Article(id=1301938746195210862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, issueId=1301938707137848028, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2025.003, pmid=null, cstr=32268.14/j.cjxb.62-1038.2025.003, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1725120000000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-01, revisedDate=1735920000000, revisedDateStr=2025-01-04, acceptedDate=1740067200000, acceptedDateStr=2025-02-21, onlineDate=1788335985943, onlineDateStr=2026-09-02, pubDate=1786291200000, pubDateStr=2026-08-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1788335985943, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-02, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1788335985943, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1788335985943, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1301938707137848028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, year='2026', volume='44', issue='4', pageStart='1215', pageEnd='1587', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1786291200000', pubDateStr='2026-08-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1788335976633, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1788405108360, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1302228666671460469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, issueId=1301938707137848028, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1302228666671460470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, issueId=1301938707137848028, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1442, endPage=1457, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1301938747470279279, articleId=1301938746195210862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, language=EN, title=Evolution Mechanisms and Sedimentary Models of Delta Channel-Lobe Systems: Based on physical Simulation experiments of Cretaceous sedimentary features in the eastern depression of the Doseo Basin, columnId=null, journalTitle=Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective The distribution patterns of favorable sand bodies in deltaic sedimentary systems serve as the theoretical foundation for oil and gas exploration. Traditional lobe classification and microfacies analysis methods have limitations in revealing the evolution mechanisms of the channel-lobe system, thus restricting the development of studies on lobe morphology and sand body connectivity. Methods Using the Cretaceous delta of the eastern depression of the Doseo Basin as a model, a flume experiment with a movable base was conducted. By capturing Hi-Res time-series images and sand body morphology data, and applying a new lobe classification method, an effective regional sedimentary model was established. Results (1) A consistent overlapping relationship exists between channels and lobes, where the migration, evolution, or disappearance of channels leads to the formation of new lobes. (2) Within the channel-lobe system, three main evolution mechanisms are driven by hydrodynamic strength: erosion of existing lobes, formation of lobes dominated by sandy deposition, and formation of mud layers dominated by fine-grained deposition. (3) The characteristics of channels determine the type of lobe development, whereas lobe morphology is influenced by factors such as sedimentary slope, tectonic activity, base level, and sediment source conditions. (4) The connectivity of sand bodies is affected by the constituent units of lobes, their contact relationships, lobe properties, and the types of lobe complexes. Later channel evolution can improve sand body connectivity to a certain extent. (5) The eastern depression of the Doseo Basin exhibits two sedimentary models: deep-water and shallow-water delta systems. In the deep-water delta model, the channel evolution area is larger, and connectivity improvements are more pronounced. In contrast, the shallow-water delta model features larger lobe deposition areas and wider planar distribution of lobes. Conclusions The new lobe classification method and the channel-lobe system evolution mechanism are applicable to the study of sand body connectivity and sedimentary models in the study area, and they are expected to be widely used in future delta sedimentary simulation research.

, authors=XingTian ZHOU, ChunSheng ZHANG, authorsList=XingTian ZHOU, ChunSheng ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=ChunSheng ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
ZHANG ChunSheng, E-mail:
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目的 三角洲沉积体系有利砂体分布规律是油气勘探的理论基础,传统的朵体分类法和微相分析方法在揭示水道—朵体体系演化机制方面存在局限性,制约了朵体形态学及砂体连通性的深入研究。 方法 以Doseo盆地东部凹陷白垩系三角洲为原型,采用具备活动底板的沉积水槽开展物理模拟实验,通过获取时间序列高清影像和砂体形态数据,结合新的朵体分类法,进而建立有效的区域沉积模式。 结果 (1)水道与朵体之间始终存在叠加与被叠加的关系,水道的迁移、演化或消亡均会形成新的朵体;(2)水道—朵体体系中,受水动力强度影响,主要存在三种演化机制,包括原有朵体接受侵蚀改造、砂质沉积为主形成朵体、细粒沉积为主形成泥质薄层;(3)水道属性决定了朵体的发育类型,朵体的形态则受沉积坡度、构造作用、沉积基准面和物源条件等影响;(4)朵体的组成单元、朵体间的接触关系、朵体物性和朵体复合体的类型均会影响砂体连通性,后期水道的演化在一定程度上改善了连通性;(5)Doseo盆地东部凹陷存在深水三角洲和浅水三角洲两种沉积模式:深水三角洲模式中,水道演化区较大,连通性改善较为明显;而浅水三角洲模式中,朵体沉积区较大,朵体平面展布范围广。 结论 新的朵体分类方法及水道—朵体体系演化机制,能够有效应用于研究区砂体连通性分析及沉积模式研究,并有望在未来三角洲沉积模拟实验中得到新的应用。

, authors=周行天, 张春生, authorsList=周行天, 张春生, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张春生, authorNote=

周行天,男,1995年出生,硕士研究生,沉积模拟及储层地质学,E-mail:

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张春生,男,教授,E-mail:
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周行天,男,1995年出生,硕士研究生,沉积模拟及储层地质学,E-mail:

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Geomorphology, 292: 115-127., articleTitle=Stepwise morphological evolution of the active Yellow River (Huanghe) Delta lobe (1976–2013): Dominant roles of riverine discharge and sediment grain size, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1307264086836798174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1301938746195210862, awardId=42272113, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(42272113), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1307264086924878559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1301938746195210862, awardId=42272113, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(42272113), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1307264082143371937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1301938746195210862, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1307264082155954850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1301938746195210862, companyId=1307264082143371937, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Geosciences, Yangtze University, Wuhan 430100, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1307264082160149155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1301938746195210862, companyId=1307264082143371937, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=长江大学地球科学学院,武汉 430100)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1307264083649127096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1301938746195210862, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Geographic location and structural unit division map of the Doseo Basin (modified from Rao et al., 2023), figureFileSmall=XW44DmvWofjktOwcI8QIew==, figureFileBig=YGFDBIgL4OAkHI6GxbiJ6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307264083703653049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1301938746195210862, language=CN, label=图1, caption=Doseo盆地地理位置及构造单元划分(据饶勇等,2023修改), figureFileSmall=XW44DmvWofjktOwcI8QIew==, figureFileBig=YGFDBIgL4OAkHI6GxbiJ6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307264083892396730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1301938746195210862, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Schematic Cretaceous⁃aged structural cross⁃section A⁃A' of the northern fault zone in the eastern depression(modified from Gao et al., 2023), figureFileSmall=nTz7FkzFh8NDlgiPTBEnxw==, figureFileBig=NIccgOpXt+JLSJrWxHmgvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307264083972088507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1301938746195210862, language=CN, label=图2, caption=东部凹陷北部断裂带白垩系构造剖面A—A’示意图(据Gao et al.,2023修改), figureFileSmall=nTz7FkzFh8NDlgiPTBEnxw==, figureFileBig=NIccgOpXt+JLSJrWxHmgvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307264084039197372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1301938746195210862, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=(a) Schematic diagram of the sedimentary simulation experiment apparatus (modified from Zhang et al., 2000b);(b) base design for the physical sedimentary simulation experiment in the eastern depression, Doseo Basin, figureFileSmall=xa41K9TfhZvYHBDovjZZ8Q==, figureFileBig=Vs+mM9ylKHUwMgZNNqC+iQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307264084106306237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1301938746195210862, language=CN, label=图3, caption=(a)沉积模拟实验装置示意图(据张春生等,2000b修改);(b)Doseo盆地东部凹陷物理沉积模拟实验底型设计, figureFileSmall=xa41K9TfhZvYHBDovjZZ8Q==, figureFileBig=Vs+mM9ylKHUwMgZNNqC+iQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307264084173415102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1301938746195210862, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Experimental procedure, figureFileSmall=eWCXqsT7mkn6Em9K0Dqljg==, figureFileBig=ClaTPXwL3ROv4SVVds35WQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307264084244718271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1301938746195210862, language=CN, label=图4, caption=实验流程, figureFileSmall=eWCXqsT7mkn6Em9K0Dqljg==, figureFileBig=ClaTPXwL3ROv4SVVds35WQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307264084303438528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1301938746195210862, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Sediment simulation

