Article(id=1307264007740617466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, issueId=1307263778819690680, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2024.114, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1723564800000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-14, revisedDate=1730131200000, revisedDateStr=2024-10-29, acceptedDate=1733068800000, acceptedDateStr=2024-12-02, onlineDate=1789605627236, onlineDateStr=2026-09-17, pubDate=1781020800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789605627236, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789605627236, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789605627236, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1307263778819690680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, year='2026', volume='44', issue='3', pageStart='799', pageEnd='1214', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1781020800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789605572657, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789605572657, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1096, endPage=1116, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1307264007979692795, articleId=1307264007740617466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, language=EN, title=Geochemical Characteristics of Formation Water and Gas-Water Distribution in a Karst Reservoir: Ma55 submember of the Majiagou Formation, southern area of Sulige gas field, columnId=null, journalTitle=Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective The 5th member of the Ordovician Majiagou Formation in the southern Sulige gas field primarily consists of karst reservoirs, with proven reserves exceeding 100 billion cubic meters. However, during development, severe water production and complex gas-water relationships have been observed, and the distribution patterns and controlling factors of gas and water remain unclear, significantly constraining the release of the gas production potential of the region. Methods Based on formation water geochemical analysis, various chemical parameters (i.e., Na+/Cl-, desulfurization, Mg2+/Ca2+, Na+/Ca2+ and Na+ + Cl-/Mg2+ coefficients) were analyzed to determine the formation environment of the water. The distribution patterns of gas and water were then studied by identifying the water-bearing intervals in individual wells, and by cross-well gas reservoir profile comparisons and the planar distribution of different formation water types. Finally, the controlling factors of gas-water distribution were explored in relation to the hydrocarbon source rock, karst reservoir heterogeneity and structural features. Results The total salinity of formation water (total dissolved solids) in the 5th member of the southern Sulige gas field is relatively concentrated (mean 83 598.7 mg/L), with slightly acidic pH. The water type is predominantly CaCl2, and exhibits low chloride-sodium coefficients, low desulfurization coefficients, low magnesium-calcium coefficients, low sodium-calcium coefficients and high metamorphism coefficients, all indicating good formation sealing favorable for gas reservoir preservation. These parameters show similar characteristics over the area, controlled by the karst reservoirs. The formation water is classified into three types, based on genetic differences, spatial distribution and reservoir properties: Type I (structural low-position water), Type II (isolated lenticular water) and Type III (low-permeability trapped water). Type I is mainly developed in karst areas, controlled by karst residual hill units, with a unified gas-water interface, and is the primary region for high-efficiency wells. Type II is sporadically distributed and influenced by the planar distribution of karst depressions and troughs, with moderate reservoir properties, representing a potentially favorable exploitation zone. Type III indicates poor reservoir properties. Conclusions The distribution of formation water is controlled by three factors: hydrocarbon source rock, karst reservoir heterogeneity and local structures within individual karst units. Insufficient hydrocarbon supply from the source rock is the fundamental reason for the development of formation water. The heterogeneity of the karst reservoir dictates the gas-water distribution pattern, and local structures have resulted in gas-water differentiation, with a unified gas-water interface within the same karst unit.

, authors=Zhen SUN1, ZhengHong ZHANG2, Zhi GUO1, 3, GuoQing TIAN1, YunFeng ZHANG2, Jun PENG2, CiXuan WAN1, MingRui ZHAO1, authorsList=Zhen SUN, ZhengHong ZHANG, Zhi GUO, GuoQing TIAN, YunFeng ZHANG, Jun PENG, CiXuan WAN, MingRui ZHAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=ZhengHong ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1307264012471792414, articleId=1307264007740617466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, language=CN, title=岩溶储层地层水地球化学特征及气水分布规律, columnId=null, journalTitle=沉积学报, columnName=, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 苏里格气田南区奥陶系马家沟组马五5亚段主要为岩溶储层,探明储量超千亿方,开发生产过程中地层出水严重,气水关系复杂,气水分布规律及主控因素不明确,很大程度上制约了该区的天然气产能释放。 方法 在地层水地球化学分析的基础上,利用氯钠系数、脱硫系数、镁钙系数、钠钙系数和变质系数等化学参数对地层水的形成环境进行分析,进而通过单井出水层位识别、连井气藏剖面对比以及不同地层水类型平面展布特征刻画研究了气水分布规律;最后结合烃源岩、岩溶储层非均质性和构造等方面探讨了气水分布的主控因素。 结果 苏里格气田南部马五5亚段地层水总矿化度分布较为集中,平均值为83 598.7 mg/L,pH值显示弱酸性,水型均表现为CaCl2型。地层水整体表现为低氯钠系数、低脱硫系数、低镁钙系数、低钠钙系数和高变质系数的特征,表明地层封闭性较好,有利于气藏保存,并且各参数平面特征相似,受岩溶储层控制。根据成因差异、空间分布和储层特征将地层水分为I型构造低部位水、Ⅱ型孤立透镜状水和Ⅲ型低渗带滞留水,I型主要在岩溶区发育,受岩溶残丘单元控制,具有统一气水界面,是高效井主要分布区;Ⅱ型在平面零星分布,受岩溶洼地和沟槽平面分布影响,储层物性一般,是潜在有利区;Ⅲ型储层物性较差。 结论 地层水分布受烃源岩供烃能力、岩溶储层非均质性和同一岩溶单元局部构造等三个因素共同控制。烃源岩供烃能力不足是地层水水体发育的根本原因,岩溶储层非均质性决定了气水分布模式,局部构造导致气水分异,同一岩溶单元具有统一气水界面。

, authors=孙振1, 张正红2, 郭智1, 3, 田国庆1, 张云峰2, 彭军2, 万慈昡1, 赵明睿1, authorsList=孙振, 张正红, 郭智, 田国庆, 张云峰, 彭军, 万慈昡, 赵明睿, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张正红, authorNote=

孙振,男,1982年出生,博士研究生,高级工程师,油气田开发,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
张正红,男,正高级工程师,E-mail:
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language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Gas and water distribution section in well G4⁃025C2⁃well G7⁃024C1, figureFileSmall=Ms7XW6BNJ1SKtpdsSe7AKQ==, figureFileBig=PZKRbjHT+yNj36hPM7Y05A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307264024110986098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307264007740617466, language=CN, label=图11, caption=G4⁃025C2井—G7⁃024C井连井气水分布剖面图, figureFileSmall=Ms7XW6BNJ1SKtpdsSe7AKQ==, figureFileBig=PZKRbjHT+yNj36hPM7Y05A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307264024178094963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307264007740617466, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Production curves of individual wells, figureFileSmall=k0JqhtqF7Ww4vGt7HySByw==, figureFileBig=9KTDKIgZGjMEqhT+FLEABA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307264024249398132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307264007740617466, language=CN, label=图12, caption=单井生产曲线图

(a)G4⁃025井;(b)G4⁃25A井;(c)S292井;(d)G7⁃24C1井

, figureFileSmall=k0JqhtqF7Ww4vGt7HySByw==, figureFileBig=9KTDKIgZGjMEqhT+FLEABA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307264024329089909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307264007740617466, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=Map of gas and water distribution in Ma55 submember of the Majiagou Formation, southern area of Sulige gas field, figureFileSmall=ijpeWMM/q8qxxvNxjcO1bA==, figureFileBig=QLvfT+K01PWYohAsHdiTMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307264024404587382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307264007740617466, language=CN, label=图13, caption=苏南地区马家沟组马五5亚段气水分布平面, figureFileSmall=ijpeWMM/q8qxxvNxjcO1bA==, figureFileBig=QLvfT+K01PWYohAsHdiTMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307264024471696247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307264007740617466, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=Superimposed maps of reservoir physical properties and different water distribution type formations in Ma55 submember of the Majiagou Formation, southern area of Sulige gas field, figureFileSmall=dJ8hE5Uk4L6Nhv+FegXGXg==, figureFileBig=ei9GoG6m4tF/em03/ZFhSQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307264024542999416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307264007740617466, language=CN, label=图14, caption=苏南地区马家沟组马五5亚段储层物性与不同地层水分布类型叠合图

