Article(id=1307263796569993343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, issueId=1307263778819690680, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2025.018, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1740326400000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-24, revisedDate=1751212800000, revisedDateStr=2025-06-30, acceptedDate=1756396800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-08-29, onlineDate=1789605576888, onlineDateStr=2026-09-17, pubDate=1781020800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789605576888, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789605576888, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789605576888, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1307263778819690680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, year='2026', volume='44', issue='3', pageStart='799', pageEnd='1214', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1781020800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789605572657, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789605572657, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1176, endPage=1197, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1307263796758737024, articleId=1307263796569993343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, language=EN, title=Classification and Organic Provenance of Microbialite Peloids in the Early Triassic, columnId=null, journalTitle=Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective Following the mass extinction at the end of the Permian, microbialites were widely distributed in southern China, indicating a microbial bloom in the Lower Triassic following the cataclysm. However, microbialites generally exhibit low paleo-productivity, which seems to contradict the microbial explosion. This study analyzed the microbialites at the base of the Triassic Tianwan section in the Luodian area of Guizhou province, focusing on the petrological characteristics of micritic pellets and their thermal metamorphic evolution and sources of organic matter. The study clarifies the respective influences of microbially derived and seawater-trapped organic matter on pellet formation, with the aim of providing empirical evidence for exploring carbon cycling mechanisms in post-extinction microbialite systems. Methods In situ micro-area analytical techniques (optical microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and laser Raman spectroscopy) were used to conduct a detailed analysis of various types of peloids within the microbialites from the Tianwan section. These reveal the distribution patterns and thermal metamorphic evolutionary characteristics of internal organic matter. Results Based on morphology and infill materials, the various peloids were classified into six types: type I (microbially-induced peloid, MIP); type II (recrystallized microbially-induced peloid, RMIP); type III (aggregated detrital peloid, ADP); type IV (intraskeletal peloid, ISP); type V (dolomitized peloid, DP); and type VI (aggregated microbially-induced peloid, AMIP). Raman spectroscopy-derived metamorphic roasting temperatures provide insights into the thermal history and transformation of these peloids. The organic matter in types I, II, IV and VI (MIP, RMIP, ISP and AMIP) shows thermal maturity similar to that found in primary cyanobacteria in microbialites and shell fragments, indicating a common diagenetic history and microbial origin. Of these, peloids I, II and VI exhibit low thermal maturation temperatures, with organic matter mainly derived from the photosynthetic and metabolic processes of primary cyanobacteria and other microorganisms within microbialite systems. Specifically, peloid VI formed when micritic particles wrapped around peloid I, linked to bioclastic micritization. peloid IV shows moderate thermal maturation temperatures, resulting from a mix of microbial micritization and siliceous clastic material. By contrast, peloids III and V (ADP and DP) evidenced significantly higher metamorphic temperatures, suggesting multiple thermal alteration events. Peloid III may have been formed by neomorphism; peloid V was primarily shaped by bioclastic micritization. Conclusions In summary, after the end-Permian mass extinction, microbial blooms, especially cyanobacterial photosynthesis, led to the generation of large amounts of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the oceans. Due to frequent fluctuations in seawater redox conditions and rapid temperature increases, the DOC was typically oxidized into CO2 and released into the atmosphere, with only a small fraction being preserved as particulate organic carbon (POC) and deposited on the seafloor. Raman geothermometric analysis shows that most of the organic matter in the microbialite peloids, particularly in those associated with bioclastic peloidal envelopes, originated from the metabolic activity of primary cyanobacteria, which was the original organic matter in the microbialite system. A small portion of the organic matter may have been sourced from long-stored terrestrial organic matter in seawater, which underwent multiple diagenetic thermal alterations and shows higher thermal maturation temperatures. The thermal maturation of organic matter and mineral recrystallization during diagenesis had a significant impact on the efficiency of organic matter preservation, ultimately resulting in a low total organic carbon (TOC) content in the microbialites.

, authors=DanNa LIU1, 2, ZhenSheng WEI1, 2, BoHang CHENG1, 2, YuanGeng HUANG1, 2, Qian FANG1, 2, ZhongQiang CHEN1, 2, authorsList=DanNa LIU, ZhenSheng WEI, BoHang CHENG, YuanGeng HUANG, Qian FANG, ZhongQiang CHEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=ZhongQiang CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
CHEN ZhongQiang, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1307263799229182107, articleId=1307263796569993343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, language=CN, title=三叠纪初期微生物岩泥晶球粒分类与有机质物源分析, columnId=null, journalTitle=沉积学报, columnName=, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 二叠纪末大灭绝后,微生物岩广布于浅海台地环境。该体系中微生物爆发与古生产力低下的矛盾长期以来备受关注。解剖贵州罗甸地区田湾剖面三叠系底部的微生物岩建造,关注泥晶球粒的岩石学特征及其有机质热演化和物质来源,厘清微生物成因的有机质和海水滞留有机质对球粒形成的影响,可为探究大灭绝后微生物岩体系中碳循环机制提供实证。 方法 采用光学显微镜、荧光、扫描电镜(SEM)与能谱(EDS),以及激光拉曼光谱分析等原位微区分析技术,对赋存于田湾剖面微生物岩中多种类型的泥晶球粒进行分析。 结果 泥晶球粒可分为六种类型。其中,I、II和VI型球粒的有机质成岩烘烤温度低,主要来源于微生物岩系统内部原生蓝细菌和其他微生物的光合作用和代谢产物。VI型球粒是泥晶颗粒包裹I型球粒的产物,与生物碎屑泥晶化有关,其有机质也来自微生物岩原生有机质。III和V型球粒的有机质成岩烘烤温度高,部分有机质可能来源于长期滞留在海水中的陆源有机物。其中,III型球粒形成可能与新生变形作用相关,V型则是生物碎屑泥晶化的产物。IV型球粒的有机质成岩烘烤温度中等,是微生物泥晶化和硅质碎屑混合的产物。 结论 二叠纪末大灭绝后,海洋中微生物爆发合成有机质,但只有少量成为颗粒有机碳沉降至海底并埋藏。微生物岩内部大多数泥晶球粒有机质均来源于微生物的躯体分解或代谢产物;而少量球粒的有机质来源于长期滞留在海水中的陆源有机质,它们经历多次成岩烘烤作用,具有较高的温度。成岩过程中有机质的烘烤及矿物重结晶作用对有机质的保存效率影响大,最终导致微生物岩中总有机碳含量较低。

, authors=刘丹娜1, 2, 韦振晟1, 2, 程博航1, 2, 黄元耕1, 2, 方谦1, 2, 陈中强1, 2, authorsList=刘丹娜, 韦振晟, 程博航, 黄元耕, 方谦, 陈中强, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=陈中强, authorNote=

刘丹娜,女,2002年出生,硕士研究生,生物沉积学,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
陈中强,男,教授,E-mail:
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(a) Tianwan section, mainly showing the microbialite; (b) P-Tr boundary beds at the Tianwan section; (c) thrombolites within the microbialite of the Daye Formation; (d) coral-bearing bioclastic limestone of the Wujiaping Formation

, figureFileSmall=ou2L0WtxLJDAZoIPtw/kXw==, figureFileBig=1E4nXNn30IVFL2boiDIecQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307263802500739283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307263796569993343, language=CN, label=图2, caption=田湾剖面微生物岩序列的岩性柱状图以及典型岩性类型的野外露头

(a)田湾剖面野外露头照片,主要显示微生物岩区段;(b)田湾剖面P—Tr界线处露头照片;(c)大冶组微生物岩中凝块石的野外照片;(d)吴家坪组含珊瑚的生物碎屑灰岩野外照片

, figureFileSmall=ou2L0WtxLJDAZoIPtw/kXw==, figureFileBig=1E4nXNn30IVFL2boiDIecQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307263802584625364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307263796569993343, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Meso⁃microstructures of microbialites in the Tianwan section

(a) polished surface of thrombolite; (b) polished surface of shell layers within microbialite; (c) polished surface of thrombolite with stylolite structures at microbialite base; (d⁃f) photomicrographs of thrombolite, displaying clotted textures; (g⁃i) photomicrographs of biological shell layers showing fossil fragments of ostracods, gastropods, bivalves and other organisms; white arrows indicate organic-matter-rich peloids; red arrows indicate clotted textures; yellow arrows indicate fossil fragments

, figureFileSmall=8mrGRp45vMyjsFT0oyhEsQ==, figureFileBig=DjQQCPY3tfcWVGN1mn3QyQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307263802651734229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307263796569993343, language=CN, label=图3, caption=田湾剖面微生物岩中观及微观特征

(a)凝块石抛光面;(b)微生物岩内部介壳层手标本抛光面;(c)微生物岩底部带有缝合线的凝块石;(d~f)凝块石显微照片,可见凝块结构;(g~i)生物介壳层显微照片,可见介形、腹足、双壳等生物化石碎片;白色箭头指示富含有机质球粒,红色箭头指示凝块结构,黄色箭头指示化石碎片

, figureFileSmall=8mrGRp45vMyjsFT0oyhEsQ==, figureFileBig=DjQQCPY3tfcWVGN1mn3QyQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307263802718843094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307263796569993343, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Microscopic features of microbial and metazoan fossils within microbialites at the Tianwan section

(a-e) cyanobacteria Gakhumella, located within the sparry areas of thrombolite, where the matrix consists of sparry high-Mg calcite or dolomite; (a) clustered aggregates of Gakhumella with visible cup-like lamellae; (b) individual Gakhumella without spherical top; (c) top view of Gakhumella, showing the spherical calcite top and two rows of cup-like lamellae behind it; (d) aggregated area of Gakhumella, where some fossils display a double-sphere aggregation, representing cell division; Some fossils are well-preserved, showing the top and lamellae; (e) individual Gakhumella, with visible cup-like lamellae; (f) microconchids, overall tubular in appearance, and symbiotic with ostracods commonly found in the microbial carbonate shell layer; (g) gastropod fossils in microbial carbonate shell layer

, figureFileSmall=8Vul5HNqAvsVgM8unae+uw==, figureFileBig=r4X6p7g0yFQgkp88TnqXrg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307263802781757655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307263796569993343, language=CN, label=图4, caption=田湾剖面微生物岩中微生物和后生生物化石的显微特征

(a~e)宽球藻目蓝细菌Gakhumella,位于凝块石亮晶区域内,基质为亮晶高镁方解石或白云石;(a)Gakhumella丛状聚集体,可见杯状纹层;(b)Gakhumella单体,顶部圆球不可见;(c)Gakhumella顶视图,可见球形方解石顶部与后方两列杯状纹层;(d)Gakhumella聚集区,可见部分化石呈双球型聚集,代表细胞的分裂过程,部分化石保存完好,可见顶部与纹层;(e)Gakhumella单体,可见杯状纹层;(f)微生物岩介壳层中管状微管虫,与介形虫共生;(g)微生物岩介壳层中腹足化石