(a) early stage of 1st sedimentary period; (b) mid-stage of 1st sedimentary period; (c) late stage of 1st sedimentary period; (d) early stage of 2nd sedimentary period; (e) mid-stage of 2nd sedimentary period; (f) late stage of 2nd sedimentary period; (g) early stage of 3rd sedimentary period; (h) mid-stage of 3rd sedimentary period; (i) late stage of 3rd sedimentary period

, figureFileSmall=+4n0nCaTHs+auglK0FNN1Q==, figureFileBig=m5tMD/nzz5cCpx5qHPGoCw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307264084370547393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1301938746195210862, language=CN, label=图5, caption=沉积模拟实验过程

(a)第一期初期;(b)第一期中期;(c)第一期末期;(d)第二期初期;(e)第二期中期;(f)第二期末期;(g)第三期初期;(h)第三期中期;(i)第三期末期

, figureFileSmall=+4n0nCaTHs+auglK0FNN1Q==, figureFileBig=m5tMD/nzz5cCpx5qHPGoCw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307264084437656258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1301938746195210862, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Channel morphology and sand body planar distribution at the end of each phase of the sedimentary simulation

(a) 1st sedimentary period; (b) 2nd sedimentary period; (c) 3rd sedimentary period

, figureFileSmall=rRgWLRFeNfbACHlG+nwVgA==, figureFileBig=vQvyJ7bjYwQLPizxm9RpDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307264084504765123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1301938746195210862, language=CN, label=图6, caption=沉积模拟实验每期结束时河道形态及砂体平面展布

(a)第一沉积期;(b)第二沉积期;(c)第三沉积期

, figureFileSmall=rRgWLRFeNfbACHlG+nwVgA==, figureFileBig=vQvyJ7bjYwQLPizxm9RpDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307264084567679684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1301938746195210862, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Schematic diagrams and cross⁃sections of lobe types

(a) schematic cross-sectional view of agglomerative lobe perpendicular to the sediment source direction; (b) schematic cross-sectional view of superimposed lobe along the sediment source direction; (c) local section of 1st sedimentary period, showing agglomerative lobe at the top and superimposed lobe, erosional lobe type-I with underlying lobe layers (indicated by red arrows) at the bottom; (d) local section of 2nd sedimentary period, showing amalgamated lobe at the top and erosional lobe type-I with underlying lobe layers (indicated by red arrows) at the bottom; (e) local section of 3rd sedimentary period, showing a cross-section of superimposed lobe

, figureFileSmall=+5SaXNsXfFhyQlv14fCIPQ==, figureFileBig=YogL8lBU+AD0qB1mtFBoqA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307264084647371461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1301938746195210862, language=CN, label=图7, caption=朵体类型示意图及剖面图

(a)聚合型朵体切物源方向剖面示意图;(b)叠覆型朵体顺物源方向剖面示意图;(c)第一沉积期局部,上部聚合型朵体,下部叠覆型朵体、侵蚀I型朵体及其下叶小层(红色箭头处);(d)第二沉积期局部,上部融合型朵体,下部侵蚀I型朵体及其下叶小层(红色箭头处);(e)第三沉积期局部,叠覆型朵体剖面

, figureFileSmall=+5SaXNsXfFhyQlv14fCIPQ==, figureFileBig=YogL8lBU+AD0qB1mtFBoqA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307264084722868934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1301938746195210862, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Sedimentary architecture of profile at 350 cm in the east⁃west section

(a) cross-sectional view along the east-west direction at 350 cm; (b) sedimentary facies diagram of the east-west cross-section at 350 cm; (c) sand body analysis diagram of the north-south cross-section at 525 cm; (d) sand body analysis diagram of the north-south cross-section at 450 cm; (e) detailed sand body analysis diagram of the north-south cross-section at 350 cm; (f) sand body analysis diagram of the east-west cross-section at 375 cm

, figureFileSmall=sVp6VVLQdoJJMZffqOb5qQ==, figureFileBig=uZnJ84DIhPfP9XdbKEDVdg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307264084798366407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1301938746195210862, language=CN, label=图8, caption=东西向350 cm处剖面构型特征

(a)东西向350 cm剖面拼图;(b)东西向350 cm剖面沉积相图;(c)南北向525 cm处剖面砂体分析图;(d)南北向450 cm处剖面砂体分析图;(e)南北向350 cm剖面局部砂体分析图;(f)东西向375 cm处剖面砂体分析图

, figureFileSmall=sVp6VVLQdoJJMZffqOb5qQ==, figureFileBig=uZnJ84DIhPfP9XdbKEDVdg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307264084865475272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1301938746195210862, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Analysis of the evolutionary state of the channel⁃lobe system, figureFileSmall=CGo9LHfeSXKyhqNkjUQr5w==, figureFileBig=NatIFh4au/ckSB0B0811Dg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307264084936778441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1301938746195210862, language=CN, label=图9, caption=水道—朵体体系演化状态分析, figureFileSmall=CGo9LHfeSXKyhqNkjUQr5w==, figureFileBig=NatIFh4au/ckSB0B0811Dg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307264085008081610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1301938746195210862, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Evolutionary process of the agglomerative lobe

(a) emergence of delta front and plain subfacies prototypes; (b) owing to the steep slope, the migration of the channel is limited, resulting in small-scale sand body deposition; (c) lobe prototypes form; (d) lobe prototypes gradually aggregate as branching channels increase; (e) lobe prototypes disappear, and outer lobes form; (f) the main lobe develops; (g) inter-lobe filling rapidly connects lobes on the plane; (h) multiple phases of post-lobe filling lead to the formation of an agglomerative lobe

, figureFileSmall=zDezBX+wDjctrtGBjencPQ==, figureFileBig=CXrdugIsYucPqIqqnAWaCA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307264085062607563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1301938746195210862, language=CN, label=图10, caption=聚合型朵叶朵体砂体演化过程

(a)三角洲前缘亚相与平原亚相雏形出现;(b)受大坡度影响,水道摆动幅度较小,砂体沉积规模小;(c)朵叶前体形成;(d)朵叶前体逐渐聚合,分支水道数量增多;(e)朵叶前体消亡,外缘朵叶形成;(f)主朵叶形成;(g)朵间充填使朵叶平面上快速连片;(h)朵后充填多次演化,聚合型朵体形成

