Article(id=1324427131769455058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1324426994615727048, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.09.007, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1773936000000, receivedDateStr=2026-03-20, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793697634879, onlineDateStr=2026-11-03, pubDate=1789401600000, pubDateStr=2026-09-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793697634879, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793697634879, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793697634879, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1324426994615727048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2026', volume='30', issue='9', pageStart='1397', pageEnd='1576', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1789401600000', pubDateStr='2026-09-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793697602180, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793699937016, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1324436787699000005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1324426994615727048, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1324436787699000006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1324426994615727048, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1473, endPage=1482, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1324427132104999379, articleId=1324427131769455058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Hydrodynamic load characteristics of a pre-propeller energy-saving duct under steering state, columnId=1241023037940748650, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Hydrodynamics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Energy-saving ducts ahead of the propeller are widely applied to merchant ships as highly efficient energy-saving devices. Taking a certain bulk carrier as the research object, this paper adopts CFD technology to establish a numerical analysis method for the hydrodynamic loads of the energy-saving duct ahead of the propeller under ship steering conditions, and verifies the accuracy of the proposed method through convergence analysis and comparison with relevant experimental data. Based on this method, the influence laws of key factors including displacement volume, ship speed, rudder angle and rudder speed on the hydrodynamic loads of the energy-saving duct ahead of the propeller are investigated. The results show that the larger the ship's displacement volume, the greater the hydrodynamic loads acting on the energy-saving duct ahead of the propeller in all directions; the increases in ship speed and rudder angle both lead to an increase in the hydrodynamic loads on the duct in all directions; rudder speed has almost no effect on the hydrodynamic loads of the duct.

, authors=Peng-yao YU1, Xin-yu HU1, Qiang QIN1, Bing-bing HAN1, Shi-jian CAI2, Hao-song ZHANG1, authorsList=Peng-yao YU, Xin-yu HU, Qiang QIN, Bing-bing HAN, Shi-jian CAI, Hao-song ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Journal of Ship Mechanics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1324427163717468741, articleId=1324427131769455058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=CN, title=船舶操舵状态下桨前节能导管水动载荷特性研究, columnId=1241023038087549292, journalTitle=船舶力学, columnName=流体力学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

桨前节能导管作为一种高效节能装置被广泛应用于运输船舶。本文以某散货船为研究对象,采用CFD技术建立船舶操舵状态下桨前节能导管水动载荷数值分析方法,并通过收敛性分析以及与相关试验数据的对比,验证了本文方法的准确性。基于该方法,研究了排水体积、航速、舵角及舵速等影响因素对桨前节能导管水动载荷的影响规律。结果表明,船舶排水体积越大,桨前节能导管各个方向所受水动载荷越大;航速和舵角的增大均会增大导管各方向水动载荷;舵速对导管的水动载荷几乎没有影响。

, authors=于鹏垚1, 胡馨雨1, 秦强1, 韩兵兵1, 蔡诗剑2, 张浩松1, authorsList=于鹏垚, 胡馨雨, 秦强, 韩兵兵, 蔡诗剑, 张浩松, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

于鹏垚(1988–),男,博士,教授,E-mail:

韩兵兵(1993–),男,博士后,通讯作者,E-mail:

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于鹏垚(1988–),男,博士,教授,E-mail:

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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324427131769455058, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Forces on the duct in all directions under different rudder rates, figureFileSmall=zFpTjkhIrgWr6Q5a/ms3RA==, figureFileBig=AnEmp3B6E0h2FvgJEIZoDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324427383687742250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324427131769455058, language=CN, label=图9, caption=不同舵速下导管各方向的受力, figureFileSmall=zFpTjkhIrgWr6Q5a/ms3RA==, figureFileBig=AnEmp3B6E0h2FvgJEIZoDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324427383792599851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324427131769455058, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Main parameters of hull and propeller

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参数船体螺旋桨
Lpp /mB /mD /mS /m2桨叶数量直径 /m螺距比
数值6.360.900.560.04540.1940.786
), ArticleFig(id=1324427383897457452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324427131769455058, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

