V/(μg/g)Ni/(μg/g)
S0133.8061.3210.1081.072.50713.35031.690.6970.6030.16158.16024.113
S026.3040.6570.0771.6144.7519.17040.321.1530.2940.13457.72920.738
S0321.9940.9220.0971.8935.65511.84032.350.4130.5610.04854.10017.841
S056.7650.3980.0862.4981.4604.07954.220.9300.2390.42620.22811.930
S0822.9760.6850.0883.4403.64911.02031.150.3030.4131.42467.87311.591
S1010.4070.3390.0772.1043.5445.48346.670.6330.2130.34863.31913.297
S1325.4820.6700.0781.1802.42418.11028.840.1590.5200.189174.3139.701
S2138.2620.8810.0870.6981.34324.82015.080.1100.5880.167129.28112.427
S244.9790.1300.0851.9341.7433.63755.900.4160.1140.60652.8495.803
S2728.4200.7900.0871.2713.19616.65026.720.2300.4550.197157.09723.170
S3121.2440.5550.0831.7023.39512.21034.690.2950.3410.249132.7338.863
SS019.8760.4200.0871.7532.5925.20549.950.5360.1900.44843.1126.403
SS0511.7040.4020.1383.3091.7367.37746.450.3550.2101.76766.87210.575
SS1015.5070.4640.0720.7961.65010.03043.500.9500.2880.268107.47227.305
), ArticleFig(id=1307264346329993815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307264334703383028, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Rare earth element (REE) content of siderites in the Fuxian Formation, Anya section, Yulin, northeastern Ordos Basin (μg/g)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品编号LaCePrNdSmEuTbGdDyHoErTmYbLuLa
S0125.9547.435.6119.373.831.010.563.462.920.601.750.271.770.2725.96
S0225.3046.944.7818.073.660.820.593.503.470.772.160.352.410.4025.30
S0327.5448.785.8419.763.710.970.603.543.620.842.480.412.670.4427.55
S0512.3823.712.649.951.940.560.332.011.800.411.320.211.360.2212.38
S0852.76117.9614.2458.7611.563.251.9812.7410.842.265.580.744.190.5852.76
S1020.9640.945.1118.023.720.960.633.873.570.782.250.362.540.3920.97
S1345.3679.0210.0837.526.351.540.855.514.641.012.920.463.070.4945.36
S2134.1759.957.2523.284.381.050.593.663.110.641.810.271.860.3034.17
S2410.7622.872.6711.272.520.700.422.712.540.531.350.211.390.2210.76
S2736.6971.588.2531.165.541.370.794.984.130.892.550.422.760.4536.69
S3131.7668.388.8234.155.971.440.795.224.060.852.490.392.700.4331.76
SS0122.9347.136.4326.937.481.941.077.415.440.982.270.281.690.2522.93
SS0537.8085.0913.1873.0723.977.104.4131.7320.573.527.430.804.200.5437.80
SS1028.7961.998.6635.476.761.620.885.884.630.972.710.453.380.5428.79
), ArticleFig(id=1307264346418074200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307264334703383028, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

鄂尔多斯盆地东北部榆林安崖剖面菱铁矿稀土元素特征(μg/g)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品编号LaCePrNdSmEuTbGdDyHoErTmYbLuLa
S0125.9547.435.6119.373.831.010.563.462.920.601.750.271.770.2725.96
S0225.3046.944.7818.073.660.820.593.503.470.772.160.352.410.4025.30
S0327.5448.785.8419.763.710.970.603.543.620.842.480.412.670.4427.55
S0512.3823.712.649.951.940.560.332.011.800.411.320.211.360.2212.38
S0852.76117.9614.2458.7611.563.251.9812.7410.842.265.580.744.190.5852.76
S1020.9640.945.1118.023.720.960.633.873.570.782.250.362.540.3920.97
S1345.3679.0210.0837.526.351.540.855.514.641.012.920.463.070.4945.36
S2134.1759.957.2523.284.381.050.593.663.110.641.810.271.860.3034.17
S2410.7622.872.6711.272.520.700.422.712.540.531.350.211.390.2210.76
S2736.6971.588.2531.165.541.370.794.984.130.892.550.422.760.4536.69
S3131.7668.388.8234.155.971.440.795.224.060.852.490.392.700.4331.76
SS0122.9347.136.4326.937.481.941.077.415.440.982.270.281.690.2522.93
SS0537.8085.0913.1873.0723.977.104.4131.7320.573.527.430.804.200.5437.80
SS1028.7961.998.6635.476.761.620.885.884.630.972.710.453.380.5428.79
), ArticleFig(id=1307264346506154585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307264334703383028, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Values of inorganic C⁃O and organic carbon isotopes of siderites in the Anya section, Yulin, northeastern Ordos Basin

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品编号δ13Ccarb/‰δ18Ocarb/‰样品编号δ13Corg/‰
S2-4.69-7.40S1-24.32
S3-6.84-6.85S2-22.75
S4-6.71-7.47S3-23.00
S57.76-9.17S4-23.09
S73.28-7.67S5
S80.38-8.52S7
S101.36-6.90S8-24.59
S135.27-7.04S10-27.10
S16-0.84-7.38S13-28.99
S17-2.37S17
S211.81-1.80S21-30.83
S231.31-5.37S23-32.03
S246.71-8.63S24
S2716.32S27-28.69
S31-1.83-7.63S31-18.75
SS01-3.07-9.07SS01-28.69
SS03-2.00-9.40SS03-26.31
SS05-2.69-8.62SS05-26.43
SS06-8.05-7.28SS06-27.21
SS10-11.25-8.04SS10-14.33
), ArticleFig(id=1307264346577457754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307264334703383028, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

鄂尔多斯盆地东北部榆林安崖剖面菱铁矿无机碳、氧同位素和有机碳同位素特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品编号δ13Ccarb/‰δ18Ocarb/‰样品编号δ13Corg/‰