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(a) deep-water delta lobe sedimentary model; (b) shallow-water delta lobe sedimentary model

, figureFileSmall=eRbrniDUiUDxvSJQjMBsmg==, figureFileBig=BdXAVOSqPRBt4CFFlKKrNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307264085343625935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1301938746195210862, language=CN, label=图12, caption=Doseo盆地东部凹陷白垩纪水道—朵体体系沉积模式

(a)深水三角洲朵体沉积模式;(b)浅水三角洲朵体沉积模式

, figureFileSmall=eRbrniDUiUDxvSJQjMBsmg==, figureFileBig=BdXAVOSqPRBt4CFFlKKrNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307264085419123408, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1301938746195210862, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Stratigraphy, geological age, thickness, tectonic activity, cycles, system tracts, and sand⁃to⁃shale ratio of the Cretaceous formations in the Doseo Basin

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地质年代距今时间/Ma发育地层平均厚度/m旋回序列构造作用砂地比体系域
晚白垩世100~66K2a组800第三旋回序列坳陷期55%~70%HST
Kome组第二断陷期
早白垩世晚期125~100Koumra组1 800第二旋回序列45%~60%HST
Doba组走滑期20%~35%
U.Kedeni组40%~55%LST→TST
L.Kedeni组30%~45%
早白垩世早期145~125Mangara群2 000第一旋回序列第一断陷期45%~60%HST
), ArticleFig(id=1307264085494620881, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1301938746195210862, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

Doseo盆地白垩系发育地层时代及厚度、构造作用、旋回、体系域及砂地比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地质年代距今时间/Ma发育地层平均厚度/m旋回序列构造作用砂地比体系域
晚白垩世100~66K2a组800第三旋回序列坳陷期55%~70%HST
Kome组第二断陷期
早白垩世晚期125~100Koumra组1 800第二旋回序列45%~60%HST
Doba组走滑期20%~35%
U.Kedeni组40%~55%LST→TST
L.Kedeni组30%~45%
早白垩世早期145~125Mangara群2 000第一旋回序列第一断陷期45%~60%HST
), ArticleFig(id=1307264085565924050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1301938746195210862, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Adjustable parameters and subsidence range of the movable base (cm)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
沉积期第一排第二排第三排第四排下降幅度
第一期1.02.02.53.57.0
第二期1.01.52.03.05.0
第三期2.03.03.54.59.0
), ArticleFig(id=1307264085641421523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1301938746195210862, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

活动底板调节参数及下降幅度(cm)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
沉积期第一排第二排第三排第四排下降幅度
第一期1.02.02.53.57.0
第二期1.01.52.03.05.0
第三期2.03.03.54.59.0
), ArticleFig(id=1307264085716918996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1301938746195210862, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Basic experimental parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
沉积期初始水深/cm时期流量/(L/s)流速/(m/s)单次持续时间/h加砂组成/%
砾质/粗砂中砂细砂粉砂/泥质
第一期15Run11.40.90.53040255
Run20.80.52.52540305
Run30.40.21.020353510
第二期15Run11.00.60.525353010
Run20.60.42.015304015
Run30.20.21.510304515
第三期25Run11.40.90.53040255
Run20.80.52.52540305
Run30.40.21.020353510
), ArticleFig(id=1307264085804999381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1301938746195210862, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

实验基本参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
沉积期初始水深/cm时期流量/(L/s)流速/(m/s)单次持续时间/h加砂组成/%
砾质/粗砂中砂细砂粉砂/泥质
第一期15Run11.40.90.53040255
Run20.80.52.52540305
Run30.40.21.020353510
第二期15Run11.00.60.525353010
Run20.60.42.015304015
Run30.20.21.510304515
第三期25Run11.40.90.53040255
Run20.80.52.52540305
Run30.40.21.020353510
), ArticleFig(id=1307264085893079766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1301938746195210862, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Statistical analysis of lobe size and scale in sedimentary simulation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
沉积期远端朵体模拟断层区朵体近端朵体
宽度/cm厚度/cm宽厚比宽度/cm厚度/cm宽厚比宽度/cm厚度/cm宽厚比
第一期

13.4

10.8

7.6

1.9

2.1

1.7

7.05

5.14

4.47

13.5

6.8

3.1

1.0

4.35

6.80

第二期

9.8

14.1

1.1

1.9

8.91

7.42

6.41.25.33

6.2

6.6

1.1

1.0

5.64

6.60

第三期

8.9

14.8

8.7

2.0

2.4

1.5

4.45

6.17

5.80

9.2

7.6

7.1

2.1

1.6

1.4

4.38

4.75

5.07

), ArticleFig(id=1307264085981160152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1301938746195210862, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

实验典型朵体尺寸及规模统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
沉积期远端朵体模拟断层区朵体近端朵体
宽度/cm厚度/cm宽厚比宽度/cm厚度/cm宽厚比宽度/cm厚度/cm宽厚比
第一期

13.4

10.8

7.6

1.9

2.1

1.7

7.05

5.14

4.47

13.5

6.8

3.1

1.0

4.35

6.80

第二期

9.8

14.1

1.1

1.9

8.91

7.42

6.41.25.33

6.2

6.6

1.1

1.0

5.64

6.60

第三期

8.9

14.8

8.7

2.0

2.4

1.5

4.45

6.17

5.80

9.2

7.6

7.1

2.1

1.6

1.4

4.38

4.75

5.07

), ArticleFig(id=1307264086195069657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1301938746195210862, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Sand body connectivity analysis within lobes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物源类型分布样式示意图分布特征砂体连通性水道水动力
共源朵叶垂向叠置 朵叶间连通,且朵叶间砂体物性相近

朵叶侧向接触
朵叶—朵间充填接触 朵叶与朵间充填切割,但物性差距大
异源垂向切割叠置

后期水道对前一期朵叶侵蚀下切

朵叶之间明显切割,连通性好

侧向侵蚀接触
不接触 朵叶间不连通,泥质夹层发育
), ArticleFig(id=1307264086295732955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1301938746195210862, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

朵体内部砂体连通性分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物源类型分布样式示意图分布特征砂体连通性水道水动力
共源朵叶垂向叠置 朵叶间连通,且朵叶间砂体物性相近

朵叶侧向接触
朵叶—朵间充填接触 朵叶与朵间充填切割,但物性差距大
异源垂向切割叠置

后期水道对前一期朵叶侵蚀下切

朵叶之间明显切割,连通性好

侧向侵蚀接触
不接触 朵叶间不连通,泥质夹层发育
), ArticleFig(id=1307264086610305756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1301938746195210862, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Development types for deep⁃water and shallow⁃water delta lobe complexes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
单体型朵体复合体复合型朵体复合体侵蚀型朵体复合体泥质夹层型朵体复合体侵蚀夹层型朵体复合体
深水三角洲DaDasDaesDaCDasCDaesC
DsDsaDseaDsCDsaCDseaC
浅水三角洲SaSamSaemSaCSamCSaemC
SmSmaSmCSmaC
), ArticleFig(id=1307264086673220317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1301938746195210862, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

