Article(id=1307264413845713828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, issueId=1307264251366765238, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2024.052, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1708358400000, receivedDateStr=2024-02-20, revisedDate=1712160000000, revisedDateStr=2024-04-04, acceptedDate=1716393600000, acceptedDateStr=2024-05-23, onlineDate=1789605724059, onlineDateStr=2026-09-17, pubDate=1775750400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789605724059, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789605724059, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789605724059, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1307264251366765238, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, year='2026', volume='44', issue='2', pageStart='405', pageEnd='798', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1775750400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789605685321, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789605685321, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=496, endPage=505, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1307264414030263205, articleId=1307264413845713828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, language=EN, title=Composition and Distribution Characteristics of Perinereis Trace Fossils in a Tidal Flat of the Pearl River Delta and Their Indicative Role in the Sedimentary Environment, columnId=null, journalTitle=Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective The sedimentary environment of the Pearl River Delta is complex with abundant Perinereis trace fossils. The characteristics, distribution, and assemblage of Perinereis and their relationships with sedimentary environment and sediment properties are significant for the study of trace fossils and the palaeoenvironment. Methods Based on sedimentary and ichnological methods, grain size analysis, salinity, turbidity, total organic carbon (TOC), X-ray scans, and three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction were applied to the modern biogenic sedimentary structures in different microenvironments of the Pearl River Delta tidal flat, discussed the composition, assemblage, and distribution characteristics of Perinereis in a tidal flat of the Pearl River Delta, and analyzed the relationship between the biological assemblage and the sedimentary environments. Results (1) The Perinereis mainly lives in the tidal flat area of the tidal channel and the interdistributary bay in the Pearl River Delta. (2) The remains of the Perinereis mainly have grazing trails and dwelling trails. However, the grazing trails on the layer are difficult to observe, the dwelling trails in the layer mainly have simple Y-, I-, and U-shaped and complex network structures, and there are bulges at the joints. (3) The Perinereis is suitable for living in the tidal flat or channel of the interdistributary bay with low hydrodynamic conditions, low salinity, low turbidity, and rich total organic carbon content. Conclusions The spatial distribution of Perinereis neoichnology is imbalanced, and multiple environmental conditions jointly control the abundance of Perinereis neoichnology. The habitat of Perinereis is similar to the trace fossil Polykladichnus, which can belong to both the Mermia and Glossifunites ichnofacies; the trace fossil assemblage of this relic mainly appears in the channel and tidal flat area, and this study supplements the biological data for the modern neoichnology of Perinereis.

, authors=YuanYuan WANG1, 2, ManZhi YANG1, GuoCheng ZHANG1, 2, authorsList=YuanYuan WANG, ManZhi YANG, GuoCheng ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1307264417209545652, articleId=1307264413845713828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, language=CN, title=珠江三角洲潮坪沙蚕遗迹的组成和分布特征及其对沉积环境的指示作用, columnId=null, journalTitle=沉积学报, columnName=, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 珠江三角洲潮坪沉积环境复杂,沙蚕遗迹丰富,研究现代沙蚕遗迹的组成与分布特征及其与沉积环境的关系,对重建古环境具有重要的实证价值。 方法 以珠江三角洲潮坪为研究对象,运用现代沉积学及遗迹学方法,通过粒度、总有机碳(TOC)含量、盐度、浑浊度分析,结合X射线计算机断层扫描三维重构方法,对研究区内现代沙蚕遗迹的组成与分布特征进行了精细研究,并分析了遗迹分布与沉积环境和物化条件的关系。 结果 (1)双齿围沙蚕主要生活在珠江三角洲的水下汊道和分流间海湾的潮坪区域。(2)双齿围沙蚕的遗迹主要有觅食迹和居住迹,但层面上的觅食迹不易观察到,层内居住迹形态主要有简单的Y形、I形和U形以及复杂网状结构,连接处有鼓包。(3)双齿围沙蚕适合生活在水动力条件较为低能、盐度较低、浑浊度较低、TOC含量丰富的分流间湾潮坪或水下汊道中。 结论 沙蚕遗迹在空间分布上具有不均衡性,多种环境条件共同控制沙蚕遗迹的丰度。沙蚕居住迹与遗迹化石Polykladichnus相似,该遗迹化石可属于Mermia遗迹相和Glossifunites遗迹相,该遗迹化石组合主要出现在潮间带和潮道区域。该研究补充了现代沙蚕遗迹的生物学资料。