S2-4.69-7.40S1-24.32
S3-6.84-6.85S2-22.75
S4-6.71-7.47S3-23.00
S57.76-9.17S4-23.09
S73.28-7.67S5
S80.38-8.52S7
S101.36-6.90S8-24.59
S135.27-7.04S10-27.10
S16-0.84-7.38S13-28.99
S17-2.37S17
S211.81-1.80S21-30.83
S231.31-5.37S23-32.03
S246.71-8.63S24
S2716.32S27-28.69
S31-1.83-7.63S31-18.75
SS01-3.07-9.07SS01-28.69
SS03-2.00-9.40SS03-26.31
SS05-2.69-8.62SS05-26.43
SS06-8.05-7.28SS06-27.21
SS10-11.25-8.04SS10-14.33
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鄂尔多斯盆地Toarcian大洋缺氧事件时期菱铁矿的成因及其地质意义
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陈杨 1 , 金鑫 1, 2 , 黄一舟 3 , 张云望 1 , 陈俞超 1 , 王琴 1 , 时志强 1, 2
沉积学报 | 2026,44(3): 903-920
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沉积学报 | 2026 , 44 (3) : 903 -920
鄂尔多斯盆地Toarcian大洋缺氧事件时期菱铁矿的成因及其地质意义
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陈杨1 , 金鑫1, 2 , 黄一舟3, 张云望1, 陈俞超1, 王琴1, 时志强1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.成都理工大学沉积地质研究院,成都 610059
  • 2.油气藏地质及开发工程全国重点实验室(成都理工大学),成都 610059
  • 3.中国地质大学(武汉)地质微生物与环境全国重点实验室,武汉 430074
通讯作者:
金鑫,男,教授,沉积地质学,E-mail:
作者简介:

陈杨,男,2000年出生,硕士研究生,沉积地质学,E-mail:

Lacustrine Siderite Formation in the Ordos Basin, North China: Insights into the Lower Jurassic Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event
Yang CHEN1 , Xin JIN1, 2 , YiZhou HUANG3, YunWang ZHANG1, YuChao CHEN1, Qin WANG1, ZhiQiang SHI1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.Institute of Sedimentary Geology, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
  • 2.State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
  • 3.State Key Laboratory of Geomicrobiology and Environmental Changes, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China
  • Corresponding Author:
    JIN Xin, E-mail:
出版时间: 2026-06-10 doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2024.126
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目的 在海相托阿尔期大洋缺氧事件(Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event,T-OAE)地层中,大量菱铁矿的形成被认为与该事件时期低硫酸盐浓度以及内陆铁的供应增加有关。在同期的湖相地层中也发育丰富的菱铁矿,然而,关于湖相菱铁矿的成因机制及其与T-OAE之间的联系尚未有研究。因此,探究湖相菱铁矿的形成机制对认识T-OAE时期湖泊的生物地球化学循环过程具有重要意义。 方法 对湖相安崖剖面中的菱铁矿样品进行矿物学和碳同位素地球化学分析,结合主、微量元素对菱铁矿铁源、碳源以及沉积环境进行研究,探讨其形成机制及其与T-OAE的联系。 结果 扫描电镜(SEM)下观察到黄铁矿与菱铁矿存在共生现象;菱铁矿的无机碳同位素(δ13Ccarb)值范围变化较广,介于-11.25‰~16.32‰;菱铁矿有机碳同位素(δ13Corg)值则介于-32.03‰~-14.33‰;稀土元素特征表现为轻稀土元素相对富集、重稀土元素相对亏损,并且存在Eu负异常,其值介于0.69~0.85。 结论 安崖剖面T-OAE时期菱铁矿样品的铁源主要来自陆源输入,碳源则分别来自产甲烷带产生的HCO3-,以及次氧化带有机质分解和甲烷有氧氧化所产生的碳。菱铁矿形成时的流体环境为次氧化—缺氧环境。T-OAE时期大陆风化作用的加剧和地表径流输入的增多为湖泊输入了丰富的铁源。同时,该时期广泛的缺氧条件、充足的有机质含量,以及湖泊自身相对较低的硫酸盐浓度,为菱铁矿铁的形成提供了有利的条件。

鄂尔多斯盆地  /  菱铁矿  /  成因机制  /  下侏罗统  /  缺氧事件

Objective The widespread siderites in the marine strata of the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event (T-OAE) are believed to have resulted from a low sulfate concentration and increased terrestrial iron supply. Similar large amounts of siderite have also been reported in paleolakes in the same period. However, the mechanism of lacustrine siderite development and its connection with the T-OAE remain unexplored, but is crucial to a better comprehension of lacustrine biogeochemical cycling in the early Toarcian. Methods Mineralogical and carbon isotope geochemical analyses were performed on siderite samples from the lacustrine Anya section of the Ordos paleolake. The sources of iron and carbon, as well as the sedimentary environment, were investigated by integrating major and trace element data, which allowed exploration of the formation mechanism of siderites during the T-OAE period of climatic change. Results The coexistence of pyrites and siderites was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The value of inorganic carbon isotopes (δ13Ccarb) varies from -11.25‰ to +16.32‰, and the organic carbon isotope (δ13Corg) value ranges between -32.03‰ and +14.33‰. Light rare earth elements (REEs) are enriched and heavy REEs are depleted, with Eu anomalies ranging from 0.69 to 0.85. Conclusions The iron in the Anya siderites is derived from terrestrial inputs; the carbon included HCO3 produced by methanogenesis, as well as carbon released by organic matter decomposition and aerobic methane oxidation, either bacterially in the suboxic zone or archaeally below the oxic-anoxic interface immediately after methane production. The pore fluids during siderite formation were a suboxic to anoxic environment. During the T-OAE, intensified continental weathering and increased surface runoff transported abundant Fe2+ ions into basin lakes whose widespread anoxia, abundant organic matter and low sulfate concentrations created favorable conditions for extensive siderite deposition.