(a)储层厚度平面图;(b)储层孔隙度平面图;(c)储层渗透率平面图

, figureFileSmall=dJ8hE5Uk4L6Nhv+FegXGXg==, figureFileBig=ei9GoG6m4tF/em03/ZFhSQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307264024614302585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307264007740617466, language=EN, label=Fig.15, caption=Isopach map of source rock in the Majiagou Formation (after Zhou et al., 2023), figureFileSmall=V5PiIeBAiON03zv8wTT6NA==, figureFileBig=RqFXdycc+kjIVcnUwXV35g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307264024698188666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307264007740617466, language=CN, label=图15, caption=马家沟组烃源岩厚度平面分布图(据周进高等,2023, figureFileSmall=V5PiIeBAiON03zv8wTT6NA==, figureFileBig=RqFXdycc+kjIVcnUwXV35g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307264024769491835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307264007740617466, language=EN, label=Fig.16, caption=Map of different types of formation water and karst paleogeomorphology of the Majiagou Formation, figureFileSmall=Y9JXGwbHEORK/jkq5xVm+Q==, figureFileBig=fUkW/noGgDEGbk2jYj42WQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307264024853377916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307264007740617466, language=CN, label=图16, caption=马家沟组岩溶古地貌叠合不同地层水类型平面分布图, figureFileSmall=Y9JXGwbHEORK/jkq5xVm+Q==, figureFileBig=fUkW/noGgDEGbk2jYj42WQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307264024975012733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307264007740617466, language=EN, label=Fig.17, caption=Map of water wells and karst structure contours in Ma55 submember of the Majiagou Formation, figureFileSmall=kWHm7Katxl+OHWF9sCOONg==, figureFileBig=kLE9IFDd+KkGx6WxSALZNA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307264025046315902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307264007740617466, language=CN, label=图17, caption=马家沟组马五5亚段出水井与构造等值线叠合图, figureFileSmall=kWHm7Katxl+OHWF9sCOONg==, figureFileBig=kLE9IFDd+KkGx6WxSALZNA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307264025109230463, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307264007740617466, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Geochemical characteristics of formation water in Ma55 submember of the Majiagou Formation, southern area of Sulige gas field

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号井号测试求产日期地层水取样pH阳离子含量(mg/L)阴离子(mg/L)总矿化度/(mg/L)水型
取样日期累计产液量/m3Na++ K+Ca2+Mg2+Fe2+Fe3+Cl-SO42-CO32-HCO3-
1G1-018C12014/6/302017/7/181 726.36.212 944.923 801.91 255.40065 674.30075.1103 751.6CaCl2
2G1-0192014/6/192018/7/103 601.26.015 795.621 129.4596.10063 011.800773.8101 306.7CaCl2
3G1-020A2014/5/142020/9/85 011.85.414 095.527 191.3297.911.2040 774.66.10396.784 756.0CaCl2
4G1-022C42015/9/72022/11/1516 589.75.32 094.423 358.6602.90046 172.700231.072 459.7CaCl2
5G1-0242012/8/242014/9/262 011.96.013 426.57 264.5607.88.4035 109.700357.656 766.0CaCl2
6G2-017a2014/5/72020/3/6754.35.410 888.119 1561 297.90054 982.100409.087 133.2CaCl2
7G2-0202014/5/252018/6/192 853.55.84 722.822 603.5596.10048 812.000327.977 062.2CaCl2
8G2-022a2016/11/272020/4/34 053.65.94 035.624 067.82 085.4645.7054 504.93.80641.285 335.0CaCl2
9G2-023C12016/9/282018/5/5945.336.011 749.412 935.81 196.95.8047 037.000624.174 543.2CaCl2
10G2-0242015/6/192023/5/2461 669.77.018 927.611 430.8602.916.7050 950.200347.782 259.1CaCl2
11G3-0152014/10/242017/5/8612.86.015 430.615 363.3500.65.516.651 474.500624.183 193.0CaCl2
12G3-0182014/9/172018/9/17689.76.722 169.617 355.0554.0127.35.166 349.112.40236.1106 663.8CaCl2
13G3-0192014/8/52017/5/7623.75.819 298.325 871.61 255.40078 986.700318.7125 730.7CaCl2
14G3-0222019/11/212023/12/59 094.96.016 328.19 709.4310.028.5043 044.100347.769 739.2CaCl2
15G3-023a2014/12/12018/6/139 366.75.910 807.28 208.4933.50033 706.600333.253 988.9CaCl2
16G3-0242013/11/62023/3/46 270.16.09 234.615 406.8602.950.3043 044.100360.168 653.4CaCl2
17G33-0242015/9/242018/6/1195 725.86.214 942.214741.4596.10050 587.000445.981 312.6CaCl2
18G4-0202015/7/162018/11/14965.56.819 972.123 749.0554.0203.7074 311.000170.5118 756.7CaCl2
19G4-020C42015/4/122018/8/161 710.25.920 513.110 961.11 108.10053 963.95.60472.187 018.3CaCl2
20G4-024C22014/10/292018/8/1443 368.75.83 064.027 517.3596.116.4054 848.600498.486 524.3CaCl2
21G4-0252013/11/122015/5/205 550.56.12 540.523 230.41 306.339.4051 710.900614.582 402.6CaCl2
22G4-025a2014/9/62023/11/473 719.36.516 555.110 933.8301.444.3045 679.50099.373 569.2CaCl2
), ArticleFig(id=1307264025193116544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307264007740617466, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

苏里格气田南部马家沟组马五5亚段地层水地球化学特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号井号测试求产日期地层水取样pH阳离子含量(mg/L)阴离子(mg/L)总矿化度/(mg/L)水型
取样日期累计产液量/m3Na++ K+Ca2+Mg2+Fe2+Fe3+Cl-SO42-CO32-HCO3-
1G1-018C12014/6/302017/7/181 726.36.212 944.923 801.91 255.40065 674.30075.1103 751.6CaCl2
2G1-0192014/6/192018/7/103 601.26.015 795.621 129.4596.10063 011.800773.8101 306.7CaCl2
3G1-020A2014/5/142020/9/85 011.85.414 095.527 191.3297.911.2040 774.66.10396.784 756.0CaCl2
4G1-022C42015/9/72022/11/1516 589.75.32 094.423 358.6602.90046 172.700231.072 459.7CaCl2
5G1-0242012/8/242014/9/262 011.96.013 426.57 264.5607.88.4035 109.700357.656 766.0CaCl2
6G2-017a2014/5/72020/3/6754.35.410 888.119 1561 297.90054 982.100409.087 133.2CaCl2
7G2-0202014/5/252018/6/192 853.55.84 722.822 603.5596.10048 812.000327.977 062.2CaCl2
8G2-022a2016/11/272020/4/34 053.65.94 035.624 067.82 085.4645.7054 504.93.80641.285 335.0CaCl2
9G2-023C12016/9/282018/5/5945.336.011 749.412 935.81 196.95.8047 037.000624.174 543.2CaCl2
10G2-0242015/6/192023/5/2461 669.77.018 927.611 430.8602.916.7050 950.200347.782 259.1CaCl2
11G3-0152014/10/242017/5/8612.86.015 430.615 363.3500.65.516.651 474.500624.183 193.0CaCl2
12G3-0182014/9/172018/9/17689.76.722 169.617 355.0554.0127.35.166 349.112.40236.1106 663.8CaCl2
13G3-0192014/8/52017/5/7623.75.819 298.325 871.61 255.40078 986.700318.7125 730.7CaCl2
14G3-0222019/11/212023/12/59 094.96.016 328.19 709.4310.028.5043 044.100347.769 739.2CaCl2
15G3-023a2014/12/12018/6/139 366.75.910 807.28 208.4933.50033 706.600333.253 988.9CaCl2
16G3-0242013/11/62023/3/46 270.16.09 234.615 406.8602.950.3043 044.100360.168 653.4CaCl2
17G33-0242015/9/242018/6/1195 725.86.214 942.214741.4596.10050 587.000445.981 312.6CaCl2
18G4-0202015/7/162018/11/14965.56.819 972.123 749.0554.0203.7074 311.000170.5118 756.7CaCl2
19G4-020C42015/4/122018/8/161 710.25.920 513.110 961.11 108.10053 963.95.60472.187 018.3CaCl2
20G4-024C22014/10/292018/8/1443 368.75.83 064.027 517.3596.116.4054 848.600498.486 524.3CaCl2
21G4-0252013/11/122015/5/205 550.56.12 540.523 230.41 306.339.4051 710.900614.582 402.6CaCl2
22G4-025a2014/9/62023/11/473 719.36.516 555.110 933.8301.444.3045 679.50099.373 569.2CaCl2
), ArticleFig(id=1307264025264419713, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307264007740617466, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Formation water chemical parameters in Ma55 submember of the Majiagou Formation, southern area of Sulige gas field