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王媛媛,女,1984年出生,博士,副教授,沉积学、遗迹学,E-mail:

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(a) map of China, asterisks indicate research area; (b) study area bitmap (Google Earth Pro); (c) Pearl River Delta (Google Earth Pro)

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(a)中国地图,星号表示研究区域;(b)研究区区位图(Google Earth Pro);(c)珠江三角洲(Google Earth Pro)

, figureFileSmall=2Z86iTPfla9ExNNTF4Nmtw==, figureFileBig=+da7zPtquDaWk1PUpkYTUg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307264651968934630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307264413845713828, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Sampling distribution map of Perinereis, figureFileSmall=s8Xf16B8Ur9zpmZ3NEh4Kg==, figureFileBig=k2Zr8R1jd7LlfeLs2GazxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307264652061209319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307264413845713828, language=CN, label=图2, caption=沙蚕采样点分布图, figureFileSmall=s8Xf16B8Ur9zpmZ3NEh4Kg==, figureFileBig=k2Zr8R1jd7LlfeLs2GazxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307264652119929576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307264413845713828, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Physical sedimentary structure characteristics

(a) parallel bedding; (b) sharpening ripple marks; (c) current ripple; (d) current ripple

, figureFileSmall=OxzYlMIH4SjeI7FjbxEZCA==, figureFileBig=+PnnueLhUL3U5yjCGFYmUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307264652182844137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307264413845713828, language=CN, label=图3, caption=物理沉积构造特征

(a)平行层理;(b)削顶波痕;(c)水流纹;(d)水流纹

, figureFileSmall=OxzYlMIH4SjeI7FjbxEZCA==, figureFileBig=+PnnueLhUL3U5yjCGFYmUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307264652254147306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307264413845713828, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Neoichnology of Perinereis

(a) Perinereis on the surface at station 1; (b) U-shaped burrow profile at station 1; (c) Perinereis in a burrow at station 2; (d) burrow of Perinereis at station 4

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(a)1号点处层面上的双齿围沙蚕;(b)1号点的U形潜穴截面;(c)2号点处潜穴中的双齿围沙蚕;(d)4号点的沙蚕潜穴

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(a) scanning image of station 1; (b) Scanning image of station 1; (c) scanning image of station 2; (d) scanning image of station 4; (e) scanning image of station 5; the white arrow indicates Perinereis burrow, the red arrow indicates a crab burrow, and the green arrow indicates bulges at the connection of Perinereis burrow

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(a)1号点;(b)1号点;(c)2号点;(d)4号点;(e)5号点;白色箭头指示沙蚕潜穴,红色箭头指示螃蟹潜穴,绿色箭头指示沙蚕潜穴连接处鼓包

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Particle size, turbidity, salinity, and total organic carbon (TOC) of samples collected in the Pearl River Delta

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站点粒度/mm浑浊度/NTU盐度/‰总有机碳/%
10.0244.470.281.42
20.0442.880.471.38
30.01117.633.970.60
40.0168.422.202.72
50.02240.272.170.67
60.31142.0718.00
), ArticleFig(id=1307264652929430259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307264413845713828, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

