Article(id=1324427183506207075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1324426994615727048, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.09.012, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1774022400000, receivedDateStr=2026-03-21, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793697647215, onlineDateStr=2026-11-03, pubDate=1789401600000, pubDateStr=2026-09-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793697647215, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793697647215, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793697647215, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1324426994615727048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2026', volume='30', issue='9', pageStart='1397', pageEnd='1576', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1789401600000', pubDateStr='2026-09-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793697602180, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793699937016, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1324436787699000005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1324426994615727048, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1324436787699000006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1324426994615727048, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1527, endPage=1542, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1324427183699145060, articleId=1324427183506207075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Mechanical performance analysis and parameter optimization study of fiber-reinforced composite adhesive-bolted hybrid joints, columnId=1242129251223274417, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Structural Mechanics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the widespread application of composite materials in aerospace, shipbuilding, and automotive fields, optimizing the performance of their connecting structures has become a key challenge. This article focuses on three types of composite connections: adhesive bonding, bolted connection, and adhesive-bolted hybrid. The influence of parameters such as adhesive layer thickness, bolt preload, and porosity on the mechanical properties of joints was systematically analyzed through a combination of experiments and numerical simulations. The key parameters are optimized based on Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The research results indicate that increasing the thickness of the adhesive layer leads to intensified deformation but has no significant monotonic effect on the ultimate bearing capacity. The optimal balance between stiffness and strength is achieved when the pre-tightening force of the bolt is 3.0 N·m, while the ultimate load close to the low porosity structure can still be achieved through deformation compensation mechanism when the porosity is 100%. The adhesive-bolted hybrid joint combines the stress dispersion of adhesive bonding with the anti-stripping characteristics of bolts, and its ultimate load is increased by 17% to 40% compared with a single connection form. The quadratic polynomial model established based on the improved response surface method identified the optimal parameter combination was adhesive thickness of 0.58 mm, pre-tension force of 3.1 N·m, and porosity of 93.0%.

, authors=Zhong-hao REN1, 2, 3, Shuang-xi XU2, 3, Yu QIU2, 3, Wei SHEN2, 3, Bai-lu LUO4, Shu-guang LAI4, authorsList=Zhong-hao REN, Shuang-xi XU, Yu QIU, Wei SHEN, Bai-lu LUO, Shu-guang LAI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Journal of Ship Mechanics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1324427208554590724, articleId=1324427183506207075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=CN, title=纤维增强复合材料胶螺混合连接结构力学性能分析与参数优化研究, columnId=1241023038926410098, journalTitle=船舶力学, columnName=结构力学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

随着复合材料在航空航天、船舶及汽车等领域的广泛应用,其连接结构的性能优化成为关键挑战。本文针对胶接、螺栓连接及胶螺混合三种复合材料连接形式,通过试验与数值模拟相结合的方法,系统分析了胶层厚度、螺栓预紧力及孔隙率等参数对节点力学性能的影响,并基于响应面法(Response Surface Methodology,RSM)对关键参数进行优化。研究结果表明:胶层厚度增加导致变形加剧但对极限承载力无显著单调影响;螺栓预紧力为3.0 N·m时实现刚度与强度的最优平衡,而孔隙率100%时通过变形补偿机制仍可达到接近低孔隙率结构的极限载荷。胶螺混合连接结合了胶接的应力分散与螺栓的抗剥离特性,其极限载荷较单一连接形式提升17%~40%。基于改进响应面法建立的二次多项式模型确定了胶层厚度0.58 mm、预紧力3.1 N·m、孔隙率93.0%为最优参数组合。

, authors=任仲豪1, 2, 3, 徐双喜2, 3, 邱屿2, 3, 谌伟2, 3, 罗白璐4, 来曙光4, authorsList=任仲豪, 徐双喜, 邱屿, 谌伟, 罗白璐, 来曙光, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

任仲豪(1995–),男,博士研究生

徐双喜(1983–),男,博士,教授

邱 屿(1996–),男,博士,通讯作者,E-mail:

谌 伟(1986–),男,博士,副教授

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figureFileSmall=+9jdQqPxgPBhjEmpNMs4XQ==, figureFileBig=p92jR31R1jBFJZ+aYCbL+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324427450037436689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324427183506207075, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Test results of mechanical properties of composite material foundation

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模量E11 /GPaE22 /GPaG12 /GPaG13 /GPaG23 /GPa
数值126.110.95.54.54.5
强度XT /MPaXC /MPaYT /MPaYC /MPaS12 /MPaS13 /MPa[27]S23 /MPa[27]
数值1506.3812.630.5133.070.56262
), ArticleFig(id=1324427450121322770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324427183506207075, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

复合材料基础力学性能试验结果

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模量E11 /GPaE22 /GPaG12 /GPaG13 /GPaG23 /GPa
数值126.110.95.54.54.5
强度XT /MPaXC /MPaYT /MPaYC /MPaS12 /MPaS13 /MPa[27]S23 /MPa[27]
数值1506.3812.630.5133.070.56262
), ArticleFig(id=1324427450196820243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324427183506207075, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Results of displacement load in ultimate bearing test

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试验编号位移 /mm极限承载力 /kN试验编号位移 /mm极限承载力 /kN
CJ-113.050.265CL-337.970.436
CJ-212.590.271JL-141.190.544
CJ-311.840.285JL-240.350.521
CL-137.780.544JL-337.610.477
CL-235.870.484
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极限承载试验位移载荷结果

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试验编号位移 /mm极限承载力 /kN试验编号位移 /mm极限承载力 /kN
CJ-113.050.265CL-337.970.436
CJ-212.590.271JL-141.190.544
CJ-311.840.285JL-240.350.521
CL-137.780.544JL-337.610.477
CL-235.870.484
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Verification of grid convergence

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网格尺寸 /mm单元数量计算时长 /h相对误差 /%
17723110
2534660.97
3256031.59
5197923.46
713841.55.51
105600.58.42
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网格收敛性验证

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网格尺寸 /mm单元数量计算时长 /h相对误差 /%
17723110
2534660.97
3256031.59
5197923.46
713841.55.51
105600.58.42
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Range of parameters values for RSM