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号井号钠氯系数镁钙系数变质系数钠钙系数
1G1-018C10.200.05420.54
2G1-019A0.250.03790.75
3G1-020A0.350.01900.52
4G1-022C40.050.03730.09
5G1-0240.380.08361.85
6G2-017a0.200.07340.57
7G2-0200.100.03740.21
8G2-022a0.070.09240.17
9G2-023C10.250.09290.91
10G2-0240.370.05531.66
11G3-0150.300.03721.00
12G3-0180.330.03801.28
13G3-0190.240.05480.75
14G3-0220.380.03861.68
15G3-023a0.320.11251.32
16G3-0240.210.04560.60
17G33-0240.300.04601.01
18G4-0200.270.02980.84
19G4-020C40.380.10301.87
20G4-024C20.060.02870.11
21G4-0250.050.06380.11
22G4-025a0.360.03971.51
23G5-0190.500.10444.49
24G5-020C30.240.05470.72
25G5-020C40.440.07502.68
26G5-0210.270.04550.89
27G5-021C10.230.03680.67
28G5-0230.280.06400.93
29G5-024C20.270.04620.87
30G5-0260.040.03560.08
31G6-0180.140.02920.32
32G6-0190.340.05551.38
33G7-016C20.140.03680.31
34G7-016C30.220.03680.60
35G7-016C40.190.03810.48
36G7-018a0.270.03750.88
37G7-021C40.210.08300.64
38G7-0230.300.04661.03
39G7-024C10.220.03710.60
40G8-0210.290.06451.01
41G9-020C30.310.07371.13
42G9-0220.250.09260.80
43G9-0240.310.08321.21
44G9-0270.350.04651.39
45L360.250.05450.76
46S24-860.370.12271.81
47S2920.360.07381.56
48S3450.320.11241.30
49S35-800.240.06390.71
50S3810.240.05480.75
), ArticleFig(id=1307264025331528578, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307264007740617466, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

苏里格南区马家沟组马五5亚段地层水化学参数表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号井号钠氯系数镁钙系数变质系数钠钙系数
1G1-018C10.200.05420.54
2G1-019A0.250.03790.75
3G1-020A0.350.01900.52
4G1-022C40.050.03730.09
5G1-0240.380.08361.85
6G2-017a0.200.07340.57
7G2-0200.100.03740.21
8G2-022a0.070.09240.17
9G2-023C10.250.09290.91
10G2-0240.370.05531.66
11G3-0150.300.03721.00
12G3-0180.330.03801.28
13G3-0190.240.05480.75
14G3-0220.380.03861.68
15G3-023a0.320.11251.32
16G3-0240.210.04560.60
17G33-0240.300.04601.01
18G4-0200.270.02980.84
19G4-020C40.380.10301.87
20G4-024C20.060.02870.11
21G4-0250.050.06380.11
22G4-025a0.360.03971.51
23G5-0190.500.10444.49
24G5-020C30.240.05470.72
25G5-020C40.440.07502.68
26G5-0210.270.04550.89
27G5-021C10.230.03680.67
28G5-0230.280.06400.93
29G5-024C20.270.04620.87
30G5-0260.040.03560.08
31G6-0180.140.02920.32
32G6-0190.340.05551.38
33G7-016C20.140.03680.31
34G7-016C30.220.03680.60
35G7-016C40.190.03810.48
36G7-018a0.270.03750.88
37G7-021C40.210.08300.64
38G7-0230.300.04661.03
39G7-024C10.220.03710.60
40G8-0210.290.06451.01
41G9-020C30.310.07371.13
42G9-0220.250.09260.80
43G9-0240.310.08321.21
44G9-0270.350.04651.39
45L360.250.05450.76
46S24-860.370.12271.81
47S2920.360.07381.56
48S3450.320.11241.30
49S35-800.240.06390.71
50S3810.240.05480.75
), ArticleFig(id=1307264025411220355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307264007740617466, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Formation water, H2S and production characteristics of individual wells in the karst unit

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
井号G4-025G4-025AG5-024C2S292G7-024C1
地层水特征矿化度/(mg/L)82 402.673 569.284 386.788 474.087 023.1
钠氯系数0.050.360.270.220.36
镁钙系数0.060.030.040.030.07
钠钙系数0.111.510.870.601.56
变质系数3897623871
H2S含量/(mg/m333.374.131.447.035.7
截至2024年2月3日累产气/104 m33 855.08 418.0/1.32 849.0
水/104 m30.77.3/2.70.4
), ArticleFig(id=1307264025478329220, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307264007740617466, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