深水及浅水三角洲朵体复合体发育类型

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
单体型朵体复合体复合型朵体复合体侵蚀型朵体复合体泥质夹层型朵体复合体侵蚀夹层型朵体复合体
深水三角洲DaDasDaesDaCDasCDaesC
DsDsaDseaDsCDsaCDseaC
浅水三角洲SaSamSaemSaCSamCSaemC
SmSmaSmCSmaC
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三角洲水道—朵体体系演化机制及沉积模式
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周行天 , 张春生
沉积学报 | 2026,44(4): 1442-1457
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沉积学报 | 2026 , 44 (4) : 1442 -1457
三角洲水道—朵体体系演化机制及沉积模式
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周行天 , 张春生
作者信息
  • 长江大学地球科学学院,武汉 430100
通讯作者:
张春生,男,教授,E-mail:
作者简介:

周行天,男,1995年出生,硕士研究生,沉积模拟及储层地质学,E-mail:

Evolution Mechanisms and Sedimentary Models of Delta Channel-Lobe Systems: Based on physical Simulation experiments of Cretaceous sedimentary features in the eastern depression of the Doseo Basin
XingTian ZHOU , ChunSheng ZHANG
Affiliations
  • School of Geosciences, Yangtze University, Wuhan 430100, China
  • Corresponding Author:
    ZHANG ChunSheng, E-mail:
出版时间: 2026-08-10 doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2025.003
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目的 三角洲沉积体系有利砂体分布规律是油气勘探的理论基础,传统的朵体分类法和微相分析方法在揭示水道—朵体体系演化机制方面存在局限性,制约了朵体形态学及砂体连通性的深入研究。 方法 以Doseo盆地东部凹陷白垩系三角洲为原型,采用具备活动底板的沉积水槽开展物理模拟实验,通过获取时间序列高清影像和砂体形态数据,结合新的朵体分类法,进而建立有效的区域沉积模式。 结果 (1)水道与朵体之间始终存在叠加与被叠加的关系,水道的迁移、演化或消亡均会形成新的朵体;(2)水道—朵体体系中,受水动力强度影响,主要存在三种演化机制,包括原有朵体接受侵蚀改造、砂质沉积为主形成朵体、细粒沉积为主形成泥质薄层;(3)水道属性决定了朵体的发育类型,朵体的形态则受沉积坡度、构造作用、沉积基准面和物源条件等影响;(4)朵体的组成单元、朵体间的接触关系、朵体物性和朵体复合体的类型均会影响砂体连通性,后期水道的演化在一定程度上改善了连通性;(5)Doseo盆地东部凹陷存在深水三角洲和浅水三角洲两种沉积模式:深水三角洲模式中,水道演化区较大,连通性改善较为明显;而浅水三角洲模式中,朵体沉积区较大,朵体平面展布范围广。 结论 新的朵体分类方法及水道—朵体体系演化机制,能够有效应用于研究区砂体连通性分析及沉积模式研究,并有望在未来三角洲沉积模拟实验中得到新的应用。

水道—朵体体系  /  沉积模式  /  模拟实验  /  沉积演化  /  Doseo盆地

Objective The distribution patterns of favorable sand bodies in deltaic sedimentary systems serve as the theoretical foundation for oil and gas exploration. Traditional lobe classification and microfacies analysis methods have limitations in revealing the evolution mechanisms of the channel-lobe system, thus restricting the development of studies on lobe morphology and sand body connectivity. Methods Using the Cretaceous delta of the eastern depression of the Doseo Basin as a model, a flume experiment with a movable base was conducted. By capturing Hi-Res time-series images and sand body morphology data, and applying a new lobe classification method, an effective regional sedimentary model was established. Results (1) A consistent overlapping relationship exists between channels and lobes, where the migration, evolution, or disappearance of channels leads to the formation of new lobes. (2) Within the channel-lobe system, three main evolution mechanisms are driven by hydrodynamic strength: erosion of existing lobes, formation of lobes dominated by sandy deposition, and formation of mud layers dominated by fine-grained deposition. (3) The characteristics of channels determine the type of lobe development, whereas lobe morphology is influenced by factors such as sedimentary slope, tectonic activity, base level, and sediment source conditions. (4) The connectivity of sand bodies is affected by the constituent units of lobes, their contact relationships, lobe properties, and the types of lobe complexes. Later channel evolution can improve sand body connectivity to a certain extent. (5) The eastern depression of the Doseo Basin exhibits two sedimentary models: deep-water and shallow-water delta systems. In the deep-water delta model, the channel evolution area is larger, and connectivity improvements are more pronounced. In contrast, the shallow-water delta model features larger lobe deposition areas and wider planar distribution of lobes. Conclusions The new lobe classification method and the channel-lobe system evolution mechanism are applicable to the study of sand body connectivity and sedimentary models in the study area, and they are expected to be widely used in future delta sedimentary simulation research.