珠江三角洲样品粒度、浑浊度、盐度及总有机碳(TOC)含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
站点粒度/mm浑浊度/NTU盐度/‰总有机碳/%
10.0244.470.281.42
20.0442.880.471.38
30.01117.633.970.60
40.0168.422.202.72
50.02240.272.170.67
60.31142.0718.00
), ArticleFig(id=1307264653017510644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307264413845713828, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Statistics on the disturbance rate of Perinereis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
站点平均潜穴直径/cm平均潜穴横截面积/cm²平均潜穴密度/(潜穴数/m²)扰动率/%
10.1160.0423000.126
20.1640.0857 9006.696
40.1820.1042 8002.926
50.0550.0104 9000.466
), ArticleFig(id=1307264653088813813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307264413845713828, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

沙蚕扰动率统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
站点平均潜穴直径/cm平均潜穴横截面积/cm²平均潜穴密度/(潜穴数/m²)扰动率/%
10.1160.0423000.126
20.1640.0857 9006.696
40.1820.1042 8002.926
50.0550.0104 9000.466
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珠江三角洲潮坪沙蚕遗迹的组成和分布特征及其对沉积环境的指示作用
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王媛媛 1, 2 , 杨鳗郅 1 , 张国成 1, 2
沉积学报 | 2026,44(2): 496-505
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沉积学报 | 2026 , 44 (2) : 496 -505
珠江三角洲潮坪沙蚕遗迹的组成和分布特征及其对沉积环境的指示作用
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[Author(id=1307264648491856588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307264413845713828, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=yyw@hpu.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1307264648613491407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307264413845713828, authorId=1307264648491856588, language=EN, stringName=YuanYuan WANG, firstName=YuanYuan, middleName=null, lastName=WANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1.Institute of Resource and Environment, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, Henan 454003, China
2.Henan Key Laboratory of Biogenic Traces & Sedimentary Minerals, Jiaozuo, Henan 454003, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1307264648810623696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307264413845713828, authorId=1307264648491856588, language=CN, stringName=王媛媛, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1.河南理工大学资源环境学院,河南 焦作 454003
2.河南省生物遗迹与成矿过程重点实验室,河南 焦作 454003, bio={"content":"

王媛媛,女,1984年出生,博士,副教授,沉积学、遗迹学,E-mail:

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王媛媛,女,1984年出生,博士,副教授,沉积学、遗迹学,E-mail:

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王媛媛1, 2 , 杨鳗郅1, 张国成1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.河南理工大学资源环境学院,河南 焦作 454003
  • 2.河南省生物遗迹与成矿过程重点实验室,河南 焦作 454003
作者简介:

王媛媛,女,1984年出生,博士,副教授,沉积学、遗迹学,E-mail:

Composition and Distribution Characteristics of Perinereis Trace Fossils in a Tidal Flat of the Pearl River Delta and Their Indicative Role in the Sedimentary Environment
YuanYuan WANG1, 2 , ManZhi YANG1, GuoCheng ZHANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.Institute of Resource and Environment, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, Henan 454003, China
  • 2.Henan Key Laboratory of Biogenic Traces & Sedimentary Minerals, Jiaozuo, Henan 454003, China
出版时间: 2026-04-10 doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2024.052
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目的 珠江三角洲潮坪沉积环境复杂,沙蚕遗迹丰富,研究现代沙蚕遗迹的组成与分布特征及其与沉积环境的关系,对重建古环境具有重要的实证价值。 方法 以珠江三角洲潮坪为研究对象,运用现代沉积学及遗迹学方法,通过粒度、总有机碳(TOC)含量、盐度、浑浊度分析,结合X射线计算机断层扫描三维重构方法,对研究区内现代沙蚕遗迹的组成与分布特征进行了精细研究,并分析了遗迹分布与沉积环境和物化条件的关系。 结果 (1)双齿围沙蚕主要生活在珠江三角洲的水下汊道和分流间海湾的潮坪区域。(2)双齿围沙蚕的遗迹主要有觅食迹和居住迹,但层面上的觅食迹不易观察到,层内居住迹形态主要有简单的Y形、I形和U形以及复杂网状结构,连接处有鼓包。(3)双齿围沙蚕适合生活在水动力条件较为低能、盐度较低、浑浊度较低、TOC含量丰富的分流间湾潮坪或水下汊道中。 结论 沙蚕遗迹在空间分布上具有不均衡性,多种环境条件共同控制沙蚕遗迹的丰度。沙蚕居住迹与遗迹化石Polykladichnus相似,该遗迹化石可属于Mermia遗迹相和Glossifunites遗迹相,该遗迹化石组合主要出现在潮间带和潮道区域。该研究补充了现代沙蚕遗迹的生物学资料。