船体和螺旋桨的主要参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数船体螺旋桨
Lpp /mB /mD /mS /m2桨叶数量直径 /m螺距比
数值6.360.900.560.04540.1940.786
), ArticleFig(id=1324427384115561261, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324427131769455058, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Open water performance of the propeller

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
JKT10Kq $ {\eta }_{0} $JKT10Kq $ {\eta }_{0} $
0.10.2510.2880.1380.50.1080.1540.558
0.20.2200.2580.2700.60.0660.1130.560
0.30.1850.2260.3910.70.0210.0660.377
0.40.1480.1910.493
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螺旋桨敞水性能

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JKT10Kq $ {\eta }_{0} $JKT10Kq $ {\eta }_{0} $
0.10.2510.2880.1380.50.1080.1540.558
0.20.2200.2580.2700.60.0660.1130.560
0.30.1850.2260.3910.70.0210.0660.377
0.40.1480.1910.493
), ArticleFig(id=1324427384300110639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324427131769455058, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

CFD numerical calculation conditions

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工况编号 $ \nabla $ /m3Vs /(m·s−1)θr /(°)Vr /(°·s−1)工况编号 $ \nabla $ /m3Vs /(m·s−1)θr /(°)Vr /(°·s−1)
11.641.213513.9251.641.211513.92
20.821.213513.9261.641.212513.92
31.641.023513.9271.641.213520
41.641.373513.92
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CFD数值计算工况

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工况编号 $ \nabla $ /m3Vs /(m·s−1)θr /(°)Vr /(°·s−1)工况编号 $ \nabla $ /m3Vs /(m·s−1)θr /(°)Vr /(°·s−1)
11.641.213513.9251.641.211513.92
20.821.213513.9261.641.212513.92
31.641.023513.9271.641.213520
41.641.373513.92
), ArticleFig(id=1324427384627266353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324427131769455058, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Peak forces and convergence rates under different meshing schemes and time steps

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受力峰值 /N网格时间步长
G1G2G3R1T1T2T3R2
纵向(x方向)−4.634−4.615−3.3700.015−4.672−4.615−4.5440.803
横向(y方向)−3.549−3.526−3.3570.136−3.552−3.526−3.4870.667
垂向(z方向)−6.868−6.866−6.0720.003−6.877−6.866−6.8040.177
), ArticleFig(id=1324427386321765170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324427131769455058, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同网格和时间步长下的受力峰值和收敛率

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受力峰值 /N网格时间步长
G1G2G3R1T1T2T3R2
纵向(x方向)−4.634−4.615−3.3700.015−4.672−4.615−4.5440.803
横向(y方向)−3.549−3.526−3.3570.136−3.552−3.526−3.4870.667
垂向(z方向)−6.868−6.866−6.0720.003−6.877−6.866−6.8040.177
), ArticleFig(id=1324427386443399987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324427131769455058, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Peak forces in all directions on the duct and their occurrence times under different displacement volumes

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排水体积受力峰值 /N受力峰值出现的时间 /s
纵向 /x横向 /y垂向 /z纵向 /x横向 /y垂向 /z
压载排水−2.87−2.07−5.4526.6720.5924.45
满载排水−4.62−3.53−6.8724.4018.6024.06
), ArticleFig(id=1324427386644726580, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324427131769455058, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同排水体积下导管各方向的受力峰值及出现时间

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排水体积受力峰值 /N受力峰值出现的时间 /s
纵向 /x横向 /y垂向 /z纵向 /x横向 /y垂向 /z
压载排水−2.87−2.07−5.4526.6720.5924.45
满载排水−4.62−3.53−6.8724.4018.6024.06
), ArticleFig(id=1324427387055768373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324427131769455058, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Peak forces in all directions on the duct and their occurrence times under different ship speeds

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航速 /(m·s−1)受力峰值 /N受力峰值出现的时间 /s
纵向 /x横向 /y垂向 /z纵向 /x横向 /y垂向 /z
1.02−3.09−2.52−4.9627.7021.5525.48
1.21−4.62−3.53−6.8724.4018.6024.06
1.37−6.19−4.59−8.9123.4918.2920.98
), ArticleFig(id=1324427387156431670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324427131769455058, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