channel-lobe system  /  sedimentary model  /  Simulation experiments  /  depositional evolution  /  Doseo Basin
周行天, 张春生. 三角洲水道—朵体体系演化机制及沉积模式. 沉积学报, 2026 , 44 (4) : 1442 -1457 . DOI: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2025.003
XingTian ZHOU, ChunSheng ZHANG. Evolution Mechanisms and Sedimentary Models of Delta Channel-Lobe Systems: Based on physical Simulation experiments of Cretaceous sedimentary features in the eastern depression of the Doseo Basin[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2026 , 44 (4) : 1442 -1457 . DOI: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2025.003
沉积物理模拟实验是利用水槽或类似实验装置进行仿真沉积体或沉积物形成及演化的实验。实验通常利用地层资料按比例设计地质原型,并通过古地理资料还原古降雨量、物源条件以及控制水流和输砂量等,最终实现模拟沉积体发育或沉积物演化过程(Li et al.,2016Rongier et al.,2017)。在井震数据有限的情况下,沉积物理模拟实验能够反映沉积体的发育过程,并从多角度观察、记录和描述砂体或沉积微相的发育情况及砂体连通性,是了解地层内部结构、建立区域沉积模式的重要手段(印森林等,2017吴宇翔等,2022尹力等,2022Qi et al.,2024)。
传统的沉积物理模拟实验由于设备限制,通常难以模拟构造作用,使得实验中的沉积模型单一、沉积体的还原度较低。Paola et al.(1992)Paola and Seal(1995)Paola(2000)张春生等(2003)引入活动底板技术,以模拟构造作用,并将其应用于三角洲的物理沉积模拟研究中。例如,通过活动底板的整体升降、区域升降和平面位移等方式,更好地再现盆地整体沉降、倾向滑移断层和平移断层的发育过程。
然而,三角洲沉积模拟实验仍存在较大的主观性问题,部分微相分析中的概念和术语不统一,在小尺度的模拟实验中这一现象更为明显。为解决这一问题,Posamentier and Kolla(2003)提出以朵体为最小研究单位,替代传统微相分析,从而更客观、全面地解释三角洲的成因、结构、沉积体系演化、形态、沉积特征和沉积模式等。
在多数三角洲朵体研究中,一般根据三角洲类型将朵体划分为浅水三角洲型朵体和深水三角洲型朵体(Doughty-Jones et al.,2017),或根据朵体所处三角洲或冲积扇的位置将其划分为近端朵体和远端朵体(Wu et al.,2017)。但随着储层精细化描述工作的快速推进,诸如此类的二元分类法略显粗糙,难以满足未来的勘探需求,亟须建立更加全面的三角洲水道—朵体体系。
本文以白垩纪地层为研究对象,利用水槽实验模拟盆地东部凹陷三角洲的形成过程。基于前人的朵体分类法(Otvos and Giardino,2004Huang et al.,2019孙辉等,2019),通过对朵体解构,分析其构成单元,提出了新的朵体类型划分方案,总结了水道—朵体体系演化机制以及朵体发育主控因素,揭示了Doseo盆地东部凹陷朵体连通性规律及沉积模式,旨在为今后南乍得地区油气勘探提供理论依据。
Doseo盆地是中非剪切带西南部重要的含油气盆地(Dou et al.,2022),平面上整体呈NEE—SWW走向,东西向长约500 km,南北向最宽处约80 km,是典型的右旋右阶走滑拉分盆地(图1)。盆地自下而上分别发育元古界—寒武系变质岩基底、下白垩统、上白垩统和新生界沉积盖层,各地层间存在区域性不整合(Gao et al.,2023)。
白垩纪时期盆地共经历3个旋回序列和4期构造演化过程(程顶胜等,2021)。整体上看,3个旋回序列分别对应早白垩世早期、早白垩世晚期和晚白垩世时期(表1)。受白垩纪中非剪切带的构造作用影响,盆地经历了长期走滑和多期断陷。早白垩世早期,南乍得地区经历了强烈的张性断陷沉降,盆内广泛发育大型正断层(图2),这一时期称为伸展断陷阶段或第一次断陷期;早白垩世晚期,经过断陷期的填平补齐,盆地整体地势趋于平坦,水体较浅,这一时期称为断拗转换阶段或走滑期;至早白垩世末期,盆地充填形成于退积背景,并进入第二次断陷期;晚白垩世,随着走滑作用减弱,盆内发生区域热沉降,沉积速率慢且范围较广,这一时期称为坳陷期(刘为付,2016张懿等,2022Gao et al.,2023)。
Doseo盆地东部凹陷主要受到来自南部刚果克拉通的物源控制,北部物源影响较小(饶勇等,2023)。凹陷东北部主要发育较大的深水三角洲,主河道近乎沿北部断裂带向凹陷中心延伸,湖水则主要从西南侧逐渐退出(陈全红等,2023)。根据现有地震资料(黄迟君等,2021何文渊等,2023Dou et al.,2024),白垩纪初期Doseo盆地东部古坡度整体介于3.1°~3.4°,早白垩世晚期则为2.5°~3.2°;至晚白垩世,受第二次断陷期影响,古坡度增长,介于3.7°~4.4°;北部断裂带处坡度为40°。
白垩系储集砂体主要为石英砂岩,这是由于东部沉积区离南部物源区较远,搬运距离较长,成熟度较高。根据研究区粒度统计结果(饶勇等,2023),砾质及粗砂含量介于20%~30%,中砂含量介于30%~40%,细砂含量介于25%~30%,粉砂及其他细粒沉积含量介于5%~10%。
本次实验于长江大学湖盆沉积模拟实验室完成。实验装置包括控制台、固定模拟河道、凹陷沉积区和活动底板4个部分(图3a)。控制台主要用于配比各物源沉积物、混合以及通过河道将搅拌好的砂浆输送至各沉积区,物源置于实验装置前端。水槽模拟实验装置长16 m,宽6 m,深0.8 m。
根据地质原型,按照几何比例尺进行实验底型设计:南北向X轴有效使用范围6.0 m,东西向Y轴使用范围13.0 m,Z轴方向厚度比例尺设定为1∶2 000。水槽东北侧设进水口一个,西南侧设出水口一个,并在两者之间构建一处凹陷地貌。具体设定为:Y=0~3.0 m为东部凹陷固定河道,不计入有效测量范围,Y=3.0~7.0 m为东部凹陷中心区,Y=4.0~7.0 m处北侧存在北部剪切带(图3b)。由于水槽硬件限制,实验无法完全匹配盆地的实际比例,但这不影响三角洲沉积模拟的结果。
本次模拟实验以3个旋回序列作为界限,划分为3个沉积期。实验中活动底板设计了2次区域下降和1次整体下降,分别对应第一次和第二次断陷期的区域断陷沉降,以及对应坳陷期的盆内整体沉降。实验装置活动底板共有4排支座支撑。通过调整实验平台活动底板的整体或局部升降,以模拟盆地北部断裂带的构造活动和不同沉积期的沉降过程,从而重现4期构造演化过程(表2)。根据东部凹陷古坡度,设定第一沉积期盆地东部河床至东部凹陷沉积区整体初始坡度为4°,第二沉积期初始坡度为2.5°,第三沉积期初始坡度增大至5°。