, figureFileSmall=8Vul5HNqAvsVgM8unae+uw==, figureFileBig=r4X6p7g0yFQgkp88TnqXrg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307263802861449432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307263796569993343, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Photomicrographs of peloids I⁃III

(a) peloids I and II are partially retained in the same layer; some peloid II are deposited in the higher beds; (b, c) peloid I is black, mainly spherical in shape, with a particle size range 14-90 µm; It has indistinct boundaries and is distributed within calcite spar, containing abundant organic matter residues; The interior shows almost no recrystallized carbonate minerals; (d, e) peloid II is black and spherical, with a particle size range 10-130 µm; It has clear boundaries and an interior almost filled with recrystallized carbonate minerals, with a small amount of flocculent organic matter residue; (f-j) peloid III is circular or elliptical in shape; It is larger, with a particle size range 50-350 µm, with indistinct boundaries, and is mainly distributed in microbial micrite or calcite crystals; The particles are well-sorted and consist of fine-grained carbonate material

, figureFileSmall=7EcxWpHqmvO2yHRgQ3oBDw==, figureFileBig=KVrLGEZVuGm0+zfG3CN0+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307263802953724121, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307263796569993343, language=CN, label=图5, caption=I~III型球粒的光学显微镜下特征

(a)I和II型球粒,部分保留在相同层位,更高层位也有部分II型球粒沉积保存;(b,c)I型球粒,黑色球形,粒径范围为14~90 µm,边界模糊,分布于方解石亮晶中,有机质残留较多,内部几乎不可见重结晶的碳酸盐矿物;(d,e)II型球粒,黑色球形,粒径范围为10~130 µm,但边界清晰,内部几乎完全被重结晶碳酸盐矿物填充,少量絮状有机质残留;(f~j)III型球粒,棕色椭球形,粒径较大,范围为50~350 µm,边界模糊,主要分布于微生物岩中的泥晶或亮晶方解石部分,颗粒分选良好,由细颗粒碳酸盐物质构成

, figureFileSmall=7EcxWpHqmvO2yHRgQ3oBDw==, figureFileBig=KVrLGEZVuGm0+zfG3CN0+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307263803033415898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307263796569993343, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Photomicrographs of peloids IV⁃VI

(a⁃c) peloid IV has a particle size range 70-210 µm, is circular or elliptical in shape, with unclear boundaries; It is distributed within the cavities of bivalve fossils or between fossil fragments and is composed of micritic carbonate material; (d-f) peloid V is brown and angular in shape, with the largest particle size range 280-600 µm; It has clear boundaries, is often attached near fossil fragments, and some particles form larger aggregates; (g-j) peloid VI with a particle size range 70-300 µm has indistinct boundaries and is distributed around fossils within shell layers, with partial recrystallization

, figureFileSmall=r54UCiQa0AbUZDzplghJTg==, figureFileBig=KB9JWiCvLfwI45dUR59tHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307263803125690587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307263796569993343, language=CN, label=图6, caption=IV~VI型球粒的光学显微镜下特征

(a~c)IV型球粒粒径介于70~210 µm,圆形或椭圆形,边界不清晰,分布在双壳化石腔体内部或化石碎片之间,由泥晶碳酸盐物质组成;(d~f)V型球粒呈棕色棱角状,粒径最大,介于280~600 µm,边界清晰,多附着于化石碎片附近,部分颗粒形成较大的聚合体;(g~j)VI型球粒粒径介于70~300 µm,边界模糊,分布于介壳层内化石周围,局部重结晶

, figureFileSmall=r54UCiQa0AbUZDzplghJTg==, figureFileBig=KB9JWiCvLfwI45dUR59tHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307263803205382364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307263796569993343, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Comparison of particle size statistics of various peloids

The lower and upper bounds of each box represents the 25th percentile (Q1) and 75th percentile (Q3), respectively, The horizontal line inside the box indicates the median (Q2), The whiskers extend to the range of Q1-1.5×IQR (interquartile range) and Q3 + 1.5×IQR, The circle indicates the mean; Actual particle sizes are shown as scatter points to the right of each box

, figureFileSmall=B7bFzs/GJnPT6kYndewXYw==, figureFileBig=su6RKdHZtsRiJ8/q8G/2eQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307263803297657053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307263796569993343, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同类型球粒结构的粒径统计结果对比

箱体范围上下边界分别对应第25百分位数(Q1)和第75百分位数(Q3),箱内横线为中位数(Q2),上下须线延伸至Q1-1.5×IQR(四分位距)和Q3+1.5×IQR范围,圆形为均值标记;箱体右侧为球粒粒径分布散点

, figureFileSmall=B7bFzs/GJnPT6kYndewXYw==, figureFileBig=su6RKdHZtsRiJ8/q8G/2eQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307263803381543134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307263796569993343, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Fluorescence photographs of peloids V and VI in different laser irradiation

(a) photomicrograph of peloid V in plane-polarized light (PPL); (b-e) fluorescence photographs of (a) in (b) green, (c) purple, (d) ultraviolet, and (e) blue light, to produce red, green, blue and yellow-green fluorescence, respectively; (f) photomicrograph of peloid VI in PPL; (g-j) fluorescence photographs of (f) in (g) green, (h) purple, (i) ultraviolet, and (j) blue light

, figureFileSmall=3pV32EAXI9Usc/1bswZVSg==, figureFileBig=UQXNLwUmKn/ff7Oi1ivhhw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307263803469623519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307263796569993343, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同激光照射下V和VI型球粒的荧光特征

(a)光学显微镜单偏光下V型球粒照片;(b~e)图a在绿光、紫光、紫外光、蓝光照射下的荧光照片,镜下对应产生红色、绿色、蓝色、黄绿色荧光响应;(f)光学显微镜下VI型球粒照片;(g~j)图f在绿光、紫光、紫外光、蓝光下的荧光照片

, figureFileSmall=3pV32EAXI9Usc/1bswZVSg==, figureFileBig=UQXNLwUmKn/ff7Oi1ivhhw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307263803545120992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307263796569993343, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=EDS analysis and elemental composition comparisons of various peloids

showing elemental mass percentage distributions, main elements Ca, O in left-hand scale; low-content elements in right-hand scale

, figureFileSmall=DcXeOZ5XJfQzBl7jCSpiww==, figureFileBig=IwjJinwVXuWzo0cm/5gw3g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307263803620618465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307263796569993343, language=CN, label=图9, caption=不同球粒的能谱分析与元素组成对比

以质量百分比展示各类元素分布情况,其中,Ca、O为主要元素,参考左侧比例尺;其他元素含量较低,参考右侧比例尺

, figureFileSmall=DcXeOZ5XJfQzBl7jCSpiww==, figureFileBig=IwjJinwVXuWzo0cm/5gw3g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307263803687727330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307263796569993343, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Raman spectral point analysis results for different types of organic matter spheroid structures

(a-e) photomicrographs of a peloid under plane-polarized light; (f) Raman spectral point analysis for different types of peloids: spectral curves of different colors represent the Raman spectral results of the cross-filament position of the corresponding color

, figureFileSmall=BVocQE/JLlCgVSWEoaxctw==, figureFileBig=L4zEQh76vSh6gsXFTR+6Ew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307263803780002019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307263796569993343, language=CN, label=图10, caption=不同类型有机质球粒结构的拉曼光谱点分析结果

(a~e)光学显微镜单偏光下球粒照片;(f)不同类型球粒拉曼光谱点分析结果,不同颜色的光谱曲线代表对应颜色十字丝位置的拉曼光谱结果

, figureFileSmall=BVocQE/JLlCgVSWEoaxctw==, figureFileBig=L4zEQh76vSh6gsXFTR+6Ew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307263803868082404, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307263796569993343, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Raman spectral mapping of various peloids

(a-c) photomicrographs of peloids I-III in PPL; (d-f) Raman spectral organic peak (1 600 cm-1) and calcite peak (1 080 cm-1); Raman spectral mappings of peloids I-III; (g⁃i) photomicrographs of peloids IV⁃VI in PPL; (j-l) Raman spectral organic peak (1 600 cm-1) and calcite peak (1 080 cm-1); Raman spectral mapping of peloids IV-VI

, figureFileSmall=4y9TwhA3cqsoyG6QtdH1Dw==, figureFileBig=UZ75jy5YFnf1DBwxrb40pQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307263803935191269, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307263796569993343, language=CN, label=图11, caption=不同类型有机质球粒结构的拉曼光谱面分析结果

(a~c)光学显微镜I~III型球粒照片;(d)I型球粒拉曼光谱面扫图,拉曼光谱有机峰(1 600 cm-1)与方解石峰(1 080 cm-1)拟合图;(e)II型球粒拉曼光谱面扫图,拉曼光谱有机峰(1 600 cm-1)与方解石峰(1 080 cm-1)拟合图;(f)III型球粒拉曼光谱面扫图,拉曼光谱有机峰(1 600 cm-1)与方解石峰(1 080 cm-1)拟合图;(g~i)光学显微镜IV~VI型球粒照片;(j)IV型球粒拉曼光谱面扫图,拉曼光谱有机峰(1 600 cm-1)与方解石峰(1 080 cm-1)拟合图;(k)V型球粒拉曼光谱面扫图,拉曼光谱有机峰(1 600 cm-1)与方解石峰(1 080 cm-1)拟合图;(l)VI型球粒拉曼光谱面扫图,拉曼光谱有机峰(1 600 cm-1)与方解石峰(1 080 cm-1)拟合图

, figureFileSmall=4y9TwhA3cqsoyG6QtdH1Dw==, figureFileBig=UZ75jy5YFnf1DBwxrb40pQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307263804023271654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307263796569993343, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Raman temperature maps for various peloids, fossils and micritic envelopes on the outside of shell fragments from the study section

Results of calculations using formula 1; (a) peloid I, peak diagenetic temperature range 240 ℃-300 ℃; (b) peloid II, peak diagenetic temperature range 270 ℃-310 ℃; (c) peloid VI, peak diagenetic temperature range 170 ℃-310 ℃, with a low-temperature zone of 180 ℃-248 ℃ in the nucleus; (d) peloid III, peak diagenetic temperature range 260 ℃-340 ℃; (d) peloid V spherule, peak diagenetic temperature range 320 ℃-360 ℃; (f) peloid IV, peak diagenetic temperature range 220 ℃-350 ℃; (g) Gakhumella, peak diagenetic temperature range 300 ℃-360 ℃; (h) organic-rich micritic envelope, peak diagenetic temperature range 250 ℃-320 ℃; (i) foraminiferal fossils, peak diagenetic temperature range 270 ℃-360 ℃