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输入参数Levels used
Low(−1)Middle(0)High(+1)
胶层厚度t0.51.52.5
预紧力h0.52.755
孔隙率l9092.595
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RSM参数取值范围

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输入参数Levels used
Low(−1)Middle(0)High(+1)
胶层厚度t0.51.52.5
预紧力h0.52.755
孔隙率l9092.595
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Experimental design of RSM

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Experiment run123456789101112131415
t0.52.50.52.50.52.50.52.51.51.51.51.51.51.51.5
h0.50.5552.752.752.752.750.550.552.752.752.75
l92.592.592.592.5909095959090959592.592.592.5
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RSM试验设计

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Experiment run123456789101112131415
t0.52.50.52.50.52.50.52.51.51.51.51.51.51.51.5
h0.50.5552.752.752.752.750.550.552.752.752.75
l92.592.592.592.5909095959090959592.592.592.5
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Model results of RSM

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统计值结果统计值结果
F-Statistic165915.29R20.9662
Mean3.42Adj R20.9644
C.V.3.9%Pred R20.8979
PRESS0.0011Adeq Precision14.9232
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RSM模型结果

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统计值结果统计值结果
F-Statistic165915.29R20.9662
Mean3.42Adj R20.9644
C.V.3.9%Pred R20.8979
PRESS0.0011Adeq Precision14.9232
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Comparison of prediction performance before and after improvement

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方法参数参数取值Adj R2Pred R2预测值 /kN实际值 /kN误差 /%
RSMt0.60.96620.964450.5449.61.8
h2.5
l92.79
改进RSMt0.580.97040.969150.3449.61.5
h3.1
l93
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改进前后预测效果对比

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方法参数参数取值Adj R2Pred R2预测值 /kN实际值 /kN误差 /%
RSMt0.60.96620.964450.5449.61.8
h2.5
l92.79
改进RSMt0.580.97040.969150.3449.61.5
h3.1
l93
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纤维增强复合材料胶螺混合连接结构力学性能分析与参数优化研究
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任仲豪 1, 2, 3 , 徐双喜 2, 3 , 邱屿 2, 3 , 谌伟 2, 3 , 罗白璐 4 , 来曙光 4
船舶力学 | 结构力学 2026,30(9): 1527-1542
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船舶力学 |结构力学 2026 , 30 (9) : 1527 -1542
纤维增强复合材料胶螺混合连接结构力学性能分析与参数优化研究
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任仲豪1, 2, 3, 徐双喜2, 3, 邱屿2, 3 , 谌伟2, 3, 罗白璐4, 来曙光4
作者信息
  • 1武汉理工大学 舰艇爆炸冲击毁伤与防护湖北省国防科技(军民融合)重点学科实验室,武汉 430063
  • 2武汉理工大学 船海与能源动力工程学院,武汉 430063
  • 3武汉理工大学 高性能船舶技术教育部重点实验室,武汉 430063
  • 4中国舰船研究设计中心,武汉 430064
作者简介:

任仲豪(1995–),男,博士研究生

徐双喜(1983–),男,博士,教授

邱 屿(1996–),男,博士,通讯作者,E-mail:

谌 伟(1986–),男,博士,副教授

Mechanical performance analysis and parameter optimization study of fiber-reinforced composite adhesive-bolted hybrid joints
Zhong-hao REN1, 2, 3, Shuang-xi XU2, 3, Yu QIU2, 3 , Wei SHEN2, 3, Bai-lu LUO4, Shu-guang LAI4
Affiliations
  • 1Hubei Defense Science and Technology Key Laboratory of Ship Explosion Damage and Protection, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430063, China
  • 2School of Naval Architecture, Ocean and Energy Power Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430063, China
  • 3Key Laboratory of High Performance Ship Technology of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430063, China
  • 4China Ship Development and Design Center, Wuhan 430064, China
出版时间: 2026-09-15 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.09.012
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随着复合材料在航空航天、船舶及汽车等领域的广泛应用,其连接结构的性能优化成为关键挑战。本文针对胶接、螺栓连接及胶螺混合三种复合材料连接形式,通过试验与数值模拟相结合的方法,系统分析了胶层厚度、螺栓预紧力及孔隙率等参数对节点力学性能的影响,并基于响应面法(Response Surface Methodology,RSM)对关键参数进行优化。研究结果表明:胶层厚度增加导致变形加剧但对极限承载力无显著单调影响;螺栓预紧力为3.0 N·m时实现刚度与强度的最优平衡,而孔隙率100%时通过变形补偿机制仍可达到接近低孔隙率结构的极限载荷。胶螺混合连接结合了胶接的应力分散与螺栓的抗剥离特性,其极限载荷较单一连接形式提升17%~40%。基于改进响应面法建立的二次多项式模型确定了胶层厚度0.58 mm、预紧力3.1 N·m、孔隙率93.0%为最优参数组合。

复合材料节点  /  胶螺混合连接  /  参数分析  /  响应面法

With the widespread application of composite materials in aerospace, shipbuilding, and automotive fields, optimizing the performance of their connecting structures has become a key challenge. This article focuses on three types of composite connections: adhesive bonding, bolted connection, and adhesive-bolted hybrid. The influence of parameters such as adhesive layer thickness, bolt preload, and porosity on the mechanical properties of joints was systematically analyzed through a combination of experiments and numerical simulations. The key parameters are optimized based on Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The research results indicate that increasing the thickness of the adhesive layer leads to intensified deformation but has no significant monotonic effect on the ultimate bearing capacity. The optimal balance between stiffness and strength is achieved when the pre-tightening force of the bolt is 3.0 N·m, while the ultimate load close to the low porosity structure can still be achieved through deformation compensation mechanism when the porosity is 100%. The adhesive-bolted hybrid joint combines the stress dispersion of adhesive bonding with the anti-stripping characteristics of bolts, and its ultimate load is increased by 17% to 40% compared with a single connection form. The quadratic polynomial model established based on the improved response surface method identified the optimal parameter combination was adhesive thickness of 0.58 mm, pre-tension force of 3.1 N·m, and porosity of 93.0%.