岩溶单元内单井地层水、H2S和生产特征统计表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
井号G4-025G4-025AG5-024C2S292G7-024C1
地层水特征矿化度/(mg/L)82 402.673 569.284 386.788 474.087 023.1
钠氯系数0.050.360.270.220.36
镁钙系数0.060.030.040.030.07
钠钙系数0.111.510.870.601.56
变质系数3897623871
H2S含量/(mg/m333.374.131.447.035.7
截至2024年2月3日累产气/104 m33 855.08 418.0/1.32 849.0
水/104 m30.77.3/2.70.4
), ArticleFig(id=1307264025545438085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307264007740617466, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号井号测试求产日期地层水取样pH阳离子含量(mg/L)阴离子(mg/L)总矿化度/(mg/L)水型
取样日期累计产液量/m3Na++ K+Ca2+Mg2+Fe2+Fe3+Cl-SO42-CO32-HCO3-
23G5-0192013/10/82020/4/73 134.25.526 468.85 894.2595.832.9052 774.600320.686 054.0CaCl2
24G5-020C32015/8/142023/1/75 929.45.013 230.518 388.7904.3134.011.255 342.400372.288 238.1CaCl2
25G5-020C42015/8/22020/9/101 318.45.523 667.18 841.3595.833.5053 639.800371.987 115.9CaCl2
26G5-0212016/9/162022/4/82 720.25.612 386.113 915.8602.90045 301.600282.372 488.7CaCl2
27G5-021C12020/11/132023/12/5441.06.012 598.518 907.7619.934.2054 464.017.50360.186 950.2CaCl2
28G5-0232015/8/162019/4/1544 455.35.714 344.415 390.7933.50051 856.300346.082 870.9CaCl2
29G5-024C22015/7/52016/7/182 061.85.514 306.716 416.8622.30052 720.500320.484 386.7CaCl2
30G5-0262013/8/172019/11/56 016.05.92 171.626 032.6893.854.8051 792.500364.881 255.2CaCl2
31G6-0182016/6/282018/8/17408.66.38 754.227 517.3596.10063 695.12.10367.2100 930CaCl2
32G6-0192012/6/72023/11/44 390.15.817 165.312 424.8602.911.1050 071.700211.180 475.8CaCl2
33G7-016C22015/7/182017/4/8789.95.26 503.521 034.0611.20047 856.800486.976 192.4CaCl2
34G7-016C32014/5/12022/12/5314.85.55 660.09 442.9301.433.5026 135.500295.241 835.0CaCl2
35G7-016C42015/5/132022/5/133 020.45.711 258.923 358.6602.90060 111.700551.995 884.0CaCl2
36G7-018a2017/7/92020/8/104 264.05.616 810.519 156.0595.811.2061 426.200186.098 174.5CaCl2
37G7-021C42015/11/212023/7/2210 199.66.011 737.518 328.51 507.233.2057 099.300149.088 821.5CaCl2
38G7-0232012/8/122020/5/712 988.16.016 665.616 215.6596.10055 911.900341.089 730.2CaCl2
39G7-024C12015/7/232020/4/184 212.96.111 823.219 647.2595.8104.0054 382.100574.887 023.1CaCl2
40G8-0212013/10/232018/12/74 717.36.216 530.216 354.4901.80056 799.400411.690 997.5CaCl2
41G9-020C32014/8/22020/4/233 854.56.115 263.413 453.3941.5017.349 699.500637.379 995.0CaCl2
42G9-0222012/11/232016/9/128 702.05.813 178.316 416.81 555.85.7053 584.800525.485 261.1CaCl2
43G9-0242014/11/142016/5/16733.35.913 372.211 066.1915.339.3042 635.700378.368 367.6CaCl2
44G9-0272014/5/252017/8/247 009.06.210 783.57 761.5313.80031 062.24.30350.550 271.6CaCl2
45L362013/4/32016/6/86 263.25.213 575.817 955.8933.55.7055 313.300166.687 945CaCl2
46S24-862019/6/172023/9/540 733.56.418 922.910 436.81 205.811.1050 950.200335.281 850.9CaCl2
47S2922013/8/192017/6/1625 989.85.719 610.712 575.1915.311.2054 817.600555.388 474.0CaCl2
48S3452011/10/52018/9/11256 994.56.217 259.013 276.51 519.427.9054 310.300357.686 722.7CaCl2
49S35-802012/6/192015/9/156711.65.911 045.115 593.1915.311.2046 986.500499.875 039.7CaCl2
50S3812011/7/162013/7/11493.56.514 404.019 266.5922.622.6058 843.500223.393 659.8CaCl2
), ArticleFig(id=1307264025654489990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307264007740617466, language=CN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号井号测试求产日期地层水取样pH阳离子含量(mg/L)阴离子(mg/L)总矿化度/(mg/L)水型
取样日期累计产液量/m3Na++ K+Ca2+Mg2+Fe2+Fe3+Cl-SO42-CO32-HCO3-
23G5-0192013/10/82020/4/73 134.25.526 468.85 894.2595.832.9052 774.600320.686 054.0CaCl2
24G5-020C32015/8/142023/1/75 929.45.013 230.518 388.7904.3134.011.255 342.400372.288 238.1CaCl2
25G5-020C42015/8/22020/9/101 318.45.523 667.18 841.3595.833.5053 639.800371.987 115.9CaCl2
26G5-0212016/9/162022/4/82 720.25.612 386.113 915.8602.90045 301.600282.372 488.7CaCl2
27G5-021C12020/11/132023/12/5441.06.012 598.518 907.7619.934.2054 464.017.50360.186 950.2CaCl2
28G5-0232015/8/162019/4/1544 455.35.714 344.415 390.7933.50051 856.300346.082 870.9CaCl2
29G5-024C22015/7/52016/7/182 061.85.514 306.716 416.8622.30052 720.500320.484 386.7CaCl2
30G5-0262013/8/172019/11/56 016.05.92 171.626 032.6893.854.8051 792.500364.881 255.2CaCl2
31G6-0182016/6/282018/8/17408.66.38 754.227 517.3596.10063 695.12.10367.2100 930CaCl2
32G6-0192012/6/72023/11/44 390.15.817 165.312 424.8602.911.1050 071.700211.180 475.8CaCl2
33G7-016C22015/7/182017/4/8789.95.26 503.521 034.0611.20047 856.800486.976 192.4CaCl2
34G7-016C32014/5/12022/12/5314.85.55 660.09 442.9301.433.5026 135.500295.241 835.0CaCl2
35G7-016C42015/5/132022/5/133 020.45.711 258.923 358.6602.90060 111.700551.995 884.0CaCl2
36G7-018a2017/7/92020/8/104 264.05.616 810.519 156.0595.811.2061 426.200186.098 174.5CaCl2
37G7-021C42015/11/212023/7/2210 199.66.011 737.518 328.51 507.233.2057 099.300149.088 821.5CaCl2
38G7-0232012/8/122020/5/712 988.16.016 665.616 215.6596.10055 911.900341.089 730.2CaCl2
39G7-024C12015/7/232020/4/184 212.96.111 823.219 647.2595.8104.0054 382.100574.887 023.1CaCl2
40G8-0212013/10/232018/12/74 717.36.216 530.216 354.4901.80056 799.400411.690 997.5CaCl2
41G9-020C32014/8/22020/4/233 854.56.115 263.413 453.3941.5017.349 699.500637.379 995.0CaCl2
42G9-0222012/11/232016/9/128 702.05.813 178.316 416.81 555.85.7053 584.800525.485 261.1CaCl2
43G9-0242014/11/142016/5/16733.35.913 372.211 066.1915.339.3042 635.700378.368 367.6CaCl2
44G9-0272014/5/252017/8/247 009.06.210 783.57 761.5313.80031 062.24.30350.550 271.6CaCl2
45L362013/4/32016/6/86 263.25.213 575.817 955.8933.55.7055 313.300166.687 945CaCl2
46S24-862019/6/172023/9/540 733.56.418 922.910 436.81 205.811.1050 950.200335.281 850.9CaCl2
47S2922013/8/192017/6/1625 989.85.719 610.712 575.1915.311.2054 817.600555.388 474.0CaCl2
48S3452011/10/52018/9/11256 994.56.217 259.013 276.51 519.427.9054 310.300357.686 722.7CaCl2
49S35-802012/6/192015/9/156711.65.911 045.115 593.1915.311.2046 986.500499.875 039.7CaCl2
50S3812011/7/162013/7/11493.56.514 404.019 266.5922.622.6058 843.500223.393 659.8CaCl2
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岩溶储层地层水地球化学特征及气水分布规律
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孙振 1 , 张正红 2 , 郭智 1, 3 , 田国庆 1 , 张云峰 2 , 彭军 2 , 万慈昡 1 , 赵明睿 1
沉积学报 | 2026,44(3): 1096-1116
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沉积学报 | 2026 , 44 (3) : 1096 -1116
岩溶储层地层水地球化学特征及气水分布规律
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孙振1 , 张正红2 , 郭智1, 3, 田国庆1, 张云峰2, 彭军2, 万慈昡1, 赵明睿1
作者信息
  • 1.中国石油长庆油田分公司第六采气厂,陕西 延安 716000
  • 2.西南石油大学地球科学与技术学院,成都 610599
  • 3.中国石油勘探开发研究院,北京 100083
通讯作者:
张正红,男,正高级工程师,E-mail:
作者简介:

孙振,男,1982年出生,博士研究生,高级工程师,油气田开发,E-mail:

Geochemical Characteristics of Formation Water and Gas-Water Distribution in a Karst Reservoir: Ma55 submember of the Majiagou Formation, southern area of Sulige gas field
Zhen SUN1 , ZhengHong ZHANG2 , Zhi GUO1, 3, GuoQing TIAN1, YunFeng ZHANG2, Jun PENG2, CiXuan WAN1, MingRui ZHAO1
Affiliations
  • 1.Sixth Gas Production Plant, PetroChina Changqing Oilfield Company, Yan'an Shaanxi 716000, China
  • 2.School of Geoscience and Technology, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610599, China
  • 3.PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, Beijing 100083, China
出版时间: 2026-06-10 doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2024.114
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目的 苏里格气田南区奥陶系马家沟组马五5亚段主要为岩溶储层,探明储量超千亿方,开发生产过程中地层出水严重,气水关系复杂,气水分布规律及主控因素不明确,很大程度上制约了该区的天然气产能释放。 方法 在地层水地球化学分析的基础上,利用氯钠系数、脱硫系数、镁钙系数、钠钙系数和变质系数等化学参数对地层水的形成环境进行分析,进而通过单井出水层位识别、连井气藏剖面对比以及不同地层水类型平面展布特征刻画研究了气水分布规律;最后结合烃源岩、岩溶储层非均质性和构造等方面探讨了气水分布的主控因素。 结果 苏里格气田南部马五5亚段地层水总矿化度分布较为集中,平均值为83 598.7 mg/L,pH值显示弱酸性,水型均表现为CaCl2型。地层水整体表现为低氯钠系数、低脱硫系数、低镁钙系数、低钠钙系数和高变质系数的特征,表明地层封闭性较好,有利于气藏保存,并且各参数平面特征相似,受岩溶储层控制。根据成因差异、空间分布和储层特征将地层水分为I型构造低部位水、Ⅱ型孤立透镜状水和Ⅲ型低渗带滞留水,I型主要在岩溶区发育,受岩溶残丘单元控制,具有统一气水界面,是高效井主要分布区;Ⅱ型在平面零星分布,受岩溶洼地和沟槽平面分布影响,储层物性一般,是潜在有利区;Ⅲ型储层物性较差。 结论 地层水分布受烃源岩供烃能力、岩溶储层非均质性和同一岩溶单元局部构造等三个因素共同控制。烃源岩供烃能力不足是地层水水体发育的根本原因,岩溶储层非均质性决定了气水分布模式,局部构造导致气水分异,同一岩溶单元具有统一气水界面。

