Article(id=1307264408493772961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, issueId=1307264251366765238, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2024.042, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1710000000000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-10, revisedDate=1712332800000, revisedDateStr=2024-04-06, acceptedDate=1712592000000, acceptedDateStr=2024-04-09, onlineDate=1789605722782, onlineDateStr=2026-09-17, pubDate=1775750400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789605722782, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789605722782, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789605722782, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1307264251366765238, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, year='2026', volume='44', issue='2', pageStart='405', pageEnd='798', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1775750400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789605685321, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789605685321, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=664, endPage=675, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1307264408674128034, articleId=1307264408493772961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, language=EN, title=Paleogeomorphologic Controls on the Formation and Distribution of High-Quality Reservoirs During Lake Transgression: An example from the Qingshuihe Formation in Gaoquan structural zone, Sikeshu Sag, Junggar Basin, columnId=null, journalTitle=Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective The reservoirs in the bottom conglomerate of the Qingshuihe Formation in the Gaoquan structural zone of the Sikeshu Sag, southern Junggar Basin, are strongly heterogeneous. The objective was to clarify the development and distribution of high-quality reservoirs in the study area. Methods The sedimentary and reservoir characteristics of the Qingshuihe Formation were examined by facies analysis in cores, well logs and seismic records, and a model of the sedimentary evolution was established based on paleogeomorphological data. The influence of microgeomorphology on the distribution of high-quality reservoirs is clarified. Results Three slope breaks developed in the Gaoquan structural zone, each striking northwest-southeast and comprising groove and platform paleogeomorphological units. A regressive fan delta was formed on the slope breaks during lake transgression, each of which formed conglomerate reservoirs 10-15 m thick. Groove and platform areas controlled the mud content of the reservoirs. Brown conglomerate with high mud content readily developed in the groove areas. Gray or gray-green conglomerate with low mud content developed in the platform areas, forming high-quality reservoirs. Conclusions Groove/platform units at slope breaks controlled the formation and distribution of high-quality reservoirs in the Qingshuihe Formation. The most favorable reservoirs in the study area are in the platform units at each slope break.

, authors=XueQiang SI1, Bo PENG1, HuaJun GUO1, XiGuang CHEN1, YaZhe LI1, DongSheng JI2, ZhiWen ZOU1, JunFeng YI1, authorsList=XueQiang SI, Bo PENG, HuaJun GUO, XiGuang CHEN, YaZhe LI, DongSheng JI, ZhiWen ZOU, JunFeng YI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1307264410263769268, articleId=1307264408493772961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, language=CN, title=湖侵背景古地貌对优质储层形成和分布的控制作用, columnId=null, journalTitle=沉积学报, columnName=, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 准噶尔盆地南缘四棵树凹陷高泉构造带白垩系清水河组底部砂砾岩储层非均质性强,优质储层形成和分布有待明确。 方法 通过对研究区岩心相、测井相和地震相的分析,明确了清水河组沉积储层发育特征,再结合高泉构造带清水河组沉积前古地貌研究,建立了古地貌控制下的沉积演化模式,厘清了微古地貌单元对优质储层分布的影响。 结果 清水河组沉积前研究区发育三个近北西—南东走向的坡折带,每个坡折带上又可划分出沟槽和平台两种古地貌单元。湖侵背景下,三个坡折带上依次形成了三期退积型扇三角洲,每期扇三角洲可形成10~15 m厚的砂砾岩储层。在每个坡折带上,沟槽和平台两种微古地貌单元控制了砂砾岩储层的泥质含量,沟槽区易沉积泥质含量高的褐色砂砾岩,平台区主要沉积泥质含量低的灰色或灰绿色砂砾岩,平台区低泥质含量的砂砾岩易形成粒间孔发育的优质储层。 结论 坡折带及坡折带上的沟槽、平台两种微古地貌单元是研究区清水河组底部优质砂砾岩储层形成和分布的主控因素,每个坡折带的平台区是寻找优质砂砾岩储层的有利区。

, authors=司学强1, 彭博1, 郭华军1, 陈希光1, 李亚哲1, 冀冬生2, 邹志文1, 易俊峰1, authorsList=司学强, 彭博, 郭华军, 陈希光, 李亚哲, 冀冬生, 邹志文, 易俊峰, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

司学强,男,1979年出生,博士,高级工程师,储层沉积学,E-mail:

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(a) structure outline of the bottom of the Qingshuihe Formation in Gaoquan structural zone; (b) lithological column of Qingshuihe Formation; (c) structure outline of southern margin of Junggar Basin