composite material joint  /  adhesive-bolted hybrid joint  /  parameter analysis  /  Response Surface Methodology
任仲豪, 徐双喜, 邱屿, 谌伟, 罗白璐, 来曙光. 纤维增强复合材料胶螺混合连接结构力学性能分析与参数优化研究. 船舶力学, 2026 , 30 (9) : 1527 -1542 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.09.012
Zhong-hao REN, Shuang-xi XU, Yu QIU, Wei SHEN, Bai-lu LUO, Shu-guang LAI. Mechanical performance analysis and parameter optimization study of fiber-reinforced composite adhesive-bolted hybrid joints[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2026 , 30 (9) : 1527 -1542 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.09.012
复合材料层合板结构在船舶、航空、汽车等工业领域中的应用日益广泛,其连接设计的科学性与可靠性愈发受到重视。与传统的金属结构相比,复合材料具备更优异的比强度和比刚度,然而其构件间的连接方式却成为限制其进一步推广的技术瓶颈。目前,复合材料板件或构件之间的连接方式主要包括胶接连接、螺栓连接以及胶螺混合连接三类,如图1所示。
胶接连接无需钻孔,工艺简便,但存在胶接强度离散性大的问题;螺栓连接具备较高的可靠性及承载能力,但开孔会导致孔边应力集中,引起局部材料损伤并削弱整体强度;胶螺混合连接则在保留前两者优势的同时,引入了施工复杂、成本上升等问题。现有研究多聚焦于面内载荷下连接节点的损伤行为,而针对面外载荷作用下的力学响应研究仍相对缺乏。事实上,面外载荷对连接节点的强度与耐久性具有不可忽视的影响。响应面法(RSM)作为一种高效的统计建模与优化工具,已被广泛用于工程参数设计与性能预测。
对螺栓连接结构力学行为的研究已形成庞大的知识体系,尤其是在面内载荷方面。近期的综述[1]系统地总结了在拉伸、剪切和挤压工况下,连接的失效模式、强度预测模型及渐进损伤分析方法,这表明面内载荷下的连接行为分析已进入精细化和系统化的成熟阶段。 随着连接结构在真实工况中越来越多地承受复杂的面外载荷,学界的研究重心也随之转移。近年的研究热点开始聚焦于此前被较少关注的面外载荷效应,例如,Hu等[2]在Chang-Lessard准则基础上考虑了面外的失效形式,并编写了相应损伤程序。尽管如此,这类研究与成熟的面内载荷研究相比,在系统性和深度上仍存在差距,特别是在面外及复合载荷下的损伤演化全过程模拟和寿命预测方面,仍存在显著的研究空白。
连接结构的设计方法正在经历深刻变革,传统的优化设计正逐步被更为高效和智能的方法所取代。例如,研究者开始利用机器学习构建高精度代理模型,以实现对连接结构几何参数和材料参数的多目标及高效率优化[3]。此外,为了更贴近工程实际,研究预紧力时考虑材料属性、载荷和制造误差等多源不确定性的可靠性优化设计方法[4]也成为当前的研究热点。
对连接结构进行高精度预测,离不开先进数值模拟方法的支撑。传统的全尺寸三维实体模型因其高昂的计算成本而受限,而简化模型又难以捕捉复杂的非线性行为。为突破此瓶颈,多尺度建模成为当前的研究主流。例如,通过建立连接区域精细化子模型与整体结构简化模型之间的有效连接,可以在保证关键区域分析精度的同时,大幅提升计算效率[5]。在损伤模拟层面,研究者也在不断发展更强大的工具。除了成熟的内聚力模型(CZM)和扩展有限元(XFEM)外,相场法(Phase-field model) 等[6]更新的方法也被引入,用于预测复杂载荷下裂纹的萌生和扩展路径,且对网格的依赖性更小。
胶接连接无需开孔和额外紧固件,整体重量较轻,疲劳性能优良。然而,胶接质量易受胶层材料、几何形态与环境因素的影响,控制难度较大。Fitton和Broughton[7]在复合接头上运用混合胶层技术,搭接区中部和末端分别使用高模量和低模量胶层,分析了CFRP搭接接头的性能。他们通过增加搭接区韧性胶层的长度,降低胶层中的剪切应力。Budhe等[8] 虽总结了几何与材料参数对胶接强度的影响,但未进行系统归类与机理分析。Machado等[9]对比了多种胶层组合形式,分析了其对破坏载荷的影响,发现某些组合可使破坏载荷比单一胶层提高达64%。Yuan等[10]和Kupski等[11]研究表明,胶接区域的表面处理、搭接长度、胶层厚度以及温度等因素均显著影响接头的连接性能。
关于螺栓连接结构的研究是从破坏形式开始的。Shamaei-Kashani和Shokrieh [12]研究了纳米碳纤维增强单搭接复合螺栓连接的刚度和起裂载荷。他们开发了一种分析方法,首先对弹簧−质量模型进行了修正。利用纤维、基体和纳米增强材料的弹性特性、连接结构的铺层和几何参数,采用改进的弹簧−质量模型对连接结构的刚度进行了预测。然后,通过计算带销孔的单向层的模量和应力集中系数,采用最大应力破坏准则,对接头的起裂载荷进行预测。他们通过有限元模型和试验程序进行了验证。Wang等[13]采用Hashin准则预测纤维断裂,采用Mohr-Coulomb准则预测基体断裂。为了验证模型的有效性,采用复合双搭单螺栓连接结构进行验证。仿真结果与文献中关于弯曲载荷、破坏载荷、载荷−位移响应和破坏模式的试验结果相比,具有较高的准确性和精度。研究发现,基体开裂引发接头损伤,进而导致纤维断裂。而后学者们开始关注预紧力和孔隙率对结构承载能力的影响。Olmedo和Santiuste[14] 提出了一种新的失效预测准则,该准则考虑了剪应力−应变的非线性关系,并通过有限元模拟与试验验证取得了较好的一致性。Belardi等[15]通过自定义一组径向梁单元的刚度矩阵,使其对复合材料螺栓连接具有结构等效性,确定了包围螺栓层合板圆形部分的弹性行为。他们利用梁和弹簧元件的组合进行模拟,分析预紧力、螺栓孔间隙摩擦效应等螺栓特性。他们还分析了不同铺层、径向间隙、螺栓预紧力和螺栓数量的试件,以评估螺栓的载荷分布和面外性能。