地层水  /  气水分布规律  /  岩溶储层  /  马家沟组  /  苏里格气田  /  鄂尔多斯盆地

Objective The 5th member of the Ordovician Majiagou Formation in the southern Sulige gas field primarily consists of karst reservoirs, with proven reserves exceeding 100 billion cubic meters. However, during development, severe water production and complex gas-water relationships have been observed, and the distribution patterns and controlling factors of gas and water remain unclear, significantly constraining the release of the gas production potential of the region. Methods Based on formation water geochemical analysis, various chemical parameters (i.e., Na+/Cl-, desulfurization, Mg2+/Ca2+, Na+/Ca2+ and Na+ + Cl-/Mg2+ coefficients) were analyzed to determine the formation environment of the water. The distribution patterns of gas and water were then studied by identifying the water-bearing intervals in individual wells, and by cross-well gas reservoir profile comparisons and the planar distribution of different formation water types. Finally, the controlling factors of gas-water distribution were explored in relation to the hydrocarbon source rock, karst reservoir heterogeneity and structural features. Results The total salinity of formation water (total dissolved solids) in the 5th member of the southern Sulige gas field is relatively concentrated (mean 83 598.7 mg/L), with slightly acidic pH. The water type is predominantly CaCl2, and exhibits low chloride-sodium coefficients, low desulfurization coefficients, low magnesium-calcium coefficients, low sodium-calcium coefficients and high metamorphism coefficients, all indicating good formation sealing favorable for gas reservoir preservation. These parameters show similar characteristics over the area, controlled by the karst reservoirs. The formation water is classified into three types, based on genetic differences, spatial distribution and reservoir properties: Type I (structural low-position water), Type II (isolated lenticular water) and Type III (low-permeability trapped water). Type I is mainly developed in karst areas, controlled by karst residual hill units, with a unified gas-water interface, and is the primary region for high-efficiency wells. Type II is sporadically distributed and influenced by the planar distribution of karst depressions and troughs, with moderate reservoir properties, representing a potentially favorable exploitation zone. Type III indicates poor reservoir properties. Conclusions The distribution of formation water is controlled by three factors: hydrocarbon source rock, karst reservoir heterogeneity and local structures within individual karst units. Insufficient hydrocarbon supply from the source rock is the fundamental reason for the development of formation water. The heterogeneity of the karst reservoir dictates the gas-water distribution pattern, and local structures have resulted in gas-water differentiation, with a unified gas-water interface within the same karst unit.