Ordos Basin  /  siderite  /  formation mechanism  /  Lower Jurassic  /  anoxic event
陈杨, 金鑫, 黄一舟, 张云望, 陈俞超, 王琴, 时志强. 鄂尔多斯盆地Toarcian大洋缺氧事件时期菱铁矿的成因及其地质意义. 沉积学报, 2026 , 44 (3) : 903 -920 . DOI: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2024.126
Yang CHEN, Xin JIN, YiZhou HUANG, YunWang ZHANG, YuChao CHEN, Qin WANG, ZhiQiang SHI. Lacustrine Siderite Formation in the Ordos Basin, North China: Insights into the Lower Jurassic Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2026 , 44 (3) : 903 -920 . DOI: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2024.126
菱铁矿(FeCO3)是自然界一种普遍存在的铁矿物,不仅在各个时代中均有发育,而且是条带状铁建造(Banded Iron Formation,BIF)中的常见矿物之一(James,1954Ohmoto et al.,2004Tice and Lowe,2004Beukes and Gutzmer,2008Bekker et al.,2010Heimann et al.,2010Posth et al.,2013Rasmussen et al.,2013Halama et al.,2016)。菱铁矿的形成条件苛刻,通常需要低硫酸盐浓度、充足的HCO3-和丰富的活性Fe2+,这表明菱铁矿一般在还原条件下形成(Bener,1981;Mozley,1989Romanek et al.,2009)。然而,水体的酸碱度和氧化还原电位的变化也对菱铁矿沉淀起着限制作用。因此,自生菱铁矿是指示沉积环境的重要指标(朱祥坤等,2013)。通过氧化还原电位的分类,发现菱铁矿主要在次氧化带和产甲烷带形成(Bener,1981;Halama et al.,2016)。此外,前人通过大量统计分析发现,海相与非海相地层沉积的菱铁矿碳同位素和氧同位素存在显著差异,这些同位素数据可以用于判断其沉积环境(Mozley and Wersin,1992)。菱铁矿在全球铁循环和碳循环研究中也起着重要作用,特别是有关于异化铁还原的研究(Konhauser et al.,2005Johnson et al.,2008Heimann et al.,2010Li et al.,2015Gäb et al.,2017Teixeira et al.,2017)。例如,来自南非~2.5 Ga库鲁曼组条带状铁建造的C、O、Fe同位素显著变化记录了生物铁循环,且铁同位素值的范围记录了沉积物在固结成岩之前通过异化铁还原作用发生的铁转化差异,突出了菱铁矿记录生物介导铁循环的能力(Heimann et al.,2010)。
早侏罗世Toarcian大洋缺氧事件(Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event,T-OAE;~183 Ma)是中生代典型的极热事件之一,在海相和陆相地层中均有广泛记录(Jenkyns,198519882010Xu et al.,20172018Them et al.,2018Jin et al.,20202022Liu et al.,2020Li et al.,2023)。T-OAE以强烈的碳同位素负偏移(Negative Carbon-Isotope Excursion,N-CIE)、大规模的有机质埋藏以及广泛的黑色页岩沉积为主要特征,并伴随水文循环加剧、大陆风化作用加强以及海平面上升等现象(Jenkyns,198519882010Them et al.,2018Hu et al.,2020)。在T-OAE时期,全球碳循环的扰动可能与Karoo-Ferrar大火成岩省(Large Igneous Province,LIP)爆发而释放的大规模火山成因CO2和CH4有关(Pálfy and Smith,2000),还可能与陆地有机物的大量分解以及海洋或陆地甲烷水化合物的分解释放生物甲烷有关(Hesselbo et al.,2000Pieńkowski et al.,2016)。目前,在T-OAE期间的海洋和湖泊沉积物中均发现了菱铁矿(Xu et al.,20172018Jin et al.,20202022Li et al.,2023)。英国卡迪根湾盆地T-OAE时期中菱铁矿研究表明,菱铁矿的形成与该时期全球海洋低硫酸盐浓度以及内陆铁的供应增加有关,并且与T-OAE时期水文循环变化以及硫化物和蒸发岩的大规模沉积相对应(Xu et al.,2018)。此外,在西藏南部早白垩世Aptian缺氧事件(OAE 1a)期间,也发现了大量菱铁矿的沉积(Meng et al.,2024)。菱铁矿和黄铁矿的共生关系揭示了OAE 1a硫酸盐浓度增强的原因。两种铁矿物的共生现象表明,当时海水的硫酸盐浓度接近可形成黄铁矿的临界值,而来自大陆风化作用、火山作用、热液活动的产物以及河流输入等途径的硫酸盐供给,促进了黄铁矿的形成(Meng et al.,2024)。