, figureFileSmall=23DrWgeADuf5asAiPVrKFg==, figureFileBig=IDxsBKpVarhsyU7Rixf+Fg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307264553859965254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307264408493772961, language=CN, label=图1, caption=四棵树凹陷高泉构地区构造位置及白垩系清水河组岩性柱状图

(a)高泉构造带三维区清水河组底部构造图;(b)高泉构造带清水河组底部岩性柱状图;(c)准噶尔盆地南缘构造纲要图

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(a) well Gao 101, 6 023.8-6 023.9 m, red conglomerate, intergranular pores filled with red muddy matrix; (b) well Gaoquan 5, 6 051.2-6 051.3 m, greyish-green conglomerate, intergranular pores with low matrix content; (c) well GHW001, 5 822.8-5 823.0 m, calcareous fine sandstone, wave-generated cross bedding; (d) well Gao 101, 6 021.3 m, conglomerate, intergranular pores filled with muddy matrix; (e) well Gaoquan 5, 6 051.2 m, conglomerate, intergranular pores with low matrix content; (f) well GHW001, 5 820.3 m, fine-grained feldspathic litharenite, basal cementation by calcite

, figureFileSmall=r9RwbXBZGiRkvonP/9y3wA==, figureFileBig=MekYMHGc0c/CPl+/1NM67A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307264554044514632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307264408493772961, language=CN, label=图2, caption=四棵树凹陷高泉构造带白垩系清水河组沉积特征

(a)高101井,6 023.8~6 023.9 m,褐色块状砂砾岩,砾石间充填褐色泥杂基;(b)高泉5井,6 051.2~6 051.3 m,灰绿色砂砾岩,砾石间泥杂基含量低,粒间孔发育;(c)GHW001井,5 822.8~5 823.0 m,钙质细砂岩,浪成沙纹层理; (d)高101井,6 021.3 m,砂砾岩粒间泥杂基充填;(e)高泉5井,6 051.2 m,砂砾岩粒间泥杂基含量低,粒间孔发育;(f)GHW001井,5 820.3 m,细粒长石岩屑砂岩,方解石基底式胶结,无可见孔

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(a) paleogeomorphic map of Cretaceous Qingshuihe Formation, Gaoquan structural zone; (b) seismic profile which is vertical to the slope break zone; (c) seismic profile which is parallel to the slope break zone

, figureFileSmall=xbshGtvXT7uYTSTjqfbQoQ==, figureFileBig=M9H5SdiDs3CJDd8ipbfNTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307264554463945038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307264408493772961, language=CN, label=图5, caption=四棵树凹陷高泉构造带白垩系清水河组古地貌特征及地震剖面图

(a)高泉构造带白垩系清水河组古地貌图;(b)垂直坡折带走向的地震剖面;(c)平行坡折带走向的地震剖面

, figureFileSmall=xbshGtvXT7uYTSTjqfbQoQ==, figureFileBig=M9H5SdiDs3CJDd8ipbfNTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307264554535248207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307264408493772961, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Sedimentary facies map and sedimentary model of the Cretaceous Qingshuihe Formation in the Gaoquan structural zone, Sikeshu Sag

(a-c) fan delta facies maps of 3 depositional phases of the Qingshuihe Formation; (d) regression model

, figureFileSmall=pVfshu2hEo7oOkiUNpj6GQ==, figureFileBig=jRL6bJV6aXXhZwwi4GOZsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307264554619134288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307264408493772961, language=CN, label=图6, caption=四棵树凹陷高泉构造带白垩系清水河组三期扇三角洲沉积相平面及沉积模式图