珠江三角洲  /  潮坪  /  现代沙蚕遗迹  /  沉积环境

Objective The sedimentary environment of the Pearl River Delta is complex with abundant Perinereis trace fossils. The characteristics, distribution, and assemblage of Perinereis and their relationships with sedimentary environment and sediment properties are significant for the study of trace fossils and the palaeoenvironment. Methods Based on sedimentary and ichnological methods, grain size analysis, salinity, turbidity, total organic carbon (TOC), X-ray scans, and three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction were applied to the modern biogenic sedimentary structures in different microenvironments of the Pearl River Delta tidal flat, discussed the composition, assemblage, and distribution characteristics of Perinereis in a tidal flat of the Pearl River Delta, and analyzed the relationship between the biological assemblage and the sedimentary environments. Results (1) The Perinereis mainly lives in the tidal flat area of the tidal channel and the interdistributary bay in the Pearl River Delta. (2) The remains of the Perinereis mainly have grazing trails and dwelling trails. However, the grazing trails on the layer are difficult to observe, the dwelling trails in the layer mainly have simple Y-, I-, and U-shaped and complex network structures, and there are bulges at the joints. (3) The Perinereis is suitable for living in the tidal flat or channel of the interdistributary bay with low hydrodynamic conditions, low salinity, low turbidity, and rich total organic carbon content. Conclusions The spatial distribution of Perinereis neoichnology is imbalanced, and multiple environmental conditions jointly control the abundance of Perinereis neoichnology. The habitat of Perinereis is similar to the trace fossil Polykladichnus, which can belong to both the Mermia and Glossifunites ichnofacies; the trace fossil assemblage of this relic mainly appears in the channel and tidal flat area, and this study supplements the biological data for the modern neoichnology of Perinereis.