, figureFileSmall=h16b0XTHgoCpioCowqZOUw==, figureFileBig=Z+TiEppLTJ1buMxEY2em7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307263804086186215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307263796569993343, language=CN, label=图12, caption=研究剖面的球粒、生物化石及介壳碎片外部泥晶套的拉曼温度平面分布图

以公式1计算结果为例;(a)I型球粒,球粒峰期成岩烘烤温度范围240 ℃~300 ℃;(b)II型球粒,峰期成岩烘烤温度范围270 ℃~310 ℃;(c)VI型球粒,峰期成岩烘烤温度范围170 ℃~310 ℃,核部存在180 ℃~248 ℃的低温区域;(d)III型球粒,峰期成岩烘烤温度范围260 ℃~340 ℃;(e)V型球粒,峰期成岩烘烤温度范围320 ℃~360 ℃;(f)IV型球粒,峰期成岩烘烤温度范围220 ℃~350 ℃;(g)宽球藻目蓝细菌Gakhumella,峰期成岩烘烤温度范围300 ℃~360 ℃;(h)富含有机质的泥晶套,峰期成岩烘烤温度范围250 ℃~ 320 ℃;(i)有孔虫化石,峰期成岩烘烤温度范围270 ℃~360 ℃

, figureFileSmall=h16b0XTHgoCpioCowqZOUw==, figureFileBig=Z+TiEppLTJ1buMxEY2em7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307263804165877992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307263796569993343, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=Graphitization degrees of organic matter preserved in various peloids, fossils and envelopes at the outside of the shell fragments

The background colors in the subfigures indicate different degrees of graphitization: pink. disordered organic matter; blue. early graphitization; light gray. intermediate graphitization; dark gray. advanced graphitization; In the scatter plot, darker colors represent R2 values close to 1, indicating better fitting results. Using the calculation based on formula (1). (1) as an example, most organic matter in the analyzed samples falls within the early graphitization stage: (a) peloid I (MIP) has most organic matter at the early stage of graphitization, with only a minor portion remaining in a disordered state; (b) peloid II (RMIP) shows poorly preserved, more scattered organic matter; (c) peloid III (ADP) contains some intermediate graphitization stage organic matter, with narrower Raman peak widths indicating a more ordered structure and higher thermal maturity; (d) peloid IV (ISP) with moderate graphitization, falling between different types; (e) peloid V (DP) with relatively dispersed distribution in temperature and peak width, but overall organic matter exhibits higher structural order and thermal maturity; (f) peloid VI (AMIP) has temperature and peak width ranges that almost overlap with types I and II, suggesting similar graphitization; (g) coccoid cyanobacterium Gakhumella has well-preserved organic matter along the laminar edges; (h) organic-rich micritic envelope shows significant organic matter enrichment; (i) foraminiferal fossil with relatively high organic matter structure

, figureFileSmall=EB8DwHx7AYJSaeQPUnMFcQ==, figureFileBig=ZxT4gJzMl+ncK2NvJjfNsg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307263804245569769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307263796569993343, language=CN, label=图13, caption=不同类型球粒、生物化石和介壳碎片外部泥晶套的有机质石墨化程度分析

子图中不同颜色的背景代表不同的石墨化程度:粉色区域对应无序态有机质,蓝色表示初级石墨化,浅灰色代表中级石墨化,而深灰色指示高级石墨化;散点图中,颜色越深,R²(决定系数)越接近1,说明拟合效果越佳;以公式1计算结果为例,研究样品中的有机质主要处于初级石墨化阶段;(a)I型球粒(MIP)的大部分有机质处于初级石墨化,仅有极少量仍保持无序态;(b)II型球粒(RMIP)中的有机质保存较差,呈现较分散的分布;(c)III型球粒(ADP)中部分有机质达到中级石墨化,其拉曼峰宽较窄,表明有机质结构更有序,成熟度较高;(d)IV型球粒(ISP)表现出中等程度的石墨化,特征介于不同类型之间;(e)V型球粒(DP)的温度与峰宽分布较为离散,但整体上有机质的结构有序度和成熟度相对较高;(f)VI型球粒(AMIP)的温度与峰宽范围几乎与I型和II型球粒重合,说明其石墨化程度相似;(g)宽球藻目蓝细菌Gakhumella的有机质主要在纹层边缘保存较好;(h)富含有机质的介壳泥晶套表现出较高的有机质富集特征;(i)有孔虫化石的有机质结构有序度相对较高

, figureFileSmall=EB8DwHx7AYJSaeQPUnMFcQ==, figureFileBig=ZxT4gJzMl+ncK2NvJjfNsg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307263804325261546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307263796569993343, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Calformula for organic Raman temperature

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
公式编号公式适用温度范围/℃公式来源描述
1T=-2.15(FWHM.D1)+478150~400Kouketsu et al.,2014基于D1峰的半峰宽(FWHM.D1)计算的温度
2T=-6.78(FWHM.D2)+535150~400Kouketsu et al.,2014基于D2峰的半峰宽(FWHM.D1)计算的温度
3T=-445×R2+641330~650Beyssac et al.,2002使用面积比参数R2[D1/(D1+D2+G)]计算温度
), ArticleFig(id=1307263804400759019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307263796569993343, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

有机质拉曼温度计算公式

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
公式编号公式适用温度范围/℃公式来源描述
1T=-2.15(FWHM.D1)+478150~400Kouketsu et al.,2014基于D1峰的半峰宽(FWHM.D1)计算的温度
2T=-6.78(FWHM.D2)+535150~400Kouketsu et al.,2014基于D2峰的半峰宽(FWHM.D1)计算的温度
3T=-445×R2+641330~650Beyssac et al.,2002使用面积比参数R2[D1/(D1+D2+G)]计算温度
), ArticleFig(id=1307263804472062188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307263796569993343, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Comparisons of particle size, morphology, mineral composition and Raman spectral characteristics of various peloids within the microbialite

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分类I型球粒II型球粒III型球粒IV型球粒V型球粒VI型球粒
特征原生微生物诱导钙化球粒

重结晶微生物

钙化球粒

陆源碎屑

复合球粒

骨骼间

填充球粒

白云岩化

泥晶球粒

聚合型微生物诱导钙化球粒
粒度细粒细粒中粒中粒粗粒中粒
颗粒圆度次圆状次圆状次棱角状次圆状棱角状次棱角状、次圆状
分选性良好良好一般良好一般一般
基质矿物组成亮晶方解石亮晶方解石泥晶方解石泥晶方解石亮晶白云石亮晶白云石
胶结物类型钙质泥晶胶结钙质与少量白云质泥晶胶结钙质泥晶胶结钙质泥晶胶结白云质泥晶胶结白云质泥晶胶结
重结晶特征无显著重结晶核部重结晶显著,方解石为主无显著重结晶局部重结晶局部重结晶局部重结晶
分布位置下部凝块石的方解石亮晶中下部凝块石的方解石亮晶中中下部凝块石的泥晶或亮晶区域中部介壳层双壳化石内部/间隙顶部介壳层生物化石碎片间隙顶部介壳层生物化石腔体内部
颜色黑色黑色棕色黑色深棕色黑色
平均粒径/µm45.350.5151.5125291.4175
粒径标准差/SD15.67.353.631.6114.352.1
粒径范围/µm14~9010~13050~35070~21080~60070~380
荧光特征荧光响应弱边缘荧光响应强荧光响应弱荧光响应弱边缘荧光响应强,核部减弱核部荧光响应强,边缘逐渐减弱
拉曼光谱特征D1、G峰显著,可见D2、D4峰D1、G峰清晰,可见方解石与白云石峰D1、D2、G峰D1、D2、G峰D1、G峰显著,可见D2、D4峰,可见大量白云石峰D1、D2、G峰显著,可见白云石峰
主要元素组成富含Ca、OCa和O含量最高,Mg含量略高富含Ca、O,伴随Si、P、S少量富集Ca和Si为主,少量Mg和FeMg/Ca显著升高,伴随Fe、S的富集Mg/Ca显著升高,伴随P、Fe的富集
), ArticleFig(id=1307263804576919789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307263796569993343, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

微生物岩中不同球粒的粒度、形态、矿物组成及光谱特征对比

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分类I型球粒II型球粒III型球粒IV型球粒V型球粒VI型球粒
特征原生微生物诱导钙化球粒

重结晶微生物

钙化球粒

陆源碎屑

复合球粒

骨骼间

填充球粒

白云岩化

泥晶球粒

聚合型微生物诱导钙化球粒
粒度细粒细粒中粒中粒粗粒中粒
颗粒圆度次圆状次圆状次棱角状次圆状棱角状次棱角状、次圆状
分选性良好良好一般良好一般一般
基质矿物组成亮晶方解石亮晶方解石泥晶方解石泥晶方解石亮晶白云石亮晶白云石
胶结物类型钙质泥晶胶结钙质与少量白云质泥晶胶结钙质泥晶胶结钙质泥晶胶结白云质泥晶胶结白云质泥晶胶结
重结晶特征无显著重结晶核部重结晶显著,方解石为主无显著重结晶局部重结晶局部重结晶局部重结晶
分布位置下部凝块石的方解石亮晶中下部凝块石的方解石亮晶中中下部凝块石的泥晶或亮晶区域中部介壳层双壳化石内部/间隙顶部介壳层生物化石碎片间隙顶部介壳层生物化石腔体内部
颜色黑色黑色棕色黑色深棕色黑色
平均粒径/µm45.350.5151.5125291.4175
粒径标准差/SD15.67.353.631.6114.352.1
粒径范围/µm14~9010~13050~35070~21080~60070~380
荧光特征荧光响应弱边缘荧光响应强荧光响应弱荧光响应弱边缘荧光响应强,核部减弱核部荧光响应强,边缘逐渐减弱
拉曼光谱特征D1、G峰显著,可见D2、D4峰D1、G峰清晰,可见方解石与白云石峰D1、D2、G峰D1、D2、G峰D1、G峰显著,可见D2、D4峰,可见大量白云石峰D1、D2、G峰显著,可见白云石峰
主要元素组成富含Ca、OCa和O含量最高,Mg含量略高富含Ca、O,伴随Si、P、S少量富集Ca和Si为主,少量Mg和FeMg/Ca显著升高,伴随Fe、S的富集Mg/Ca显著升高,伴随P、Fe的富集
), ArticleFig(id=1307263804669194478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307263796569993343, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Calculated peak period alternation temperatures of various peloids, fossils and micritic envelopes of shell fragments using Raman thermometer

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类型温度范围/℃集中分布范围/℃成岩烘烤程度物质来源相似性
I型球粒