不同航速下导管各方向的受力峰值及出现时间

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
航速 /(m·s−1)受力峰值 /N受力峰值出现的时间 /s
纵向 /x横向 /y垂向 /z纵向 /x横向 /y垂向 /z
1.02−3.09−2.52−4.9627.7021.5525.48
1.21−4.62−3.53−6.8724.4018.6024.06
1.37−6.19−4.59−8.9123.4918.2920.98
), ArticleFig(id=1324427387248706359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324427131769455058, language=EN, label=Tab.7, caption=

Peak forces in all directions on the duct and their occurrence times under rudder angles

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
舵角 /(°)受力峰值 /N受力峰值出现的时间 /s
纵向 /x横向 /y垂向 /z纵向 /x横向 /y垂向 /z
15−3.67−3.23−6.4329.4621.8628.13
25−4.56−3.36−6.7228.1520.1423.84
35−4.62−3.53−6.8724.4018.6024.06
), ArticleFig(id=1324427387487781688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324427131769455058, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

不同舵角下导管各方向的受力峰值及出现时间

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舵角 /(°)受力峰值 /N受力峰值出现的时间 /s
纵向 /x横向 /y垂向 /z纵向 /x横向 /y垂向 /z
15−3.67−3.23−6.4329.4621.8628.13
25−4.56−3.36−6.7228.1520.1423.84
35−4.62−3.53−6.8724.4018.6024.06
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船舶操舵状态下桨前节能导管水动载荷特性研究
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于鹏垚 1 , 胡馨雨 1 , 秦强 1 , 韩兵兵 1 , 蔡诗剑 2 , 张浩松 1
船舶力学 | 流体力学 2026,30(9): 1473-1482
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船舶力学 |流体力学 2026 , 30 (9) : 1473 -1482
船舶操舵状态下桨前节能导管水动载荷特性研究
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于鹏垚1 , 胡馨雨1, 秦强1, 韩兵兵1 , 蔡诗剑2, 张浩松1
作者信息
  • 1大连海事大学 船舶与海洋工程学院,辽宁 大连 116026
  • 2上海市船舶工程重点实验室,上海 200011
作者简介:

于鹏垚(1988–),男,博士,教授,E-mail:

韩兵兵(1993–),男,博士后,通讯作者,E-mail:

Hydrodynamic load characteristics of a pre-propeller energy-saving duct under steering state
Peng-yao YU1 , Xin-yu HU1, Qiang QIN1, Bing-bing HAN1 , Shi-jian CAI2, Hao-song ZHANG1
Affiliations
  • 1College of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
  • 2Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ship Engineering, Shanghai 200011, China
出版时间: 2026-09-15 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.09.007
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桨前节能导管作为一种高效节能装置被广泛应用于运输船舶。本文以某散货船为研究对象,采用CFD技术建立船舶操舵状态下桨前节能导管水动载荷数值分析方法,并通过收敛性分析以及与相关试验数据的对比,验证了本文方法的准确性。基于该方法,研究了排水体积、航速、舵角及舵速等影响因素对桨前节能导管水动载荷的影响规律。结果表明,船舶排水体积越大,桨前节能导管各个方向所受水动载荷越大;航速和舵角的增大均会增大导管各方向水动载荷;舵速对导管的水动载荷几乎没有影响。

节能导管  /  操舵状态  /  水动载荷特性  /  数值模拟

Energy-saving ducts ahead of the propeller are widely applied to merchant ships as highly efficient energy-saving devices. Taking a certain bulk carrier as the research object, this paper adopts CFD technology to establish a numerical analysis method for the hydrodynamic loads of the energy-saving duct ahead of the propeller under ship steering conditions, and verifies the accuracy of the proposed method through convergence analysis and comparison with relevant experimental data. Based on this method, the influence laws of key factors including displacement volume, ship speed, rudder angle and rudder speed on the hydrodynamic loads of the energy-saving duct ahead of the propeller are investigated. The results show that the larger the ship's displacement volume, the greater the hydrodynamic loads acting on the energy-saving duct ahead of the propeller in all directions; the increases in ship speed and rudder angle both lead to an increase in the hydrodynamic loads on the duct in all directions; rudder speed has almost no effect on the hydrodynamic loads of the duct.