混合节点的最终破坏模式为螺栓拉伸开裂和孔壁承压变形的联合破坏模式。更重要的是,标准层复合材料层合板在承载破坏面和拉伸破坏面常见的分层现象在薄层复合材料层合板中被抑制,从而获得更高的承载破坏强度和更多的损伤积累。Raju等[16]提出使用干涉配合螺栓代替传统的整齐配合或间隙配合螺栓进行混合连接,载荷分担提高了10%,而且接头加载后立即实现了螺栓和胶粘剂之间的载荷分担。Armentani等[17]用有限元法比较了混合连接与胶接连接的胶层应力分布,并确定了螺栓传递的载荷。Cao等[18]和Lim等[19]研究了柔性环氧树脂胶粘剂在循环载荷下的力学性能以及对复合混合接头的相应影响,提出胶粘剂与螺栓的负载分配是设计改进的关键。李永胜[20]采用试验与数值的研究方法研究了6种复合材料与钢连接接头。通过对比静力拉伸试验与仿真结果,发现不同形式的接头承载能力差异很大,还采用有限元方法研究了接头不同敏感参数对接头强度的影响。
虽然混合连接结合了胶接的应力分散能力和螺栓连接的抗剥离特性,但其节点性能影响因素较多,较难找到性能最佳的参数。很多研究方法被用于分析混合连接结构,包括RSM。
Sajjad等[21]使用RSM研究一种三元纳米复合材料的力学性能。他们根据Box-Behnken方法设计试验,以量化三种纳米粒子的影响。通过扫描电子显微镜和差示扫描量热仪对样品的形态和热性能进行了评估。获得的R2值和正态概率图表明试验结果与模型预测的结果之间具有良好的一致性。Sun等[22]应用RMS研究了由5个几何参数定义的2.5D/SiC复合材料涡轮叶片复杂结构,以评估其性能。他们利用有限元方法预测了双尺度模型的力学性能。考虑了载荷、材料强度和微观结构的随机行为,分析了飞机发动机涡轮叶片的可靠性。Elena等[23]采用序列RSM和有效全局优化方法,对热塑性复合材料结构的耐撞性进行数值模拟,从而得到更有效的数值模型。Liu等[24]基于RSM,对影响复合材料紧固件连接预紧和拉出性能的结构参数进行了优化,并得到了过盈配合紧固件的最佳参数组合。Gljušćić等[25]提出了一个基于Puck-Schurmann失效准则的渐进损伤模型,他们根据现有文献数据,获得了连续碳纤维增强层合板的性能,并进行了单轴试验。所采用的特性参数被集成到损伤模型子程序中,并用于有限元分析软件中,而模型参数在试验设计中用响应面算法进行标定,并进行了试验验证。田阿利[26]则针对舰船舱口盖的复合材料替代方案,采用RSM进行了多目标优化,显著提升了结构性能。
本文对胶接、螺栓连接和胶螺混合三种连接方式进行数值计算以及试验验证,对比破坏载荷、载荷−位移曲线和破坏模式,讨论胶粘剂模量、厚度、预紧力和孔隙率对复合材料连接节点极限承载能力的影响。最后,结合RSM给出极限承载力最大时的参数取值。
碳纤层合板的制备工艺是真空预压成型。第一步是模具准备与涂脱模剂:彻底清洁模具工作面,均匀喷涂或涂抹脱模剂。这一步是确保最终制品表面质量和顺利脱模的基础。第二步是预浸料/纤维铺层:将预先浸渍了树脂的纤维(预浸料)按设计角度和顺序在模具上逐层铺贴,直至达到预定厚度。第三步是铺设真空袋系统:在铺层上依次覆盖多种辅助材料,构建一个可抽真空的密闭空间。第四步是真空袋与密封:用耐高温的真空袋膜(如尼龙袋)覆盖整个铺设好的堆叠体,并使用密封胶条将其严密地粘合在模具边缘。在真空袋上安装真空阀和接头,用于连接真空管路。第五步是抽真空:启动真空泵,将袋内压力降至−0.095 MPa或更低。大气压通过真空袋均匀作用在材料上,压实铺层、排除内部空气、减少空隙率。第六步是室温固化:部分树脂体系仅需在真空压力下保持一定时间即可固化。第七步是卸除真空:固化完成后,关闭真空泵,破坏真空袋的密封,拆除真空袋系统。第八步是脱模与后处理:从模具中取出已固化的复合材料制品。之后可能需要进行修边、打磨、钻孔、喷漆等后续加工,流程图如图2所示。
复合材料具有各向异性的特性,其力学性能更加复杂。复合材料的力学性能参数是研究复合材料结构失效的基础。为了更准确分析复合材料的损伤行为,通过试验对复合材料的力学性能进行了测试和标定。根据试验要求对碳纤复合材料层合板进行了取样,并使用疲劳试验机和设计的试验夹具对试样进行了单轴拉伸试验。通过整理分析试验数值结果(见表1),得到纤维方向的拉伸强度XT。层合板中纤维体积分数大约60%,密度约为1.4 g/cm3。参考相关标准,单向板方向为0°和90°,单层厚度0.2 mm,共15层,试样实物图如图3所示。
三种连接结构均由两块碳纤层合板拼接而成,每块碳纤板均宽36 mm、长190 mm、厚度为3 mm,采用四轴向铺层方式。胶接试件两块板之间胶接长度为60 mm,厚度约为1 mm;螺栓连接选用M5螺栓,开孔位于重叠区域的正中心(见图4)。每种接头分别选取三个有效试样,胶接接头编号为CJ-1、2、3,螺接接头编号为CL-1、2、3,混合接头编号为JL-1、2、3。三种接头的极限承载试验结果见图5,接头失效时的位移和承载力如表2所示。
从表2和图5可以看出,混合接头第一次失效时的载荷和胶接接头失效载荷相近,螺栓接头的极限承载和混合接头的极限承载大小相近。对于胶接接头来说,位移最大值为13.05 mm,极限承载力为0.265 kN,失效后载荷直接降至0;螺栓连接随着外加应力逐渐增大,当载荷到达一个较大的水平后,随着螺栓孔附近的纤维失效,最终峰值为位移37.78 mm,载荷0.544 kN,失效后载荷维持在一个较低的水平,并没有降至0;从混合连接可以看出,当载荷到达0.3 kN左右时,胶层失效,极值与胶接接头类似。后面随着螺栓孔附近的纤维失效,最终峰值为41.19 mm,载荷0.544 kN,失效后载荷也并没有降至0。
由于混合连接接头影响参数较多,首先选用合适的有限元计算方法,结合试验结果,分析不同参数对于连接结构的影响。
对于本文中碳纤材料,使用渐进损伤分析方法。Hashin和Rotem首先提出了Hashin-Rotem准则,后来Hashin又在此基础上改进提出了Hashin准则,定义如下
$ CR=\max \left(C{R}_{FT},C{R}_{FC},C{R}_{2MT},C{R}_{2MC},C{R}_{3MT},C{R}_{3MC},C{R}_{S}\right) $