Pearl River Delta  /  tidal flat  /  neoichnology of Perinereis  /  sedimentary environment
王媛媛, 杨鳗郅, 张国成. 珠江三角洲潮坪沙蚕遗迹的组成和分布特征及其对沉积环境的指示作用. 沉积学报, 2026 , 44 (2) : 496 -505 . DOI: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2024.052
YuanYuan WANG, ManZhi YANG, GuoCheng ZHANG. Composition and Distribution Characteristics of Perinereis Trace Fossils in a Tidal Flat of the Pearl River Delta and Their Indicative Role in the Sedimentary Environment[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2026 , 44 (2) : 496 -505 . DOI: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2024.052
遗迹学是研究古代和现代生物在沉积物层面和层内活动时遗留下来的痕迹的学科(吴贤涛,1986胡斌等,1997),与生态条件、沉积物性质、沉积环境有着密切的关系。研究现代生物遗迹的特点、分布和组合特征及其与沉积环境、沉积物性质的关系,对遗迹化石及古环境研究具有重要的实证价值(王海邻等,2022)。
国内外学者对现代沙蚕遗迹进行了较为深入的研究。从形态上,主要研究了加拿大弗雷泽河三角洲和滦河三角洲潮坪的沙蚕潜穴形态特征(Dashtgard,2011aAyranci and Dashtgard,20132016Ayranci et al.,2014张白梅,2014),印度昆达利卡河口环境中的沙蚕潜穴及粪便颗粒的形态特征(Kulkarni and Panchang,2015),黄河三角洲和珠江三角洲潮坪沙蚕遗迹的形态特征与共生关系(Wang et al.,2019a2019b王翠等,2023王媛媛等,2024)。在分布规律方面,主要研究了弗雷泽河三角洲、滦河三角洲以及黄河三角洲的沙蚕遗迹分布规律(Dashtgard,2011b胡斌等,2015王海邻,2018王翠等,2023)。古遗迹化石的类比方面,主要比较了现代沙蚕居住迹与遗迹化石PolykladichnusWang et al.,2019a),在三角洲前缘和前三角洲利用遗迹化石区分不同的物理化学应力(胡斌等,2015)。从古环境重建的角度,主要研究了与现代沙蚕遗迹相似的遗迹化石Polykladichnus所代表的沉积环境,应用综合方法进行古环境重建(MacEachern et al.,2007Singh et al.,2010Tiwari et al.,2011Virtasalo et al.,2011Crippa et al.,2018Morelle and Denayer,2020Paz et al.,2020Ali and Wilson,2021;Biranvand et al.,2023;Rodríguez-Tovar et al.,2023)。然而,我国潮坪沉积现代沙蚕遗迹的研究还处于起步阶段。本文通过精细的三维化研究,得到珠江三角洲潮坪沙蚕遗迹与沉积环境及物化条件的关系,并与相似遗迹化石进行对比分析,旨在为珠江三角洲潮坪沉积环境补充生物学资料,并为古三角洲潮坪环境的重建提供实证。
珠江三角洲位于广东省中南部、珠江下游,濒临南海,112°45'~113°50' E、21°31'~23°10' N,是由珠江水系的西江、北江、东江及其支流潭江、绥江、增江带来的泥沙在珠江口河口湾内堆积而成的复合型三角洲(图1)。珠江三角洲大部分在北回归线以南,地处南亚热带,属亚热带海洋季风气候,流域面积45×104 km2,雨量充沛,热量充足,雨热同季。年日照为2 000 h,四季分布比较均匀。年平均气温21.4 ℃~22.4 ℃,年平均降雨量1 600~2 300 mm(周瑛等,2003)。