energy-saving duct  /  steering state  /  hydrodynamic load characteristics  /  numerical simulation
于鹏垚, 胡馨雨, 秦强, 韩兵兵, 蔡诗剑, 张浩松. 船舶操舵状态下桨前节能导管水动载荷特性研究. 船舶力学, 2026 , 30 (9) : 1473 -1482 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.09.007
Peng-yao YU, Xin-yu HU, Qiang QIN, Bing-bing HAN, Shi-jian CAI, Hao-song ZHANG. Hydrodynamic load characteristics of a pre-propeller energy-saving duct under steering state[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2026 , 30 (9) : 1473 -1482 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.09.007
在能效营运指数(EEOI)和能效设计指数(EEDI)等强制性标准推动下,近年来船舶节能减排技术成为研究重点[1]。国内外出现了多种水动力节能装置,可分为桨前和桨后两类附加节能装置,并且桨前节能装置的节能效果更为显著[2]。其中,桨前节能导管作为一种高效节能装置被广泛应用于运输船舶,可以通过优化螺旋桨前端流场分布,显著提高推进效率,进而实现节能的效果[3]。
目前,国内外学者已围绕桨前节能导管开展了一系列研究。沈海龙等[2]提出了一种基于面元法和RANS(Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes)方程的桨前节能装置节能效果的理论预报方法,研究结果表明安装桨前导管后,螺旋桨的推进效率有所提升。余昕等[4]和黄少峰等[5]分别对大型船舶的节能效果进行了数值预报,验证了计算流体动力学CFD(Computational Fluid Dynamics)方法在桨前节能导管研究中的有效性。何德明等[6]通过CFD分析证实桨前节能导管可以有效改善艉部流场,提升螺旋桨推进效率。蒋永旭等[7]研究了前置导管对巴拿马型散货船推进效率和摇摆的改善,发现前置导管能提高推进效率约2%并减小摇摆幅度。苗飞等[8]进一步验证了前置预旋定子对船舶尾流场的优化效果。尹崇宏[9]通过自航数值模拟发现节能装置可以显著提高船舶的推进特性。Nowruzi等[10]通过自航试验和CFD方法研究了不同预旋导管对推进性能的影响。Furcas等[11]通过调整攻角优化伴流补偿导管设计,提升了船舶的节能效果。Go等[12]通过调整导管定子的安装角度及其与螺旋桨之间的相对位置关系,进一步提升了推进效率。Faitar等[13]的研究表明,节能导管虽可提升船舶水动力性能,但可能加剧螺旋桨空化现象,而通过结构参数优化可有效缓解该负面影响。
可以看出,现有研究主要侧重桨前节能导管的节能效果分析和优化设计。在实际应用中,为保证船尾流场质量,导管与船体之间的连接难以采用肘板等结构加强措施,导致连接区域结构相对薄弱。在船舶操舵状态下,导管会承受急剧增大的瞬态水动载荷,可能引发结构失效。虽然相关规范已明确指出转向状态下导管水动载荷的特殊性,但目前仍缺乏系统性的分析方法。为此,本文采用CFD数值模拟方法,研究船舶操舵过程中桨前节能导管的水动载荷特性,系统分析不同排水体积、航速、舵角及舵速等因素对水动载荷的影响规律,为导管的结构强度评估提供方法支撑。
本文采用CFD数值模拟方法,研究了静水条件下船舶操舵状态中不同因素对导管水动载荷特性的影响。在数值模拟过程中:(1)采用流体体积(Volume of Fluid,VOF)方法捕捉自由液面动态变化;(2)通过重叠网格技术实现船体与舵的相对运动以及船体回转[14−16];(3)采用动态流体−刚体相互作用(Dynamic Fluid Body Interaction,DFBI) 方法实现船舶在静水中六自由度运动模拟[17];(4)采用体积力法模拟螺旋桨与船体之间的相互作用[18−21]。上述数值方法为分析导管在复杂操舵工况下的水动力性能提供了有效的研究手段。