$ 纤维拉伸( {\sigma }_{11}\geq 0 ): C{R}_{FT}={\left(\frac{{\sigma }_{11}}{{X}_{T}}\right)}^{2}+{\left(\frac{{\tau }_{12}}{{S}_{12}}\right)}^{2}+{\left(\frac{{\tau }_{13}}{{S}_{13}}\right)}^{2} $
$ 纤维压缩( {\sigma }_{11} \lt 0 ): C{R}_{FC}={\left(\frac{{\sigma }_{11}}{{X}_{C}}\right)}^{2} $
$ 2方向基体拉伸( {\sigma }_{22}\geq 0 ): C{R}_{2MT}={\left(\frac{{\sigma }_{22}}{{Y}_{T}}\right)}^{2}+{\left(\frac{{\tau }_{12}}{{S}_{12}}\right)}^{2}+{\left(\frac{{\tau }_{23}}{{S}_{23}}\right)}^{2} $
$ 2方向基体压缩( {\sigma }_{22} \lt 0 ): C{R}_{2MC}={\left(\frac{{\sigma }_{22}}{{Y}_{C}}\right)}^{2}+{\left(\frac{{\tau }_{12}}{{S}_{12}}\right)}^{2}+{\left(\frac{{\tau }_{23}}{{S}_{23}}\right)}^{2} $
$ 3方向基体拉伸( {\sigma }_{33}\geq 0 ): C{R}_{3MT}={\left(\frac{{\sigma }_{33}}{{Z}_{T}}\right)}^{2}+{\left(\frac{{\tau }_{13}}{{S}_{13}}\right)}^{2}+{\left(\frac{{\tau }_{23}}{{S}_{23}}\right)}^{2} $
$ 3方向基体压缩( {\sigma }_{33} \lt 0 ): C{R}_{3MT}={\left(\frac{{\sigma }_{33}}{{Z}_{C}}\right)}^{2}+{\left(\frac{{\tau }_{13}}{{S}_{13}}\right)}^{2}+{\left(\frac{{\tau }_{23}}{{S}_{23}}\right)}^{2} $
$ 纤维基体剪切( {\sigma }_{12}\geq 0 ): C{R}_{S}=0 $
$ ( {\sigma }_{12} \lt 0 ): C{R}_{S}={\left(\frac{{\sigma }_{11}}{{X}_{T}}\right)}^{2}+{\left(\frac{{\tau }_{12}}{{S}_{12}}\right)}^{2}+{\left(\frac{{\tau }_{13}}{{S}_{13}}\right)}^{2} $
按以上这些失效准则求得对应的失效指数CR,就可以判断材料是否发生失效:当$ CR \lt 1 $说明没有发生失效,当$ CR\geq 1 $时说明至少有一种失效模式发生。同理,$ C{R}_{FT} $、$ C{R}_{FC} $等与1进行比较可以判断对应的失效模式是否发生。
随着外载荷增加,单元失效后其材料性能需进行相应退化。如何选择材料参数退化策略,即如何调整材料弹性矩阵Q,直接影响层合板接头静载失效分析的准确性。本文采用的材料退化方案如下
(1)基体拉伸或压缩破坏:仅E2、v12退化为零;
(2)纤维拉伸或压缩破坏:E1、E2、E3、G12、G23、G13、v12、v23、v13均乘以折减系数k(k=0.02);
(3)纤维−基体剪切破坏:仅G12、v12退化为零。
典型节点模型主要由上下两块复合材料的层合板及中间的胶层组成,在ABAQUS中主要采用粘性单元(Cohesive)模拟胶层行为。分层失效是复合材料层合板的主要破坏形式之一,当板内应力分量超过许用值时,材料发生破坏产生裂纹。由于厚度方向材料不连续,裂纹沿厚度扩展受到抑制,转而沿层间界面扩展,导致分层。此类问题中,胶层厚度远小于其他材料尺寸,通常采用Traction-Separation模型定义粘性单元的力学响应。该模型假定破坏前材料应力−分离距离呈线性关系,破坏后刚度按既定规律逐渐折减,直至完全失效。
胶接接头,螺栓接头以及胶螺混合接头有限元模型如图6所示,计算模型采用3 mm网格,网格收敛性验证如表3所示。为了更好地模拟层间分层以及胶层的退化,碳纤维复合材料和胶均采用实体建模。
相对误差是不同网格尺寸计算结果相对于1 mm网格尺寸计算结果的误差。根据网格尺寸收敛性分析结果可知,当网格大小为3 mm时,计算的极限承载力相对于1 mm网格尺寸计算结果的误差为1.59%,这一误差属于可接受的范围。综合考虑计算时间和计算精度,计算模型采用3 mm网格尺寸。
如图7所示,有限元计算的加载点载荷−位移曲线与试验测量的载荷位移曲线的走势基本一致,随着载荷的增加,加载点位移增加。图7(a)中,当节点到达极限承载能力时,节点的位移会继续增加但承载能力突然下降,位移为12.60 mm时试验测量的极限承载力为0.27 kN,位移为12.25 mm时有限元计算的极限承载力为0.30 kN,极限承载力与试验测量结果相差0.03 kN,两者间误差为9.7%。图7(b)中,位移为37.78 mm时试验测量的极限承载力为0.54 kN,位移为35.35 mm时有限元计算的极限承载力为0.51 kN,极限承载力与试验测量结果仅相差0.04 kN,两者间误差为7.4%。图7(c)中,当节点到达胶的极限承载能力时,节点开始脱胶,导致承载能力突然下降,脱胶的位移为17 mm左右时,试验测量的极限承载力为0.30 kN,位移为18.27, mm时有限元计算的极限承载力为0.31 kN,当胶层完全失效后,节点继续承载,直到节点到达极限承载能力时,节点的位移会继续增加但承载能力突然下降,位移为40.35 mm时试验测量的极限承载力为0.52 kN,位移为40.63 mm时有限元计算的极限承载力为0.51 kN,极限承载力与试验测量结果仅相差0.01 kN,两者间误差为2.1%,基于渐进损伤的有限元方法能准确计算节点的极限承载能力。