珠江三角洲河口潮汐主要受地形地貌、上游河流径流动力与海洋潮汐动力等变化影响,为不规则半日潮,在一个太阴日里分别出现两次高潮、两次低潮,但潮差、涨落潮历时不等(胡海英和黄国如,2011)。珠江三角洲平均潮差在0.85~1.62 m,属于弱潮河口(赵焕庭,1989王珊珊,2008钟子悦等,2023),河网面积达9 750 km2,河网密度介于0.68~1.07 km/km2Zhang et al.,20112012)。
选取珠江三角洲潮坪的沉积物和现代沙蚕遗迹作为野外考察对象,对沉积物性质和沙蚕遗迹的形态学、沉积学和遗迹学进行研究。通过手持全球定位系统(GPS)进行采样点定位,对采集研究点的沉积物样品(6个)进行粒度和总有机碳(TOC)含量分析。同时,采集水样6个,用于测定盐度和浑浊度。
采样点位于广东省中山市和珠海市沿岸,通过GPS确定各个采样点位置,并在Google Earth Pro进行标记绘制地图,黑色圆点标记发现沙蚕的点位(图2),共6个采样点发现沙蚕。在研究区内各个采样点中,使用PVC管对形态保存完好且有代表性的生物潜穴进行取心,所使用的PVC管直径为5 cm和7.5 cm,高度为15 cm。
对PVC管取心的样品进行CT扫描实验,以获得沙蚕潜穴的三维图像数据。CT扫描仪器参数如下:型号是Nanotom S,电压是180 kV,功率是15 W,细节检测能力高达200 nm。CT扫描过程在中国科学院南京土壤研究所完成。
三维重构即对CT扫描获取的CT图像数据(体数据)进行三维可视化处理,包括体数据三维渲染、灰度值分割、定向数字虚拟切面、动画制作和图片的保存等。处理过程中使用到ImageJ和VG Studio Max 3.0两款软件。三维重构过程在中国科学院南京古生物地质研究所X射线断层扫描实验室完成。
具体处理方式如下:(1)将扫描获取的切片图导入至ImageJ,观察生物潜穴是否清晰可见,将效果好的孔隙通过ImageJ进行提取,效果不好的进行降位(图片位深度由16 bit降至8 bit)。(2)将在ImageJ中处理过的图片导入VG Studio 3.0中再次处理,最后对制作完成的生物潜穴进行渲染和动画的制作,将图片和视频保存。
将采集的沉积物样品带回实验室,在105 ℃的烘箱内进行干燥。干燥后的沉积物按照不同的微环境装入样品袋内,每袋样品约50 g,采用Rise2008激光粒度分析仪进行粒度分析。样品通过仪器的分选,得到多个粒度曲线,通过软件颗粒粒度测量分析系统(Particle Diameter Measure & Analysis System,PADMAS)将测试数据做平均、统计、比较和模式转换等处理,得到分析结果。
珠江三角洲现代沉积环境是指珠江水系(西江、北江、东江等)及其河口受水盆地,至冲淡水所及的广大海域。上述河流所携泥沙由八大口门汇入,它们在通流、潮流和其他海洋动力因素的共同影响下,沉积作用甚为活跃。沉积物多以粉砂质黏粒结构、类块状构造为主(周青伟等,1987)。在研究区发现泥沙互层的平行层理,其特点是连续性较好、纹层平直(图3a),指示较强的水动力条件(郑伟等,2015)。此外,还发育在潮流和波浪作用下形成的波痕(图3b)。
研究区内采样点分布主要分布于分流间海湾和水下汊道两种微环境(图4),1、2、3号点位为水下汊道,4、5、6号点位为分流间海湾。各采样点多为粉砂,6号点位为中砂,分选性整体较差,水的盐度中等,多为半咸水,部分淡水和咸水,分流间海湾浑浊度较高,5号点位和6号点位浑浊度最高,水下汊道浑浊度总体较低(表1)。总有机碳是沉积物重要的组成成分,常用于指示土壤中有机质的含量(韩万兵,2017),这些有机质也是沙蚕的食物来源。
在潮坪的东部边界(3号点),沙蚕是唯一的扰动生物。在其他5个站点(1,2,4,5,6),沙蚕是优势物种,但不是唯一的扰动生物。为了量化珠江三角洲潮坪现代沙蚕遗迹的特征,在4个站点对沙蚕的潜穴进行了计数,其中扰动率为平均潜穴横截面积乘以平均潜穴密度乘以0.01(表2),沙蚕潜穴洞口的平均直径为0.13 cm。其中,2号点扰动率最大,为6.696%,其次为4号点为2.926%,1和5号点扰动率最低,不到0.5%。