formation water  /  gas-water distribution law  /  karst reservoir  /  Majiagou Formation  /  Sulige gas field  /  Ordos Basin
孙振, 张正红, 郭智, 田国庆, 张云峰, 彭军, 万慈昡, 赵明睿. 岩溶储层地层水地球化学特征及气水分布规律. 沉积学报, 2026 , 44 (3) : 1096 -1116 . DOI: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2024.114
Zhen SUN, ZhengHong ZHANG, Zhi GUO, GuoQing TIAN, YunFeng ZHANG, Jun PENG, CiXuan WAN, MingRui ZHAO. Geochemical Characteristics of Formation Water and Gas-Water Distribution in a Karst Reservoir: Ma55 submember of the Majiagou Formation, southern area of Sulige gas field[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2026 , 44 (3) : 1096 -1116 . DOI: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2024.114
地层水(也称为油田水),在地层中与石油和天然气伴生,是一种主要的地质流体,并且在油气运移、富集和保存中发挥了非常重要的作用(王运所等,2010杨仁超等,2022)。地层水来源于大气淡水、海水和内生的水,以及上述物质在沉积盆地中的混合物。地层水运移是一种广泛的地球动力学过程,可以促进油气在垂直和水平方向上在最近圈闭中的形成和积累。地层的水化学成分能够直接或间接地反映沉积环境和油气的生烃环境特征。物理反应控制地层水的组成,包括蒸发浓缩作用、盐矿物的溶解和沉积物的过滤等过程。此外,水岩作用等化学反应也是影响地层水组成的重要过程,其中包括方解石白云化和石英变质作用等。这些化学反应通常发生在封闭的高温高压环境中,导致地层水成分在不同的地质时期发生显著的变化。同时,活性含水层或深层热液的存在使这种变化变得更加复杂,对流体的地球化学特性产生深远影响。
地层水的来源和演化以及与油气之间的关系一直是过去一百年以来油田地质学家非常感兴趣的课题。地层水的地球化学成分分析被广泛应用于深层盆地的成藏条件评价和地层封闭性研究。地层水化学离子范围从浅层富集SO42-到中层富集HCO3-至深层富集Cl-。以往数据表明,高浓度的地层水指示地层密封良好,油气没有逸散,并得到保存。地层水的TDS、地层水离子浓度、化学特征参数等地球化学指标不仅可以用于推断地下水岩相互作用的过程、地层水的成因演化特征,同时对油气的运聚、成藏和保存具有重要的指示意义。
苏里格气田是中国第一特大型气田,位于鄂尔多斯盆地伊陕斜坡,由于其特殊的地理格局,被认为是潜在的天然气高产区(杨华等,20062011窦伟坦等,2010胡文瑞和翟光明,2010)。苏里格南区位于鄂尔多斯盆地西南部,研究区马五5亚段白云岩岩溶储层气藏含气面积大,探明储量超千亿方(白晓亮等,2018戴金星等,2019张军涛等,2021)。随着后期开发,气藏整体普遍产水,气水关系复杂,严重影响气井产能和效益开发,亟需系统开展马五5亚段地层水特征和气水分布规律研究(Yu et al.,2016郑小鹏等,2018杨引弟等,2019张凯笑等,2025)。虽然前人对已有地层水化学特征、分布及控制因素进行了研究,但是缺乏系统整体的认识,并未结合储层静态资料和开发生产动态资料综合研究,导致地层水对油气成藏的影响及有利区指示尚不清楚。为此,本文对鄂尔多斯盆地苏里格南区马五5亚段岩溶储层地层水的地球化学组成进行了系统分析,结合岩溶储层特征和生产动态资料对不同地层水类型分布规律进行了研究,探讨了气水分布控制因素,指出了开发有利区,以期为岩溶储层勘探开发提供借鉴。
鄂尔多斯盆地位于中国中部,在吕梁山脉西部,贺兰山脉的东部。根据地质历史时期构造演化结果,鄂尔多斯盆地被划分为6个主要的构造单元(赵振宇等,2012杨仁超等,2022)。伊陕斜坡为西倾缓坡,面积约4×104 km2,斜坡及邻近的天环坳陷地区被认为是盆地的大型天然气储层,储量超万亿吨(杨华等,2006窦伟坦等,2010胡文瑞和翟光明,2010)。受加里东运动的影响,鄂尔多斯盆地整体隆升,经历了1.5亿年的风化侵蚀,造成了晚奥陶世至早石炭世的地层损失,直到晚石炭世才沉积了新的地层。鄂尔多斯盆地下古生界马家沟组自下而上可划分为马一段—马六段6个层段,其中,马五段为典型的岩溶碳酸盐岩储层(何江等,2013张添锦和王云,2017曹红霞等,2020张军涛等,2021Peng et al.,2023),根据岩性、沉积和储层特征把马五段自下而上进一步划分马五1—马五10共10个亚段,根据测井曲线和岩溶特征把马五5亚段进一步细分马五52和马五51共2个小层(张凯笑等,2025)(图1)。
由于研究区马家沟组碳酸盐岩储层几乎均进行过酸化或酸压施工作业,地层水化学数据可能存在不可信的问题。在开展地层水地球化学特征研究之前,若不对地层水数据的可信度进行评估,其研究结果将缺乏价值和意义。本文选用的50个地层水分析数据均采集于测试求产日期之后365天,采样累计产液量大于314 m3,且返排率达到300%(表1),表明所选数据具有较高的可信度。
在气藏中,地层水的离子成分像油气一样,经历了复杂而漫长的演化过程,地层水类型和地球化学特征受到油气运移、聚集和保存影响而发生变化。在地层水中,相较其他离子如K+、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+、SO42-和HCO3-,Cl-的含量最高的。地层水Cl-的含量介于26 135.5~78 986.7 mg/L,平均值为52 086.4 mg/L,占总离子含量的63%。在主要阳离子中,Ca2+离子含量最高,介于5 894.2~27 517.3 mg/L,平均值为16 821.1 mg/L,占总离子含量的23%,其次是Na++K+离子,介于2 094.4~26 468.8 mg/L,平均值为13 380.6 mg/L,占总离子含量13%,Mg2+离子含量较低,介于297.9~2 085.4 mg/L,平均值为811.5 mg/L,Fe2+和Fe3+离子最低,HCO3-、SO42-含量极低,表明地层水处于封闭还原环境(Worden et al.,2006窦伟坦等,2010王运所等,2010代金友等,2012梁积伟等,2013方建龙等,2015郑小鹏等,2018杨引弟等,2019杨仁超等,2022Yang et al.,2022张凯笑等,2025)(表1图2)。
值得注意的是,Ca2+离子浓度相比正常地层水要高,这主要归因于岩溶作用导致岩层中富含方解石的矿物溶解。然而Mg2+离子浓度相对较低,表明发生了强烈的水岩反应,尤其是白云化作用(Xie et al.,2003)。Cl-含量占比最高,说明Cl-来源与海洋环境中NaCl有关。地层水表现为完全孤立的地层水化学类型(以CaCl2为主),表明其属于原始沉积水,并经历了强烈的变质作用(Yang et al.,2022张继伟等,2023)。
地层水的pH值是衡量其酸碱性的重要指标,受到地下水的来源、流动路径、地质构造及土壤成分等多种因素的影响。不同的水型(如CaCl2水型、MgCl2水型、NaHCO3水型以及Na2SO4水型)具有不同的酸碱性特征。研究区马五5亚段地层水pH值介于5.0~7.0,平均值为5.9,表现出弱酸性特征(王运所等,2010代金友等,2012梁积伟等,2013方建龙等,2015郑小鹏等,2018杨引弟等,2019杨仁超等,2022张凯笑等,2025)。主要是油气生成过程产生的酸性流体(如普遍存在H2S气体)所致,导致地层水pH值偏低,这一现象在鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系岩溶储层中普遍存在。酸性流体的存在不仅降低了地层水的pH,还对白云岩岩溶储层的改造起到了重要作用,有助于改善储层的孔隙度和渗透性。
地层水矿化度代表地层水中含有各种矿物元素含量的总和,是地层水重要的理化指标之一。地层水矿化度对研究地层水的性质、成因以及气水分布规律具有重要意义(Bolaji et al.,2021)。地层水矿化度的大小主要与原始沉积环境、成岩过程中的浓缩变质、构造作用引起的地表水侵入等因素紧密相关。前人研究表明,苏里格南区马五段地层水矿化度介于86 620~206 720 mg/L,平均地层水矿化度大于100 000 mg/L,数据变化很大(王运所等,2010郑小鹏等,2018杨仁超等,2022张凯笑等,2025),这种波动可能与测试过程中地层水样品混入酸液流体有关,导致矿化度结果可信度较低。在本研究中,通过对地层水样可信度的判识,统计分析了50口井马五5亚段历年来不同时间段地层水样品,得出地层水矿化度介于41 835.0~125 730.7 mg/L。研究发现,岩溶储层地层水矿化度较为集中,主要介于80 000~90 000 mg/L,占总样品数的50%(图3),平均值为83 598.7 mg/L,表明研究区内水岩作用强,地层水具有较大的水动力和较强流通性,这种特性与岩溶储层的储层均质性密切相关(徐国盛等,2000郑小鹏等,2018杨引弟等,2019Yu et al.,2019曹红霞等,2020杨仁超等,2022)。
根据地球化学家苏林通过氯钠比等特征系数提出的地下水类型分类标准,认为马五5亚段地层水的水型为CaCl2型,未见Na2SO4与MgCl2型地层水。这表明储层具有较好的封闭性,为烃类的聚集与赋存创造了有利条件(徐国盛等,2000Bolaji et al.,2021杨仁超等,2022)。
除了上文中提到的离子浓度、pH和地层水矿化度等常规地球化学参数外,地层水中的离子比参数也被广泛用于反映地层水的环境特征。这些离子比参数主要包括钠氯系数、脱硫系数、镁钙系数、钠钙系数和变质系数,这些比值不仅有助于解释水环境的形成机制,还能够为油气的运移与保存提供指示信息,特别是在识别封闭性储层及油气藏的形成过程中具有重要意义(徐国盛等,2000Yu et al.,2019)。