前人研究表明,在鄂尔多斯盆地安崖剖面Toarcian阶富县组黑色泥页岩中出现了幅度达-12.5‰的全岩有机碳同位素负偏和-11.3‰的长链正构烷烃碳同位素负偏,同时伴随着水文循环的增强、氧化还原条件的扰动、植物群危机、甲烷循环增强以及重金属元素富集等现象,表明T-OAE对鄂尔多斯盆地的生物—环境产生了极大的影响(Jin et al.,20202022Baranyi et al.,20232024Li et al.,2023Huang et al.,2024陈杨等,2025)。与此同时,Toarcian阶富县组中还沉积有大量的菱铁矿且在部分层位有少量黄铁矿(Jin et al.,2020)。通过分析菱铁矿的分布特征、含量、伴生的矿物组合及其所蕴藏的地球化学信号,可以对湖泊古环境进行精确恢复与重建。此外,结合菱铁矿与黄铁矿的研究视角以及碳同位素的分析,能够精确恢复与重建湖泊古环境,并全面解析湖泊中的碳—硫—铁循环过程,进一步探讨缺氧事件期间湖泊水体的生物地球化学响应机制。因此,对Toarcian阶富县组中的菱铁矿进行综合研究,将会增进我们对缺氧事件时期湖泊生物—环境相互作用规律的理解,其蕴含的地球化学信息将揭示菱铁矿与T-OAE之间的内在联系。
本文以鄂尔多斯盆地东北部安崖剖面Toarcian阶富县组中的菱铁矿样品为研究对象,综合前人对该剖面的T-OAE研究认识(Jin et al.,20202022Baranyi et al.,20232024Li et al.,2023张云望等,2023Huang et al.,2024陈杨等,2025),通过测试分析菱铁矿样品中的主、微量元素,无机碳、氧同位素、有机碳同位素以及岩石学特征,对安崖剖面T-OAE时期菱铁矿的沉积过程与模式进行研究,并探讨其与T-OAE的联系。
鄂尔多斯盆地是我国晚古生代以来形成的一个大型内陆坳陷沉积盆地,总面积达37×104 km2何自新,2003)。同时,鄂尔多斯盆地含有丰富的油气、煤炭等储藏,是中国中生代最大的煤和烃类储层盆地之一(赵俊兴等,1999)。
鄂尔多斯盆地在晚三叠世开始呈现内陆坳陷盆地的特征,三叠纪末期印支运动将盆地整体抬升使得三叠系经历了严重的侵蚀,形成了早侏罗世沟壑纵横的古地貌特征(葛道凯等,1989时志强等,2002),不仅导致上三叠统延长组与下侏罗统富县组之间形成了广泛的不整合面或假整合面(冯云鹤,2014),还导致了全盆地下侏罗统在岩性、岩相以及地层厚度方面的显著变化(赵俊兴等,1999)。鄂尔多斯盆地侏罗系序列自下而上包括富县组、延安组、直罗组和安定组(图1a)(李宝芳等,1995张之辉,2020)。
安崖剖面位于鄂尔多斯盆地东北部(图1b),剖面厚度约49 m(本次研究仅涉及剖面4~29.5 m层段),主要为下侏罗统富县组,与下伏地层上三叠统延长组呈不整合接触(李昌昊等,2022)。富县组岩性主要由黑色页岩、泥岩、砂岩和粉砂岩组成,其中黑色页岩富含有机质,菱铁矿以层状和结核状形态与泥岩和黑色页岩交替出现(图1c)(Jin et al.,20202022)。根据岩性组成、沉积构造和遗迹化石,将安崖剖面富县组划分为河流、三角洲、半深湖、深湖和浅湖5个沉积相(葛道凯等,1989Jin et al.,2020李昌昊等,2022张云望等,2023)。
从安崖剖面选取了20件菱铁矿样品制作光学薄片进行镜下鉴定。薄片鉴定在Nikon LV100POL光学显微镜下进行,显微镜图像采用高清数码相机Digital Sight DS-U3拍摄。显微镜下观察在成都理工大学油气藏地质及开发工程全国重点实验室完成。
从安崖剖面选取了9件菱铁矿样品进行了扫描电镜(Scanning Electron Microscope,SEM)和能谱分析(Energy Dispersive Spectrometry,EDS)。在分析之前,先使用高精度镀膜仪给薄片表面镀碳以增强薄片导电性,从而使薄片图像更加清晰。采用场发射环境扫描电子显微镜(FEI Quanta 250 FEG,USA)与能量色散谱进行分析,实验在成都理工大学地球与行星科学学院完成。
在进行地球化学测试之前,首先将样品用砂纸打磨去除表面风化部分,之后用去离子水冲洗,冲洗之后将样品放入恒温55 ℃的烘箱中烘干,最后用碎样机(GJ-1B密封化验制样粉碎机,钵体材质为钨钢)将样品研磨至粒径200目以下。
主、微量分析采用PE 3800型(美国)电感耦合等离子光谱(ICP-OES)及Aglient Technologies 7700 Series9型(美国)电感耦合等离子质谱(ICP-MS)来测定元素组成,详细方法参考国家标准GB/T 3286(1~9)—2014。具体步骤如下,首先称取0.1 g样品,放入50 mL聚四氟乙烯烧杯中,用少量水湿润样品,加入10 mL硝酸,10 mL氢氟酸,2 mL高氯酸,于电热板上加热10 min后关闭电源,放置过夜后,加热直至高氯酸烟冒尽,趁热加入8 mL王水,再次加热至溶液体积只剩2~3 mL,用去离子水冲洗杯壁,微热5~10 min至溶液清亮,冷却后将溶液转入10 mL的聚乙烯试管中,用去离子水稀释,摇匀,静置澄清后移去清液1 mL于聚乙烯试管中,用硝酸(3+97)稀释至10 mL,摇匀,待测。最后将处理好的试样放入仪器中进行测试。实验误差都在限定值内,主量元素误差不超过3%,微量元素误差不超过5%。以上分析均在成都谱谱检测技术有限公司完成。
将菱铁矿样品切割或砸碎以露出新鲜表面,并使用去离子水冲洗。冲洗后,将样品置于恒温55 ℃的烘箱中烘干。利用牙钻(钻头直径为2.3 mm)从菱铁矿的新鲜表面采集足够的粉末样品,采样过程中避免风化、裂缝以及重结晶区域。
无机碳、氧同位素使用ISO Flow型顶空分析仪与气体同位素质谱仪(IRMS)联用进行测试。将样品粉末置于12 mL顶空瓶中,拧紧瓶盖,放于顶空分析仪中。分析前需要向顶空瓶中持续吹两分钟氦气(氦气流速为15 mL/min)来排除空气,之后用注射针手动加入适量浓度为85%磷酸,并将样品放置于仪器样品盘上,40 ℃恒温反应至少4 h,接着通过UltiTrap气相色谱分离柱(温度为125 ℃)对产生的CO2进行吸附和纯化,直接进入IRMS中测得样品中C、O同位素值。在测试过程中,使用GBW04405(δ13Ccarb=0.57‰;δ18Ocarb=-8.49‰)作为标准物质,无机C、O同位素分析误差分别为0.2‰和0.5‰。为了检验仪器误差,使用8个GBW04404进行测试,测出C同位素平均值为(0.57±0.05)‰、O同位素平均值为(-8.49±0.16)‰,均在仪器误差范围之内,测试地点为成都理工大学油气藏地质及开发工程全国重点实验室。
