Article(id=1307264380668768831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, issueId=1307264251366765238, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2024.055, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1706630400000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-31, revisedDate=1713110400000, revisedDateStr=2024-04-15, acceptedDate=1716393600000, acceptedDateStr=2024-05-23, onlineDate=1789605716148, onlineDateStr=2026-09-17, pubDate=1775750400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789605716148, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789605716148, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789605716148, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1307264251366765238, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, year='2026', volume='44', issue='2', pageStart='405', pageEnd='798', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1775750400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789605685321, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789605685321, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=676, endPage=688, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1307264380840735296, articleId=1307264380668768831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, language=EN, title=Influence of Rising Lake Level on Shallow-Water Delta Front Sandbody Architecture: Insights from digital outcrops, columnId=null, journalTitle=Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective In the middle and late stages of oil and gas field development, studying sand architecture is the key to accessing residual oil and enhancing recovery. Precise interpretation of similar outcrops provides a comparable prototype model for predicting underground reservoir architecture. Methods The shallow-water delta profiles of the Yan’an Formation in the Kaokaowusugou and Gulf Mining Industry in the Ordos Basin were the research objects. UAV oblique photography was used to obtain images of massive outcrops from which 3D digital outcrop models were established. Detailed interpretation of digital outcrop architecture was then carried out by combined field observation and indoor analysis. Results Developmental characteristics and evolutionary models of shallow-water delta front architecture during a time of rising lake levels were defined. When the lake level is low, mainly trunk-type distributary channels are developed, measuring 23.30-48.40 m wide × 0.89-1.81 m thick, with an average width-to-thickness ratio of 26.74. The sandbody superposition patterns are mainly overlay type. As the lake level rises, fork-type distributary channels, mouth bars, sand sheets and subaqueous distributary bays gradually develop. The width of the mouth bar is 53.90 m, thickness is 2.21 m, width-to-thickness ratio is 24.39, and the sandbody superposition patterns is mainly lateral splicing type. When the lake level is higher, mainly terminal-type distributary channels, mouth bars and sheet sand architectural units are developed. Terminal-type underwater distributary channels, which are isolated in muddy deposits, have widths ranging from 4.70 to 25.30 m, thickness from 0.40 to 1.03 m, and the width-to-thickness ratio from 11.75 to 24.56. Conclusions When the source supply of material is relatively stable, an increase in lake level enlarges the accommodation space. The architectural units evolve from trunk-type to terminal-type distributary channels, depositing mouth bars and sand sheets. The size of the sandbody decreases, but its width-to-thickness ratio increases. Overall, the ratio between sandstone and stratum thickness decreases, spatial connectivity decreases, and reservoir heterogeneity is enhanced.

, authors=QiangQiang LI1, XiXin WANG1, YueMing XU2, Ting XUE3, ShaoHua LI1, ChunJing YAN1, authorsList=QiangQiang LI, XiXin WANG, YueMing XU, Ting XUE, ShaoHua LI, ChunJing YAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=XiXin WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
WANG XiXin, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1307264383818691171, articleId=1307264380668768831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, language=CN, title=湖平面变化对浅水三角洲前缘砂体构型的控制, columnId=null, journalTitle=沉积学报, columnName=, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 油气田开发中后期,储层构型研究是剩余油挖潜和提高采收率的关键,相似露头的精细解释可为地下储层构型预测提供可对比的原型模型。 方法 以鄂尔多斯盆地考考乌素沟、海湾矿业延安组浅水三角洲剖面为研究对象,采用无人机倾斜摄影获取海量露头影像数据进而建立三维数字露头,结合现场考察与室内分析对数字露头进行精细的构型解释。 结果 明确了湖平面上升过程中浅水三角洲前缘构型发育特征及演化模式,在湖平面较低时,主要发育主体型分流河道构型单元,宽度23.30~48.40 m、厚度0.89~1.81 m、宽厚比26.74,砂体叠置样式以切叠式为主;随湖平面升高,逐渐发育叉道型分流河道、河口坝、席状砂以及分流间湾,河口坝宽度53.90 m、厚度2.21 m、宽厚比24.39,叠置样式以侧向拼接为主;湖平面较高时,主要发育末端型分流河道和席状砂构型单元,末端分流河道宽度4.70~25.30 m、厚度0.40~1.03 m,宽厚比11.75~24.56,呈孤立状镶嵌在泥质沉积中。 结论 当物源供给较稳定时,湖平面升高导致可容纳空间增大,构型单元由主体型分流河道向末端型分流河道演化,逐渐沉积河口坝和席状砂构型单元,砂体规模减小但宽厚比有所增加,总体上砂地比降低,空间连通性减弱,储层非均质性增强。

, authors=李强强1, 王喜鑫1, 许月明2, 薛婷3, 李少华1, 严春景1, authorsList=李强强, 王喜鑫, 许月明, 薛婷, 李少华, 严春景, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王喜鑫, authorNote=