图8(a)为胶接节点,可以看出随着位移的增加胶层逐渐失效;图8(b)为螺栓节点,可以看出碳纤板在厚度方向出现分层,正面螺栓所在直线和背面螺栓孔周围出现了纤维失效;图8(c)为胶螺混合节点,可以看出胶层失效前过渡位置应力较大,胶层失效后螺栓孔附近应力较大,碳纤板同样在厚度方向出现分层,螺栓孔周围出现了纤维失效。
胶层厚度在复合材料胶接连接中起着至关重要的作用,其影响涉及力学性能、制造工艺、耐久性及失效模式等多个方面。胶层过薄可能导致胶粘剂不足,界面应力集中,引发早期开裂;过厚则易引入气泡或缺陷,降低剪切强度。通常存在一个最佳厚度范围,以平衡强度与韧性。
如图9所示,在相同载荷下,随着胶层厚度的增加,位移呈现出增加的趋势。例如,在载荷为50 N、胶层厚度为0.5 mm时的位移为1.72 mm,而胶层厚度为2.5 mm时的位移增加至2.00 mm。这表明较厚的胶层在承受相同载荷时,会导致更大的变形。
在相同位移下,胶层厚度与复合材料所能承受的载荷之间并没有明显的单调关系。例如,在位移为10 mm时,不同胶层厚度下的载荷存在差异,但没有明显的增减趋势。无法明确胶层厚度对复合材料连接结构承载力的直接影响,可能受到其他多种因素的共同影响。
从图9中可以看出,胶层厚度达到一定数值时(t >1 mm),胶层越厚承载力越低。胶层厚度为0.5 mm时,峰值载荷最高,接近260 N。胶层厚度为2.5 mm时,峰值载荷降至约140 N。可能的原因是较厚的胶层在受力时更容易发生变形和内部缺陷,导致其整体强度下降。
施加预紧力可增加接触面的摩擦,减少层间滑移,从而提高连接结构的刚度和强度。预紧力改变了连接结构的应力分布,可能减少孔周的应力集中,延缓损伤起始。
从图10可见,当预紧力h为0.5 N·m时,初始刚度和峰值载荷较低,曲线呈现较低的初始斜率和峰值载荷。随着预紧力增加至2.5 N·m,初始刚度和峰值载荷显著提高,曲线呈现较高的初始斜率和峰值载荷。当预紧力进一步增加至5 N·m时,虽然初始刚度继续提高,但峰值载荷开始下降,说明过高的预紧力反而会导致连接结构的强度降低。
高预紧力通常可提高初始刚度,因为预紧力增大了接触面的摩擦,从而减少了层间滑移。适度的预紧力可以提高峰值载荷,但过高的预紧力导致峰值载荷降低。高预紧力可能导致脆性失效,失效位移较小;而低预紧力可能允许更大的变形,失效位移较大。
孔隙率增加会导致材料内部结构的不连续性增加,有效承载面积减少,从而降低整体刚度和强度。此外,孔隙可能成为应力集中点,引发早期裂纹或分层,进一步降低承载能力。
图11中四条曲线,分别代表四种不同的螺栓孔隙率l:90.0%、92.5%、95.0%和100%。在相同的位移下,孔隙率越高,承载能力通常越小。这表明孔隙率的增加可能导致连接结构的刚度降低。因为刚度是结构抵抗变形的能力,所以孔隙率越高,结构在相同位移下产生的响应(如力或应力)越小,表明其刚度越小。
然而,图11显示,当孔隙率达到100%时,结构刚度较大,在相同载荷下位移均大于其他孔隙率。这可能是因为孔隙率较高时,材料在变形过程中可通过其他机制(如孔隙闭合或纤维重新排列)承受较大载荷。
RSM已经广泛应用于优化问题中。基本思路是:采用试验设计方法在设计空间内生成少量样本点,计算这些点的响应值,进而建立变量与响应间的近似模型。该近似模型在保证与高精度方法误差可控的前提下,大幅减少了计算量。因此在复合材料连接结构参数优化中,常采用代理模型替代繁琐的有限元计算进行极限强度分析。RSM作为一种试验设计方法,将数学和统计相结合,用于评估试验模型中因子和响应之间的关系,在试验设计领域发挥了重要作用。RSM能够通过拟合的方法,将原模型的隐式函数表达为多项式显式函数,特别是在处理高度非线性模型具有突出优势。RSM通过拟合有限个实验点的实验结果来开发响应面。
通过RSM得到代理模型一般可归纳为试验设计、试验进行、代理模型建立和代理模型验证四个步骤。试验设计的好坏直接关乎代理模型的准确性,其主要目的是用尽可能少的试验获得鲁棒性好、能够反映系统整体特征的采样点。
试验设计方法决定样本点的数量与空间分布。样本过少会降低代理模型预测精度,过多则计算量激增。即使样本数量充足,若分布不合理,代理模型在某些区域预测能力仍可能较差;反之,分布合理的少量样本也可获得良好预测精度。
试验采用RSM,并利用统计软件Design-Expert建立设计矩阵,对试验数据进行分析。考虑胶层厚度t、螺栓预紧力h和孔隙率l三个输入参数,如表4所示。根据试验的设计,共进行了15个试验,包括3个中心点,如表5所示。
针对复合材料连接结构参数优化问题,响应面函数的选择需遵循两项基本原则:一是能高精度模拟实际结构输入输出关系;二是形式简洁以保证计算效率。文献中响应面模型形式多样,本文不再赘述。通过综合比较各类形式的优缺点并结合本研究需求,最终选择二次多项式响应面模型。该形式计算效率较高且精度能满足多数优化需求。
二次多项式响应面模型有两种形式,其中不含交叉项二阶响应面模型方程为
$ y=a+\sum_{i=1}^{n} b_{i} x_{i}+\sum_{i=1}^{n} c_{i} x_{i}^{2} $
含交叉项二阶响应面模型方程为
$ y=a+\sum \limits_{i=1}^{n}{b}_{i}{x}_{i}+\sum \limits_{i=1}^{n}\sum \limits_{j=1}^{n}{c}_{ij}{x}_{i}{x}_{j} $
式中:y为响应面函数、a、bi、ci、cij为待定系数;xj、yj为设计变量;n为变量个数。
响应面模型的基函数个数N与设计变量数n的关系为
$ N=1+C_{n}^{1}+C_{n}^{1}+C_{n}^{2}=\frac{\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)}{2} $
对式(9)和式(10)分别求偏导
$ \frac{\partial y}{\partial {x}_{i}}={b}_{i}+2{c}_{i}{x}_{i}+\sum \limits_{j=1}^{n}{c}_{ij}{x}_{j} $
$ \frac{\partial y}{\partial {x}_{i}}={b}_{i}+2{c}_{i}{x}_{i} $
相比其他多项式,含交叉项的二次多项式考虑了变量间交互作用。因本研究需考虑设计变量间相关性,故选择含交叉项二次多项式作为基本方程。