将约2 g的样品粉末置于聚丙烯falcon离心管中,并使用10%盐酸除去所有碳酸盐。随后将残留物离心,并用去离子水反复洗涤直到达到中性pH。样品制备在成都理工大学材料与化学化工学院进行。将约0.5~6.0 mg的去钙化干粉填装到锡胶囊中,通过Conflo IV装置连接到稳定同位素比值质谱仪IRMS(Delat V Plus)上的元素分析仪(Flash EA 1112型)进行分析。碳同位素数据以相对于Vienna Peedee belemnite standard(VPDB)校准。在测试过程中,使用两个标准样品,IAEA-600(δ13C=-27.71‰)和乙酰苯胺(δ13C=-26.85‰),精度为±0.2‰。该实验的测试地点为自然资源部第三海洋研究所。
将粉末样品置于样品载片的凹槽中,使样品被测量面保持粗糙,与样品载片的表面保持平整均匀,避免晶体粉末择优取向。将样品载片放入仪器(仪器型号:Ultima IV,日本理学,测试分度为4°/min,扫描范围为5°~80°),测量样品,获取X射线衍射谱图。X射线衍射(X-Ray Diffraction,XRD)测样在成都南达微构质检技术服务有限公司完成。
将得到的X射线衍射谱图导出为raw格式数据用于后续分析。将XRD测得的数据用Jade 9.0进行物相分析,用PDF 2020标准图谱数据库进行对比,利用origin 2021进行图像的后续标注和修理,具体处理包括将图谱范围截取至20°~80°,将背景根据Jade的分析结果加入标准图谱并标记衍射峰归属的物相。
菱铁矿在野外主要以不同大小的结核状和层状出现(图2a~c),结核状菱铁矿最大直径变化范围为15~70 cm;层状菱铁矿层厚变化介于2~10 cm,普遍与黑色页岩和灰色泥岩交替出现(图2c)。菱铁矿在野外新鲜断面呈现红褐色(图2d),采集的菱铁矿样品保存完好。
显微镜下显示层状菱铁矿样品主要由菱铁矿颗粒(含量介于70~90%,大部分样品约90%)、石英和方解石等组成。菱铁矿颗粒主要呈现粒状和长条状(图3a),部分颗粒聚集形成结核状构造(图3b),还有少量呈花瓣状(放射状)(图3c),且粒径较大(最大可达100 μm),这可能与重结晶作用有关。菱铁矿内部可见黑色暗核存在(疑似为富有机质的核心)(图3c),菱铁矿颗粒周边也可见明显的黑色蚀变边。菱铁矿样品的干涉色大部分与方解石类似,少部分可见高级白干涉色(图3d)。结核状菱铁矿样品中以粒状菱铁矿为主(图3e,f),其粒径普遍小于层状菱铁矿,同时蚀变严重。除未观察到花瓣状菱铁矿外,其他特征与层状菱铁矿类似。
扫描电镜(SEM)观察和能谱分析(EDS)表明,菱铁矿颗粒通常具有一层生长环边结构(图4a~c),这一特征与显微镜观察结果一致。此外,大多数菱铁矿颗粒在背散射电子图像中呈较亮的内核,并被一个较暗且形态不规则的环边所包裹,环边中Al、Si和Mg元素的含量相较于内核高(图4d~f)。在部分菱铁矿样品中,还有放射状生长的黄铁矿分布于菱铁矿内部(图4g~i),甚至可观察到草莓状黄铁矿和自形粒状黄铁矿(图4j~l)。
安崖剖面中14件菱铁矿样品的主量元素和部分微量元素组成见表1。菱铁矿样品中TFe2O3含量较高,其变化范围为15.08%~55.90%,(平均值为38.40%),其次为SiO2,变化范围为4.98%~38.26%(平均值为18.41%),Al2O3含量变化范围为3.67%~24.82%(平均值为10.93%),MgO含量范围为1.34%~5.66%(平均值为2.83%)和CaO含量为0.70%~3.44%(平均值为1.80%),其中Cao含量远小于样品中TFe2O3含量,其余Na2O、K2O、MnO、TiO2和P2O5含量相对较低(平均值小于1%)。
菱铁矿样品中的V元素含量变化范围为20.23~174.31 μg/g(平均值为84.65 μg/g),V/Al比值的变化范围为8.23~27.45(平均值为15.60)。稀土元素结果见表2。菱铁矿样品中的总稀土元素(∑REE)含量为58.82~313.41 μg/g,经过球粒陨石标准化后稀土元素配分曲线如图5。所有菱铁矿样品均表现出轻稀土元素(LREE)相对于中稀土元素(MREE)、重稀土元素(HREE)的富集特征,且中稀土元素相对于重稀土元素富集。各比值分别为∑LREE/∑MREE:2.38~9.74、∑LREE/∑HREE:12.68~25.54,∑MREE/∑HREE:1.82~5.32。测试样品均显示出Eu负异常[0.69~0.85,平均为0.79,Eu/Eu*=EuN/(0.5×SmN+0.5×GdN)](赵彦彦等,2019)。
本次共测定了20件菱铁矿样品的无机碳、氧同位素,结果见表3。菱铁矿样品的δ13Ccarb的值介于-11.25~16.32‰,平均值为-0.31‰。在剖面10.2~16.0 m区间(图6灰色区域),δ13Ccarb以接近0值和正值为主,最大值达16.32‰,而该区间外的δ13Ccarb则以负值为主。菱铁矿样品δ18Ocarb的值介于-9.4‰~-1.8‰,平均值为-7.45‰。
剖面中20件菱铁矿样品有机碳同位素数据见表3。菱铁矿样品的δ13Corg变化范围为-32.03‰至-14.33‰。在剖面10.2~14.2 m层段,δ13Corg出现幅度约-7.44‰负偏,其变化趋势与Jin et al.(2020)研究结果相似,对应于T-OAE的N-CIE的最大负偏移阶段。随后,该负偏被碳同位素正偏(14.2~16.7 m)取代,但在16.7 m之后再次出现明显的负偏移(图6)。
剖面中20件菱铁矿样品的XRD分析结果如图6所示。菱铁矿全岩样品的主要矿物为菱铁矿、石英和高岭石,部分样品中还检测到极少量的白云母和钾长石。