李强强,男,1999年出生,硕士研究生,储层沉积学,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
王喜鑫,男,副教授,E-mail:
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李强强,男,1999年出生,硕士研究生,储层沉积学,E-mail:

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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307264490580501343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307264380668768831, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Typical photographs of outcrop architectural elements

(a) trunk⁃type distributary channels; (b) terminal⁃type distributary channels; (c) mouth bars; (d) sheet sand

, figureFileSmall=2fw8JEQVL/1efUyl5sivfQ==, figureFileBig=fQBAEw5TYGEabx0HDbRZZw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307264490651804512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307264380668768831, language=CN, label=图4, caption=野外露头构型单元典型照片

(a)主体型分流河道;(b)末端型分流河道;(c)河口坝;(d)席状砂

, figureFileSmall=2fw8JEQVL/1efUyl5sivfQ==, figureFileBig=fQBAEw5TYGEabx0HDbRZZw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307264490714719073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307264380668768831, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Architecture interpretation of Kaokaowusugou outcrop (section Ⅰ)

(a) division of architectural interface; (b) interpretation and distribution of architectural elements

, figureFileSmall=SMPNgPpXaKJjcIETCTlxkQ==, figureFileBig=YfpeWKRNHyREF5R0TX2zwA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307264490781827938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307264380668768831, language=CN, label=图5, caption=考考乌素沟剖面构型解释(剖面Ⅰ)

(a)构型界面划分;(b)构型单元解释与分布特征

, figureFileSmall=SMPNgPpXaKJjcIETCTlxkQ==, figureFileBig=YfpeWKRNHyREF5R0TX2zwA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307264490848936803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307264380668768831, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Architecture interpretation of Kaokaowusugou outcrop (section Ⅱ)

(a) division of architectural interface; (b) interpretation and distribution of architectural elements

, figureFileSmall=XZ1wANvyF1hemjunDMdVCQ==, figureFileBig=/7QzcfUPDoMKHuuM6c17mg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307264490928628580, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307264380668768831, language=CN, label=图6, caption=考考乌素沟剖面构型解释(剖面Ⅱ)

(a)构型界面划分;(b)构型单元解释与分布特征

, figureFileSmall=XZ1wANvyF1hemjunDMdVCQ==, figureFileBig=/7QzcfUPDoMKHuuM6c17mg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307264491004126053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307264380668768831, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Architecture interpretation of Gulf Mining Industry outcrop (section Ⅲ)

(a) division of architectural interface; (b) interpretation and distribution of architectural elements

, figureFileSmall=iIt4JkHSqnymHIoxd0ncjA==, figureFileBig=mIDmFQPy9vXZt26LcL9taw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307264491083817830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307264380668768831, language=CN, label=图7, caption=海湾矿业剖面构型解释(剖面Ⅲ)

(a)构型界面划分;(b)构型单元解释与分布特征

, figureFileSmall=iIt4JkHSqnymHIoxd0ncjA==, figureFileBig=mIDmFQPy9vXZt26LcL9taw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307264491155120999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307264380668768831, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Architecture interpretation of Gulf Mining Industry outcrop (section Ⅳ)

(a) division of architectural interface; (b) interpretation and distribution of architectural elements

, figureFileSmall=pYmxQefHJzQy/IAqKyLeRA==, figureFileBig=TcJ/bbIyxHmN8QmjaUt0GA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307264491226424168, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307264380668768831, language=CN, label=图8, caption=海湾矿业剖面构型解释(剖面Ⅳ)

(a)构型界面划分;(b)构型单元解释与分布特征

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Properties of typical lithofacies in the study area

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩相类型代码岩性沉积构造描述典型照片岩相类型代码岩性沉积构造描述典型照片
槽状交错层理砂岩相St灰色含砾粗砂岩

槽状交错

层理

层理界面明显,倾角介于15°~30°,纹层界面有红色砾石分布,强水动力条件下碎屑物质迁移形成 平行层理砂岩相Sh灰色、深灰色细砂岩平行层理层理明显呈平直状,高能、稳定水动力条件下悬浮物卸载形成
块状层理砂岩相Sm灰色、灰绿色细砂岩

块状

层理

厚度80~150 cm,强水动力条件下,碎屑物质快速卸载、堆积形成 砂纹层理粉砂岩相Fr灰色粉砂岩砂纹层理纹层横向连续性差,水流波痕向前运动同时向上延伸呈缓波状
板状交错层理砂岩相Sp灰色中粗砂岩

板状

交错层理

纹层下部斜向纹层系界面,较高能量条件下沉积物加积或前积形成 水平层理泥岩相Mh灰绿色泥岩水平层理单层厚度较薄,约1~15 cm,悬浮细粒沉积物在低能静水条件下沉积形成
), ArticleFig(id=1307264493436822384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307264380668768831, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