双齿围沙蚕Perinereis aibuhitensis (Grube)主要分布在分流间海湾和水下汊道,幼虫以浮游生物为食,成虫以腐殖质为食(郑伟等,2015)。沙蚕造的遗迹主要有觅食迹和居住迹。觅食迹的形态有直型和弯曲型,宽为1~2 mm,觅食迹两端一般与两个潜穴口相连,潜穴密度较高时,觅食迹交叉,沉积底质含水量较低的情况下,觅食迹很浅导致模糊不清(王媛媛等,2019)。居住迹主要是垂直管状的居住潜穴,潜穴口在层面上呈圆形(图4d),直径0.5~2.0 mm,觅食时沙蚕伸出穴口,摄食层面上的藻类和有机碎屑,稍有动静立即钻入潜穴。层内有J型、Y型、U型的居住迹和觅食潜穴,穴道为圆形,内表面光滑,无衬壁。1号站点底质为泥沙混合,2号站点底质为略带砾石的砂质泥,3号站点底质为泥,4号站点底质为略带砾石的泥,5号站点底质为略带砾石的砂质泥,6号站点底质为沙。沙蚕向下掘开口向上的U形潜穴,潜穴周围有明显的颜色区分(图4b)。
通过CT扫描及三维重构双齿围沙蚕潜穴,可以清晰地观察到沙蚕潜穴层内的三维形态,有Y形和I形的简单潜穴(图5a,b,e),垂直于层面,开口向上,由简单的Y形和I形潜穴连接起来,连接处有较小鼓包,直径约为5 mm。也有交错密集的复杂潜穴,这种潜穴多垂直于层面,连接处偶有球状鼓包,直径约为1 cm,侧边多分支(图5c)。还有和螃蟹共生的潜穴,更为粗壮的螃蟹潜穴,呈Y形或I形,直径为1~4 cm,更细小的沙蚕潜穴围绕着螃蟹潜穴呈网状分布(图5d),猜测可能是此处水动力条件较强,沙蚕需要依附在更为坚固的螃蟹潜穴中生存,且螃蟹潜穴中有足够的有机质适合沙蚕生存(Patel and Desai,2009)。
整体来看,珠江三角洲潮坪沙蚕遗迹在空间分布上存在不均衡性及复杂性(图6)。对比数据分析可知,沙蚕更喜欢生活在盐度较低、浑浊度较低、水动力条件较为低能、粒度较细、TOC含量较高的区域。当盐度、浑浊度、粒度和TOC含量相差较小时,水动力条件较弱的地方通常扰动率更高。沙蚕遗迹分布特征的精细差别与潮坪环境的物理化学条件具有良好的响应关系。主要的物理化学条件包括浑浊度、盐度、水动力特征、粒度、沉积速率及TOC。
沙蚕遗迹多出现在盐度较低的半咸水或淡水区域,盐度为0.5‰左右最适宜沙蚕生活,浑浊度较低的地方沙蚕遗迹丰度较高,浑浊度为40~70 NTU最适宜沙蚕生活。沙蚕遗迹的种类与水体的浑浊度、盐度均有密切的联系,如高浑浊度的水阻碍了食悬浮物造迹生物的滤食行为,堵塞造迹生物的虹吸管(van Wagoner and Bertram,1995);盐度是影响水生生物生存、生长的重要环境因子,水体的盐度影响其对渗透压的调节,进而影响其生理和生长(蔡东亿和阎希柱,2014)。双齿围沙蚕多分布在盐度较低的半咸水和淡水中,虽然双齿围沙蚕是耐盐生物,但盐度较高且水动力条件较为高能的地方沙蚕向下掘穴深度较浅,且潜穴无衬壁,不够坚固,不适合沙蚕生活。
沙蚕遗迹多出现在水动力条件较为低能、粒度较细、TOC含量较高的站点。水动力、粒度及沉积速率三者之间是相互联系的,水动力条件和粒度对沉积速率起到了关键的控制作用(Ayranci and Dashtgard,2013),而TOC又与粒度特征呈正相关,四者共同影响了生物的分布特征。水动力主要来自波浪和潮汐,珠江三角洲是波浪和潮汐共同控制的复合三角洲。沙蚕多生活在粒度较细的中粗粉砂和极细粉砂中,分选较差。沉积物粒度影响沙蚕进食,粒度太粗沙蚕不易进食或容易在沙蚕摄食时堵塞虹吸管(van Wagoner and Bertram,1995)。沙蚕进食沉积底层的有机质,TOC数据可以反映沉积底层的有机质含量,直观地表达沙蚕食物的丰度,3和5号站点TOC含量较低(低于0.7%),1、2、4号站点TOC含量较高(图7),高于1.3%,食物来源丰富。大部分沙蚕均与螃蟹共生,这是因为螃蟹潜穴更加坚固,能够让沙蚕在水动力条件较高的地区生存下来,且螃蟹潜穴中有充足的食物来源供给沙蚕生活(Patel and Desai,2009)。