在拟合过程中,利用基于统计理论的二阶非线性拟合模型,对三个因素(t,h,l)与响应值之间的函数关系进行拟合。随后,采用方差分析方法对拟合方程进行显著性检验。对极限强度拟合方程的统计值如表6所示。考虑到所选拟合模型的显著性,采用F-test进行检验,F-Statistic值为165915.29,表明所选拟合模型是可靠的。为了测量该拟合模型样本数据的可解释比例,采用R2值来评估,R2值约等于0.9662,这表明拟合模型可解释样本数据的比例非常接近100%。此外,Adj R2值与Pred R2值的差值为0.07,说明所选拟合模型具有很高的可靠性。Adeq Precision值可以描述信噪比高低,其值为14.9232,大于4,表明数据有充足的信号。
结果表明该非线性拟合模型具有良好的有效性和可靠性。基于此,以三个参数t(胶层厚度)、h(螺栓预紧力)、l(孔隙率)为因子,以结构极限承载力K(kN)为响应的关系式可以通过式(14)得到
$ \begin{split} \ln (K)=&-2.31155+4.12695t+0.853425h-0.071277l-0.006575th\\&+ 0.004086tl-0.000187hl-0.726890{t}^{2}-0.073589{h}^{2}+0.001421{l}^{2}\end{split}$
图12为各设计变量交互作用下极限承载力K的三维响应曲面,曲面的起伏形态直观反映胶层厚度t、螺栓预紧力h与孔隙率l对节点极限承载力的耦合影响规律。
通过RSM可以得到当胶层厚度取0.6 mm,预紧力取2.50 N·m,孔隙率为92.79%时,可得到此时的最大极限承载力为50.54 kN。通过有限元计算,将上述数据代入到有限元中,有限元计算结果为49.60 kN,和RSM结果误差为1.8%,说明RSM可以用于预测复合材料连接节点极限承载力。
可用多项式$ {p}_{n}\left(x\right) $逼近一个连续的函数$ f\left(x\right) $,以提高预测精度[28]。由于切比雪夫级数与最佳逼近函数相似,$ f\left(x\right) $可表达如下
$ f(x)=p_{n}(x)=\frac{1}{2} f_{0}+\sum_{k=1}^{n} f_{i} C_{i}(x) \quad i=0,1,\cdots ,n $
$ f_{i}=\frac{2}{{\text{π}} } \int_{-1}^{1} \frac{f(x) C_{i}(x)}{\sqrt{1-x^{2}}} {\mathrm{d}} x=\frac{2}{{\text{π}} } \int_{0}^{2} f(\cos \theta) \cos i \theta {\mathrm{d}} \theta\quad i=0,1,\cdots ,n $
其中,$ {C}_{i}\left(x\right) $为切比雪夫多项式;$ {f}_{i} $为常数项系数,可用式(17)近似表示为
$ f_{i} \approx \frac{2}{{\text{π}} } \frac{{\text{π}} }{m} \sum_{j=1}^{m} f\left(x_{j}\right) C_{i}\left(x_{j}\right)=\frac{2}{m} \sum_{j=1}^{m} f\left(\cos \theta_{j}\right) \cos i \theta_{j} $
针对预测效果不佳的响应,可识别出影响最大的设计变量x,设其最小最大值分别为$ {x}_{1} $和$ {x}_{2} $。引入贪心因子$ {\delta }_{1} $和$ {\delta }_{2} $,以缩减采样区间,新采样点集$ {X}_{\max } $按式(18)~(20)计算。
$ {X}_{\max }=\left(x_{1}^{\prime},\frac{x_{1}^{\prime}+x_{2}^{\prime}}{2},x_{2}^{\prime}\right) $
$ x_{1}^{\prime}={x}_{1}+{\delta }_{1}\left({x}_{2}-{x}_{1}\right) $
$ x_{2}^{\prime}={x}_{2}-{\delta }_{2}\left({x}_{2}-{x}_{1}\right) $
如果满足下式,则说明取值范围向左缩小更接近目标区间,令$ {\delta }_{1} $小于$ {\delta }_{2} $;反之,令$ {\delta }_{1} $大于$ {\delta }_{2} $。
$ \frac{1}{m}\sum \limits_{i=1}^{m}f\left({x}_{1},i\right) \gt {f}_{m}\left(\frac{{x}_{1}+{x}_{2}}{2},i\right) \gt {f}_{{\mathrm{r}}} \gt \frac{1}{m}\sum \limits_{i=1}^{m}f\left({x}_{2},i\right) $
$ \left| \frac{1}{m-2}\sum \limits_{j=1}^{m-2}h\left({x}_{1},j\right)-{f}_{{\mathrm{g}}}\right| \gt \beta \left| \frac{1}{m-2}\sum \limits_{j=1}^{m-2}h\left({x}_{2},j\right)-{f}_{{\mathrm{g}}}\right| $
$ \frac{1}{m}\sum \limits_{i=1}^{m}f\left({x}_{1},i\right) \lt {f}_{m}\left(\frac{{x}_{1}+{x}_{2}}{2},i\right) \lt {f}_{{\mathrm{r}}} \lt \frac{1}{m}\sum \limits_{i=1}^{m}f\left({x}_{2},i\right) $
$ \left| \frac{1}{m-2}\sum \limits_{j=1}^{m-2}h\left({x}_{1},j\right)-{f}_{{\mathrm{g}}}\right| \lt \beta \left| \frac{1}{m-2}\sum \limits_{j=1}^{m-2}h\left({x}_{2},j\right)-{f}_{{\mathrm{g}}}\right| $