研究区典型岩相特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩相类型代码岩性沉积构造描述典型照片岩相类型代码岩性沉积构造描述典型照片
槽状交错层理砂岩相St灰色含砾粗砂岩

槽状交错

层理

层理界面明显,倾角介于15°~30°,纹层界面有红色砾石分布,强水动力条件下碎屑物质迁移形成 平行层理砂岩相Sh灰色、深灰色细砂岩平行层理层理明显呈平直状,高能、稳定水动力条件下悬浮物卸载形成
块状层理砂岩相Sm灰色、灰绿色细砂岩

块状

层理

厚度80~150 cm,强水动力条件下,碎屑物质快速卸载、堆积形成 砂纹层理粉砂岩相Fr灰色粉砂岩砂纹层理纹层横向连续性差,水流波痕向前运动同时向上延伸呈缓波状
板状交错层理砂岩相Sp灰色中粗砂岩

板状

交错层理

纹层下部斜向纹层系界面,较高能量条件下沉积物加积或前积形成 水平层理泥岩相Mh灰绿色泥岩水平层理单层厚度较薄,约1~15 cm,悬浮细粒沉积物在低能静水条件下沉积形成
), ArticleFig(id=1307264493524902769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307264380668768831, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Statistics of three main architectural elements scale in the study area

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
剖面分流河道河口坝席状砂
宽/m厚/m宽厚比/m宽/m厚/m宽厚比/m宽/m厚/m宽厚比/m
考考乌素沟剖面剖面Ⅰ48.401.8126.7427.100.4264.52
23.300.8926.1814.500.1976.32
29.300.4466.59
13.500.2554.00
23.200.3861.05
剖面Ⅱ12.500.4130.4953.92.2124.396.800.1068.00
24.300.8927.3013.400.1970.53
20.300.9820.7111.100.2152.86
19.100.7924.1812.700.1679.38
4.700.4011.755.800.0782.86
14.800.2170.48
22.900.2688.08
12.800.2355.65
21.900.3857.63
海湾矿业剖面剖面Ⅲ25.301.0324.5619.401.0418.6510.600.1475.71
21.600.7329.595.600.0780.00
5.300.05106.00
剖面Ⅳ17.400.13133.65
), ArticleFig(id=1307264493621371762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307264380668768831, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

研究区三种主要构型单元规模统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
剖面分流河道河口坝席状砂
宽/m厚/m宽厚比/m宽/m厚/m宽厚比/m宽/m厚/m宽厚比/m
考考乌素沟剖面剖面Ⅰ48.401.8126.7427.100.4264.52
23.300.8926.1814.500.1976.32
29.300.4466.59
13.500.2554.00
23.200.3861.05
剖面Ⅱ12.500.4130.4953.92.2124.396.800.1068.00
24.300.8927.3013.400.1970.53
20.300.9820.7111.100.2152.86
19.100.7924.1812.700.1679.38
4.700.4011.755.800.0782.86
14.800.2170.48
22.900.2688.08
12.800.2355.65
21.900.3857.63
海湾矿业剖面剖面Ⅲ25.301.0324.5619.401.0418.6510.600.1475.71
21.600.7329.595.600.0780.00
5.300.05106.00
剖面Ⅳ17.400.13133.65
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湖平面变化对浅水三角洲前缘砂体构型的控制
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李强强 1 , 王喜鑫 1 , 许月明 2 , 薛婷 3 , 李少华 1 , 严春景 1
沉积学报 | 2026,44(2): 676-688
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沉积学报 | 2026 , 44 (2) : 676 -688
湖平面变化对浅水三角洲前缘砂体构型的控制
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李强强1 , 王喜鑫1 , 许月明2, 薛婷3, 李少华1, 严春景1
作者信息
  • 1.长江大学地球科学学院,武汉 430100
  • 2.中海油湛江分公司,广东 湛江 524057
  • 3.中石油长庆油田勘探开发研究院,西安 710018
通讯作者:
王喜鑫,男,副教授,E-mail:
作者简介:

李强强,男,1999年出生,硕士研究生,储层沉积学,E-mail:

Influence of Rising Lake Level on Shallow-Water Delta Front Sandbody Architecture: Insights from digital outcrops
QiangQiang LI1 , XiXin WANG1 , YueMing XU2, Ting XUE3, ShaoHua LI1, ChunJing YAN1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Geosciences, Yangtze University, Wuhan, 430100, China
  • 2.CNOOC (China) Zhanjiang Branch, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524057, China
  • 3.Exploration & Development Research Institute of PetroChina Changqing Oilfield Company, Xi’an 710018, China
  • Corresponding Author:
    WANG XiXin, E-mail:
出版时间: 2026-04-10 doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2024.055
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目的 油气田开发中后期,储层构型研究是剩余油挖潜和提高采收率的关键,相似露头的精细解释可为地下储层构型预测提供可对比的原型模型。 方法 以鄂尔多斯盆地考考乌素沟、海湾矿业延安组浅水三角洲剖面为研究对象,采用无人机倾斜摄影获取海量露头影像数据进而建立三维数字露头,结合现场考察与室内分析对数字露头进行精细的构型解释。 结果 明确了湖平面上升过程中浅水三角洲前缘构型发育特征及演化模式,在湖平面较低时,主要发育主体型分流河道构型单元,宽度23.30~48.40 m、厚度0.89~1.81 m、宽厚比26.74,砂体叠置样式以切叠式为主;随湖平面升高,逐渐发育叉道型分流河道、河口坝、席状砂以及分流间湾,河口坝宽度53.90 m、厚度2.21 m、宽厚比24.39,叠置样式以侧向拼接为主;湖平面较高时,主要发育末端型分流河道和席状砂构型单元,末端分流河道宽度4.70~25.30 m、厚度0.40~1.03 m,宽厚比11.75~24.56,呈孤立状镶嵌在泥质沉积中。 结论 当物源供给较稳定时,湖平面升高导致可容纳空间增大,构型单元由主体型分流河道向末端型分流河道演化,逐渐沉积河口坝和席状砂构型单元,砂体规模减小但宽厚比有所增加,总体上砂地比降低,空间连通性减弱,储层非均质性增强。

鄂尔多斯盆地  /  无人机倾斜摄影  /  数字露头  /  三角洲前缘  /  构型模式  /  湖平面变化

Objective In the middle and late stages of oil and gas field development, studying sand architecture is the key to accessing residual oil and enhancing recovery. Precise interpretation of similar outcrops provides a comparable prototype model for predicting underground reservoir architecture. Methods The shallow-water delta profiles of the Yan’an Formation in the Kaokaowusugou and Gulf Mining Industry in the Ordos Basin were the research objects. UAV oblique photography was used to obtain images of massive outcrops from which 3D digital outcrop models were established. Detailed interpretation of digital outcrop architecture was then carried out by combined field observation and indoor analysis. Results Developmental characteristics and evolutionary models of shallow-water delta front architecture during a time of rising lake levels were defined. When the lake level is low, mainly trunk-type distributary channels are developed, measuring 23.30-48.40 m wide × 0.89-1.81 m thick, with an average width-to-thickness ratio of 26.74. The sandbody superposition patterns are mainly overlay type. As the lake level rises, fork-type distributary channels, mouth bars, sand sheets and subaqueous distributary bays gradually develop. The width of the mouth bar is 53.90 m, thickness is 2.21 m, width-to-thickness ratio is 24.39, and the sandbody superposition patterns is mainly lateral splicing type. When the lake level is higher, mainly terminal-type distributary channels, mouth bars and sheet sand architectural units are developed. Terminal-type underwater distributary channels, which are isolated in muddy deposits, have widths ranging from 4.70 to 25.30 m, thickness from 0.40 to 1.03 m, and the width-to-thickness ratio from 11.75 to 24.56. Conclusions When the source supply of material is relatively stable, an increase in lake level enlarges the accommodation space. The architectural units evolve from trunk-type to terminal-type distributary channels, depositing mouth bars and sand sheets. The size of the sandbody decreases, but its width-to-thickness ratio increases. Overall, the ratio between sandstone and stratum thickness decreases, spatial connectivity decreases, and reservoir heterogeneity is enhanced.