水深设计直接影响可容纳空间,从而影响沉积体厚度(Allen,1997)。然而,对于包含多个沉积期的模拟实验来说,若每一期的水深严格按照实际地层厚度来设计,可能因水槽和模拟水道的局限性,导致部分沉积区域缺失,致使实验结果与实际地层接触关系相差较大。因此,在体系域变化不大但地层厚度差异较大的情况下,次一期实验应采取逐步增加近似均等的水深,以简化实验设计,方便后期剖面观察(张春生等,2003)。
由于3个沉积期的体系域中,除第二沉积期早期存在低位体系域(LST)和水进体系域(TST),其余均为高位体系域(HST)。实际测量进水口与盆地底形接触高度为8.8 cm,故设定第一期水深15 cm,之后每个HST期水深差值为5 cm。第二期LST期水深与第一期相同,并在第二期中期增至20 cm。
Doseo盆地白垩纪时期处于水退水进频繁交替过程,故每期沉积实验设定多个次级沉积旋回,通过水平面变化来反映沉积变化过程,每个沉积旋回分别由水进的洪水期(Run1)、水退幅度较小沉积的平水期(Run2)及快速水退的枯水期(Run3)组成(图4)。
根据水流的搬运能力以及洪水期、平水期及枯水期含砂量的变化和盆地各物源的原型粒度,盆地内沉积物主要由细砾、中粗砂、细砂及其他细粒沉积组成(表3),且在不同沉积时期及不同水条件下的沉积物粒度有所差异。考虑实验的可操作性和水流的携砂能力,参考前人在近似实验中的参数(张春生等,2000b),按不同沉积期洪水、平水、枯水的加砂组成供砂,加砂量与流量比例相匹配。
第一沉积期,初始水深设定15 cm:初期沉积区东侧接受沉积,沉积砂体向湖区快速展布,于入湖处形成三角洲雏形,前缘发育迅速,河道和天然堤微相较明显(图5a);后期沉积基准面下降,前缘的厚层砂体接受水道改造,分流河道微相发育,河道迁移速度逐渐加快,水流较集中,水道以侧向侵蚀为主,下蚀作用不明显,砂体纵向延伸大于横向展宽(图5c)。
第二沉积期,初始水深设定15 cm:由于沉积基准面转变,湖平面相对较低,初期砂体快速向第一期沉积区两侧的较薄处沉积,三角洲延伸距离受到模拟构造作用强烈影响。前中期三角洲具备浅水三角洲特征,主河道发育不明显,水流分散,形成多支分流河道,但模拟断层区域砂体展布范围相比前一期更广(图5e);后期活动底板整体沉降,水深重新设定为20 cm,沉积基准面上升,主水流方向上的砂体沉积延伸受限,河道砂体横向展布,整体沿着近岸线分布,临近深湖区部分砂体沉积未覆盖前一期最远延伸位置(图5f)。
第三沉积期,初始水深设定25 cm:初期坡度较大,砂体平面展布速率较快,三角洲向湖区快速延伸(图5h)。由于沉积区湖盆扩张,加之活动底板多次局部下降,致使三角洲整体坡度始终较大,可容纳空间基本恒定,水道水动力较强,砂体向湖区延伸距离大,分流河道与分流间湾等沉积微相演化较快且发育明显(图5i)。
从三期沉积期外缘边界来看,三角洲主体显示出连续的沉积特征(图6)。第二期前期处于低位—水侵体系域下,因为平缓沉积背景下水动力条件减弱,前缘砂体延伸范围主要受物源控制,水下分流河道延伸距离较短;而第二期后期转变为高位体系域,且局部沉降使得前缘维持在一个较大坡度下,水动力条件基本恒定,水下分流河道延伸较长。这也说明体系域改变了沉积基准面,进而影响了砂体沉积的延伸距离和横向展宽。第一期与第三期早期类似,局部沉降使得砂体展布距离较长;而第三期后期,整体沉降使得靠近物源方向的砂体急剧增厚,同时又因为坡度较大,总体砂体延伸范围较大且厚度变化大。
朱永进等(2013)李卓奕和尹太举(2024)在研究中多次采用朵体作为最小分析单元,以阐释前积式三角洲模拟实验的结果。然而,该方法缺乏普适性,且未对朵体类型的划分提出新的建设性意见。本文通过解构实验中的朵体,致力于区分不同成因和内部结构的朵体。朵体的内部结构反映了其类型,系统地分析和归纳朵体的组成单元是有效区分不同类型朵体的关键。
朵体是三角洲前缘等水下沉积环境中,由水流携带的沉积物逐渐堆积形成的沉积体(Posamentier and Kolla,2003),也是由单一分流河道演化而成的沉积体。朵体通常由多个叠置的沉积单元构成,这些沉积单元又称为朵体组成单元。
1) 朵叶
朵叶是组成朵体的基本单位,也是单一水道在一段时间内演化或迁移发育而来的单一成因、可最小细分的沉积砂体。
为了更加精细化描述和区分不同水道成因的朵体,这里引入共源—异源朵叶概念。共源朵叶是指同一水道在相近的时期发育而来的一系列朵叶,最终这些朵叶会构成同一朵体;异源朵叶是指不同水道发育而来或同一水道在成因或时期有差距的情况下发育而来的一系列朵叶,这些朵叶可能是不同朵体的组成单元。
2) 叶小层
某些朵叶具有双层结构,其中的一层称为叶小层。某些叶小层顶(底)部存在侵蚀面,因此,叶小层可作为分析朵叶成因的重要依据。实验中,在物源相对稳定的情况下,共源朵叶的叶小层的韵律特征及分选性通常具有相似性;而异源朵叶的叶小层则不具备对比价值,通常仅作为朵体成因分析的参考。当然,并非所有的朵叶都具备明显或有分析价值的叶小层结构。在物源供给充足且快速沉积的情况下,朵叶不具备明显韵律特征,此时叶小层结构可能发育不明显。
3) 朵间充填
朵间充填是一系列发育在朵叶之间的砂体沉积。根据朵叶与其空间叠置关系,朵间充填分为上朵间充填和下朵间充填。下朵间充填通常是原始水道边界天然堤微相的演化产物,其粒度相对较粗,一般发育于两条正在演化的水道之间。上朵间充填由朵叶间微型水道发育而来,当朵叶逐渐发育成熟时,上朵间充填会发育在复数的朵叶间,粒度与下朵间充填相比较细。
4) 朵后充填
多个朵叶聚合演化时,朵叶后部会发育砂体沉积,称为朵后充填。朵后充填的成因复杂,一般由分流河道多次演化形成。通常情况下,朵后充填的粒度较细,但分选性较差。通过对比多个朵后充填的砂体形态,可以分析后期分流河道物源、流量等条件的变化。
聚合型朵体一般发育在湖岸线相对稳定、河道横向迁移速度较快的沉积环境,单体朵叶呈扇状或舌状,由平面上依次形成的朵叶多次演化并横向聚合而成(图7a)。扇形开合角度与沉积环境坡度有关,坡度越小,扇形开合角度越大;反之,开合角度越小(张懿等,2022)。聚合型朵体组成单元多样,除朵叶外,还会包括由流量较小的微型水道形成的朵间充填以及水道消亡形成的朵后充填等沉积砂体。
叠覆型朵体的单个朵叶通常呈舌状或坨状(图7b),主要发育在可容纳空间较大且沉积速率较快的沉积环境下,例如坡度较大的深水三角洲前缘或快速进积时期的三角洲前缘等。剖面上可以根据朵叶形态判断砂体进积方向,其朵间充填不发育,朵后充填发育不明显或易遭到后期水道侵蚀。
侵蚀型朵体通常与其他类型朵体共同发育,在沉积基准面快速下降或湖岸线摆动频繁的情况下,由遭到侵蚀的沉积砂体再沉积而来。根据朵体形态及所处沉积环境特征可分为Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型两大类:Ⅰ型,与叠覆型朵体伴生,主要发育在深水三角洲前缘亚相前部,与沉积基准面快速下降或河道水动力快速增强有关(图7c~e)。该型朵体的朵叶发育明显的叶小层结构,其下叶小层粒度较粗、分选较差,粗颗粒物大多来源于前一期次的沙坝沉积,与上叶小层差异明显;Ⅱ型,常与聚合型朵体伴生,通常发育在小坡度深水或浅水三角洲前缘亚相中后部,与湖岸线频繁摆动等因素相关。其朵叶根部存在不明显的下叶小层结构,与上叶小层粒度差异较小。