钠氯系数(rNa+/rCl-),又称水化学特征系数,是反映地层水的浓缩变质作用及其储层水文地球化学环境的重要指标。通常,钠氯系数的大小可以指示地层水的封闭性及其对油气保存的影响。当地层水的钠氯系数较小时,表明地层水浓缩程度较高,变质作用较强,同时储层的封闭性也更好,这对于油气的保存十分有利。相反,当钠氯系数较大时,可能意味着地层水受到了一定程度的外来淡水影响,如淡水的渗入。这种情况可能会削弱储层的封闭性,对油气的保存条件产生不利影响(杨仁超等,2022)。对于油田地层水而言,在封闭状态下,钠氯系数一般小于0.75。这一指标为评价储层封闭性和油气保存条件提供了重要参考依据。
研究区马五5亚段地层水钠氯系数主要介于0.04~0.50,平均值为0.26(表2),反映了研究区沉积水体环境较为稳定,有利于天然气保存。从钠氯系数平面分布图(图4)中可以看出,马家沟组马五5亚段地层水rNa+/rCl-值呈现西高东低的分布特征,靠近岩溶剥蚀区钠氯系数相对较高,并呈北西—南东向的团状分布,这一现象与岩溶剥蚀地貌较为吻合,表明在岩溶时期可能受到大气淡水的渗入影响。这种影响可能导致局部地区的地层水封闭性下降,但整体来看,研究区水文地质条件仍较有利于天然气的保存。
地层水脱硫系数是一个关键指标,用于指示地下水氧化还原程度以及油气藏的保存条件。在地质环境中,地层水中的硫酸盐可以通过脱硫细菌与烃类发生氧化脱氢反应,生成重质组分、胶质和CO₂气体。这个过程中,硫酸盐(SO42-)被还原,其含量显著减少。通常情况下,当脱硫系数小于1时,地层封闭性最好,地层水还原程度彻底;当脱硫系数介于1~3,地层水还原程度不彻底,但地层仍具有较好的封闭性;当脱硫系数大于3时,地层封闭性较差,还原作用较弱(徐国盛等,2000)。
研究区马五5亚段地层水SO42-含量极低(表1),几乎难以检测,脱硫系数均远小于1,表明研究区马五5亚段地层水还原作用较为彻底,地层封闭性良好,为天然气的保存提供了有利条件。
地层水镁钙系数是指地层水中镁离子(Mg2+)与钙离子(Ca2+)的离子当量比或毫克当量比值,与次生孔隙的形成与发育、地层水的封闭程度和油气的聚集与保存密切相关。通常情况下,当地层水镁钙系数值偏低时,说明其周围围岩的次生孔隙发育较好。这是因为白云岩化作用越强、持续时间越长,地层水中的镁离子含量会减少,从而导致镁钙系数降低。在这种条件下,地层水的封闭性较好,有利于油气的聚集与保存(代金友等,2012杨仁超等,2022)。
研究区马五5亚段地层水镁钙系数主要介于0.01~0.12,平均值为0.05(表2),表明该区域马五5亚段地层水还原较为彻底,天然气保存条件较好。从镁钙系数平面分布图(图5)可以看出,马五5亚段地层
水rMg2+/rCa2+值整体呈现与钠氯系数相似的分布特征,普遍小于0.10。在0.05~0.10范围内,镁钙系数呈现西高东低的趋势,且越靠近岩溶剥蚀区,镁钙系数越高。高值区主要分布在S345井、S24-86井和G3-23a井附近,其中镁钙系数大于0.10。
地层水钠钙系数(rNa+/rCa2+)是反映地层水变质程度、地层封闭性及储层的水化学环境的重要参数。其值分布范围受地层类型、埋藏深度、地质历史以及水化学过程等多种因素的影响。在地表水(如河流、淡水湖泊或大气降水)中,钠钙系数通常小于1,主要是由于这类环境中钠离子和钾离子含量相对较低。而在浅层地下水的钠钙系数多介于1~4。然而,深层地下水及油(气)田地层水的钠钙系数则可能大于5,甚至更高。
一般而言,地层水封闭性越好,浓缩变质作用越深,钠钙系数往往越小。这种特征有助于油气的聚集与保存(窦伟坦等,2010王运所等,2010代金友等,2012杨仁超等,2022Yang et al.,2022)。研究区马五5亚段地层水钠钙系数较低,主要介于0.08~4.49,平均值为0.98(表2)。这一结果表明研究区地层水封闭性较好,浓缩变质的程度较深,有利于油气成藏。从钠钙系数平面分布图(图6)可以看出,马家沟组马五5亚段地层水rNa+/rCa2+整体小于1.5,与钠氯系数和镁钙系数呈现相似的分布特征,高值区集中在S24-86井、G4-020C4和G5-020C4井附近,钠钙系数在这些区域大于1.5。
地层水变质系数(rNa++rCl-/rMg2+)是一项用于定量表征岩石的变质作用程度及阳离子反应强弱的重要参数。变质系数的大小通常与地层的封闭性及油气的聚集和保存条件密切相关。变质系数越大,通常表明地层的封闭或保存条件越好,有利于油气的聚集及保存。如果变质系数呈现为负值,通常反映地层可能受到淋滤作用影响,封闭性较差。此外,变质系数还可以反映地层水的变质浓缩程度、水岩作用的强度以及离子交替置换的深度和程度(代金友等,2012郑小鹏等,2018杨引弟等,2019杨仁超等,2022Yang et al.,2022)。在含油气沉积盆地中,不同的变质系数值域往往对应不同的油气聚集成藏和保存条件,因此在油气远景评价中具有重要的指导意义。统计国内外大量研究资料表明,与油气藏伴生的地层水变质系数通常大于1,研究区马五5亚段变质系数介于24~98,平均值为55(表2)。其平面分布规律与钠氯系数、镁钙系数和钠钙系数等参数分布特征相似,高值区主要集中在岩溶剥蚀发育区域以及北部的G7-016C3井—G7-016C2井—G7-016C4井区域(图7),表明岩溶作用显著增强了水岩作用的强度,气藏封闭性好。
综合分析地层水的化学特征参数可知,苏南地区马五5亚段地层水具有低氯钠系数、低脱硫系数、低镁钙系数、低钠钙系数和高变质系数的显著特征。这些特征共同指示研究区马五5亚段地层封闭性较好,为气藏的保存提供了有利条件(表2)。此外,各项化学参数平面展布特征与岩溶地貌的分布规律相似,表明相同岩溶地貌单元具有良好的连通性,从而使地层水表现出相似的化学特征。这种连通性不仅反映了水—岩作用的均一性,还进一步支持了气藏保存条件的可靠性。
根据地层水成因差异、空间分布和储层特征,可以将地层水分为I型构造低部位水、Ⅱ型孤立透镜状水和Ⅲ型低渗带滞留水(杨仁超等,2022)。
构造低部位水是一种常见的地层水类型。苏里格气田整体具有“广覆式”生烃的特点,研究区位于生烃中心的边缘区域,生烃强度较弱,油气充注不足(Yu et al.,2016Li et al.,2017)。由于气水驱替作用不彻底,加之重力作用,地层水向构造低洼处聚集,使得岩溶储层在构造低部位保留了残余地层水。研究区内岩溶储层孔隙、洞穴和裂缝发育,纵横向连通性较好。这类储层的地层水通常表现出相似的地层水化学参数特征,并具有统一的气水界面。在测井解释中,这类水体常被识别为气水层或含气水层,主要位于马五5亚段中、下部(杨引弟等,2019)。在平面分布上,构造低部位水主要发育于岩溶作用强且连通性较好的白云岩储层中。其生产特征表现为“大气大水”,即产气量和产水量均较高。这种特点与岩溶储层的储集空间特征密切相关,表明构造低部位水对气藏的形成和保存有显著影响(图8)。
孤立透镜状水是一种特殊的地下水体形态,其形成与岩溶作用密切相关。在地质历史时期,马家沟组马五5亚段岩溶作用强烈,导致储层横向非均质性显著。一些透水性较好的岩溶储层在特定的地质环境下被周围的不透水或弱透水岩层所包围,形成了孤立的透镜状含水体。由于研究区内天然气充注强度较弱,原始地层水无法完全被驱替,部分地层水滞留于岩溶储层中,这类孤立水体往往横向连通性差,分布呈孤立状,在平面上不连续。这种特性使得在测井解释中经常表现为气层与水层颠倒的现象(图9)。孤立透镜状水的生产特征主要表现为“大气小水”或“小气小水”,即产气量较高但产水量有限,或气水产量均较低。这种特点反映了储层的岩溶规模有限及水体分布的孤立性,对储层开发及气藏评估具有重要意义(窦伟坦等,2010郑小鹏等,2018)。
低渗带滞留水则主要受储层物性条件控制,通常位于物性较差、非均质性较强以及原始含水饱和度较高的区域。这类滞留水的形成与储层渗透性和气水驱替效率密切相关。在渗透率较高的储层中,地层水容易发生渗流,在气驱水过程中,天然气会优先占据渗流通道中孔隙和渗透性条件较好的储层,而将水体逐步运移到渗流通道尽头的低渗储层。这种过程导致原始物性较差的地层的渗流阻力增大,天然气充注困难,气水驱替效率低,最终形成滞留水,特别是在原始含水饱和度较高的储层中,这种现象更加明显(窦伟坦等,2010郑小鹏等,2018)。低渗带滞留水在测试期间通常不产水,但在生产一段时间之后,由于井筒周围地层压力逐渐降低,邻近区块富含水区受到压力梯度驱动,克服毛细管力逐渐流向井筒。这种情况下,水的产量通常较小,但其持续时间较长。低渗带滞留水的存在对储层开发具有重要影响。其低渗透性导致气水驱替效率降低,会影响气藏的有效动用程度和储量评价。这类滞留水的特性需要在开发过程中特别关注,以优化开采方案,提高气藏的开发效果。
研究区马家沟组马五段气水关系复杂,表现为气层与气水层纵向叠置,气水分异不明显且不受构造控制的特点。单井在测试期间表现为高产气流且无水,但生产一段时间出水严重,累计产水量较高。这种现象主要由岩溶储层的强非均质性引起(郑小鹏等,2018张凯笑等,2025)。以G7-023井为例,该井的马五5亚段气水关系复杂性尤为突出。测井解释显示,井段4 196.13~4 197.75 m和4 190.7~4 194.13 m解释为气层(图9),在气层之上井段4 188.7~4 190.7 m和4 180~4 186.6 m解释为含气水层和气水同层,然而在4 176.1~4 177.6 m解释为位于气水层之上的气层。上述气水关系特征表明气水分异不受构造控制,主要是岩溶储层纵向非均质性所致。含气水层和气水同层测井解释结果显示,平均孔隙度为3.2%,平均渗透率小于1×10-3 μm2,物性较差,原始地层水难以排出,滞留在岩溶储层中,形成透镜状水体。相比之下,气水层上覆的气层(4 176.1~4 177.6 m)物性好,平均孔隙度为8.7%,平均渗透率为21×10-3 μm2,地层水已完全排出储层之外,因此不含水。G7-023井对气水同层之上气层进行测试,日产气21.9×104 m3,无阻流量110×104 m3/d,无水。但是该井于2012年11月25日投产,生产初期平均日产水11 m3,截至2024年2月3日,累计产水量达14 630 m3图10),平均水气比为0.25 m3/104 m3。该井测试期间不产水,而生产期间产水,主要原因是:(1)生烃强度不够导致岩溶储层中部分原始地层水未被气体驱替,滞留于储层中;(2)岩溶储层强非均质性。测试阶段井筒周边区域无水,测试期间表现为无水;(3)地层压力变化驱动。当原始地层被钻开生产一段时间后,井筒周围地层压力逐渐降低,在压力差驱动下,较远岩溶储层中的富含水区域与井筒逐步连通,地层水涌向井底,打破原始的气水动态平衡。最终,生产阶段表现为气水同出,并保持较为稳定的气水关系。