Ordos Basin  /  drone oblique photography  /  digital outcrop  /  delta front  /  architecture model  /  lake level fluctuation
李强强, 王喜鑫, 许月明, 薛婷, 李少华, 严春景. 湖平面变化对浅水三角洲前缘砂体构型的控制. 沉积学报, 2026 , 44 (2) : 676 -688 . DOI: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2024.055
QiangQiang LI, XiXin WANG, YueMing XU, Ting XUE, ShaoHua LI, ChunJing YAN. Influence of Rising Lake Level on Shallow-Water Delta Front Sandbody Architecture: Insights from digital outcrops[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2026 , 44 (2) : 676 -688 . DOI: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2024.055
浅水三角洲是一类发育于水体较浅和构造相对稳定的台地、陆表海或地形平缓、整体沉降缓慢的坳陷湖盆中以分流河道砂体为主的三角洲(Fisk,1961Donaldson,1974Postma,1990)。浅水三角洲不仅是沉积学研究的热点,而且是油气勘探的重点目标。Fisk et al.(1954)提出“浅水三角洲”的概念。此后,国内外学者对浅水三角洲主要研究方向主要集中在沉积成因、结构类型、沉积体系演化、几何形态、沉积特征和沉积模式等方面(邹才能等,2008韩永林等,2009李元昊等,2009朱筱敏等,2012张莉等,2017Zhu et al.,2017),为浅水三角洲油气储层的勘探开发提供了丰富的理论基础。
与钻井资料相比,露头剖面能够从二维或三维的角度,较连续、完整地记录沉积过程及沉积特征等丰富信息,可以清楚地观察并描述各构型单元叠置关系,同时定量表征构型单元的规模,能够有效弥补钻井和地震等资料的不足,是当下研究地下储层构型最直接有效的方法之一(吴胜和等,2012赵俊峰等,2014陈飞等,2018)。传统的露头地质研究具有误差大、效率低、危险性强等方面的局限性。对此,诸多学者将一些新技术融入野外露头研究中,如全站仪(任凯珍等,2010)、Google Earth(石书缘等,2012)、三维激光扫描(朱如凯等,2013曾庆鲁等,2017)、探地雷达(余为维等,2018)、无人机摄影(印森林等,2021)等,不同方法具有各自的优势但也有一定的局限性。无人机倾斜摄影在砂体构型解释方面优势明显,所获取的扫描模型具有三维坐标信息(经纬度、海拔),可以准确地获取任意地质体的坐标位置,进一步提高沉积构型定量化程度(印森林等,2018)。
浅水三角洲前缘砂体是最重要的油气储集单元之一,其内部各级次砂体构型特征及演化模式控制着油气,尤其是剩余油气的分布,然而湖平面变化过程中浅水三角洲前缘砂体定量构型模式认识不清,制约了高含水油田的进一步高效开发(吴胜和等,20122019)。本文在实地考察的基础上,借助无人机敏捷、多维视角、高精度和模型化的特性,对鄂尔多斯盆地延安组典型的浅水三角洲沉积剖面进行精细扫描、测量、建模和分析,总结构型发育特征,建立定量构型模式,为浅水三角洲地下储层构型预测提供理论基础。
考考乌素沟、海湾矿业剖面位于陕西省神木市境内,其构造位置位于鄂尔多斯盆地东北缘(图1)。区内侏罗系陆相沉积是矿产能源的主要富集场所,且地层广泛发育,自上而下出露富县组、延安组、直罗组、安定组(邱隆伟等,2016张天福等,2020)。延安组是本次研究的目的层段,厚度约为200 m,与下伏富县组接触,延安组主要发育中粗粒石英砂岩、粉砂质泥岩、灰色黏土岩,含植物化石以及砂质泥岩夹薄煤层或碳质页岩(葛玉辉等,2007)。在该沉积时期大型敞流湖盆背景下,发育远源—分支河道型浅水湖泊三角洲沉积体系,物源供给持续稳定,主要来自北东向(胡元现等,1989),三角洲前缘沉积广泛发育,内部以分流河道和分流砂坝为主,相变较快,但地层、煤层和成因地层单元的厚度均较为稳定(图2)。
前人将研究区地层划分为5个地层成因单元(胡元现等,1989),其中考考乌素沟剖面地层形成时期早于海湾矿业剖面地层,分别对应低位体系域和湖侵体系域(邱隆伟等,2016)。本文重点研究考考乌素沟剖面和海湾矿业的4个剖面,分别为剖面Ⅰ、Ⅱ和剖面Ⅲ、Ⅳ,其中剖面Ⅰ位于湖平面较低时期,剖面Ⅱ、Ⅲ位于湖平面升高时期,剖面Ⅳ位于湖平面较高时期,4个剖面均出露完整、现象明显、交通便利,是露头研究的良好对象(图2)。