公式1:240~340

公式2:310~380

公式3:365~445

公式1:240~300

公式2:310~330

公式3:380~410

成岩烘烤程度最低与VI型球粒和泥晶套接近
II型球粒

公式1:220~310

公式2:210~430

公式3:0~256

公式1:270~310

公式2:210~320 公式3:64~256

成岩烘烤程度不均,核部重结晶严重,温度差异显著与I型球粒有一定演化关系,但变质程度较高
III型球粒

公式1:260~340

公式2:260~370

公式3:330~500

公式1:260~340

公式2:280~340

公式3:400~460

高成岩烘烤程度,在公式2和公式3计算结果中尤为显著与V型球粒物质来源最为接近
IV型球粒

公式1:220~350

公式2:210~370

公式3:350~470

公式1:220~280

公式2:270~320

公式3:390~430

公式1、公式2成岩烘烤程度较低,公式3中成岩烘烤程度中等Gakhumella和泥晶套接近
V型球粒

公式1:320~360

公式2:250~380

公式3:380~475

公式1:320~360

公式2:286~350

公式3:410~445

最高成岩烘烤程度,与III型球粒热演化规律一致III型球粒和V型球粒的部分物质来源极为接近
VI型球粒

公式1:170~310

公式2:250~370

公式3:350~455

公式1:180~248

公式2:260~330

公式3:360~390

成岩烘烤程度最低,可能为I型球粒的演化产物与I型球粒和泥晶套相似
Gakhumella

公式1:170~410

公式2:255~340

公式3:360~510

公式1:300~360

公式2:280~330

公式3:400~460

公式1和公式2成岩烘烤程度中等,公式3显示较高程度成岩烘烤与后生生物化石接近
后生生物化石

公式1:220~385

公式2:255~340

公式3:330~465

公式1:270~360

公式2:280~330

公式3:425~455

公式1和公式2成岩烘烤程度中等,公式3显示较高程度成岩烘烤与泥晶套成岩烘烤规律相近
泥晶套

公式1:250~320

公式2:310~350

公式3:380~435

公式1:250~320

公式2:320~340

公式3:400~425

低至中等成岩烘烤作用与VI型球粒最为相似
), ArticleFig(id=1307263804757274863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307263796569993343, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

利用拉曼温度计对不同球粒、生物化石和介壳碎片泥晶套的有机质成岩烘烤温度计算结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型温度范围/℃集中分布范围/℃成岩烘烤程度物质来源相似性
I型球粒

公式1:240~340

公式2:310~380

公式3:365~445

公式1:240~300

公式2:310~330

公式3:380~410

成岩烘烤程度最低与VI型球粒和泥晶套接近
II型球粒

公式1:220~310

公式2:210~430

公式3:0~256

公式1:270~310

公式2:210~320 公式3:64~256

成岩烘烤程度不均,核部重结晶严重,温度差异显著与I型球粒有一定演化关系,但变质程度较高
III型球粒

公式1:260~340

公式2:260~370

公式3:330~500

公式1:260~340

公式2:280~340

公式3:400~460

高成岩烘烤程度,在公式2和公式3计算结果中尤为显著与V型球粒物质来源最为接近
IV型球粒

公式1:220~350

公式2:210~370

公式3:350~470

公式1:220~280

公式2:270~320

公式3:390~430

公式1、公式2成岩烘烤程度较低,公式3中成岩烘烤程度中等Gakhumella和泥晶套接近
V型球粒

公式1:320~360

公式2:250~380

公式3:380~475

公式1:320~360

公式2:286~350

公式3:410~445

最高成岩烘烤程度,与III型球粒热演化规律一致III型球粒和V型球粒的部分物质来源极为接近
VI型球粒

公式1:170~310

公式2:250~370

公式3:350~455

公式1:180~248

公式2:260~330

公式3:360~390

成岩烘烤程度最低,可能为I型球粒的演化产物与I型球粒和泥晶套相似
Gakhumella

公式1:170~410

公式2:255~340

公式3:360~510

公式1:300~360

公式2:280~330

公式3:400~460

公式1和公式2成岩烘烤程度中等,公式3显示较高程度成岩烘烤与后生生物化石接近
后生生物化石

公式1:220~385

公式2:255~340

公式3:330~465

公式1:270~360

公式2:280~330

公式3:425~455

公式1和公式2成岩烘烤程度中等,公式3显示较高程度成岩烘烤与泥晶套成岩烘烤规律相近
泥晶套

公式1:250~320

公式2:310~350

公式3:380~435

公式1:250~320

公式2:320~340

公式3:400~425

低至中等成岩烘烤作用与VI型球粒最为相似
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三叠纪初期微生物岩泥晶球粒分类与有机质物源分析
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刘丹娜 1, 2 , 韦振晟 1, 2 , 程博航 1, 2 , 黄元耕 1, 2 , 方谦 1, 2 , 陈中强 1, 2
沉积学报 | 2026,44(3): 1176-1197
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沉积学报 | 2026 , 44 (3) : 1176 -1197
三叠纪初期微生物岩泥晶球粒分类与有机质物源分析
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刘丹娜1, 2 , 韦振晟1, 2, 程博航1, 2, 黄元耕1, 2, 方谦1, 2, 陈中强1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.中国地质大学(武汉)地质微生物与环境全国重点实验室,武汉 430074
  • 2.中国地质大学(武汉)地球与行星科学学院,武汉 430074
通讯作者:
陈中强,男,教授,E-mail:
作者简介:

刘丹娜,女,2002年出生,硕士研究生,生物沉积学,E-mail:

Classification and Organic Provenance of Microbialite Peloids in the Early Triassic
DanNa LIU1, 2 , ZhenSheng WEI1, 2, BoHang CHENG1, 2, YuanGeng HUANG1, 2, Qian FANG1, 2, ZhongQiang CHEN1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.State Key Laboratory of Geomicrobiology and Environmental Changes, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China
  • 2.School of Earth and Planetary Sciences, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China
  • Corresponding Author:
    CHEN ZhongQiang, E-mail:
出版时间: 2026-06-10 doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2025.018
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目的 二叠纪末大灭绝后,微生物岩广布于浅海台地环境。该体系中微生物爆发与古生产力低下的矛盾长期以来备受关注。解剖贵州罗甸地区田湾剖面三叠系底部的微生物岩建造,关注泥晶球粒的岩石学特征及其有机质热演化和物质来源,厘清微生物成因的有机质和海水滞留有机质对球粒形成的影响,可为探究大灭绝后微生物岩体系中碳循环机制提供实证。 方法 采用光学显微镜、荧光、扫描电镜(SEM)与能谱(EDS),以及激光拉曼光谱分析等原位微区分析技术,对赋存于田湾剖面微生物岩中多种类型的泥晶球粒进行分析。 结果 泥晶球粒可分为六种类型。其中,I、II和VI型球粒的有机质成岩烘烤温度低,主要来源于微生物岩系统内部原生蓝细菌和其他微生物的光合作用和代谢产物。VI型球粒是泥晶颗粒包裹I型球粒的产物,与生物碎屑泥晶化有关,其有机质也来自微生物岩原生有机质。III和V型球粒的有机质成岩烘烤温度高,部分有机质可能来源于长期滞留在海水中的陆源有机物。其中,III型球粒形成可能与新生变形作用相关,V型则是生物碎屑泥晶化的产物。IV型球粒的有机质成岩烘烤温度中等,是微生物泥晶化和硅质碎屑混合的产物。 结论 二叠纪末大灭绝后,海洋中微生物爆发合成有机质,但只有少量成为颗粒有机碳沉降至海底并埋藏。微生物岩内部大多数泥晶球粒有机质均来源于微生物的躯体分解或代谢产物;而少量球粒的有机质来源于长期滞留在海水中的陆源有机质,它们经历多次成岩烘烤作用,具有较高的温度。成岩过程中有机质的烘烤及矿物重结晶作用对有机质的保存效率影响大,最终导致微生物岩中总有机碳含量较低。

二叠纪—三叠纪  /  华南  /  微生物岩  /  球粒  /  有机物来源

Objective Following the mass extinction at the end of the Permian, microbialites were widely distributed in southern China, indicating a microbial bloom in the Lower Triassic following the cataclysm. However, microbialites generally exhibit low paleo-productivity, which seems to contradict the microbial explosion. This study analyzed the microbialites at the base of the Triassic Tianwan section in the Luodian area of Guizhou province, focusing on the petrological characteristics of micritic pellets and their thermal metamorphic evolution and sources of organic matter. The study clarifies the respective influences of microbially derived and seawater-trapped organic matter on pellet formation, with the aim of providing empirical evidence for exploring carbon cycling mechanisms in post-extinction microbialite systems. Methods In situ micro-area analytical techniques (optical microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and laser Raman spectroscopy) were used to conduct a detailed analysis of various types of peloids within the microbialites from the Tianwan section. These reveal the distribution patterns and thermal metamorphic evolutionary characteristics of internal organic matter. Results Based on morphology and infill materials, the various peloids were classified into six types: type I (microbially-induced peloid, MIP); type II (recrystallized microbially-induced peloid, RMIP); type III (aggregated detrital peloid, ADP); type IV (intraskeletal peloid, ISP); type V (dolomitized peloid, DP); and type VI (aggregated microbially-induced peloid, AMIP). Raman spectroscopy-derived metamorphic roasting temperatures provide insights into the thermal history and transformation of these peloids. The organic matter in types I, II, IV and VI (MIP, RMIP, ISP and AMIP) shows thermal maturity similar to that found in primary cyanobacteria in microbialites and shell fragments, indicating a common diagenetic history and microbial origin. Of these, peloids I, II and VI exhibit low thermal maturation temperatures, with organic matter mainly derived from the photosynthetic and metabolic processes of primary cyanobacteria and other microorganisms within microbialite systems. Specifically, peloid VI formed when micritic particles wrapped around peloid I, linked to bioclastic micritization. peloid IV shows moderate thermal maturation temperatures, resulting from a mix of microbial micritization and siliceous clastic material. By contrast, peloids III and V (ADP and DP) evidenced significantly higher metamorphic temperatures, suggesting multiple thermal alteration events. Peloid III may have been formed by neomorphism; peloid V was primarily shaped by bioclastic micritization. Conclusions In summary, after the end-Permian mass extinction, microbial blooms, especially cyanobacterial photosynthesis, led to the generation of large amounts of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the oceans. Due to frequent fluctuations in seawater redox conditions and rapid temperature increases, the DOC was typically oxidized into CO2 and released into the atmosphere, with only a small fraction being preserved as particulate organic carbon (POC) and deposited on the seafloor. Raman geothermometric analysis shows that most of the organic matter in the microbialite peloids, particularly in those associated with bioclastic peloidal envelopes, originated from the metabolic activity of primary cyanobacteria, which was the original organic matter in the microbialite system. A small portion of the organic matter may have been sourced from long-stored terrestrial organic matter in seawater, which underwent multiple diagenetic thermal alterations and shows higher thermal maturation temperatures. The thermal maturation of organic matter and mineral recrystallization during diagenesis had a significant impact on the efficiency of organic matter preservation, ultimately resulting in a low total organic carbon (TOC) content in the microbialites.