碳酸盐岩在埋藏与出露过程中,受大气降水和河流输入以及埋藏过程中流体的影响,可能会遭受溶解、压实、重结晶、胶结等成岩作用(Flügel,2010)。其碳、氧同位素容易受到后期成岩作用的影响,因此一般采用δ18Ocarb的值及其与其他指标的相关性来评估碳、氧同位素受成岩作用影响程度(桑树勋等,2004)。一般认为,碳酸盐岩样品中δ18Ocarb的值小于-10‰表示受到严重成岩作用的影响(Kaufman and Knoll,1995周传明等,1997Aharon,2005曲长胜等,2017苏玲等,2017)。同时,一些研究基于碳酸盐岩中δ18Ocarbδ87Sr的关系,认为δ18Ocarb低于-11‰至-12‰的样品才显示出显著的后期改造作用(Aharon and Liew,1992Bekker et al.,20012003)。此外,当水/岩比值较高时,碳酸盐矿物的δ13Ccarb会随着流体的作用变化。通常认为,碳酸盐矿物的δ13Ccarbδ18Ocarb呈正相关关系,表明改造过程中水/岩比较高(Knauth and Kennedy,2009);而两者之间无显著相关性,则表明碳、氧同位素值受后期成岩作用的影响较弱或几乎未受影响(Wu et al.,2024)。安崖剖面所有菱铁矿样品中的δ18Ocarb值大于-10‰,且δ13Ccarbδ18Ocarb之间无显著相关性(图7a,n=14,r=0.23),这表明剖面中菱铁矿样品的δ13Ccarbδ18Ocarb值未受到成岩后期作用的显著影响。
碳同位素是研究沉积物中流体碳源的有效工具(Irwin et al.,1977Plet et al.,2016)。碳酸盐矿物中的碳同位素组成有多种来源,包括水体中溶解的无机碳、有机质降解产生的无机碳、甲烷氧化产生的无机碳,以及古菌产甲烷过程中产生的碳。海相碳酸盐岩的δ13Ccarb值通常稳定在0‰左右,而有机质降解产生的碳的δ13C值为-25‰(Irwin et al.,1977Pye et al.,1990;Ábalos and Elorza,2012)。古菌产甲烷可同时生成较低δ13C值的CH4及高δ13C值的CO2,后者最高可达+20‰,而甲烷氧化利用低δ13C值的CH4进一步生成低δ13C值的碳,其范围较广,介于-30‰~-100‰(Irwin et al.,1977Matsumoto,1989;Peckmann and Thiel,2003;Krylov et al.,2008)。
研究区菱铁矿的δ13Ccarb值变化广泛,从-11.25‰到+16.32‰,平均值为-0.30‰。根据这一特性,将研究区菱铁矿样品分为δ13Ccarb正值和负值两类。11件菱铁矿样品的δ13Ccarb为正值(介于0.38~16.32‰,平均值为3.72‰,图6中灰色区域),其δ13Ccarb值接近古菌产甲烷作用生成的C的δ13C值范围(最高达+20‰)。这表明,该部分菱铁矿的碳源可能与产甲烷作用相关。在沉积物有氧—缺氧界面之下,古菌分解有机物,产生偏正δ13C值的HCO3-和偏负δ13C值的CH4。前者可参与菱铁矿的沉积,导致该剖面菱铁矿的δ13Ccarb值较N-CIE前段更为正偏;后者如未完全被古菌甲烷氧化作用消耗,则可向上逸散至水体中,与Huang et al.(2024)报道的具有低δ13C值的藿烷相吻合,表明在该菱铁矿富集层段中,湖泊环境内的CH4含量显著升高,同时细菌甲烷有氧氧化作用明显增强(图6δ13Chop)。在8.3~9.6 m区间,菱铁矿δ13Ccarb的平均值为-6.07‰,可视为背景值,该阶段水体化学环境相对稳定,未出现显著波动。随后,在10.2~14.4 m区间(对应于N-CIE最大负偏阶段),甲烷氧化作用与产甲烷作用强烈(Huang et al.,2024)。甲烷氧化过程中生成的低δ13C值的碳一方面被生物代谢消耗(如嗜甲烷菌,δ13Chop),致使湖盆中剩余碳的δ13C值趋向于正值;另一方面,产甲烷过程中生成的偏正δ13C值的CO2进一步推动δ13Ccarb的正偏(相对于背景值)。这一过程可能解释了该区间内菱铁矿δ13Ccarb接近于0或正值的现象(图6)。在14.4~16.0 m段,随着甲烷有氧氧化作用减弱,古菌产生的CH4逐渐从水体中逸散,偏负δ13C值的碳无法被转化为活跃离子,因而未能参与菱铁矿的沉积。相反,古菌产甲烷作用产生的偏正δ13C值的HCO3-则成为菱铁矿的主要碳源,使得其δ13Ccarb向正值偏移(图6)。在剖面16.0 m以后的层段,水体环境再次趋于稳定,菱铁矿的δ13Ccarb值逐渐回归至背景值附近(图6)。在δ13Ccarb负值的菱铁矿样品中(主要分布于N-CIE最大负偏移阶段前后的地层中),其值范围为-11.25‰至-0.84‰,平均值为-5.23‰。这些菱铁矿δ13Ccarb值与有机质降解产生的碳的δ13C值相近(最高达-25‰),表明这些菱铁矿样品的碳源可能来源于正常水体环境下次氧化带中有机质分解产生的无机碳。
在T-OAE的N-CIE段最大负偏移阶段(10.2~14.4 m),菱铁矿δ13Corg值出现了约-7.44‰的负偏移,随后该负偏移被正偏移所取代,其与安崖剖面中泥岩总有机碳、长链正构烷烃、姥鲛烷、植烷以及C29-32藿烷的δ13C值呈现较好的相关性(Jin et al.,2020Huang et al.,2024),并且菱铁矿δ13Corg值与有机质δ13Cbulk rock值在范围及负偏幅度均相似(Jin et al.,2020Huang et al.,2024)。这表明,菱铁矿样品中的有机碳源来自菱铁矿形成时所吸附的水体中的有机物质。值得注意的是,在剖面T-OAE碳同位素最大负偏移阶段之后(约17~25 m区间),菱铁矿的δ13Corg值再次出现负偏移(图6)。然而,该阶段缺乏生物标志化合物的数据,因此这一时期菱铁矿δ13Corg的碳源尚不明确。