(a~c)清水河组3期扇三角洲沉积相图;(d)清水河组底部退积型扇三角洲沉积模式

, figureFileSmall=pVfshu2hEo7oOkiUNpj6GQ==, figureFileBig=jRL6bJV6aXXhZwwi4GOZsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307264554694631761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307264408493772961, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Sedimentary model of the Cretaceous Qingshuihe Formation basal sandstone, Gaoquan structural zone, Sikeshu Sag, figureFileSmall=sR8RuqeigzDPNi/ebOffjA==, figureFileBig=VD9l+HoV1Ce5gW3ge0j1AQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307264556414296402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307264408493772961, language=CN, label=图7, caption=四棵树凹陷高泉构造带白垩系清水河组底砂岩沉积模式, figureFileSmall=sR8RuqeigzDPNi/ebOffjA==, figureFileBig=VD9l+HoV1Ce5gW3ge0j1AQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307264556502376787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307264408493772961, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Well section of the Cretaceous Qingshuihe Formation basal sandstone, Gaoquan structural zone, Sikeshu Sag(The location of cross⁃well section is showing on Fig.6b), figureFileSmall=j3s3NiEepvt9GcZBwkIcjg==, figureFileBig=LRXtMR9FnBRusEve+rAYrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307264556598845780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307264408493772961, language=CN, label=图8, caption=四棵树凹陷高泉构造带白垩系清水河组连井剖面图(剖面位置见图6b), figureFileSmall=j3s3NiEepvt9GcZBwkIcjg==, figureFileBig=LRXtMR9FnBRusEve+rAYrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307264556686926165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307264408493772961, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Reservoir properties, bottom of the Cretaceous Qingshuihe Formation, Gaoquan structural zone, Sikeshu Sag

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩性岩石特征高泉5高泉6高探1高101高102GHW001
灰色钙质粉细砂岩厚度/m8.08.516.018.016.019.5
胶结物含量/%15.613.717.518.923.7
胶结物类型碳酸盐碳酸盐碳酸盐碳酸盐碳酸盐
杂基含量/%1.42.10.42.22.7
孔隙度/%1.42.10.42.22.7
灰色或灰绿色砂砾岩厚度/m13.07.611.076.011.0
胶结物含量/%5.34.44.63.4
胶结物类型碳酸盐、硅质、黄铁矿、伊利石碳酸盐、硅质、黄铁矿、伊利石碳酸盐、硅质、伊利石碳酸盐、硅质、黄铁矿、伊利石
杂基含量/%2.82.41.33.1
孔隙度/%7.27.810.18.67.17.9
灰褐色砂砾岩厚度/m02.007.000
胶结物含量/%3.42.4
胶结物类型碳酸盐、硅质、硬石膏、伊利石碳酸盐、硅质、硬石膏、伊利石
杂基含量/%6.86.6
孔隙度/%3.54.4
), ArticleFig(id=1307264556779200854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849983571558468, articleId=1307264408493772961, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

四棵树凹陷高泉构造带白垩系清水河组底部储层特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩性岩石特征高泉5高泉6高探1高101高102GHW001
灰色钙质粉细砂岩厚度/m8.08.516.018.016.019.5
胶结物含量/%15.613.717.518.923.7
胶结物类型碳酸盐碳酸盐碳酸盐碳酸盐碳酸盐
杂基含量/%1.42.10.42.22.7
孔隙度/%1.42.10.42.22.7
灰色或灰绿色砂砾岩厚度/m13.07.611.076.011.0
胶结物含量/%5.34.44.63.4
胶结物类型碳酸盐、硅质、黄铁矿、伊利石碳酸盐、硅质、黄铁矿、伊利石碳酸盐、硅质、伊利石碳酸盐、硅质、黄铁矿、伊利石
杂基含量/%2.82.41.33.1
孔隙度/%7.27.810.18.67.17.9
灰褐色砂砾岩厚度/m02.007.000
胶结物含量/%3.42.4
胶结物类型碳酸盐、硅质、硬石膏、伊利石碳酸盐、硅质、硬石膏、伊利石
杂基含量/%6.86.6
孔隙度/%3.54.4
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湖侵背景古地貌对优质储层形成和分布的控制作用
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司学强 1 , 彭博 1 , 郭华军 1 , 陈希光 1 , 李亚哲 1 , 冀冬生 2 , 邹志文 1 , 易俊峰 1
沉积学报 | 2026,44(2): 664-675
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沉积学报 | 2026 , 44 (2) : 664 -675
湖侵背景古地貌对优质储层形成和分布的控制作用
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司学强1 , 彭博1, 郭华军1, 陈希光1, 李亚哲1, 冀冬生2, 邹志文1, 易俊峰1
作者信息
  • 1.中国石油杭州地质研究院,杭州 310023
  • 2.中国石油新疆油田公司勘探开发研究院地球物理研究所,乌鲁木齐 830013
作者简介:

司学强,男,1979年出生,博士,高级工程师,储层沉积学,E-mail:

Paleogeomorphologic Controls on the Formation and Distribution of High-Quality Reservoirs During Lake Transgression: An example from the Qingshuihe Formation in Gaoquan structural zone, Sikeshu Sag, Junggar Basin
XueQiang SI1 , Bo PENG1, HuaJun GUO1, XiGuang CHEN1, YaZhe LI1, DongSheng JI2, ZhiWen ZOU1, JunFeng YI1
Affiliations
  • 1.PetroChina Hangzhou Research Institute of Geology, Hangzhou 310023, China
  • 2.Geophysics Institute of Research Institute of Exploration and Development, PetroChina Xinjiang Oilfield Company, Urumqi 830013, China
出版时间: 2026-04-10 doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2024.042
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目的 准噶尔盆地南缘四棵树凹陷高泉构造带白垩系清水河组底部砂砾岩储层非均质性强,优质储层形成和分布有待明确。 方法 通过对研究区岩心相、测井相和地震相的分析,明确了清水河组沉积储层发育特征,再结合高泉构造带清水河组沉积前古地貌研究,建立了古地貌控制下的沉积演化模式,厘清了微古地貌单元对优质储层分布的影响。 结果 清水河组沉积前研究区发育三个近北西—南东走向的坡折带,每个坡折带上又可划分出沟槽和平台两种古地貌单元。湖侵背景下,三个坡折带上依次形成了三期退积型扇三角洲,每期扇三角洲可形成10~15 m厚的砂砾岩储层。在每个坡折带上,沟槽和平台两种微古地貌单元控制了砂砾岩储层的泥质含量,沟槽区易沉积泥质含量高的褐色砂砾岩,平台区主要沉积泥质含量低的灰色或灰绿色砂砾岩,平台区低泥质含量的砂砾岩易形成粒间孔发育的优质储层。 结论 坡折带及坡折带上的沟槽、平台两种微古地貌单元是研究区清水河组底部优质砂砾岩储层形成和分布的主控因素,每个坡折带的平台区是寻找优质砂砾岩储层的有利区。

高泉构造带  /  清水河组  /  古地貌  /  坡折带  /  扇三角洲

Objective The reservoirs in the bottom conglomerate of the Qingshuihe Formation in the Gaoquan structural zone of the Sikeshu Sag, southern Junggar Basin, are strongly heterogeneous. The objective was to clarify the development and distribution of high-quality reservoirs in the study area. Methods The sedimentary and reservoir characteristics of the Qingshuihe Formation were examined by facies analysis in cores, well logs and seismic records, and a model of the sedimentary evolution was established based on paleogeomorphological data. The influence of microgeomorphology on the distribution of high-quality reservoirs is clarified. Results Three slope breaks developed in the Gaoquan structural zone, each striking northwest-southeast and comprising groove and platform paleogeomorphological units. A regressive fan delta was formed on the slope breaks during lake transgression, each of which formed conglomerate reservoirs 10-15 m thick. Groove and platform areas controlled the mud content of the reservoirs. Brown conglomerate with high mud content readily developed in the groove areas. Gray or gray-green conglomerate with low mud content developed in the platform areas, forming high-quality reservoirs. Conclusions Groove/platform units at slope breaks controlled the formation and distribution of high-quality reservoirs in the Qingshuihe Formation. The most favorable reservoirs in the study area are in the platform units at each slope break.