Permian-Triassic  /  South China  /  microbialite  /  peloid  /  organic origin
刘丹娜, 韦振晟, 程博航, 黄元耕, 方谦, 陈中强. 三叠纪初期微生物岩泥晶球粒分类与有机质物源分析. 沉积学报, 2026 , 44 (3) : 1176 -1197 . DOI: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2025.018
DanNa LIU, ZhenSheng WEI, BoHang CHENG, YuanGeng HUANG, Qian FANG, ZhongQiang CHEN. Classification and Organic Provenance of Microbialite Peloids in the Early Triassic[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2026 , 44 (3) : 1176 -1197 . DOI: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2025.018
二叠纪—三叠纪之交(2.52亿年前)生物大灭绝(Permian-Triassic Mass Extinction,PTME)是地球生命自显生宙以来遭受最残酷的浩劫(Sepkoski,1984Erwin,1994Chen and Benton,2012)。大灭绝后,后生生物大量消失殆尽。相反,蓝细菌、硫酸盐还原菌等多种微生物群落在浅海碳酸盐岩沉积区中迅速爆发(Luo et al.,2013Heindel et al.,2018Chen et al.,2019),形成广布的、具有地层对比意义的微生物岩/礁建造。同时,微生物岩生态系统也为生物在大灭绝后最早的复苏提供温床(Foster et al.,2018)。通过国内外学者的研究,使得人们对微生物岩的岩石组构特征、形成过程和机制以及微生物矿化作用等方面有了全面的了解(Kershaw et al.,2012Chen et al.,2022Wu et al.,20222024)。
但是,二叠纪末大灭绝后微生物岩的形成过程中仍旧存在一些亟待解决的悖论问题。比如,广泛分布的微生物岩建造代表了大灭绝后微生物的爆发,理论上有利于海洋生产力的提高,而地质记录却表明,大灭绝后的海洋古生产力偏低,微生物岩中总有机碳(Total Organic Carbon,TOC)含量极低(Algeo et al.,2013Tang et al.,2017Chen et al.,2022)。贵州省罗甸县田湾剖面记录了二叠纪—三叠纪之交的微生物岩建造,该剖面微生物岩富含多种微生物和后生生物化石,同时保存了大量不同大小的黑色泥晶球粒(peloids)或颗粒结构(Adachi et al.,2004)。然而,它们的分类、成因机制及其有机质来源尚不清楚。
Macintyre(1985)根据物质来源的不同,将球粒划分为三类,即粪便颗粒、碎屑颗粒和原位沉积颗粒,涵盖无机成因和有机成因。而Flügel(2004)提出了球粒的九种亚类,分别对应多样化的成因机制和形成环境。微生物岩中的球粒可能是蓝细菌等微生物钙化作用后的有机残留物,也可能是无机化学沉淀的产物(Alexandersson,1972Samankassou et al.,2005Broughton,2023)。微生物岩内部广泛分布蓝细菌和其他细菌,以及生物碎屑起源的多种球粒结构,球粒与致密的微晶方解石共同构建了微生物岩/礁(Zhou and Pratt,2019)。作为类似环境的产物,现代环境的冷泉钙华中也有大量球粒的报道,球粒由矿化的胞外聚合物(Extracellular Polymeric Substances,EPS)、无定形碳酸钙(Amorphous Calcium Carbonate,ACC)以及单水方解石(monohydrocalcite,MHC)微晶组成,微生物可以利用EPS为碳酸钙成核提供位点,控制ACC转变为MHC,形成球粒的核心结构(Broughton,2023)。此外,Samankassou et al.(2005)还发现白垩纪球粒源自分解磨损的微晶生物壳体,二者之间具有几乎相同的元素组成。总之,前人揭示地质历史时期球粒的起源往往与微生物群落有关。
因此,为探究二叠纪末大灭绝后微生物爆发与有机质埋藏的关系,本文深入解剖产自广西田湾剖面微生物岩的泥晶球粒结构,重建其沉积过程,探究其有机质来源,厘清由微生物产生的有机质和长时间滞留在海水中的有机质分别对泥晶微球粒形成过程的影响机制,旨在解决二叠纪末大灭绝后海洋中微生物爆发与古生产力低下的矛盾,以及正确理解大灭绝后微生物岩生态系统中碳循环机制。
研究剖面位于中国西南部贵州省罗甸县以北约25 km处的田湾村(图1)。在二叠纪—三叠纪之交,该地区处于南盘江盆地腹地孤立的大贵州滩浅水台地边缘。受多期次构造运动叠加影响,南盘江盆地内部形成复杂的断裂系统,台地—盆地分异显著(冯增昭等,1997)。PTME后,微生物岩在全球低纬度地区的碳酸盐岩沉积体系中广泛发育,二叠纪—三叠纪界线(Permian-Triassic Boundary,PTB)通常置于该微生物岩建造的底部(Chen et al.,2022)。在华南地区南盘江盆地内部孤立碳酸盐台地之上,发育大量微生物岩。
田湾剖面发育的下三叠统归为大冶组,其底部发育厚约10.5 m的微生物岩,距微生物岩底部3.4 m和8.0 m处产出牙形石Hindeodus parvusIsarcella estachei分子(Adachi et al.,2004),它们是三叠纪最早期的两个牙形石带的命名化石种(Yuan et al.,2018),尽管在田湾剖面上H. parvus的最低层位出现在微生物岩下部,但是对产自华南地区所有剖面的牙形石物种首现面的综合对比发现,H. parvus的最低层位在更多剖面中出现在微生物岩的底部(Wu et al.,20172022Chen et al.,2022)。因此,将PTB置于微生物岩的底部。
微生物岩的下伏地层为上二叠统(乐平统)吴家坪组生物碎屑灰岩,它与微生物岩建造呈平行不整合接触(图2b)。微生物岩本身由凝块岩组成,偶夹生物介壳层透镜体。微生物岩的上覆地层为下三叠统下部薄层泥质灰岩(图2a)。
吴家坪组生物碎屑灰岩为颗粒支撑,颗粒间孔隙由亮晶方解石胶结,属于颗粒灰岩,内部包含丰富的后生生物化石,如珊瑚、介形虫、有孔虫、苔藓虫、棘皮动物、钙质藻类等,生物多样性较高,最顶部发育成层的珊瑚礁(图2d),灭绝事件发生后,后生生物大量灭绝,仅有少量物种在微生物岩中存活。
微生物岩的类型相对单一,主要由凝块石构成,其内部产丰富的化石,以蓝细菌等微生物化石为主,岩石组构以灰泥支撑为特色;其内部间隔分布多个颗粒支撑的生物介壳层透镜体,粒间孔隙多被灰泥或亮晶方解石充填,含有少量介形虫、有孔虫、微管虫、双壳、腹足等(图2c)化石,生物多样性明显降低(Adachi et al.,2004)。此外,不同类型的泥晶微球粒在中下部凝块石和顶部生物介壳层中广泛发育,它们具有多样的形态结构,特征差异显著,内部有机质含量普遍较高。
利用光学显微镜、电子显微镜及其能谱分析、拉曼光谱等分析手段对产自田湾剖面微生物岩中的泥晶微球粒进行细致的原位微区分析,探究球粒成因与生物过程的联系。首先,利用蔡司偏光显微镜对岩石薄片进行观察,统计不同类型球粒结构的粒径大小,并对球粒内部有机质的分布进行荧光成像分析,对荧光响应显著的区域进行共聚焦拉曼光谱测试和面扫,确定有机质的分布特征,并根据矿物特征峰的强度拟合生成矿物高峰光谱图像。同时,利用HITACHI-SU8010场发射扫描电子显微镜(Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope,FE-SEM)对岩石样品新鲜断口进行观察,并利用能量色散X射线光谱(Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy,EDS)进行元素成分半定量分析,重建生物化石和泥晶球粒结构的元素组成和分布特征。所有实验在中国地质大学(武汉)地质微生物与环境全国重点实验室完成。
随后,对球粒粒径和EDS元素成分百分数进行数理统计分析,计算其数值分布范围、置信区间、中值和均值,代表球粒粒径大小和元素组成分布情况。对产自微生物岩的泥晶球粒、生物化石和介壳碎片外部泥晶套的有机质进行拉曼频谱分析,有机质的拉曼光谱通常具有特定峰值系列:D1(1 340~1 350 cm⁻¹)、D2(1 600~1 620 cm⁻¹)、D3(1 510 cm⁻¹)、D4(1 245 cm⁻¹)和G(1 600 cm⁻¹),有机质在1 200~1 610 cm-1波段峰形组成差异明显(田野和田云涛,2020)。利用WITec Project Five 5.1 Plus软件对拉曼频谱数据进行背景去除和降噪处理,采用洛伦兹分峰拟合法拟合拉曼光谱,温度低于340 ℃的有机质,均可拟合出五个峰,分别是D1、D2、D3、D4、G;在340 ℃~600 ℃区域内,光谱最多可识别出D1、D2、D3、G峰等四个峰段,该温度范围内D4峰不明显;温度高于650 ℃后,有机质完全石墨化,仅有G峰信号保留(Kouketsu et al.,2014田野和田云涛,2020)。拟合完成后利用表1公式计算有机质的成岩烘烤温度。参考其中碳质材料拉曼光谱的峰强、峰位、峰宽等信息恢复有机质成岩烘烤温度(Kouketsu et al.,2014),重建不同物质的成岩烘烤过程。
华南地区三叠系底部微生物岩的岩石组构类型包括叠层石、凝块石、树枝石和均一石。田湾微生物岩主要由凝块石构成,未见叠层石和树枝石构造。其底部发育多条橘黄色缝合线,含有大量以伊利石、蒙脱石为主的黏土矿物(图3c)。凝块石厚度从几十厘米到几米不等,发育不规则的亮晶结构块体,随机散布于灰泥基质中,组成凝块结构。微生物岩底部主要发育纹层状凝块石,上部则以“脑纹状”凝块石为主,其内部凝块结构明显。局部发育显著的穹窿状构造。