湖泊中菱铁矿形成所需要的铁主要源自两种途径:一是源自湖泊深部渗透出的富含铁质的热液流体,二是经由大陆含铁物质风化后再输入至湖泊中(James,1954Klein,2005Planavsky et al.,2010)。基于Al3+与Ti4+在水体中溶解度较低且在热液交代过程中较稳定,因此其可以用来判断热液流体的输入(Gurvich,2006)。研究区菱铁矿稀土元素Eu的分析显示,菱铁矿样品的Eu异常值均表现为负异常,且Eu/Eu*与TFe2O3图7b,n=14,r=0.15)、Fe/Al(图7c,n=14,r=0.32)、Fe/Ti(图7d,n=14,r=0.15)三者没有相关性。此外,镜下观察也未发现热液输入的直接证据,这些证据排除了热液流体作为菱铁矿的铁源。
陆源铁离子主要源自酸性火成岩和变质火成岩基底风化后的产物,并被搬运至湖泊中。研究表明,安崖剖面富县组物源归属于同一体系,即阴山造山带富含铁的中酸性岩浆岩和变质岩(张云望等,2023张云望,2024)。在安崖剖面的T-OAE期间,水文循环增强,伴随着强烈的化学风化作用,同时发生野火事件和植被更替,导致了植被危机和去森林化现象(图6)(Jin et al.,2022Baranyi et al.,20232024)。叠加上活跃的水文循环,加剧了地表土壤系统的快速崩溃,增加了陆源物质的输入。这一过程促使大量富含铁的中酸性岩浆岩和变质岩的风化产物进入鄂尔多斯古湖盆。
含Fe碳酸盐岩的稀土元素配分模式图可作为重建流体组成和矿化过程中物理化学条件变化的地球化学证据(陈成业,2021)。研究区内REE配分模式整体呈现出“缓右倾斜”的配分模式(图5),指示菱铁矿形成流体为弱—中碱性,符合菱铁矿易在弱—中碱性流体中沉积的这一特性(李金虎等,2011)。前人对这种稀土元素配分模式的解释主要有三种:(1)由于轻稀土元素相对于重稀土元素质量较小,受吸附分异作用的影响较强,因此轻稀土元素更容易被吸附并聚集;(2)在湖泊环境中,岩石风化和溶解释放出较多轻稀土元素,使得流体呈现出轻稀土相对富集、重稀土相对亏损的特征;(3)由于湖泊中大量的Fe氢氧化物会优先吸附重稀土元素(Surya et al.,2012),在Fe氢氧化物分解时则会优先释放中稀土元素(Haley et al.,2004),这一过程也符合样品中稀土相对于重稀土元素富集的现象。这些稀土元素的特征进一步表示菱铁矿的形成流体来源于湖水本身。
根据底层水中氧气含量的不同,氧化还原程度可划分为氧化、次氧化、缺氧、硫化四种类型(李超等,2015)。由于某些元素的溶解度会受到氧化还原条件控制,如Mo、U、V、Cr元素易在氧化条件下被氧化为高价态离子溶解在水体中,而在缺氧条件下被还原为低价态离子在沉积物中富集(Lewan,1984Morford et al.,2001)。因此,这些元素常被用作研究沉积环境的氧化还原条件的重要指标。其中,V/Al值能够提供关于沉积环境氧化还原状态的重要信息,通常较高的V/Al值指示出缺氧的环境(Zhang et al.,2016)。研究区菱铁矿样品中V/Al值介于8.23~27.45 μg/g/wt.%,平均值为15.60 μg/g/wt.%,这一平均值高于大陆上地壳(UCC)(约13 μg/g/wt.%(Emerson and Huested,1991))和澳大利亚后太古代平均页岩(PAAS)(约14 μg/g/wt.%(Piper and Calvert,2009))的平均值。然而,有部分样品V/Al值偏低(小于13 μg/g/wt.%),这可能指示少部分样品形成于氧化还原界面附近,其流体为次氧化的环境,而大部分样品则形成于明显的缺氧环境。这一结果与前人通过FeHR/FeT比值所界定的安崖剖面(图6灰色区域)古湖泊氧化还原条件为次氧化—缺氧环境的结论总体一致(Li et al.,2023)(图6)。
前人研究发现,菱铁矿主要有三种成因:(1)当水体中Fe2+以及HCO3-极高时,从水体中直接沉淀,这种情况一般出现在海相中(Ohmoto et al.,2004Garcia et al.,2016);(2)通过异化铁还原或者甲烷生成促进沉积物中孔隙水的自生沉淀物或早期成岩矿物(Lovley,1991Teixeira et al.,2017);(3)通过有机质热脱羧过程,在高温高压的埋藏环境下(例如≥170 ℃,≥1.2 Kbar),铁氧化物或铁氢氧化物还原与有机碳热分解产生的晚期成岩产物(Halama et al.,2016)。
菱铁矿的形成条件通常需要低氧、低硫酸盐浓度、富碳酸氢根离子以及富含还原铁的环境。在部分菱铁矿样品中,通过扫描电镜观察到草莓状黄铁矿和自形黄铁矿颗粒存在(图4)。其中草莓状黄铁矿通常形成于同生阶段或者成岩早期阶段(Canfield et al.,1992)。在湖泊环境中,硫酸盐浓度极低。随着沉积物的堆积,硫酸盐在水—沉积物界面被消耗,生成HS-(或通过硫酸盐还原反应在硫酸盐还原带形成HS-),随后HS-向下扩散(或向上渗透)至次氧化带,并与Fe2+结合形成黄铁矿。当水体中硫酸盐不足以支持黄铁矿生成,并且次氧化带的铁还原速率超过黄铁矿生成速率时,菱铁矿开始形成(图8图9a)。因此,研究区菱铁矿与黄铁矿共生关系表明菱铁矿同样形成于同生阶段或早期成岩阶段。随后,源自陆源输入的铁氧化物或铁氢氧化物进入湖泊的铁还原带,经过异化铁还原作用转化为可溶性的Fe2+。在铁还原带中,这些Fe2+会与有机质氧化分解产生的偏负δ13C值的碳结合形成δ13Ccarb为负值的菱铁矿。另一方面,在产甲烷带内,Fe2+则可能与细菌产甲烷作用生成的偏正δ13C值的碳结合,形成δ13Ccarb为正值的菱铁矿(图9a)。值得注意的是,该形成模式里菱铁矿δ13Ccarb值接近0时,菱铁矿碳源中产甲烷和甲烷氧化作用贡献的组分达到相对平衡。