Gaoquan structural zone  /  Qingshuihe Formation  /  paleogeomorphology  /  slope break zone  /  fan delta
司学强, 彭博, 郭华军, 陈希光, 李亚哲, 冀冬生, 邹志文, 易俊峰. 湖侵背景古地貌对优质储层形成和分布的控制作用. 沉积学报, 2026 , 44 (2) : 664 -675 . DOI: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2024.042
XueQiang SI, Bo PENG, HuaJun GUO, XiGuang CHEN, YaZhe LI, DongSheng JI, ZhiWen ZOU, JunFeng YI. Paleogeomorphologic Controls on the Formation and Distribution of High-Quality Reservoirs During Lake Transgression: An example from the Qingshuihe Formation in Gaoquan structural zone, Sikeshu Sag, Junggar Basin[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2026 , 44 (2) : 664 -675 . DOI: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2024.042
古地貌是指地质历史时期由构造变形、风化剥蚀、沉积充填等地质作用所形成的地貌形态(李思田等,2004),它对沉积盆地源—汇配置关系、沉积体系类型、优质储层分布及地层流体的运移均有控制作用(冯有良,2006辛云路等,2013闫海军等,2016鲜本忠等,2017)。自20世纪70年代开始,国内学者把古地貌研究应用于含油气盆地的勘探工作中,取得了一系列研究成果,有效指导了油气勘探开发。纵观前人古地貌研究成果,既包括在盆地尺度的物源方向判定、砂体成因分析、优质储层预测及有利勘探区带优选等方面的应用(赵俊兴等,2001徐长贵等,2004蒙启安和纪友亮,2009闫海军等,2020刘文栋等,2021),也有在重点区带三维区块内沉积微相刻画、岩性圈闭落实等工作中的应用(厚刚福等,2022朱珍君等,2022)。随着理论方法的进步,古地貌恢复研究由区域性、定性认识逐步向三维区、定量表征过渡,为油气勘探工作提供的帮助愈发重要。
准噶尔盆地为多期叠合盆地,发育多个不整合界面,不整合界面的古地貌特征对界面之上沉积体系及有利储层分布均有重要影响(高崇龙等,2018),多位学者已对准噶尔盆地二叠系与三叠系、侏罗系与白垩系之间不整合界面古地貌特征及对后期沉积响应影响开展了相关研究(任本兵等,2016高盾等,2019程逸凡等,2020)。2019年位于准噶尔盆地南缘四棵树凹陷高泉地区的风险井高探1井在白垩系清水河组底部砂砾岩段获得了高产油气流,随后在同一构造带上部署了6口钻井,但油气显示远低于预期,研究发现相邻钻井储层物性特征存在明显差异,从而制约了高泉地区的勘探部署。本文利用三维地震资料对高泉地区侏罗系与白垩系之间不整合界面之上的古地貌进行刻画,划分了不同古地貌单元,并结合地质露头、钻井资料对清水河组底部砂砾岩段的沉积特征、沉积演化过程进行了解剖,揭示了白垩系清水河组沉积前古地貌对优质砂砾岩储层形成和分布的控制作用,旨在为高泉地区油气勘探提供参考和依据。
四棵树凹陷位于准噶尔盆地南缘西段,南邻北天山,北接车排子凸起,受准噶尔盆地周缘右旋压扭体系影响,凹陷深层发育北西—南东走向的高泉断裂和艾卡断裂两条走滑断裂,在这两条断裂控制下,形成了高泉构造带和艾卡构造带(杨迪生等,2019朱明等,2021)。高泉构造带主要发育背斜、断背斜和断鼻圈闭,其中高探1井位于高泉背斜的主体,高101井、高102井、高103井及GHW001井也位于该背斜上,高泉5井、高泉6井则位于高泉背斜南部的两个次级背斜上(图1)。露头和钻井揭示高泉构造带缺失上侏罗统喀拉扎组,白垩系清水河组与下伏侏罗系呈不整合接触,清水河组底部沉积了厚度为10~15 m灰褐色、灰绿色砂砾岩,向上逐渐变为灰色粉细砂岩夹薄层状泥岩,再向上过渡为灰色泥岩,岩性组合表现为一个水进沉积序列,因此四棵树凹陷在清水河组沉积时期属于湖侵背景(司学强等,20202021)。