中观—微观尺度上,凝块石由不规则的浅色亮晶团块与深色微晶凝块组成,亮晶团块由部分白云石化的粗晶方解石组成,而微晶团块则为细晶方解石。浅色与深色区域的接触边界不规则但清晰(图3a)。凝块结构为毫米至厘米级,主要由白色亮晶方解石团块组成,方解石空腔内充填大小不一的灰黑色圆形—椭圆形泥晶凝块结构(图3d,e),周围可见黄色泥晶填充物(图3c)。亮晶方解石团块内部,可见大量微米级囊泡结构集中分布,具有亮晶核部与泥晶边部,形态不规则且尺度较小(图3f)。不同尺度的凝块融合起来,组成凝块石的不规则网格格架(图3a)。
凝块石富含微生物化石,可鉴定为宽球藻目蓝细菌Gakhumella属(图4a~e)。Gakhumella也广布于华南地区其他剖面同时代的微生物岩序列中,但是相同的微生物化石被不同作者命名为不同微生物类群(王永标等,2005Ezaki et al.,2008Adachi et al.,2017Fang et al.,2017Wu et al.,20172022Pei et al.,2019Chen et al.,2022)。这种蓝细菌整体形态呈柱状,顶部为圆球状细胞(图4c),后方则保留6~25个杯状同心纹层(图4b,e),呈单体或簇状群体产出。Gakhumella在碳酸盐台地边缘环境中爆发,诱导碳酸盐快速沉淀,具有极高的钙化效率和碳酸盐生产效率,在微生物岩的形成过程中发挥重要作用(Wu et al.,2022)。
凝块石序列中夹多层富含双壳、介形虫、有孔虫、腹足和微管虫的生物介壳层透镜体(图3b,g~i、图4f,g)。微生物岩格架内也可见少量软体动物(双壳类与腹足类)和介形类化石碎片。这些生物碎屑与球粒、微晶基质共同构成颗粒支撑的泥粒灰岩组构。其中,双壳类壳体胶结物在显微镜下尤为显著。腹足类碎屑颗粒及壳体碎片也较为丰富,且常被微晶方解石包裹,指示了一种低能量的局限沉积环境。
基于岩相学观察,并结合前人分类方案(Adachi et al.,2004),将赋存于微生物岩中的泥晶微球粒划分为六种类型:I型(原生微生物诱导钙化球粒,Microbially-Induced Peloid,MIP)、II型(重结晶微生物钙化球粒,Recrystallized Microbially-Induced Peloid,RMIP)、III型(陆源碎屑复合球粒,Aggregated Detrital Peloid,ADP)、IV型(骨骼间填充球粒,Intraskeletal Peloid,ISP)、V型(白云岩化泥晶球粒,Dolomitized Peloid,DP)和VI型(聚合型微生物诱导钙化球粒,Aggregated Microbially-Induced Peloid,AMIP)。各种类型泥晶微球粒的粒径大小、磨圆度、分选性、形态特征、矿物组成、重结晶程度及光谱和能谱特征简述如下(表2、图5~7)。
I型球粒(MIP)产自微生物岩底部纹层状凝块石,赋存于亮晶方解石区域(图5a~e),呈黑色细小、次圆状颗粒,由泥晶方解石组成,基质为泥晶胶结(图5a,b),颗粒磨圆度一般,分选性较好。其粒径大小分布区间窄,介于14~90 µm,均值为45.30 µm,中位数为44.54 µm(图7)。
II型球粒(RMIP)也赋存于微生物岩底部纹层状凝块石的亮晶方解石区域(图5a~e),其颜色、形态特征、磨圆度、分选性和基质结构均与I型球粒相似,但有机质残留主要出现在球粒边缘,其核部被重结晶方解石和少量白云石填充(图5d,e)。其粒径大小介于10~130 µm,与I型球粒相近且范围略大,平均粒径为50.50 µm,中位数为47.00 µm(图7)。
III型球粒(ADP)产自微生物岩中下部的凝块石中,赋存于泥晶方解石区域(图5f~j),部分散落在方解石亮晶区域,与囊泡结构共存(图5h),呈棕色次棱角状(图5j)至椭球形,边缘比较弥散,具有模糊边界,分选性一般,其基质为泥晶胶结(图5f)。其粒径较前两类球粒明显大(图4f~i),其大小分布区间较宽,为50~350 µm,均值达到151.50 µm,中位数为144.24 µm(图7)。
IV型球粒(ISP)产自微生物岩中部的介壳层内,通常出现在双壳化石的介壳碎片附近,黑色次圆状形态,分选良好,基质为泥晶胶结(图6a,b),部分球粒内部被重结晶微晶方解石填充(图6c)。其粒径大小介于70~210 µm,均值约为125 µm,中位数为112.64 µm(图7)。
V型球粒(DP)和VI型球粒(AMIP)都分布于微生物岩顶部的介壳层中,球粒形态不规则,有机质呈絮状或丝状分布,部分重结晶显著(图6d~j)。V型球粒主要以一个破碎的介壳碎片为核心,周围被有机质包裹,总体结构与个体较小、发育不全的核形石颗粒非常类似,但其生物碎屑核心的泥晶化严重,外部包裹的有机质为白云质泥晶胶结,不发育任何纹层或圈层结构(图6e,f),因此与核形石有明显区别。其磨圆度和分选性都极差,粒径大小不均、分布范围宽,为80~600 µm,均值达291.40 µm,而中位数为248.25 µm(图7)。
VI型球粒也通常与生物化石碎屑共同出现,为次棱角状或次圆状形态,无核心结构,分选性较差,基质为泥晶胶结(图6g~j);其粒径大小介于70~380 µm,均值达175 µm,中位数为155.49 µm(图7)。
综上,I~III类球粒产自微生物岩的凝块石组构中;IV~VI类球粒则产自微生物岩的介壳透镜体夹层中。它们在颜色、形态、矿物组成和粒径分布上均存在明显差异。粒径统计表明,I型球粒的粒径大小分布区间最窄,其均值和中值都最小;II型球粒的粒径大小与I型类似,比后者稍大一点,但粒径分布标准差最小。相反,V型球粒粒径大小分布范围最宽,均值和中值也最大。总体上,球粒的粒径大小顺序大致为:V型>III型>VI型>IV型>II型>I型球粒(图7)。有机质通常残留于球粒的边缘或核部,呈现团簇状或絮状形态。总之,不同球粒的地层分布、形态特征和粒径大小受沉积环境的水动力水平、微生物活动强度和成岩作用的影响程度等因素控制。
利用激发波长分别为430 nm(紫外)、365 nm(紫外)和450 nm(蓝色)的荧光,对有机团簇内有机物的分布进行了成像分析。其中,V型和VI型球粒表现出较为强烈的荧光响应(图8),其他类型球粒的荧光响应相对较弱,表明有机质降解程度存在差异。此外,V型球粒的残留有机质大多出现在球粒核部介壳碎片周围,呈现典型团块状聚集体(图8a~e);VI型球粒的残留有机质则多集中在球粒的边缘区域(图8f~j),指示有机质聚集或降解过程存在异质性。生物化石及其碎片周围的泥晶套均具有显著的荧光效应,指示大量的有机质。
对各种球粒进行大量的能谱分析,获得大量的元素重量百分比数据后进行数理统计分析,计算出元素百分比的置信区间、中值和均值,并将其与围岩相同数据进行对比(图9)。其中,I型和II型球粒元素组成相似,分布层位相同,将它们两者的元素能谱分析结果合并表示。统计发现,不同类型球粒的主要组成元素均为Ca和O元素,且Ca的相对含量最高。有些球粒相对富集Si或Mg、Fe。球粒与围岩的K、P和S相对含量均低于0.8%,且无明显差异性。围岩则主要由Ca、C、O元素组成,几乎不含K、Mg、Fe、Si、P、S元素,其含量均不超过1%。I和III型球粒与围岩的成分近似,主要由碳酸钙(Ca、C、O)组成,其余元素占比均低于1%。IV型球粒中Si元素相对含量的占比高(>5%)。V和VI型球粒Mg相对含量的占比高(>6%),而Ca相对占比略低,指示白云岩化作用的特征。
拉曼光谱分析表明,所有类型的球粒在1 080 cm-1处均出现强烈的方解石特征峰(图10),这是方解石C-O键对称伸缩振动的典型响应,指示碳酸盐矿物是球粒的主要组成成分。
部分球粒中还出现~1 090 cm-1附近的白云石特征峰,由白云石的C-O键伸缩振动而产生,与方解石峰的位置略有偏移(Dufresne et al.,2018)。白云石特征峰在部分球粒中表现明显,说明它们可能经历了不同程度的白云石化作用,与岩石薄片中观察到的重结晶特征和白云质胶结物的出现相符。此外,在1 350 cm-1(D峰)和~1 610 cm-1(G峰)处均检测到显著的有机质特征峰(王民和Li,2016),分别对应于无序碳的缺陷模态振动和石墨化碳的平面振动,指示球粒中有机质普遍存在(图10)。
拉曼光谱面扫结果进一步揭示(图11),有机质主要赋存于球粒或者生物化石和介壳碎片外部的泥晶套中,且在围岩中的含量显著降低。此外,球粒内部的有机质多呈团簇状或絮状分布,特别是在I、V和VI型球粒中保存较为完好,可见有机团块的集中分布(图11d,k,l)。其他类型的颗粒受成岩作用影响较显著,在重结晶和成岩烘烤作用的影响下,有机质小规模团簇状聚集,整体呈絮状分布(图11f,j),部分球粒内部有机质被大量降解,主要聚集在颗粒边缘(图11e)。
由于温度对拉曼光谱结构影响是不可逆的,因此,研究剖面的蓝细菌Gakhumella化石、有孔虫化石、不同类型球粒以及介壳碎片外部泥晶套的有机质光谱信息,可恢复成岩过程中有机质受到加热烘烤程度的影响程度,并以峰期成岩温度差异的形式体现(图12)。
这些物质的拉曼拟合曲线在1 100~1 700 cm-1段均出现有机质峰形。通过洛伦兹拟合发现,有机质含量高的球粒(II,III,IV型)和有孔虫化石含有D1、D2和G峰;而I、V和VI型球粒,Gakhumella及介壳碎片外部泥晶套均含有D1、D2、D4和G峰。通过拟合后的频谱峰形特征对比,计算其成岩烘烤温度(表3)。同时,基于不同的地质温度,评价有机质在成岩作用过程受成岩烘烤程度(表3)。此外,温度面扫技术可揭示不同温度的有机质在球粒、生物化石和围岩中的分布特征(图12)。
地质温度计算表明,I型球粒(MIP)成岩烘烤温度最低,其内部有机质的成岩烘烤温度主要介于260 ℃~280 ℃,少量有机质的成岩烘烤温度低至240 ℃或高达300 ℃。球粒内部和围岩中的有机质成岩烘烤温度对比强烈(图12a)。II型球粒(RMIP)的核部重结晶严重,温度主要集中在270 ℃~310 ℃,与围岩的有机质烘烤温度相近(图12b),边部有机质的成岩烘烤温度介于350 ℃~400 ℃。由此可见,II型球粒的有机质经历了一定程度的成岩烘烤作用改造,但核部因重结晶作用,局部成岩烘烤程度较为突出,温度分布存在一定的不均性。
VI型球粒(AMIP)的成岩烘烤温度范围较宽,介于170 ℃~310 ℃,其中核部温度主要集中在180 ℃~248 ℃,可见明显的低温核部区域,边部温度则相对较高,且明显高于围岩有机温度。此温度特征显示出其中等成岩烘烤程度,核部的低温保护区可能是由于包裹效应所致,可能是I型球粒被海水有机物包裹的产物,其成岩烘烤温度也与介壳碎片外部泥晶套的温度变化情况较为相近,略低于生物化石(图12c)。