通过人工踏勘对典型剖面进行描述采样、岩相识别,针对典型剖面实际情况,合理规划无人机飞行航线,本次采用平行折返式覆盖测区的方式,无人机按照路线自动巡航对露头进行图像信息以及定位定向系统(Postioning and Orientating System,POS)信息实时获取,最后将无人机所获取的海量数据导入自主研发GocRover软件,建立三维数字露头,进而开展露头构型精细解剖(图3)。
通过对延安组三角洲前缘露头的岩性、颜色、沉积构造等进行特征分析和描述,根据Miall(1985)提出的岩相划分标准总结出该地区主要发育6种岩相类型,即:槽状交错层理砂岩相(St)、块状层理砂岩相(Sm)、板状交错层理砂岩相(Sp)、平行层理砂岩相(Sh)、砂纹层理粉砂岩相(Fr)、水平层理泥岩相(Mh),具体内容见表1
通过对考考乌素沟和海湾矿业剖面的详细观察和实测,结合前人对该区沉积环境的研究(胡元现等,1989邱隆伟等,2016),可以在露头上识别出分流河道、席状砂和河口坝3种主要的构型单元。分流河道是浅水三角洲最典型的构型单元,具有“顶平底凸”的外部几何形态。根据前人研究以及河道发育的样式和规模,进一步划分为主体型、叉道型以及末端型分流河道。
主体型分流河道是浅水三角洲前缘最重要的分流体系,规模较大,河道内部以垂向加积充填为主,包括水平状垂向加积充填和同心状加积充填(付晶等,2015),岩性以灰色粗砂岩、中砂岩和细砂岩为主,发育大中型槽状交错层理、块状层理以及平行层理等强水动力沉积构造特征,主体型分流河道砂体厚度介于2~3 m(图4a);叉道型分流河道是三角洲向前推进过程中分流河道不断改道,在菱形或“人”字形分叉处形成的次一级河道,规模介于主体型与末端型分流河道之间,岩性主要为灰色中砂岩和细砂岩,发育中小型槽状交错层理、板状层理和平行层理等沉积构造,河道规模较主体型分流河道小,厚度介于1~2 m(贺婷婷等,2014);末端型分流河道通常分布在三角洲前缘的远端,是浅水三角洲分流河道最后一次分叉所形成的分流河道(付晶等,2015),规模较小通常与河口坝、席状砂、分流间湾相伴生,呈孤立状分布,岩性为中砂岩以及细砂岩,发育砂纹层理、平行层理等沉积构造,反映出河流与湖泊的共同作用,末端型分流河道的厚度介于0.40~1.50 m(图4b)。
河口坝是当满载泥砂的水流以最大流量进入静止水体时,由于水流减速,沿射流中心线的泥砂输移率向盆地方向减小。平面紊流在河口处受到横向和底床摩擦,使其减速并迅速膨胀,该紊流的输运能力降低,沉积物在分流口沉积为宽阔的放射状的砂坝(Edmonds and Slingerland,2007)。在剖面上表现出“底平顶凸”的几何形态。岩性以灰色中砂、细砂岩为主,垂向上岩性逐渐变粗,发育块状层理、水平层理等沉积构造。厚度介于1.50~4.50 m(图4c)。
席状砂是河口沉积物遭受湖浪冲刷的产物,主要表现为“泥包砂”的结构,即厚层泥岩中夹不等厚薄层砂岩。岩性以灰色、灰绿色细砂、粉砂岩为主,主要发育平行层理。厚度介于0.10~0.70 m(图4d)。
根据现场踏勘采集的剖面照片,结合无人机倾斜摄影处理后建立的数字模型,对4个剖面进行精细解剖。
该剖面总体上砂体较为发育,岩性主要为粗砂岩、中砂岩、细砂岩及泥岩,发育槽状交错层理、块状层理、小型板状交错层理。剖面上主要发育主体型分流河道及少量席状砂构型单元(图5)。主体型分流河道规模较大,内部充填以垂向加积为主,表现明显的强水动力特征,发育大型槽状交错层理、板状交错层理和块状层理。河道下切作用较强,河道间泥质沉积保存不完整,多期单一河道相互叠置。单一分流河道侧向延伸距离较大,厚度介于1.81~3.38 m。席状砂与分流间湾构型单元少量发育,内部以水平层理为主,以侧向拼接和孤立分布的形式存在,厚度介于0.20~0.60 m,砂体连通性较差。
该剖面整体出露情况较好,剖面砂体形态清晰,岩性以粗砂岩、中砂岩、细砂岩、粉砂岩以及泥岩为主,发育块状层理、板状交错层理和水平层理。剖面主要沉积叉道型分流河道、少量末端型分流河道、河口坝和席状砂构型单元(图6)。叉道型分流河道规模较小,砂体内部以侧向加积为主,发育中小型槽状交错层理、块状层理以及板状交错层理。砂体叠置样式主要为切叠型和拼接型。单一分流河道砂体厚度介于0.40~1.76 m;河口坝砂体内部发育块状层理、板状交错层理和平行层理,单一河口坝砂体垂向上与叉道型分流河道相互叠置,侧向与席状砂砂体、叉道型分流河道相互切叠或拼接,砂体规模较大,单一河口坝砂体厚度约为3.21 m;席状砂砂体主要与水下分流间湾相伴生,发育水平层理,砂体横向展布较大,以孤立型为主,少量拼接型。砂体厚度介于0.07~0.38 m,砂体连通性差,非均质性强。
剖面Ⅲ砂体特征明显,岩性以中砂岩、细砂岩、粉砂岩和泥岩为主,发育板状交错层理、块状层理、平行层理和水平层理。发育叉道型分流河道、末端型分流河道、河口坝和席状砂构型单元(图7)。