高泉构造带6口钻井均揭示清水河组底部发育10~15 m厚的砂砾岩层。高103、高101和高泉6井砂砾岩颜色既有褐色又有灰绿色,褐色砂砾岩分布在灰绿色砂砾岩之下,其他井的砂砾岩均为灰色。岩心观察可见砂砾岩中砾石分选差,砾石直径0.2~3.0 cm不等;砾石多呈次棱角状,少量为次圆状。岩心中砾石相互接触形成支撑,砾石间充填泥杂基或砂级碎屑,局部可见砾石间发育粒间孔隙。褐色砂砾岩的砾石间泥杂基含量高(图2a),灰绿色或者灰色砂砾岩的砾石间砂级碎屑含量高,常见粒间孔隙(图2b)。褐色砂砾岩层理特征不明显,多呈块状,底部与侏罗系泥岩接触时可见明显的冲刷充填构造,褐色砂砾岩整体呈现多个正韵律沉积特征,单一韵律厚度1~2 m不等(图3)。灰色或灰绿色砂砾岩发育递变层理,岩心观察也可见多个正韵律沉积特征,单一韵律厚度0.5~1.5 m(图4)。综上可知,高泉构造带清水河组底部的砂砾岩分选差,磨圆以次棱状为主,说明这套砂砾岩属于近源沉积;砂砾岩段是由多期次辫状河道叠置沉积而成,综合分析认为砂砾岩属于扇三角洲沉积,其中褐色砂砾岩属于扇三角洲平原亚相的辫状河道沉积,而灰色、灰绿色砂砾岩明显受到湖盆水体的淘洗作用,泥杂基含量低,属于扇三角洲前缘亚相。高探1井、GHW001井、高102井、高泉5井砂砾岩颜色以灰色和灰绿色为主,位于扇三角洲的前缘亚相,而高101井和高泉6井砂砾岩颜色自下而上由褐色变为灰绿色或灰色,说明这两口井位于扇三角洲平原和前缘亚相的叠置分布区(图3)。另外,录井显示在砂砾岩段之上发育钙质粉细砂岩,GHW001井岩心发育浪成沙纹层理(图2c),且粉砂岩段内部含条带状分布的粗砂岩纹层,分析认为该粉细砂岩为滨浅湖滩坝砂体(图4)。
对高泉构造带清水河组底部砂砾岩开展岩矿鉴定,鉴定数据表明砂砾岩中砾石的含量一般超过30%,通常介于40%~70%。除砾石外其他细粒物质包括砂级碎屑颗粒、泥杂基和胶结物。灰色和灰绿色砂砾岩中充填的砂级碎屑颗粒含量20%~50%,包括石英、岩屑和长石颗粒,泥杂基含量少;褐色砂砾岩砾石间充填混有少量砂级碎屑的泥杂基,泥杂基含量6%~10%。另外,不同颜色的砂砾岩中多含有不均匀分布的胶结物,含量介于4%~10%,主要为方解石,其次为黄铁矿、硅质和硬石膏。褐色砂砾岩粒间多充填泥杂基,局部发育微孔隙(图2d),而灰色和灰绿色砂砾岩镜下可见大量剩余粒间孔(图2e)。另外,砂砾岩物性具有明显差异,统计显示褐色砂砾岩孔隙度介于3%~5%,灰色和灰绿色砂砾岩孔隙度介于7%~11%(表1)。在砂砾岩之上的钙质粉细砂岩呈现碳酸盐基底式胶结(图2f),孔隙度1%~3%。
由上述分析可知,灰色和灰绿色砂砾岩段泥质含量低,粒间孔发育,孔隙度介于7%~11%,是优质储层段;而褐色砂砾岩及砂砾岩段之上的粉细砂岩段粒间孔不发育,孔隙度介于1%~5%,储层物性差,为致密储层段。
四棵树凹陷高泉构造带面积仅约250 km2,但清水河组沉积相及储层特征在垂向和平面上均有较大变化,因此需要借助古地貌特征对高泉构造带沉积演化过程进行解剖,探讨优质砂砾岩储层分布规律。
古地貌恢复方法较多,常用方法有地层厚度法、印模法、声波时差法和高分辨率层序地层学法等(赵俊兴等,2003赵敏等,2010)。侏罗纪末,高泉地区地层遭受剥蚀,缺失侏罗系喀拉扎组,侏罗系顶为一个古侵蚀面,白垩系清水河组是在此古侵蚀面之上沉积的一套薄层砂砾岩+粉细砂岩+厚层泥岩的岩性组合。基于三维地震资料利用印模法来恢复清水河组沉积前古地貌,首先选取侏罗系顶古侵蚀面的反射界面为底界面,再选取清水河组顶部稳定泥岩反射界面作为顶界面,结合钻井校正计算两个界面之间的地层厚度,依据补偿沉积原理,厚度大的地方为古地貌低洼区,厚度小的地方为古地貌的凸起区。