控制方程包括连续性方程和动量方程,雷诺时均Navier-Stokes方程组如方程(1)和(2)所示
$ \frac{\partial \overline{{u}_{i}}}{\partial {x}_{i}}=0 $
$ \frac{\partial \left(\rho \overline{{u}_{i}}\right)}{\partial t}+{u}_{j}\frac{\partial \left(\rho \overline{{u}_{i}}\right)}{\partial {x}_{j}}=-\frac{\partial \overline{p}}{\partial {x}_{i}}+\mu \frac{{\partial }^{2}\overline{{u}_{i}}}{\partial {x}_{j}\partial {x}_{j}}-\frac{\partial \left(\rho \overline{u_{i}^{\prime}}\overline{u_{j}^{\prime}}\right)}{\partial {x}_{j}}+\rho g $
式中:$ \overline{{u}_{i}} $和$ \overline{p} $分别代表平均速度与平均压力;$ \rho $为两相流混合物密度;$ \rho \overline{u_{i}^{\prime}}\overline{u_{j}^{\prime}} $为雷诺应力项;$ \mu $为流体动力粘度;g为重力加速度,g=9.81 m/s2。
基于Boussinesq假设,雷诺应力项被视为湍流粘度$ {\mu }_{{\mathrm{T}}} $和平均速度梯度的函数,如方程(3)所示
$ -\rho \overline{u_{i}^{\prime}u_{j}^{\prime}}={\mu }_{{\mathrm{T}}}\left(\frac{\partial \overline{{u}_{i}}}{\partial {x}_{j}}+\frac{\partial \overline{{u}_{j}}}{\partial {x}_{i}}\right)-\frac{2}{3}\rho k{\delta }_{ij} $
式中:k是湍流动能,$ {\delta }_{ij} $为克罗内克函数。
采用Menter[22]提出的k-ω湍流模型来封闭方程组。湍流动能(k)和比耗散率(ω)的输运方程简要描述如方程(4)和(5)所示
$ \frac{\partial \left(\rho k\right)}{\partial t}+\frac{\partial \left(\rho {u}_{j}k\right)}{\partial {x}_{j}}={P}_{k}-{\beta }^{*}\rho \omega k+\frac{\partial }{\partial {x}_{j}}\left[\left(\mu +{\sigma }_{k}{\mu }_{{\mathrm{t}}}\right)\frac{\partial k}{\partial {x}_{j}}\right] $
$ \frac{\partial \left(\rho \omega \right)}{\partial t}+\frac{\partial \left(\rho {u}_{j}\omega \right)}{\partial {x}_{j}}=\gamma \frac{\omega }{k}{P}_{k}-\beta \rho {\omega }^{2}+\frac{\partial }{\partial {x}_{j}}\left[\left(\mu +{\sigma }_{\omega }{\mu }_{{\mathrm{t}}}\right)\frac{\partial \omega }{\partial {x}_{j}}\right] $
式中:$ {P}_{k} $是湍动能生成项,$ {\beta }^{*}\rho \omega k $是湍动能耗散项,$ \gamma \dfrac{\omega }{k}{P}_{k} $是比耗散率产生项,$ \beta \rho {\omega }^{2} $是比耗散率耗散项。