研究区内沙蚕居住迹与遗迹化石Polykladichnus相似,Polykladichnus是一种垂直或倾斜的圆柱形洞穴,其特征是向上指向的Y形或U形分支,连接到层面(Schlirf and Uchman,2005Mørk and Bromley,2008)。该遗迹化石是无衬壁的,垂直或微倾斜,笔直或轻微弯曲,Y形和U形,向上开口的圆柱形结构,在连接处略有扩大鼓包,单个潜穴的直径介于1~2 mm,整个结构的长度可达70 mm。潜穴充填的沉积底质通常比原本的沉积底质粒度更细,潜穴保存得很完整(van Wagoner and Bertram,1995)。Polykladichnus通常属于Mermia遗迹相和Glossifunites遗迹相,Mermia遗迹相可以代表湖泊完全水下沉积物中的遗迹特征(Pickerill,1992),Glossifunites遗迹相可以代表受潮汐影响的分流河道(Wood et al.,2014),含有Polykladichnus的遗迹化石组合主要出现在潮间带和潮道区域(Virtasalo et al.,2011Wood et al.,2014Wang et al.,2019aPieńkowski et al.,2021)。
(1) 通过对珠江三角洲潮坪沙蚕遗迹进行详细描述,沙蚕主要分布在水下汊道和分流间海湾两种微环境中。沙蚕遗迹与环境之间的关系存在其复杂性,珠江三角洲潮坪沙蚕遗迹的丰度所受到的环境压力主要来自盐度、沉积速率、水浊度、水动力、粒度和总有机碳。研究结果表明,沙蚕遗迹在水动力条件较为低能、盐度较低、浑浊度较低、TOC含量丰富的分流间湾潮坪或水下汊道中丰度更高。
(2) 沙蚕居住迹在层面上呈圆形开口,直径介于0.6~1.8 mm,层内多呈开口向上的Y形、U形和I形的居住潜穴。取心样品的CT成像揭示了它们的Y形和I形形态,沿潜穴痕迹剖开的截面显示了U形形态,这与痕迹化石Polykladichus的形态非常相似。因此,可能在相同的环境条件下,双齿围沙蚕可以被认为是Polykladichus的造迹生物之一。
(3) 通过研究珠江三角洲沙蚕遗迹发现,沙蚕更喜爱在分流间湾的潮坪区域和水下汊道掘穴生活,这与沉积环境和物化条件之间存在复杂的联系。将研究区内沙蚕居住迹与Polykladichnus对比分析,含Polykladichnus的遗迹化石组合主要出现在潮间带和潮道区域,补充了现代沙蚕遗迹的生物学资料,可以为相似的遗迹化石的形貌学研究及埋藏学研究提供现代遗迹学资料,也可以为遗迹相的分析以及沉积环境的划分提供现代遗迹学的参考资料,为古环境的重建提供实证。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(42172130)
  • 河南省本科高校青年骨干教师培养计划(2023GGJS055)
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2026年第44卷第2期
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doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2024.052
  • 接收时间:2024-02-20
  • 首发时间:2026-09-17
  • 出版时间:2026-04-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-02-20
  • 修回日期:2024-04-04
  • 录用日期:2024-05-23
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(42172130)
国家自然科学基金项目(42172130)
Young Backbone Teachers Training Program of Henan Province(2023GGJS055)
河南省本科高校青年骨干教师培养计划(2023GGJS055)
作者信息
    1.河南理工大学资源环境学院,河南 焦作 454003
    2.河南省生物遗迹与成矿过程重点实验室,河南 焦作 454003
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cjxb/CN/10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2024.052
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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