III型球粒(ADP)的成岩烘烤温度范围为260 ℃~340 ℃(图12d),V型球粒(DP)为320 ℃~360 ℃(图12e),反映了这两类球粒在成岩过程中承受了较高的成岩烘烤程度,表明部分有机质受到了更强烈的成岩烘烤,具有较高的热演化影响。IV型球粒(ISP)的成岩烘烤温度范围为220 ℃~350 ℃,虽然成岩烘烤温度分布范围较宽,但核部有机质集中分布区域的成岩烘烤温度相对较低(220 ℃~280 ℃),属于中低等程度成岩烘烤;分布于球粒边缘部分的有机质成岩烘烤温度相对较高(图12f)。其温度变化情况与蓝细菌Gakhumella的成岩烘烤温度最为接近。总体上,球粒边缘部分的有机质受成岩烘烤的温度明显高于围岩的有机质。
蓝细菌Gakhumella的成岩烘烤温度范围为300 ℃~360 ℃(图12g),后生生物化石(如有孔虫)介于270 ℃~360 ℃(图12i)。有机质主要分布于化石的纹层及边缘部位,各纹层内部有机质几乎被完全分解。介壳碎片外部泥晶套包裹物的成岩烘烤温度范围为250 ℃~320 ℃(图12h)。
在成岩烘烤作用的影响下,球粒中的有机质往往被降解,受到烘烤作用的影响,有机质渐进式裂解,H、O、N等元素被排出,其碳原子排布方式逐渐由无序态向石墨化态转变(Canfield et al.,2021),该过程形成的一系列材料被称为碳质物质(Carbonaceous Matters, CM),变质温度升高的同时,石墨化程度也不断提高,最终形成堆叠的石墨烯薄片(Sparkes et al.,20132020)。Sparkes et al.(2020)根据碳质材料的拉曼光谱结果,将拉曼峰宽和与成岩烘烤温度计算结果作为参数,表征有机质的石墨化程度,分为四个等级,即无序态,初级石墨化,中级石墨化与高级石墨化。
研究剖面的有机质整体处于初级石墨化阶段,但即便在同一种微生物岩中,不同位置的有机质也展示了从低温到高温的广泛温度特征,有机质在成岩作用下经历了复杂的成岩烘烤过程,可能受包括有机质的原始来源、沉积环境、成岩流体及局部埋藏环境等多种因素的影响。基于拉曼温度计算结果中R²大于0.97的数据点进行拟合(图13),可以观察到不同类型球粒及微生物—生物化石在石墨化程度上的变化趋势,揭示了它们在成岩烘烤作用下的演化过程。
在I型球粒(MIP)中,大部分有机质处于初级石墨化状态,但仍有部分区域保留无序化结构,表明其经历的成岩烘烤作用较弱。这与其形成初期的埋藏环境较浅或局部成岩流体的影响有关,部分有机质未经历充分热演化影响(图13a)。II型球粒(RMIP)的有机质保存较差,主要表现为局部重结晶方解石填充,仅边部保留较强的有机信号。其成岩烘烤程度略高于I型球粒(图13b)。VI型球粒(AMIP)在温度与峰宽上的变化范围几乎与I型和II型球粒重合,表明其有机质的石墨化程度与这两类球粒相似。这种相似性与其形成机制有关,VI型球粒可能是I型球粒被其他有机碎屑颗粒包裹的产物,并经历了类似的成岩过程。因此,VI型与I型球粒类似,它们在成岩演化过程中均未表现出较高的成岩烘烤程度(图13f)。
I、II型球粒来自微生物岩底部的凝块石,其有机质可能来源于当时爆发的微生物,或滞留在海水中的有机质。值得注意的是,微生物岩底部与下伏二叠系生物碎屑灰岩之间出现平行不整合,说明后者经历过暴露,而微生物岩则是大灭绝事件后华南发生区域大海侵时期的沉积产物(王永标等,2005刘建波等,2007Chen et al.,2022),因此,微生物岩底部球粒的有机质更有可能来源于下伏地层风化产物。然而,I、II型球粒有机质的成岩烘烤温度明显低于二叠系生物碎屑灰岩中有机质的平均温度,表明有机质来源既不是下伏二叠系风化产物,也不是海水滞留有机质,后者主要来自暴露出海平面的早期地层,经历大陆风化后被搬运至海洋,从而滞留在海水中。由此可见,这些有机质形成的最初时间早于其再沉积时间,因而相较于微生物岩原生有机质经历更多次成岩烘烤,其温度也显著更高(Canfield et al.,2021)。相反,I、II和VI型微球粒有机质的成岩烘烤温度与微生物岩中Gakhumella和后生生物化石的温度大体一致,且稍稍低于后者,说明这些有机质极可能来源于当时爆发的蓝细菌的生物分解或代谢活动。这些有机质埋藏之后,往往比Gakhumella和后生生物化石的有机质保护得稍好,因此其成岩烘烤温度也略低(Canfield et al.,2021)。
III型球粒(ADP)和V型球粒(DP)的有机质表现出最高的成岩烘烤温度,与I、II、VI型球粒的有机质存在明显差异。III型球粒的少部分区域已达到中级石墨化水平(图13c),拉曼峰宽较窄,表明其有机质结构更有序,成熟度较高(王民和Li,2016)。同样,V型球粒的成岩烘烤温度和峰宽分布较为离散,但整体上表现出较高的有机质结构有序度和成熟度(图13e)。III和V型球粒有机质的成岩烘烤温度明显较Gakhumella和后生生物化石的温度高。后者代表微生物岩原生有机质的成岩烘烤温度,说明III和V型球粒有机质可能承受了比微生物岩原生有机质更多次数的成岩烘烤作用。正如前文所述,该类有机质可能来源于长期滞留在海水中的有机质。这是因为早三叠世华南陆缘构造活动活跃,风化作用增强导致陆源物质输入增加,这些有机质最初来自陆地环境的页岩或泥质沉积物(杜远生等,2013),在其源岩成岩时,这些有机质就已经经历至少一次成岩烘烤作用,然后,经过暴露风化作用和沉积过程,汇聚到海洋之中。最后,通过聚合黏结的方式形成V型球粒的重要成分。微生物岩成岩后,这两类有机质再次受到成岩烘烤,导致它们的温度明显较同期原生有机质(如Gakhumella)的烘烤温度要高(图13c,e)。
IV型球粒(ISP)的成岩烘烤特征与Gakhumella和有孔虫化石较为接近(图13d,g,i),表明其有机质主要来源于微生物岩内部微生物的有机质分解或代谢活动的产物。同时,IV型球粒主要填充于生物骨架内部,因此其有机质在埋藏过程中受到一定的保护,导致其有机质成岩烘烤温度相对较低,发育与微生物化石相似的热演化特征(Reid,1987刘贝,2023)。此外,生物介壳层中大量的生物碎屑在埋藏过程中起到保护作用,使得球粒表现出渗流沉淀的特点,其中有机质也因此免受降解。
Gakhumella的有机质在其化石纹层边缘的保存效果较好(图13g)。这种特征表明微生物在矿化过程中,局部纹层结构能够在一定程度上保护有机质,使其在成岩过程中受到成岩烘烤的影响较弱。有孔虫壳体结构较为坚固,有助于在埋藏和成岩过程中对有机质进行保护(图13i)。这两类有机质代表了微生物岩形成过程中的原生有机质,它们的成岩烘烤温度代表了微生物岩成岩过程中承受的成岩烘烤程度。
此外,一些介壳碎片周围发育的泥晶套也显示出较高的有机质富集特征,其成岩烘烤温度表明泥晶套整体仍处于初级石墨化阶段,说明介壳碎片泥晶套的有机质主要来自微生物岩系统内部,且与微生物的呼吸作用密切相关。泥晶套有机质与微生物和后生生物的有机质相同,仅经历了一次成岩烘烤(图13h),因此成岩烘烤温度相对较低。大量有机质在介壳碎片外部泥晶套的富集也说明,微生物岩内部的有机质主要通过泥晶化的方式进行保存(Sun and Wright,1989Neuweiler,1993),而后期成岩过程中局部热液的影响可能导致有机质的进一步演化。
综上,微生物岩内部大部分泥晶微球粒的形成可能与有机质泥晶化作用有关,其有机质来源于原生微生物及后生生物化石,且由于重结晶或多期次有机质包裹保护的影响,残留的有机质受到成岩烘烤的程度有所区别。总体上,田湾微生物岩中大多数有机质(如I、II、IV、VI型球粒的有机质)在经历成岩烘烤作用后仍主要处于初级石墨化阶段,说明这些有机质来自微生物岩系统内部,主要由大灭绝后微生物爆发时期所产生,仅承受一次成岩烘烤作用影响。相反,III和V型球粒的有机质成岩烘烤程度较高,其部分有机质可能源自长期滞留在海水中的陆源有机物(Steinhauff et al.,2021)。因此,III和V型球粒的有机质可能经历了不止一次的成岩烘烤,其温度明显高于其他类型球粒的有机质。因此,拉曼温度计是判别地质历史时期有机质来源的重要手段。
田湾剖面微生物岩发育在PTME之后南盘江盆地孤立碳酸盐台地边缘,其沉积环境具有亚氧化、较低能的特点(刘建波等,2007)。亚氧化的水体环境有利于有机物的埋藏,而水动力条件的差异对球粒的形态与分选性起到关键的控制作用。泥晶球粒广布于微生物岩格架内部及生物介壳层透镜体内,且没有经历异地搬运,在原地形成和埋藏。泥晶球粒通常为颗粒小、球形至椭球形的隐晶质碳酸盐岩聚集体,缺乏明显同心纹层或圈层构造(Samankassou et al.,2005)。Adachi et al.(2004)首次描述了该剖面微生物岩的岩石组构和泥晶球粒特征,他们认为球状微生物死亡后,其躯体部分有机质分解并钙化,球状微生物内部被方解石填充,轮廓保存并形成球粒。对这些球粒细化观察发现,几乎没有球粒是微生物本身因有机质分解而钙化,并被方解石充填而形成。相反,大多数球粒是微生物活动与环境条件共同作用的产物。大灭绝之后,华南地区发生大规模海侵,导致微生物岩底部在不整合面之上再度发生沉积作用(王永标等,2005刘建波等,2007Chen et al.,2022)。由于微生物岩发育的地区为碳酸盐台地,这里陆源物质输入缺乏,微生物(特别是蓝细菌)非常发育,有利于碳酸盐沉淀。此外,由于微生物岩建造以凝块石为主,而后者通常是在相对低能环境中沉积(Ezaki et al.,2008Kershaw et al.,2012),因此微生物岩的泥晶微球粒是原地沉积和埋藏的。