为准确表现自由液面物理特性,采用流体体积方法(Volume of Fluid,VOF)进行捕捉[23]。VOF方法通过引入体积分数函数F来实现自由液面的位置捕捉与跟踪。当网格单元位于两相流的交界区域时,体积分数满足0 < F < 1表示该单元中同时存在两种流体,处于自由液面附近。而当某一网格完全被目标流体充满时,体积分数F的值为1,表示该单元中仅存在该种流体。其中,水相体积分数$ \alpha $定义如下
$ \alpha =\frac{{V}_{{\mathrm{water}}}}{V} $
其中,V是网格体积;Vwater是网格中水的体积。因此,$ \alpha $取值为[0,1],即
$ \begin{cases} \alpha =0& 气相\\0 \lt \alpha \lt 1& 自由液面\\\alpha =1 & 水相\end{cases} $
水相体积分数$ \alpha $的输运方程如方程(8)所示
$ \frac{\partial \alpha }{\partial t}+\nabla \cdot (\alpha {u})+\nabla \cdot \left[\alpha (1-\alpha ){{u}}_{r}\right]=0 $
其中,$ {{u}}_{r} $为压缩项,定义如下
$ {{u}}_{r}={c}_{\alpha }{{n}}_{\eta }\frac{C{o}_{r}\left| {{d}}_{f}\right| }{\Delta t} $
其中,cα是控制自由表面锐度的压缩常数;nη是垂直于界面η的单位向量;Cor| df |是参考压缩库朗数;df是交界面两个网格中心间的距离;$ \Delta t $是时间步长。
本文采用体积力方法模拟螺旋桨。该方法将体积力均匀分布在圆柱虚拟盘体上。体积力在径向上发生变化。分力的径向分布遵循Goldstein的最佳分布,由以下公式[24-25]给出
$ {f}_{{\mathrm{b}}x}={a}_{x}r_{{\mathrm{c}}}^{*}\sqrt{1-r_{{\mathrm{c}}}^{*}} $
$ {f}_{{\mathrm{b}}\theta }={a}_{\theta }\frac{r_{{\mathrm{c}}}^{*}\sqrt{1-r_{{\mathrm{c}}}^{*}}}{r_{{\mathrm{c}}}^{*}\left(1-r_{{\mathrm{h}}}^{\prime}\right)+r_{{\mathrm{h}}}^{\prime}} $
$ r_{{\mathrm{c}}}^{*}=\frac{r_{{\mathrm{c}}}^{\prime}-r_{{\mathrm{h}}}^{\prime}}{1-r_{{\mathrm{h}}}^{\prime}},\;\;r_{{\mathrm{h}}}^{\prime}=\frac{{r}_{{\mathrm{h}}}}{{r}_{{\mathrm{p}}}},\;\;r_{{\mathrm{c}}}^{\prime}=\frac{{r}_{{\mathrm{c}}}}{{r}_{{\mathrm{p}}}} $
$ {a}_{x}=\frac{105}{8}\frac{{T}_{{\mathrm{p}}}}{ {\text{π}} {\Delta }_{{\mathrm{p}}}\left(3{r}_{{\mathrm{h}}}+4{r}_{{\mathrm{p}}}\right)\left({r}_{{\mathrm{p}}}-{r}_{{\mathrm{h}}}\right)} $
$ {a}_{\theta }=\frac{105}{8}\frac{{Q}_{{\mathrm{p}}}}{ {\text{π}} {\Delta }_{{\mathrm{p}}}{r}_{{\mathrm{p}}}\left(3{r}_{{\mathrm{h}}}+4{r}_{{\mathrm{p}}}\right)\left({r}_{{\mathrm{p}}}-{r}_{{\mathrm{h}}}\right)} $