融合型朵体是一种特殊类型的聚合型朵体,其特征在于仅由单一朵叶构成,也可视为朵叶不分化的聚合型朵体。这类朵体的主要成因在于沉积过程中相邻朵叶物性相近且存在同化现象,导致朵叶之间缺乏明确的边界。其发育环境通常为坡度较小,并且受湖岸线摆动的影响明显,致使原型河道延伸较长,水动力较弱,下蚀作用轻微,因此这类朵体多见于高度演化的浅水三角洲。此外,浅水环境赋予了融合型朵体一些独特的特征,包括砂体发育周期长、沉积速度缓慢、单体朵叶面积较大且呈巨扇形、朵叶分化不明显、沉积粒度细且分选性好等。
朵体复合单元,又称朵体复合体,是由数个多水道成因的朵体组合而成的大型砂体沉积。这些朵体在垂向上构成叠置或部分叠置关系,整体呈现多种粒度及韵律的砂体沉积互层。朵体复合体是描述朵体沉积环境、分析岩性的最小单位。
朵体的分布、演化和形态与其所在三角洲前缘位置、形成时期和物源条件等因素密切相关,同时也与三角洲沉积模式、分流河道演化模式等因素关系密切(熊连桥等,2023)。因此,在分析水道—朵体体系时,不仅要关注朵体的分布和演化特征,还需重点分析水道对朵体发育的控制作用这一前置条件(Bernhardt et al.,2011)。通过应用新的朵体类型划分方案(表4图8),对实验结果进行了综合验证,总结了一系列朵体发育模式和朵体复合体内部结构模式。这一划分方法不仅提高了对不同类型朵体的识别能力,还为理解三角洲砂体的连通性及其沉积环境的演变提供了新的视角。
第一沉积期中,早期形成的朵体以叠覆型朵体为主,其广泛分布于三角洲前缘前部,主要发育在分支水道高度演化的区域(图6a)。近端朵体上部朵叶多遭受到后期水道改造,高能水道区的部分朵叶具有反韵律特征,朵叶缺失叶小层或朵叶上部有较明显的侵蚀面(图8f)。部分远端朵体之间夹杂有侵蚀Ⅰ型朵体(图7e),其下叶小层粒度较粗,主要来源于近端朵体处的沙坝沉积。随着后期沉积基准面下降,部分远源低能水道向聚合型朵体演化,低能水道区朵叶延伸距离较长,剖面上朵叶分化不明显。
第二沉积期中,近端朵体类型以聚合型朵体为主、融合型朵体为辅,融合型朵体主要发育在低能河道区及高度演化的分流河道区,而聚合型朵体常发育在高能河道区(图6b)。远端朵体发育类型则较为复杂,在低位—水侵体系域时期,主要发育融合型朵体,是典型的浅水三角洲朵体,说明该区域这一时期水体较浅、可容纳空间小(图8e)。靠近模拟断层区域的朵体类型及分布规律与本期近端朵体类似,也发育聚合型和融合型朵体,偶见侵蚀I型朵体(图7c),该区域朵体生长速率快、厚度大,与融合型朵体发育区差异显著(图7c)。随着沉积后期变为高位体系域,远端朵体主要发育聚合型朵体和融合型朵体(图8c)。
第三沉积期中,近端朵体发育与第一期相似,以叠覆型朵体为主,部分朵体顶部存在侵蚀面。近端朵体复合体内部构造相对简单,单一朵体厚度大,朵体间夹层粒度较粗。远端朵体表现为巨厚、多期、叠覆形态错综复杂的叠覆型朵体,以及多薄层、期次分化不明显的聚合型朵体,二者多在垂向上形成朵体复合体(图8e),在剖面局部,下部多个厚层朵叶通常属于同一叠覆型朵体,顶底薄层朵叶则可能来自其他期次聚合型朵体的残块(图8d),说明这一时期朵体发育速度快,水动力条件强。受第三沉积期后期模拟构造作用减弱影响,三角洲坡度趋于平缓,沉积基准面也持续缓慢下降(图7d),但远端朵体类型依旧多变。这表明在大坡度、高沉积基准面的条件下,砂体展布形态并不完全受体系域和水动力条件等因素控制,实际情况可能更为复杂。
朵体由水道演化而来,水道的不同部位发育截然不同的朵体组成单元。例如:朵叶通常形成于水道末端,朵后充填往往发育在分支水道中段,朵间充填一般由水道的堤岸微相演变而成。然而,朵体的形成并不意味着演化机制的结束。由于后期水道的存在,朵体通常会经历长期的改造与再沉积作用。因此,在水道—朵体体系演化机制中,水动力的变化对外动力地质作用产生了显著影响。侵蚀作用和沉积作用是决定朵体特征的重要因素,对于朵体而言,这两种作用通常是同时存在的,任何一方强度发生变化均会导致水道—朵体体系的演化机制改变。
根据水道侵蚀作用与沉积作用的关系,将水道—朵体体系演化机制划分为三种类型:高能量态、过渡能量态和低能量态(图9)。在高能量态下,水道水动力最强,侵蚀作用强度大于沉积作用,朵体遭到水道的侵蚀,剖面上表现为朵叶不完整或多个叶小层叠置;在过渡能量态下,水道水动力较强,沉积作用强度大于侵蚀作用,朵体将继续生长,并分化出更多的朵叶,剖面上表现为新水道在原有沉积体上形成并演化出新的朵体;在低能量态下,沉积作用占主导地位,此时水道水动力较弱,只能搬运和沉积粉砂质和泥质等细粒沉积物,剖面上表现为朵体内部组成单元复杂或朵体之间存在泥质夹层。
坡度是决定朵体发育类型的重要因素(Bourget et al.,2010)。缓坡地貌会降低水道能量,限制水道的后期改造,此外,缓坡地貌通常意味着沉积可容纳空间较小,这在很大程度上限制了朵体发育的厚度。一般来说,在流量和物源供给量相近的情况下,小坡度朵体的最终平面展布规模通常优于大坡度朵体,而大坡度条件下较快的沉积速度则会影响朵叶垂向上的分选性。然而,在实验中,前缘亚相外缘的朵体平面规模较小,前缘亚相中部至湖岸线的朵体规模则相对较大(图6c)。上述特征表明,坡度通过制约水道能量和限制水道携砂量,从而影响朵体的形态和发育规模。
在坡度较大且物源供给充足的情况下,单个朵叶沉积厚度会迅速增大,最终形成聚合型朵体(图10);水体相对较深时,前缘亚相的分流河道入水后水动力迅速下降,容易形成堆积沙坝,最终连片形成朵状前缘砂体,可以将其近似看作为叠覆型朵体的单个朵叶。在大坡度条件下,水道卸载能力较强,早期沉积的朵叶较厚(图8d,e);而在浅水条件下,由于原型水道水动力较小,故携带能力较弱,单一朵叶较薄、沉积时间更长,通常形成聚合型或融合型朵体(图8c)。
姜平等(2019)根据水道与堤岸的关系,将水道分为限制型、半限制型和非限制型。限制型水道以侵蚀为主,堤岸不发育;半限制型水道侵蚀和沉积作用并存,堤岸发育;非限制型水道沉积作用为主导,堤岸发育。实验中,堤岸发育的水道通常会影响朵体的形态;相反,堤岸不发育的水道,朵体的平面形态趋于扇形。这表明,不同类型的朵体在形成过程中,可容纳空间和沉积时的水动力条件有着显著差异。
在传统河控三角洲形态研究中,三角洲的类型通常取决于沉积坡度、水道属性、物源条件和构造作用(张春生等,2000a)。因此,传统观点普遍认为,三角洲的类型在很大程度上决定了朵体的发育类型,但这并非绝对(Bata et al.,2015Nienhuis and Ashton,2015Gao et al.,2019齐亚林等,2021)。此次模拟实验中,几乎所有朵体的发育和演化都处于进(退)积状态。从微观层面上分析,水道的持续进(退)积形成了朵叶、组成了朵体,最终形成了三角洲。因此,与其说三角洲类型决定了朵体类型,不如说三角洲的控制因素决定了朵体类型,这一观点在朵体分布规律中也得到了印证。综合前人对水道—朵体体系的研究(Otvos and Giardino,2004Bata et al.,2015Doughty-Jones et al.,2017Wu et al.,2017),认为流量、坡度、物源供给、构造作用等因素共同影响了水道类型及其性质,最终决定了朵体的发育类型。