叉道型分流河道,发育块状层理、板状交错层理和平行层理,河道砂体能量较弱逐渐向末端型分流河道转换,单一河道规模较小,厚度介于0.73~1.15 m;河口坝主要发育小型槽状交错层理、块状层理和平行层理,砂体规模较大,厚度介于1.26~2.81 m。分流河道与河口坝内部以侧向加积为主,垂向上末端型分流河道下切早期形成的河口坝或与早期河口坝相互叠置,侧向上叉道型分流河道砂体与河口坝砂体相互切叠。层间灰色泥质隔层发育,厚度约为1.50 m,垂向连通性较差。
剖面砂体发育较差,整体上砂体粒度较细,岩性以中—细砂岩、粉砂岩和泥岩为主,发育平行层理、砂纹层理以及水平层理。剖面上主要沉积末端型分流河道、河口坝以及席状砂构型单元(图8)。
末端分流河道以侧向、向心状加积充填为主,发育平行层理、砂纹层理,在空间上分流河道呈对接式或者孤立式分布。单一的分流河道砂体规模较小,厚度为0.59 m。河口坝砂体,发育块状层理、平行层理和砂纹层理,内部以侧向加积充填为主,单一河口坝以侧向拼接为主,少数以孤立状存在,横向展布较大,厚度介于1.04~1.31 m。单一的席状砂砂体厚度介于0.10~0.33 m。规模较小,在空间上呈孤立式分布,整体垂向连通性差。
湖平面升降实际上反映了沉积物供给与可容纳空间的相对平衡,即可容纳空间(A)与沉积物供给值(S)的比值(A/S)决定了沉积物的堆积速度、保存程度、叠加样式及内部结构,从而控制着三角洲前缘砂体构型发育和演化过程,是浅水三角洲前缘砂体发育的主控因素(赵俊峰等,2014Zhang et al,2016范璎宁等,2017李媛等,2019Tong et al,2021)。
研究区构造稳定,沉积物源供给充足,三角洲前缘砂体的发育主要受可容纳空间及湖平面高低的影响(胡元现等,1989邱隆伟等,2016)。延安组第Ⅰ、Ⅳ单元为湖盆萎缩期,第Ⅱ、Ⅲ单元为湖盆扩张期(胡元现等,1989)(图2),考考乌素沟剖面对应湖盆萎缩期,海湾矿业剖面对应湖盆扩张期,即剖面Ⅰ处于湖平面较低时期,剖面Ⅱ、Ⅲ处于湖平面升高时期;剖面Ⅳ处于湖平面较高时期。
在构型单元定量研究方面,无人机倾斜摄影技术具有明显的优势,可直接从所建立的三维数字露头剖面进行测量,误差较小。基于无人机倾斜摄影所建立的数字露头,在GocRover软件中对不同构型单元进行测量,并做角度校正,获取砂体真实宽度,本研究主要针对横向出露完整的分流河道、河口坝以及席状砂构型单元的宽厚进行测量(表2)。
由4个剖面不同类型单砂体特征看出,剖面Ⅰ中,分流河道构型单元平均宽厚比为26.46,席状砂构型单元平均宽厚比为64.50,夹层厚度介于0.30~0.50 m;剖面Ⅱ中,分流河道构型单元平均宽厚比为22.89,河口坝构型单元平均宽厚比为24.30,席状砂构型单元平均宽厚比为89.03,泥质隔夹层厚介于0.50~1.10 m;剖面Ⅲ中,分流河道构型单元平均宽厚比为27.08,席状砂构型单元平均宽厚比为87.24,河口坝构型单元平均宽厚比为18.65,隔夹层厚度介于0.20~1.28 m;剖面Ⅳ中,席状砂构型单元平均宽厚比为133.84,隔夹层厚介于0.15~1.63 m(图9)。
总体来说,当沉积物源供给变化较小时,随着湖平面的升高,可容纳空间增大,分流河道、河口坝和席状砂等构型单元受湖泊改造作用逐渐增强,砂体更易迁移、改道,规模减小的同时宽厚比增大。
不同类型构型单元空间叠置样式亦受沉积物供给与可容纳空间的综合控制,主要表现在构型单元的垂向和侧向接触关系上。通过对露头剖面的研究,总结出三种构型单元的复合叠置样式,分别为切叠式、拼接式和孤立式(图10)。
在沉积环境中受水动力作用和物源供给所表现出不同特征,可以反映沉积演化过程。湖平面变化反映了沉积物+水输入与潜在容纳的相对平衡,也就是A/S的关系。湖平面水位变化影响着不同构型单元的空间叠置样式上。
切叠式包括垂向切叠式和侧向切叠式,其叠置样式为多期分流河道,垂向上相互叠加或侧向上相互切叠,该种样式主要发育在考考乌素沟剖面(剖面Ⅰ和Ⅱ),即在低水位条件下,沉积物的可容空间小,A/S<1。水体能量较强,河道冲刷强烈,主要表现在分流河道构型单元的相互叠置、侧向迁移以及分流河道对早期形成的河口坝砂体的切割,单一的构型单元保存不完整,其中构型单元之间泥质隔夹层不发育,砂体连通性最好。
拼接式包含叉道型分流河道和河口坝、席状砂和末端分流河道的横向接触关系,主要发育在海湾矿业剖面(剖面Ⅲ),即在平均水位条件下,A/S≈1,沉积物供给速率几乎等于可容纳空间的增长速率,泥质隔夹层稳定发育厚度较小,砂体横向连通性较好,垂向连通性较差。
孤立式体现在海湾矿业剖面(剖面Ⅳ),即在高水位条件下,沉积物可容纳空间最大,A/S>1。构型单元的空间几何关系表现为末端型分流河道和席状砂孤立分布于三角洲前缘泥质中,边界完整规模较小,一般厚度小于2 m,主要为“泥包砂”的特征,泥质隔夹层大量发育,砂体连通性差。