式中:$ {r}_{{\mathrm{c}}} $为螺旋桨区域内任取一点到桨轴线的距离;$ {r}_{{\mathrm{p}}} $为螺旋桨的半径;$ {r}_{{\mathrm{h}}} $为螺旋桨桨毂的半径;$ {T}_{{\mathrm{p}}} $为螺旋桨的推力;$ {Q}_{{\mathrm{p}}} $为螺旋桨的转矩;$ {\Delta }_{{\mathrm{p}}} $为桨盘面的厚度;$ {f}_{{\mathrm{b}}x} $和$ {f}_{{\mathrm{b}}\theta } $分别为轴向力和切向力在螺旋桨区域内的分布。公式(10)~(14)虽然给出了力源的具体固定分布,但仍需要求取螺旋桨的推力和扭矩。为此,本文采用文献[26]提出的方法,根据动量定理结合螺旋桨的敞水性能曲线进行求取。
本文以模型尺度的某散货船为研究对象,缩尺比为1∶36。船体和螺旋桨的主要参数如表1所示,表中Lpp为垂线间长,B为型宽,D为型深,S为舵面积。螺旋桨的敞水性能如表2所示,表中J为进速系数,KT为推力系数,10Kq为扭矩系数,$ {\eta }_{0} $为效率。对于计算得到的散货船螺旋桨敞水曲线,采用体积力螺旋桨法对螺旋桨虚拟盘建模。船体−螺旋桨−导管整体几何模型如图1所示。
为研究排水体积、航速、舵角和舵速对导管所受水动载荷的影响,本文设计了7种典型工况。工况1和工况2在保持其他参数不变的情况下,通过改变排水体积来研究其对导管受力特性的影响。其中,工况1为满载排水,工况2为压载排水。基于工况1和工况3、4分析航速对导管受力特性的影响;工况1和工况5、6则用于分析舵角对导管受力特性的作用效果;通过工况1和工况7考察舵速对导管受力特性的影响。具体计算工况如表3所示,表中$ \nabla $为排水体积,Vs为航速,$ {\theta }_{{\mathrm{r}}} $为舵角,Vr为舵速。
计算域设置和网格划分如图2和图3所示。设置船体重心为大地坐标系的原点,x轴正向指向船艏,y轴正向指向船体右舷,z轴正向垂直向上,随体坐标系同样以船体重心为原点,其初始坐标轴方向与大地坐标系一致。距船艏2Lpp处的计算域艏部边界设置为速度入口,距船艉2.5Lpp处的计算域艉部边界设置为压力出口,距船体左右两侧各2Lpp处的计算域左右边界设置为速度入口,距自由液面上下表面各0.5Lpp、1Lpp处的计算域上下边界设置为速度入口边界,如图2所示。
本文采用重叠网格技术,将计算域划分为三级嵌套网格。船体重叠网格与舵域重叠网格共同嵌套在背景域网格中,而舵域重叠网格进一步嵌套于船体重叠网格之内。基础网格尺寸为Lpp/50,船体表面设置4层棱柱层,总厚度为0.018 m,$y^+ $小于30。对自由液面、船体周围、船尾以及舵域等关键部位进行加密,最终网格总数为625万。计算域内的网格如图3所示。具体的网络方案数值收敛性分析可见下文2.4节。
本文选取细网格(G1)、中网格(G2)和粗网格(G3)三组不同密度网格进行网格收敛性分析,各网格的基础尺寸为0.12 m、0.14 m、0.16 m,对应的网格数量分别为994 万、625万和278万。同时,选取0.005 s(T1)、0.01 s(T2)、0.02 s(T3)三个时间步长进行时间步长收敛性分析。本文以工况1为例,进行了数值收敛性计算,监测导管纵向(x方向)、横向(y方向)和垂向(z方向)三个不同方向的水动力载荷,并对比其受力峰值。不同网格方案和时间步长下的各方向受力如图4和图5所示,受力峰值的大小如表4所示。图中Δt为时间步长,表中R1为网格收敛率、R2为步长收敛率。
根据文献[27−29]的收敛率计算方法,当R值满足0 < R < 1时,表明解具有单调收敛性。计算结果显示所有监测方向的网格收敛率(R1)和时间步长收敛率(R2)均满足上述条件,具有良好的收敛性。综合考虑采用中网格(G2)和0.01 s的时间步长进行后续数值模拟,以在保证计算准确性的同时,有效缩短仿真时间。
在数值模拟过程中,将船舶在操舵状态下的运动分为四个阶段:第一阶段为流场稳定阶段(0~1 s):船舶保持静止约束状态,确保计算域内的初始流场充分发展并趋于稳定,为后续运动模拟提供基准流场条件;第二阶段为稳定直航阶段(1~12 s):解除船舶静止约束,使其在无舵角作用下维持匀速直线航行;第三阶段为舵角调整阶段(12~14.18 s):舵从初始零舵角逐步偏转至预设目标舵角,偏转完成后保持舵角恒定,此阶段为船舶从直航向回转过渡的过程;第四阶段为回转运动发展阶段(14.18~45 s):船舶在恒定目标舵角的作用下,进入持续的回转运动状态,直至完成预设的回转运动。