式中:$ f\left({x}_{1},i\right) $、$ f\left({x}_{2},i\right) $ 分别为变量x取最小值和最大值时第i次试验的响应值;$ h\left({x}_{1},i\right) $、$ h\left({x}_{2},i\right) $分别为变量x取最小值和最大值时,去除全部试验响应的最大值和最小值后第j次试验的响应值;$ {f}_{m}\left(\left({x}_{1}+{x}_{2}\right)/2,i\right) $为所有设计变量均取中间水平时,对应的响应值;$ {f}_{{\mathrm{r}}} $、$ {f}_{{\mathrm{g}}} $分别为前面优化得到的该响应的优化结果和优化目标;$ \beta $的取值区间为$ \left(3,5\right) $,可根据前一次优化确定具体数值。
在$ {X}_{0} $(初始样本空间)的基础上,根据切比雪夫多项式零点得出的采样点集合$ {X}_{1} $为
$ {X}_{1}=\left(x_{1}^{''},\frac{x_{1}^{\prime}+x_{2}^{\prime}}{2},x_{2}^{''}\right) $
$ x_{1}^{''}=\frac{x_{1}^{\prime}+x_{2}^{\prime}}{2}-\cos \frac{{\text{π}} }{6}\frac{x_{2}^{\prime}-x_{1}^{\prime}}{2} $
$ x_{2}^{''}=\frac{x_{1}^{\prime}+x_{2}^{\prime}}{2}+\cos \frac{{\text{π}} }{6}\frac{x_{2}^{\prime}-x_{1}^{\prime}}{2} $
在$ {X}_{1} $的基础上,为了提供全局搜索的能力,引入贪心补偿项$ {\Delta }_{1} $和$ {\Delta }_{2} $,确保前一步得到的x的最优值$ {x}_{r} $不在采样区间的边缘,以免陷入局部最优,得到新的采样点集合$ {X}_{2} $的表达式如下
$ {X}_{2}=\left(x_{1}^{''}+{\Delta }_{1},\frac{x_{1}^{\prime}+x_{2}^{\prime}}{2}+\frac{\Delta _{1}^{\prime}+\Delta _{2}^{\prime}}{2},x_{2}^{''}+{\Delta }_{2}\right) $
$ {x}_{{\mathrm{r}}}-\left(x_{1}^{''}+{\Delta }_{1}\right) \lt 0.25\left(x_{2}^{''}+{\Delta }_{2}-x_{1}^{''}-{\Delta }_{1}\right) $
$ \left(x_{2}^{''}+{\Delta }_{2}\right)-{x}_{{\mathrm{r}}} \lt 0.25\left(x_{2}^{''}+{\Delta }_{2}-x_{1}^{''}-{\Delta }_{1}\right) $
根据提出的改进RSM,计算得到各响应模型的表达式如下:
$ \begin{split} K=&0.83008-0.23604t-0.22617h+0.14242l+0.035082th\\&- 0.01395hl+0.028965{t}^{2}+0.015624{h}^{2}-0.00426{t}^{2}h\end{split} $
得到的优化结果如表7所示。可见,改进后实际值和预测值的平均误差为1.5%,改进后的各响应模型的F值、Adj R2和Pred R2均比改进前有所提高,这说明改进后的各响应模型的质量得到了提高。
本研究通过试验与数值模拟相结合的方法,系统分析了胶接、螺栓连接及胶螺混合连接三种复合材料连接形式的力学性能,并基于RSM优化了关键参数。主要结论如下:
(1)胶接参数影响:胶层厚度增加(从0.5 mm增加至2.5 mm)会加剧变形,但对极限承载力无显著单调影响,需结合界面设计平衡性能。
(2)螺栓连接优化:预紧力是控制螺栓连接性能的核心参数。预紧力为3.0 N·m时,初始刚度与峰值载荷达到最优平衡,较0.5 N·m预紧力提升300%;但预紧力超过3.0 N·m会因局部压溃导致强度降低;可以看出,孔隙率对承载力呈非线性影响。孔隙率90%时结构刚度最高,而100%孔隙率通过变形补偿机制仍可达到相近极限载荷,但需更大位移。
(3)RSM验证:二次多项式模型能预测参数与极限承载力的关系,优化后胶层厚度0.58 mm、预紧力3.1 N·m、孔隙率93%为最佳组合。RSM作为一种有效的优化方法,能够在一定误差范围内,以较小的计算量替代高精度方法进行复合材料连接结构参数优化。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52471338);工信部船舶CAE研发应用项目(CBZ01N23-01)
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2026年第30卷第9期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.09.012
  • 接收时间:2026-03-21
  • 首发时间:2026-11-03
  • 出版时间:2026-09-15
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  • 收稿日期:2026-03-21
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52471338);工信部船舶CAE研发应用项目(CBZ01N23-01)
作者信息
    1武汉理工大学 舰艇爆炸冲击毁伤与防护湖北省国防科技(军民融合)重点学科实验室,武汉 430063
    2武汉理工大学 船海与能源动力工程学院,武汉 430063
    3武汉理工大学 高性能船舶技术教育部重点实验室,武汉 430063
    4中国舰船研究设计中心,武汉 430064
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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