由清水河组沉积前古地貌图可知,研究区自东北向西南方向地势逐渐增高,可分为三个近北西—南东走向的坡折带,三个坡折带被两条近北西—南东走向的坡折分割(图5a),第一个坡折位于高探1井东北侧,第二个坡折位于高泉5井与高探1井之间,两条坡折近似平行,且与两条近北西—南东走向的断裂位置一致,推测坡折的形成与断裂是相关的(图5b)。由古地貌图可知高探1井东北侧的坡折带地势最低,宽度最大超过10 km;目前高泉构造带钻井主要位于中部坡折带上,该坡折带宽度3~8 km不等;高泉5井则位于高泉地区地势最高的坡折带上。每个坡折带上均发育两种微古地貌单元,即沟槽和平台(图5c),沟槽一般呈南西—北东走向,与坡折带走向垂直或者斜交,相邻的沟槽之间为平台区。古地貌图显示高探1井、高102井、GHW001井位于中部坡折带的平台上,该平台的东南侧发育一条延伸较长的沟槽,该沟槽由地势较高的坡折带一直延伸至地势较低的坡折带,且在中部坡折带上该沟槽分布较宽,最宽处超过5 km,高101井和高泉6井则位于该沟槽的左右两侧。高103井位于上述平台的西北侧沟槽内,该沟槽规模相对较小。
由单井相分析可知,高泉构造带清水河组沉积相纵向上演化较快,由下至上依次发育扇三角洲平原、扇三角洲前缘、滨浅湖;平面上相带变化频繁,相邻钻井沉积亚相存在明显差异,例如处于一个坡折带上的高101井和高103井清水河组以扇三角洲平原亚相沉积为主,而GHW001井以扇三角洲前缘亚相沉积为主。因此,须结合古地貌特征来解剖清水河组沉积相在垂向和平面上快速变化的过程。
侏罗纪末准噶尔盆地气候干旱(胡小文等,2020查显锋等,2022),仅在地势低洼处发育小型湖盆。高泉构造带地势较高,长期遭受风化剥蚀,缺失侏罗系喀拉扎组。进入白垩纪后,气候由干旱向潮湿转变,湖平面逐渐上升,清水河组沉积时期盆地整体表现为湖侵特征。高泉构造带北东—南西向地震剖面显示白垩系清水河组由北东向南西方向逐步上超,且上超点位于坡折发育处(图5b),说明坡折对清水河组沉积具有明显的控制作用。
由单井分析可知,高泉5井清水河组砂砾岩以灰绿色为主,属于扇三角洲前缘亚相沉积;高101井砂砾岩以褐色为主,主体属于扇三角洲平原亚相沉积。但在清水河组沉积前古地貌平面图上,高泉5井位于地势较高的坡折带上,而高101井位于地势稍低的坡折带上,高泉5井比高101井更靠近盆地边缘,显然两口井的砂砾岩不属于同一期扇三角洲。结合清水河组整体表现为湖侵的沉积背景,认为由高101井到高泉5井呈现出扇三角洲逐步向湖盆边缘退积的过程,高101井处于早期扇三角洲的平原亚相,而高泉5井处于晚期的扇三角洲前缘亚相。
在单井相分析基础上结合高泉构造带古地貌特征,对高泉构造带清水河组沉积演化过程进行了解剖。高泉构造带发育三个坡折带,研究认为每一个坡折带上均发育一期扇三角洲,地势越低的坡折带上形成的扇三角洲期次越早。清水河组开始沉积时,高地势的两个坡折带处于沉积过路区,湖平面位于第一个坡折之下,地势较低的坡折带上先形成第一期扇三角洲(图6a);随着湖平面的上升,扇三角洲向湖盆边缘退积,中间坡折带上沉积了第二期扇三角洲(图6b),而第一期扇三角洲砂体之上形成了湖泊滩坝沉积;随着湖平面继续上升,扇三角洲开始在地势最高的坡折带上沉积,第二期扇三角洲砂体之上沉积了滨浅湖的滩坝砂体(图6c)。湖侵背景下,在每一期扇三角洲的主体沉积区自下至上由扇三角洲平原亚相向扇三角洲前缘亚相过渡,主要表现为砂砾岩颜色由灰褐色向灰绿色、灰色逐渐过渡。综上分析认为,湖侵背景下高泉构造带上三个坡折带由低到高的分布控制了三期退积型扇三角洲的发育(图6d)。
侏罗纪末高泉构造带长时间遭受风化剥蚀,在各级坡折带上形成了沟槽和平台两种微古地貌单元(图7a)。进入白垩纪后准噶尔盆地南缘气候由干旱向潮湿转变,在盆地的低洼区首先发生沉积作用,此时坡折带上的微古地貌单元对早期的沉积充填具有较强的控制作用。较低地势坡折带的沟槽是主要的沉积充填区,大量泥杂基、砂级碎屑、砾石等碎屑物质形成的混杂沉积物首先在沟槽内沉积,形成的混杂砂砾岩多呈现褐色,分选差,泥质含量高(图7b),此时的平台区不接受沉积,为过路沉积区。混杂沉积物在沟槽内不断沉积,沟槽与平台之间的落差逐渐缩小,直至沟槽被填平补齐。早期沟槽内的沉积均属于扇三角洲平原沉积,平原亚相主要分布在地势低洼的沟槽区,分布较局限。沟槽被填平后,位于沟槽区的主水道前端开始分支,形成多个分支河道,砂体分布面积也随之扩大,可以沉积到平台区。湖侵背景下,湖平面不断上升,水体逐渐淹没该坡折带,但沉积作用一直持续,在该坡折带上形成了多个以主水道为中心的扇形沉积体,即扇三角洲前缘沉积体(图7c)。前缘亚相不但分布在沟槽区之上,也在沟槽区两侧的平台区形成大面积沉积。前缘亚相沉积的砂砾岩受到了湖盆水体的淘洗,泥质含量较低,颜色以灰绿色或灰色为主。就沉积演化而言,沟槽内沉积褐色砂砾岩时,坡折带上主要发育扇三角洲平原亚相;当湖平面淹没到坡折带之上时,坡折带上形成了扇三角洲前缘亚相沉积。这样的沉积过程使得每一期坡折带的沟槽区内首先充填了高泥质含量的褐色砂砾岩,再逐渐转变为低泥质含量的灰绿色或灰色砂砾岩,而平台区一般只沉积低泥质含量的灰绿色或灰色砂砾岩,即便沉积褐色砂砾岩,厚度也相对较薄。