图6展示了在不同排水体积下,导管x、y、z三个方向的受力。从图中可以看出,在直航阶段和打舵阶段,三个方向的受力在改变排水体积条件前后变化均比较平稳。在回转阶段,导管在不同排水体积下的受力表现出显著差异。从表5可以看出,由于排水体积条件的改变,三个方向的受力峰值分别减小了37.88%、41.36%、20.67%,受力峰值出现的时间分别延后了9.30%、10.70%、1.62%。由此可知,船体排水体积减小时,各方向的受力峰值减小并且峰值出现的时间有所延后。此外,由于排水体积的变化,导管推力可能转化为正阻力。
图7给出了在不同航速下导管x、y、z三个方向的受力。从图中可以看出,在直航和打舵阶段,随着航速的增加,导管各方向上的受力没有明显变化。在回转阶段,航速的变化会使得导管承受更高的瞬时压力,三个方向的受力峰值均有所增加。从低航速到高航速变化的过程中,各方向的受力峰值分别增加了100.32%、82.14%、79.64%。由此可见,航速的变化会使导管的受力产生剧烈的变化。此外,各方向受力最大值出现的时间随着航速的增加分别提前15.20%、15.13%、17.66%,如表6所示。这说明,航速的提高不仅使导管各方向上的受力显著增强,而且使受力峰值出现的时间提前。
图8给出了不同舵角下导管x、y、z三个方向的受力。可以看出,在直航和打舵阶段,由于舵角尚未改变或正处于转至对应角度的过程中,节能导管三个方向的受力没有明显差别。在回转阶段,舵角的改变已经完成,在不同舵角下保持回转,导管的受力会有所不同。舵角的增大导致导管的受力峰值增加,增幅分别是25.89%、9.29%、6.84%,增长幅度呈现逐渐减缓的趋势。同时也使得峰值出现的时间提前了17.18%、14.91%、14.47%,如表7所示。研究发现,舵角的增大使得导管不同方向的受力峰值增加,并且峰值出现的时间也有所提前。
不同舵速下导管x、y、z三个方向的受力曲线如图9所示,可以看出,不同打舵速度下,导管各方向受力的变化趋势差别较小,舵速不会对导管受力峰值大小和出现时间产生明显的影响。这是由于桨前节能导管水动载荷峰值出现在打舵后的船舶回转阶段,并且相较于整个回转周期而言,打舵过程的持续时间较短,使得舵速对回转阶段的流场影响较小,故舵速对于导管的受力特性影响较小。
船舶在操舵状态下,桨前节能导管会承受急剧增大的瞬态水动载荷,可能引发结构失效。本文采用基于CFD的船舶静水中六自由度操纵运动数值模拟方法,揭示操舵状态下桨前节能导管水动载荷特性,为回转工况下桨前节能导管水动设计载荷的确定提供支撑。具体结论如下:
(1)在其他参数一致的前提下,船舶排水体积越大,桨前节能导管各个方向所受水动载荷越大,峰值出现时间会略有提前。
(2)船舶航速和舵角的增大均会增大导管各方向水动载荷,同时峰值出现时间会略有提前。
(3)不同打舵速度下导管三个方向的水动载荷几乎一致,这主要是由于桨前节能导管水动载荷峰值出现在打舵后船舶回转阶段,相比于整个回转周期,打舵过程的持续时间较短,舵速对回转阶段的流场影响较小。
  • 工业和信息化部“高技术船舶项目”(CBZ03N23-03);上海市船舶工程重点实验室基金项目(SE202301);中央高校基本科研业务费(3132023510);中国科协人才托举工程(2020ONRC001)
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2026年第30卷第9期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.09.007
  • 接收时间:2026-03-20
  • 首发时间:2026-11-03
  • 出版时间:2026-09-15
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  • 收稿日期:2026-03-20
基金
工业和信息化部“高技术船舶项目”(CBZ03N23-03);上海市船舶工程重点实验室基金项目(SE202301);中央高校基本科研业务费(3132023510);中国科协人才托举工程(2020ONRC001)
作者信息
    1大连海事大学 船舶与海洋工程学院,辽宁 大连 116026
    2上海市船舶工程重点实验室,上海 200011
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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