砂体连通性分析由平面连通性和垂向连通性两部分组成。朵体是由同一时期水道沉积形成的沉积体,因此在没有强烈构造活动且连续沉积的情况下,朵体内部的砂体连通性主要受朵叶性质影响。因此,基于水道—朵体体系的砂体连通性分析应从朵体内部、朵体之间及朵体复合体之间的接触关系入手(表5)。
首先,朵叶的砂体物性决定了朵体内部的连通性。对于聚合型和融合型朵体,由于朵体形成速度较慢,相邻朵叶的物性差距主要受物源变化的影响;而对于叠覆型朵体,朵体形成速度较快,相邻朵叶的物性差异更多来自伴生的侵蚀型I朵体的叶小层。其次,朵叶与其他朵体组成单元之间的接触关系极大地影响了朵体内部的连通性。与大多数基于沉积微相的砂体连通性分析类似,朵叶的连通性同样取决于相邻朵叶的垂向叠置、侧向接触关系以及夹层物性。此外,共源和异源朵体间的关系也影响了朵体之间的连通性。由于相邻共源朵叶的形成时间接近甚至相同,因此共源朵叶间通常不存在侵蚀切割关系,显著影响共源朵叶间连通性的砂体则可能是朵间或朵后充填;相比之下,受水道演化影响,异源朵叶沉积关系复杂,朵叶间存在大量侵蚀和切割关系。
尽管共源和异源朵体的沉积时间不完全一致,但从旋回尺度来看,二者是等时沉积,因此以上连通性分析局限于平面上。在垂向砂体连通性方面,共源或异源朵体的影响并非主要因素。朵体复合体既可以是同一旋回序列或沉积期内的朵体集合,也可以是同一沉积基准面的朵体集合,因此更适合用于研究水道—朵体体系的垂向砂体连通性。例如,伴生的侵蚀型朵体可能影响复合体局部的砂体连通性;大范围的泥质夹层则可能改变一系列水道间或多个朵体之间的垂向连通性。因此,使用朵体复合体作为基本单位进行分析,可以更加简洁和高效地评估多个朵体间垂向上的砂体连通性。
根据实验中常见的朵体复合体类型,可将其划分为深水型(D型)和浅水型(S型)两大类,并设立专门的泥质夹层类型(C型)。每种复合体都包含对应的朵体类型,如叠覆型(s型)、聚合型(a型)和融合型(m型),并以“主要类型在前,次要类型在后”的顺序描述复合体属性。同时,伴生的侵蚀型(e型)朵体用角标标注,便于局部分析。根据朵体复合体内部的朵体类型及夹层关系,归纳了深水与浅水三角洲朵体复合体的发育类型,并制定了分类表(表6)。
通过分析不同阶段砂体形态的变化,进而系统性厘清次一期河道对前一次朵体砂体的改造过程。对于朵内组成单元复杂或是朵间存在夹层的情况,侵蚀作用强的水道可能会改善其砂体连通性。根据岩性剖面和湖平面变化趋势,可以判断朵体复合体类型(图11)。同样地,阐明朵体复合体类型可以为界定标志层提供一定的参考。
在不同水深条件下,Doseo盆地东部凹陷三角洲水道—朵体体系演化可以分为两种类型:深水三角洲型和浅水三角洲型,两者的朵体复合体发育类型存在显著差异。通过分析朵体复合体及朵体组成单元的发育特征、规模及连通关系,总结了白垩纪Deseo盆地东部凹陷的沉积模式。
1) 深水三角洲型
当湖平面较高时,可容纳空间增大,朵体发育集中,形成连片分布,主要发育Dsa、Dsea、Ds等类型的朵体复合体,而DsaC和Das等类型发育较少(图12a)。深水三角洲前缘的水道—朵体特征表现为朵体沉积区面积较小,水道演化区逐渐扩大,聚合型朵体沉积与水道改造作用并存。有限的可容纳空间使得后期水道演化区的叠覆型朵叶停止发育,部分聚合型朵叶顶部可能受到侵蚀,导致朵体沉积区分流河道规模减小,部分朵体复合体出现泥质夹层,影响砂体的垂向连通性。
2) 浅水三角洲型
当湖平面降低时,可容纳空间减小,主要发育Sa型、Sam型、Sma型朵体复合体(图12b)。水道改造区面积较小,分流水道规模有所减少,下蚀作用轻微,常表现为多期小水道与聚合型或融合型朵体相互叠置。朵体沉积区的朵体复合体分布主要受水道控制,其中Sa型和Sam型朵体复合体主要发育在水动力较强的分支水道区,分流水道的相互叠置,多期朵体砂体呈厚层板状快速向前延伸,异源朵叶平面连通性好;而Sma型和SmaC型朵体复合体则对应水体较浅且高度发育水道的区域,垂向侵蚀相对较弱,水道顶部多保留泥质夹层,连通性较差。
(1) 白垩纪时期,Doseo盆地东部深水三角洲相与浅水三角洲相交替发育,盆地的构造活动、沉积基准面变化、物源供给和水道属性共同影响了三角洲类型,进而影响了朵体发育类型。叠覆型朵体的朵叶平面上孤立、局限,剖面上厚度大;聚合型朵体的朵叶平面上连续、连片,横向上延伸长、物性较好;融合型朵体与聚合型朵体类似,平面展布较大,也表现出较好的均质性。
(2) 在水道—朵体体系中,水道演化结束于朵体的形成,而朵体演化的起点则是接受其他水道的改造。实验中受侵蚀的朵体、组成单元较为完整的朵体和泥质夹层3类沉积体依次为高、过渡和低能量态条件下的演化产物,在不同类型的水道下表现出不同的沉积和侵蚀形式,沉积基准面的改变会加快或减缓体系的演化进程。水道—朵体体系的平面砂体连通性主要受砂体物性、朵叶之间的接触关系以及朵体组成单元的规模和特征的影响,垂向砂体连通性则主要受朵体复合体的发育类型影响。
(3) Doseo盆地东部凹陷白垩系深水三角洲主要发育叠覆型和聚合型朵体。叠覆型朵叶孤立、局限,厚度较大;聚合型朵叶则连续、延伸较长,物性较好。朵体复合体包括Dsa、Dsea和DsaC三种类型,受水道改造的影响,垂向连通性较好,但平面连通性相对较差。浅水三角洲则发育聚合型和融合型朵体。聚合型朵体沉积和演化速度较快,物性多变;融合型朵体发育较慢,厚度较薄。朵体复合体类型主要为Sa、Sam和SmaC,具有较好的平面连通性,但横向连通性较差。
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2026年第44卷第4期
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doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2025.003
  • 接收时间:2024-09-01
  • 首发时间:2026-09-02
  • 出版时间:2026-08-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-01
  • 修回日期:2025-01-04
  • 录用日期:2025-02-21
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(42272113)
国家自然科学基金项目(42272113)
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    长江大学地球科学学院,武汉 430100

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张春生,男,教授,E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cjxb/CN/10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2025.003
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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