I、II型球粒出现在微生物岩底部纹层状凝块石中,其粒径较小、分选良好,指示相对高能环境,这与微生物岩发育初期在华南地区发生区域性的大海侵相一致(王永标等,2005刘建波等,2007Chen et al.,2022)。这些球粒中的元素组成以Ca、O为主,Si、Mg含量小于1%,有机质温度稍低于蓝细菌Gakhumella、后生生物化石的温度,并明显低于下伏二叠系亮晶生物碎屑灰岩中有机质的平均温度。此外,微生物岩底部未见以下伏灰岩为源岩的砾石,或者再沉积的产物,表明I、II型球粒的有机质主要来源于大灭绝后与海侵同步的微生物爆发时期原地微生物遗体或其代谢活动的产物,而非陆源物质因风化作用带入海水中的有机质。此时,微生物通过光合作用固定CO2,分泌胞外聚合物(EPS)形成黏性基质,以固定微生物群落、捕获沉积物,EPS中的多糖和蛋白质也可以作为成核位点,结合Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺并诱导碳酸钙沉积,促进方解石或白云石沉淀(田野和田云涛,2020),形成富含有机质的微生物席结构(Monty,1976Chafetz,1986Wu et al.,2022)。受到海侵初期较为高能的水动力条件的影响,微生物活动形成藻席后被扰动而破碎,进一步磨圆形成球粒结构。
III型球粒保存于微生物岩建造中下部的凝块石内,其形成时水动力条件相对较弱,相较于I、II型球粒有更长时间接受有机质沉积,表明III型球粒的有机质可能来自微生物的代谢产物或者滞留在海水中的有机质。然而,III型球粒的成岩烘烤温度高于蓝细菌Gakhumella和后生生物化石的温度,说明球粒中大部分有机质可能来源于滞留在海水中的有机质。后者主要来源于陆地风化产物,经过搬运作用被带入海洋并滞留在海水中,相较于微生物岩原生有机质,往往经历更多次成岩烘烤,因此成岩温度也显著更高(Canfield et al.,2021)。
IV型球粒保存于透镜状的生物介壳层内部,磨圆、分选良好,形成于相对高能环境,该类球粒具有模糊边界,成岩烘烤温度与Gakhumella接近,且其中Si元素显著富集(>5%),说明有机质主要来源于Gakhumella等微生物的躯体分解或代谢活动的产物,同时,微生物可能分泌大量EPS,捕获水体中黏土矿物等硅质碎屑,最终混合形成泥晶球粒(Hong et al.,2017)。
V型球粒粒径较大、分选较差,形态为棱角状,指示其形成时的水动力条件较弱,同层位部分生物碎屑被泥晶颗粒包裹形成类似核形石结构,表明该类球粒的形成可能与生物内碎屑的泥晶化密切相关(Flügel,2004)。该类球粒的有机物温度最高,受到成岩烘烤程度最强,表明其有机质多为海水滞留有机质。同时,可见拉曼白云石特征峰(1 090 cm-1),Mg/Ca也显著升高(>6%),表明白云岩化作用对其中有机质的改造程度较高。
VI型球粒保存于微生物岩顶部的生物介壳层中,形成于较高能动荡的微环境,其成因与生物碎片的泥晶化作用存在一定关联,是泥晶颗粒包裹生物碎屑与I型球粒类似物的产物,有机质主要来源于微生物岩原生的微生物躯体有机质分解或代谢活动的产物。
二叠纪末大灭绝后,微生物在浅水碳酸盐台地繁盛,特别是蓝细菌大量爆发(Derrien et al.,2023),它们通过光合作用、化能合成作用等途径,将无机碳(如CO2、HCO3-)固定为有机小分子,包括氨基酸、单糖等,随后异养生物捕食并合成更复杂的有机大分子,如蛋白质、多糖、脂质等(Gale et al.,2016),生产大量的有机质。此时的有机质体积小、质量轻,易溶于水,为溶解有机碳(Dissolved Organic Carbon,DOC)。同时,微生物岩沉积体系中氧化—还原状态频繁变化,有利于硫酸盐还原菌等其他微生物繁盛。蓝细菌等微生物代谢产生的有机质易被硫酸盐还原菌(Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria,SRB)或化能自养菌降解,生成CO2及其他气体而排放至大气中(Megonigal et al.,2004Gale et al.,2016)。而生物死亡后,细菌、真菌等微生物也会通过分泌酶类物质分解有机质。特别是二叠纪—三叠纪之交,强烈的火山作用频繁发生,海水温度急剧升高(Sun et al.,2012宋虎跃等,2014),进一步加快水体中有机质的被氧化过程,使得大部分溶解有机碳转化为CO2,CO2排放到大气中加剧了温室效应,最终使得“火山作用—微生物爆发—有机质氧化—CO2排放—温度加剧升高—有机碳加快氧化”形成恶性循环,使得大量由微生物产生的有机碳氧化成为CO2排放至大气中,仅有少量有机质由于黏土的凝絮作用或者后生生物的代谢而形成颗粒有机碳(Particulate Organic Carbon,POC)。当水动力条件较弱时,POC颗粒逐渐沉降至水体底部,通过快速沉积埋藏得以保存(Wada et al.,2007Algeo et al.,2013;Carlson and Hansell,2015;梁乐文等,2023),形成原生有机质,最终形成多种形态的微球粒。这是因为黏土矿物能够提供较大的比表面积,细小的DOC容易被其捕获,生成稳定的有机—矿物复合体,氧化和降解速度减慢,沉积和封存能力增强(Philp,1985)。因此,在低氧或黏土沉积环境中,部分POC可以被封存,但由于降解的高效性和环境因素的限制,只有少部分POC能够有效沉积并最终埋藏在沉积物中,成为长期储存的有机碳。
在埋藏过程中,成岩作用引发的温度和压力变化使得有机质经历了成岩烘烤作用,导致其结构发生变化(Beyssac et al.,2002Kouketsu et al.,2014刘贝,2023)。特别是在较深的埋藏环境中,随着温度升高,有机质的分解速率加快,许多有机物质最终被转化为CO2或其他无机物,只有极少数的有机质通过矿化作用被封存,成为长期保存的深层碳。然而降解过程是不可逆的,随着成岩作用的进一步加深,有机质逐渐被分解和转化,最终导致碳的深层储存效率较低。
此外,浅水环境中的微生物大量爆发,其生成的有机质可能发生埋藏转移,如被运移到更深水的地区埋藏。然而,在华南地区PTME的深水相剖面,如鄂西地区的大峡口剖面,与微生物岩等时的深水相沉积物记录的TOC含量也非常低(Shen et al.,2015Pei et al.,2021),说明当时华南海洋中并没有发生有机质埋藏转移现象。
综上,尽管大灭绝后火山作用刺激微生物爆发,并生成了大量的有机质,但生物降解、水动力作用以及成岩过程等因素共同作用,限制了其在沉积物中的埋藏效率,使得微生物岩中TOC含量普遍较低(Zheng et al.,2024)。微生物岩中的碳埋藏机制为我们理解古环境的变化和碳循环的演变提供了重要的地质证据,尤其是对于研究气候变化和地球历史时期碳循环的演化具有重要意义。
(1) 研究剖面微生物岩中球粒的形成主要与微生物活动密切相关,尤其是蓝细菌通过光合作用生成大量有机质,同时固定CO2,并通过分泌胞外聚合物(EPS)促进碳酸盐沉淀。球粒主要由有机质组成,形成过程中受沉积环境的水动力条件的影响。
(2) 根据形态特征和组成成分的不同,微生物岩的球粒可分为六种类型。其中,I和II型球粒的形成与微生物代谢作用有关;III型球粒的形成可能与海水中滞留有机质的富集以及新生变形作用相关;IV型球粒是微生物有机质与黏土矿物的混合物;V型球粒的形成可能与生物内碎屑的泥晶化作用密切相关,多来源于海水滞留有机质富集。VI型球粒是生物碎屑泥晶化的产物,其有机质主要来源于原生微生物有机质。
(3) 拉曼光谱地质温度计分析显示不同类型球粒的有机质经历了不同程度的成岩烘烤作用。大多数球粒有机质受成岩烘烤作用影响较小,处于初级石墨化阶段;III和V型球粒则保存有受到多次成岩烘烤作用影响的高温有机质,达到中级石墨化程度,可能源自滞留在海水中的陆源有机质。这表明拉曼地质温度计分析是检验有机质热演化、判别有机质物质来源的重要技术工具。
(4) 尽管微生物岩中微生物爆发生成大量的有机质,但频繁变化的氧化—还原状态和急剧升高的海水温度加剧了大量溶解有机质被氧化为CO2释放到大气中。仅有少量溶解有机质变成POC,并通过沉积被封存,成为由有机质内碎屑组成的球粒结构。颗粒形成后,成岩作用的成岩烘烤分解了大量有机碳,只有极少量的有机质矿化被封存,从而解释了微生物岩体系TOC含量普遍偏低的现象。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(42377205)
  • 广东省基础与应用基础研究基金项目(2024A1515012584)
  • 中国地质大学(武汉)中央高校基本科研业务费资助项目(2025XLA46)
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2026年第44卷第3期
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doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2025.018
  • 接收时间:2025-02-24
  • 首发时间:2026-09-17
  • 出版时间:2026-06-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-24
  • 修回日期:2025-06-30
  • 录用日期:2025-08-29
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(42377205)
国家自然科学基金项目(42377205)
Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2024A1515012584)
广东省基础与应用基础研究基金项目(2024A1515012584)
Fundamental Research Funds for National Universities, China University of Geosciences(2025XLA46)
中国地质大学(武汉)中央高校基本科研业务费资助项目(2025XLA46)
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    1.中国地质大学(武汉)地质微生物与环境全国重点实验室,武汉 430074
    2.中国地质大学(武汉)地球与行星科学学院,武汉 430074

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陈中强,男,教授,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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