随着较低地势坡折带完全淹没于湖平面之下,该坡折带之上形成了席状砂或者滩坝砂体(图7d),而扇三角洲沉积体系进一步向湖盆边缘退积。在更高地势的坡折带上再次形成新一期的扇三角洲沉积体系,同时沟槽和平台微古地貌单元也再次控制了扇三角洲不同特征砂砾岩体的分布。最终,在高泉构造带三个坡折带上,沟槽区沉积的既有泥质含量高、物性差的砂砾岩,也有泥质含量低、物性好的砂砾岩。平台区沉积的主要是泥质含量低、物性好的砂砾岩;在砂砾岩段之上则形成了强钙质胶结的薄层滩坝砂岩。
依据高泉构造带单井相和储层物性特征,认为位于平台区的钻井有高探1井、GHW001井、高102井和高泉5井,位于沟槽区的钻井有高101井和高103井(图8)。平台区钻井清水河组底部砂砾岩颜色多为灰绿色和灰色,属于扇三角洲前缘亚相沉积,砂砾岩泥质含量低,粒间孔含量高,整体物性较好。位于沟槽区钻井清水河组底部发育扇三角洲平原亚相的褐色砂砾岩,向上逐渐变为前缘亚相的灰色或灰绿色砂砾岩。其中褐色砂砾岩储层泥质含量高,粒间孔不发育,整体物性差;褐色砂砾岩之上的灰绿色或灰色砂砾岩泥质含量逐步降低,物性明显好于下伏的褐色砂砾岩(表1)。可见微古地貌对优质砂砾岩储层的分布具有明显的控制作用,每一级坡折带的平台区是优质砂砾岩储层分布的主要地区。
(1) 四棵树凹陷高泉构造带清水河组底部发育厚度10~15 m的砂砾岩储层,砂砾岩相带变化较快,由下至上可见扇三角洲平原亚相的褐色砂砾岩、扇三角洲前缘亚相的灰色或灰绿色砂砾岩以及滨浅湖亚相的滩坝或席状砂;平面上微相变化快,形成的砂砾岩储层非均质性较强。砂砾岩储层物性主要受泥质含量影响,泥质含量高的砂砾岩物性差,反之物性较好。
(2) 高泉构造带发育三个近北西—南东走向的坡折带,每个坡折带上又可划分出沟槽和平台两种微古地貌单元。湖侵背景下,扇三角洲首先沉积在地势较低的坡折带上,随湖平面上升砂体向地势较高的坡折带上退积,形成新一期的扇三角洲,最终在两级坡折的控制下形成了三期扇三角洲,位于盆地内部的扇三角洲目前无井钻遇。在每个坡折带上,沟槽区主要沉积泥质含量较高的扇三角洲平原亚相砂砾岩,平台区则沉积泥质含量较低的扇三角洲前缘砂砾岩。平台区砂砾岩储层物性明显好于沟槽区砂砾岩储层,每个坡折带的平台区是优质砂砾岩储层分布区。
  • 中国石油天然气集团有限公司基础性前瞻性重大科技专项(2023ZZ02)
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2026年第44卷第2期
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doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2024.042
  • 接收时间:2024-03-10
  • 首发时间:2026-09-17
  • 出版时间:2026-04-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-10
  • 修回日期:2024-04-06
  • 录用日期:2024-04-09
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The Fundamental Forward-looking Major Project of PetroChina(2023ZZ02)
中国石油天然气集团有限公司基础性前瞻性重大科技专项(2023ZZ02)
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    1.中国石油杭州地质研究院,杭州 310023
    2.中国石油新疆油田公司勘探开发研究院地球物理研究所,乌鲁木齐 830013
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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