碳酸盐结核是碎屑沉积物和沉积岩中的成岩特征之一,一般认为是早期成岩过程中一系列独特的物理化学和生物过程导致,它记录了沉积物中成岩流体的演化以及孔隙水中的地球化学特征(王志鹏,2017)。菱铁矿结核的形成需要过量的还原铁,一般发生在河流输入相关的区域(Raiswell,1987van der Weijden,1992)。研究区菱铁矿结核被黑色页岩包裹,并未穿插页岩层理,呈现出页岩环绕结核生长的形态,且结核周围的层理出现偏转现象(图3),表明结核中心的组分胶结早于外部(Criss et al.,1988)。根据结核和围岩的共存关系表明,结核形成于同生时期或者成岩早期。
碳酸盐结核的生长模式有置换生长和位移生长两种(Gaines and Vorhies,2016)。置换生长为先形成结核的框架,形成后结核的尺寸不再改变,宿主沉积物通过孔隙之间的胶结作用逐渐进入结核内部。而位移生长则不同,首先形成结核核心,随着结核的生长,碳酸盐物质逐渐添加到结核的外部,从而使结核逐渐增大。研究区菱铁矿样品观察到结核周围层理有偏转现象,明显符合位移生长,这种结核通常形成于成岩作用早期阶段(Gaines and Vorhies,2016)。在这个过程中,异化铁还原反应生成Fe2+释放于孔隙水中,随后在次氧化带与有机质氧化分解产生的偏负δ13C值的碳或在甲烷带与产甲烷作用生产的偏正δ13C值的碳结合,形成具有不同δ13C值的FeCO3图9a)。随着FeCO3的不断积累,逐渐形成结核核心,随后碳酸盐物质逐渐增多,结核持续变大(图9b)。菱铁矿颗粒形成后,随着流体化学条件的变化,颗粒表面可能会发生溶解—再沉淀作用,从而形成不规则的环边。如果流体中富含Si、Al、Mg等离子(可能来源于周围的黏土矿物),则这些元素会在环边中富集(图4b,e)。
鄂尔多斯盆地T-OAE时期菱铁矿样品的δ13Corgδ13Ccarb值的变化规律与该时期湖泊水体化学和全球碳库系统变化密切相关,表明研究剖面菱铁矿的形成与T-OAE存在一定联系(详见上文论述)。
在安崖剖面T-OAE时期,大陆风化作用加强,气候变化明显,地表径流输入增多等(Jin et al.,2020Baranyi et al.,20232024),向湖泊输入了丰富的陆源铁,为菱铁矿形成提供了充足的Fe来源。同时,该时期广泛的缺氧条件、充足的有机质含量以及湖泊自身较低的硫酸盐浓度为菱铁矿铁提供了适宜的形成条件(Jin et al.,20202022Li et al.,2023)。然而,在δ13Corg负偏最显著的样品中,菱铁矿相对含量呈现下降趋势(图6虚线方框)。这一现象可能与湖泊硫酸盐浓度上升有关,导致硫酸盐还原作用增强,生成大量黄铁矿,并表现为黄铁矿含量的增加(图6虚线方框)。尽管在δ13Corg负偏最显著阶段不利于菱铁矿形成,但整体上菱铁矿在T-OAE时期依然大量发育。Xu et al.(2018)报道了英国卡迪根湾盆地T-OAE期间菱铁矿的广泛发育,并将其作为低硫酸盐海洋的证据。此外,Meng et al.(2024)在藏南早白垩世Aptian早期(OAE 1a)也发现了菱铁矿的存在。然而,针对其他中生代缺氧事件及其他地质时期缺氧事件中菱铁矿的研究相对较少。因此,缺氧事件是否促进菱铁矿形成是局部现象还是具有全球性特征,以及其与缺氧事件的具体联系,尚需进一步深入探讨。
(1) 菱铁矿样品δ13Ccarb指示出有两种碳源,一为次氧化带中有机质分解和甲烷氧化产生的偏负δ13C值的碳,二为产甲烷带产甲烷作用生成的偏正δ13C的CO2。同时,菱铁矿样品δ13Corg指示其有机碳成分主要来源于菱铁矿形成时吸附于水体中的浮游植物所产生的有机物质。此外,菱铁矿样品形成所需的铁来源于陆源输入。
(2) 菱铁矿样品形成于次氧化带和产甲烷带,形成时流体环境为次氧化—缺氧环境。菱铁矿通过异化铁还原过程形成,且菱铁矿与黄铁矿的共生现象以及结核状菱铁矿的生长方式均证明了菱铁矿形成于成岩作用早期阶段。
(3) 安崖剖面菱铁矿的形成与T-OAE联系紧密。T-OAE时期大陆风化加强,地表径流输入增多等现象为湖泊输入了丰富的铁源,同时缺氧条件的存在也为Fe的富集创造了适宜环境,促使菱铁矿大量发育。
  • 成都理工大学珠峰科学研究计划(2020ZF11414)
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2026年第44卷第3期
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doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2024.126
  • 接收时间:2024-08-22
  • 首发时间:2026-09-17
  • 出版时间:2026-06-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-22
  • 修回日期:2024-11-26
  • 录用日期:2025-01-21
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Mount Everest Scientific Research Plan(2020ZF11414)
成都理工大学珠峰科学研究计划(2020ZF11414)
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    1.成都理工大学沉积地质研究院,成都 610059
    2.油气藏地质及开发工程全国重点实验室(成都理工大学),成都 610059
    3.中国地质大学(武汉)地质微生物与环境全国重点实验室,武汉 430074

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金鑫,男,教授,沉积地质学,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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