考考乌素沟剖面对应湖盆萎缩期,海湾矿业剖面对应湖盆扩张期,即剖面Ⅰ处于湖平面较低时期,剖面Ⅱ、Ⅲ处于湖平面升高时期,剖面Ⅳ处于湖平面较高时期(图2)。根据不同水位条件对构型单元的影响,结合露头识别的各构型单元的发育特征、规模及相互搭接关系,将研究区浅水三角洲前缘构型演化划分为三个阶段,总结了浅水三角洲湖平面升高过程中砂体构型模式(图11)。
在湖平面较低时,呈半氧化半还原环境,泥岩呈浅灰色,可容纳空间小,主要沉积分流河道砂体,席状砂与河口坝发育较少。河道冲刷、侵蚀早期沉积,多期河道相互叠置,发育槽状交错层理、块状层理和平行层理,以中粗粒砂体充填为主,分流间湾面积较小。三角洲前缘的构型组合特征表现为分流河道的相互叠置,多期分流河道砂体呈厚层板状快速向前延伸,水体能量较强,构型单元垂向连通性高。
随着湖平面升高,可容纳空间增加,主要发育叉道型分流河道、河口坝、席状砂和水下分流间湾细粒沉积,后期河口坝会因为没有剩余可容纳空间而停止发育,甚至发生侵蚀破坏。5级复合砂体为河流和波浪作用改造为主的中粗砂岩和波浪作用改造为主的薄层泥质粉砂岩,垂向侵蚀相对较弱,泥岩层多保留在河道顶部。三角洲前缘的构型组合特征表现为多种构型单元混合拼接,叉道型分流河道与河口坝共存。分流河道规模有所减少,逐渐向叉道型分流河道转换,后期形成的末端型分流河道下切早期形成的河口坝,砂体连通性降低。
在湖平面较高时,具有充足的可容纳空间,河口坝砂体大量发育,末端型分流河道和席状砂镶嵌在前缘泥质沉积中。由于河流下切能力减弱,没有进一步向下侵蚀。与正常水位条件相比,河道沉积物粒度更细,规模更小。不同期次河道被湖侵泥层分隔,河口坝和波浪改造的席状砂增多,受湖泊影响,席状砂被进一步改造重组。三角洲前缘的构型单元多呈孤立状,垂向上连通性低,相互叠置关系以孤立型和拼接型为主。
(1) 传统的人工露头考察结合无人机倾斜摄影技术,通过对露头上各沉积单元的定量规模信息获取,有助于推测物源方向,反演沉积过程,明确砂体构型演化模式等,为地下储层构型研究提供原型约束。
(2) 海湾矿业剖面和考考乌素沟剖面露头区识别出分流河道(主体型、叉道型和末端型)、河口坝和席状砂等4级构型单元。单一分流河道宽度为4.70~48.40 m,厚度为0.40~1.81 m;河口坝宽度为19.40~53.90 m,厚度为1.04~2.21 m;席状砂宽度为5.30~29.30 m,厚度为0.05~0.44 m。砂体叠置主要包括切叠式、拼接式、孤立式三种不同样式。
(3) 物源供给变化较小时,湖平面升高过程中,可容纳空间增大导致构型单元由主体型分流河道向末端型分流河道演化,逐渐沉积席状砂和河口坝构型单元,总体上砂体规模减小但宽厚比增加,储层连通性降低,非均质性增强。
  • 中国石油科技创新基金(2021DQ02-0106)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(42172172)
  • 甘肃省油气资源研究重点实验室开放基金(20221227)
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2026年第44卷第2期
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doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2024.055
  • 接收时间:2024-01-31
  • 首发时间:2026-09-17
  • 出版时间:2026-04-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-31
  • 修回日期:2024-04-15
  • 录用日期:2024-05-23
基金
CNPC Innovation Foundation(2021DQ02-0106)
中国石油科技创新基金(2021DQ02-0106)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(42172172)
国家自然科学基金项目(42172172)
Open Fund for Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Resources Research(20221227)
甘肃省油气资源研究重点实验室开放基金(20221227)
作者信息
    1.长江大学地球科学学院,武汉 430100
    2.中海油湛江分公司,广东 湛江 524057
    3.中石油长庆油田勘探开发研究院,西安 710018

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王喜鑫,男,副教授,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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