为了进一步探索岩溶储层气水横向分布规律,在研究地层水钠氯系数、镁钙系数、钠钙系数以及变质系数平面分布特征(图4~7)的基础上,对G4-025井、G4-025A井、G5-024C3井、G5-024C2井、S292井和G7-024C1井等6口井进行解剖分析(图11)。分析结果显示,这6口井具有相似的岩性、地层水化学特征和H2S含量(表3)。此外,G4-025井、G4-025A井、S292井和G7-024C1井等生产动态特征也表现出高度一致性(图12),均表现为生产初期高产气和大水特征。随着生产压差的降低,在相同时间段内,这4口井的日产天然气和日产水产量均呈下降趋势。综合生产动态和静态资料可知,这6口井在横向上具有良好的连通性,构成了一个统一的岩溶单元。
通过对G4-025井等7口井连井气藏剖面进行分析(图11表3),可以看出岩溶单元内横向连通性较强,规模较大,并且具有统一的气水界面,气水界面位于-2 434 m。岩溶单元内气水分异明显,构造高部位油气更为富集且产水量较少,而构造低部位水体更为发育,产水量大。例如G4-025井位于岩溶单元构造高部位,射孔段距离气水界面4.8 m,有一定的避水高度,累计产水0.7×104 m3,表现为出水量较低。G7-024C1井也位于岩溶单元构造高部位,射孔段距离气水界面12.1 m,具有较高的避水高度,表现为出水量低,累计产水0.4×104 m3。G4-025A井位于岩溶单元构造低部位,射孔井段4 416.1~4 418.0 m位于气水界面-2 434 m之下,生产特征表现为大水,累计产水7.3×104 m3。G5-024C3井和G5-024C2井射孔段位于气水界面附近,测试期间日产气量较小,日产水量较大,导致马五5亚段无法投产,直接封堵出水层上返二叠系盒8层进行测试生产。S292井位于岩溶单元构造中部,射孔段距离气水界面2.6 m,距离气水界面较近,累计产水2.7×104 m3
在前文研究的基础上,通过解剖研究区50余口单井气水关系,编制了苏南地区马家沟组马五5亚段气水平面分布图(图13)。此外,为进一步分析岩溶储层物性与气水分布之间的关系,结合储层物性数据,编制了储层厚度、孔隙度和渗透率叠合不同地层水分布类型平面图(图14)。
I型构造低部位水主要在岩溶区发育,平面分布受岩溶残丘单元控制,不受区域构造控制,集中分布于研究区东部剥蚀线附近。岩溶单元内常发育溶蚀孔、洞和缝,储层物性好(曹红霞等,2020张军涛等,2021马宁等,2022),具有较大的纵横向连通规模和统一的气水界面(如G4-025单元统一气水界面-2 434 m)。该类水体的储层厚度普遍大于5 m,局部较厚(如S345井达12.9 m,图14a)。孔隙度普遍大于4%,局部超过6%(图14b)。渗透率普遍大于0.1×10-3 μm2,局部更高(如G9-027井马五5亚段平均渗透率4.9×10-3 μm2图14c)。岩溶单元内构造低部位水体能量足,气水共生产,产气量大且产水量高,常为高产高效井区(张添锦和王云,2017)。例如,苏南地区下古马家沟组“王牌井”S345井测试产气无阻流量达225.4×104 m3,生产期间累计产气2.35×108 m3,累计产水26.33×104 m3。G4-025A井测试产气无阻流量达158.1×104 m3,累计产气0.84×108 m3,累计产水7.3×104 m3。S24-86井累计产气1.44×108 m3,累计产水4.5×104 m3
Ⅱ型透镜状水在平面上呈零星分布,位于I型构造低部位水之间,受岩溶洼地和沟槽平面分布的影响。由于地层水未完全排出,形成局部孤立的透镜状水体,不具有统一的气水界面。该类水体的储层物性一般,储层厚度介于5~10 m,孔隙度介于2%~6%,渗透率在(0.1~1)×10-3 μm2。由于储层规模有限,产水量较小,气藏规模不大。例如G4-020c4井累计产水3 054 m3,S381井累计产水2 357 m3
Ⅲ型低渗透滞留水发育于物性较差、原始含水饱和度较高的区域。这类区域的储层厚度小于5 m,孔隙度小于4%,渗透率小于0.1×10-3 μm2。目前,根据测井解释、测试结果和生产特征综合分析,G5-021井区、G6-019井区、G3-018井区和G7-016C2井区为典型的低渗透滞留水分布区域。生产特征表现为“小气小水”,初期不产水,生产一段时间后产水,累计产气和产水量均较低,常为低产低效井。例如,G3-018井累计产气1 243×104 m3,累计产水1 060 m3
研究区马五5亚段的烃源岩为双源供烃,以上古煤型气为主(周进高等,2023),在早白垩世生排烃,通过奥陶系顶部风化壳储层向下运移进入马五5亚段岩溶储层(杨华等,20062011张添锦和王云,2017)。烃源岩的分布、生烃强度以及运移距离对地层水体的发育具有重要影响。
研究区位于苏里格生烃中心与吴起生烃中心的鞍部,属于生烃强度较弱的区域。距离两个生烃中心较远(图15),天然气的运移和充注强度较低,导致气水驱替不完全,原始地层水无法有效排出,从而在岩溶储层中形成较为发育的地层水体。天然气充注强度不足使得含气饱和度相对较低,而低饱和度的储层更容易保存原始地层水,形成水体发育的特征(杨引弟等,2019)。苏南地区马五5亚段累计投产69口单井中,累计产水大于1×104 m3的井数达到13口,占总井数的18.8%,表明部分区域的地层水体能量较大,生产过程中表现为气水共生产的特征。
岩溶储层非均质性控制着天然气的运聚,决定了气水分布的模式。在前人通过“印模法”“残厚法”等分析岩溶古地貌格局的基础上(于春勇,2019张凯笑等,2025),叠加不同类型地层水分布特征可以看出(图16):I型构造低部位水主要分布在岩溶高地残丘储层物性较好的区域。储层物性好,气水分异明显,为天然气优先聚集部位。Ⅱ型透镜状水体受岩溶斜坡和沟槽平面分布影响,主要分布在储层物性较一般的区域。由于储层规模有限且储层非均质性强,天然气驱替效率较低,地层水部分滞留,形成孤立的透镜状水体。Ⅲ型低渗透滞留水主要受储层物性差异控制,主要分布在岩溶储层物性较差的区域。在平面上,岩溶高地、斜坡和盆地均有发育,但由于储层渗透性较低,天然气充注时排水强度不足,地层水无法完全排出,形成残留地层水。
研究区构造总体呈现西南低,东南高的宽缓单斜特征,从宏观上看,构造对气水分布控制作用不明显。这体现在构造高部位和构造低部位均发育气水同出和出水特征,表明气水分布基本不受区域构造控制(图17),原因有三:(1)构造宽缓导致浮力不足。区域构造宽缓,平均坡降为2~5 m/km,地层倾角小于1°,马五5亚段单个气柱高度平均为10~15 m,由此所产生的浮力明显小于该地区排驱压力(大于1.2 MPa)(窦伟坦等,2010王运所等,2010),天然气的浮力很难克服毛细管阻力,难以驱替地层水,导致气水分异不明显,在区域上不具备统一的气水界面。(2)储层非均质性显著。受到岩溶洼地和沟槽的影响,研究区岩溶洼地和沟槽致密层较为发育,在储层物性较差的分割下,气水关系变得较为复杂,气水分布表现为局部性。(3)岩溶单元内部结构特性。岩溶单元内,由于储层孔、洞和缝发育,纵横向连通规模较大(白晓亮等,2018曹红霞等,2020张军涛等,2021马宁等,2022),形成了与区域构造背景不同的气水分布规律。岩溶储层中毛细管阻力较小,局部可达管流特性,使得天然气更易向上运移。同时,在单一的岩溶单元内,局部构造幅度相差10 m以上,高孔隙度、高渗透率储层中的毛细管阻力更低。因此,天然气向上的浮力较容易克服毛细管阻力向构造高处聚集,而地层水则持续向岩溶单元构造低处汇聚,同一岩溶单元内局部构造形成气水分异,具有统一的气水界面。
(1) 苏里格气田南部马五5亚段地层水中Cl-的含量最高,其次是Ca2+离子和K++Na+离子,地层水矿化度较为集中,平均值为83 598.7 mg/L,pH值显示弱酸性,水型均为CaCl2型。地层水化学参数整体表现为低氯钠系数、低脱硫系数、低镁钙系数、低钠钙系数和高变质系数的特征,表明地层封闭性较好,有利于气藏保存,并且各参数的平面分布特征相似,均受岩溶储层控制。
(2) 根据成因差异、空间分布和储层特征将地层水分为I型构造低部位水、Ⅱ型孤立透镜状水和Ⅲ型低渗带滞留水。I型构造低部位水主要在岩溶区发育,受岩溶残丘单元控制,沿研究区东部剥蚀线附近分布,储层物性好,具有统一气水界面,是高产高效井主要发育区;Ⅱ型透镜状水体在平面上零星分布,受岩溶洼地和沟槽平面分布影响,储层物性一般,储层规模有限,气水分布无统一气水界面,是潜在有利区;Ⅲ型低渗透滞留水分布在储层物性较差地区,气水同出,产量较低。
(3) 地层水分布受烃源岩供烃能力、岩溶储层非均质性和局部构造等三个关键因素共同控制。烃源岩供烃能力不足是地层水水体发育的根本原因,岩溶储层非均质性决定了气水分布模式,局部构造导致气水分异,同一岩溶单元具有统一气水界面。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(42272181)
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2026年第44卷第3期
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doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2024.114
  • 接收时间:2024-08-14
  • 首发时间:2026-09-17
  • 出版时间:2026-06-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-14
  • 修回日期:2024-10-29
  • 录用日期:2024-12-02
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National Natural Science Foundation of China(42272181)
国家自然科学基金项目(42272181)
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    1.中国石油长庆油田分公司第六采气厂,陕西 延安 716000
    2.西南石油大学地球科学与技术学院,成都 610599
    3.中国石油勘探开发研究院,北京 100083

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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