Article(id=1324427070079639877, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1324426994615727048, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.09.014, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1775923200000, receivedDateStr=2026-04-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793697620171, onlineDateStr=2026-11-03, pubDate=1789401600000, pubDateStr=2026-09-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793697620171, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793697620171, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793697620171, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1324426994615727048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2026', volume='30', issue='9', pageStart='1397', pageEnd='1576', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1789401600000', pubDateStr='2026-09-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793697602180, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793699937016, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1324436787699000005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1324426994615727048, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1324436787699000006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1324426994615727048, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1555, endPage=1568, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1324427070415184198, articleId=1324427070079639877, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=An approach for evaluating the ultimate bending moment of asymmetric ship hull cross-sections based on Bayesian optimization and improved Smith method, columnId=1242129251223274417, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Structural Mechanics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To improve the efficiency and accuracy of ultimate-bending-moment estimation for complex non-symmetric hull sections, a hybrid method integrating genetic-enhanced Bayesian optimization with an improved Smith stepwise failure procedure was proposed. Firstly, for a given section curvature and increment, Latin hypercube sampling was used to generate an initial design and train a Gaussian process (Kriging) surrogate. Based on the surrogate’s posterior mean and variance, an Expected Improvement (EI) acquisition function was constructed, and a genetic algorithm was then employed to maximize EI and select candidate sampling points, thereby enhancing global search capability while keeping the number of high-fidelity evaluations small. Selected candidates were subsequently refined by a constrained derivative-free local optimizer and their high-fidelity evaluations were incorporated into the training set to iteratively update the surrogate, ensuring accurate local search in regions near global optima. With the Dow 1/3-scale frigate model adopted as a test case, the ultimate bending moments under intact and damaged conditions were computed using the traditional Smith method, a PSO-Smith variant and the proposed approach. Results show that the proposed method could precisely resolve the ultimate bending moments for non-symmetric sections, and that, compared with the PSO-Smith approach, it improves computational accuracy by approximately 2% and increases computational efficiency by about 90%, validating its effectiveness and strong potential for engineering applications.

, authors=Cao TONG1, Peng XIONG1, Jian WANG2, Wen-jing XUE1, authorsList=Cao TONG, Peng XIONG, Jian WANG, Wen-jing XUE, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Journal of Ship Mechanics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1324427095199326741, articleId=1324427070079639877, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=CN, title=一种基于贝叶斯优化与改进Smith法的船体非对称剖面极限弯矩评估方法, columnId=1241023038926410098, journalTitle=船舶力学, columnName=结构力学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为提高复杂船体非对称剖面极限弯矩求解的效率与精度,本文提出一种遗传增强贝叶斯优化与改进Smith逐步破坏法耦合的混合求解方法。首先,通过拉丁超立方抽样法对给定剖面曲率及增量进行抽样,构建试验设计并训练高斯过程(Kriging)代理模型;基于代理模型的后验均值与方差构造期望改进(EI)采集函数,通过遗传算法最大化EI选择候选样点,使得在保持计算量尽可能小的前提下最大发挥其全局搜索能力。然后,用受约束的无导数局部算子对候选解精化,并将高保真评估并入训练集,实现代理模型的迭代更新,以确保全局区域附近的局部搜索的精确性。最后,以Dow1/3护卫舰模型为研究对象,分别采用传统Smith、PSO-Smith与本文提出的方法,开展完整工况和破损工况下的船体剖面极限弯矩计算分析。结果表明:本文提出的方法与传统Smith相比,能够精确求解非对称剖面极限弯矩;与PSO方法相比,本法计算精度约提升了2%,计算效率约提高90%,验证了本文方法的有效性,具备良好的工程推广应用价值。

, authors=佟操1, 熊鹏1, 王健2, 薛文静1, authorsList=佟操, 熊鹏, 王健, 薛文静, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

佟 操(1986–),男,博士,副教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

熊 鹏(2001–),男,硕士研究生,E-mail:

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articleId=1324427070079639877, language=CN, label=图12, caption=典型工况各方法计算结果, figureFileSmall=JMMBtic3Y+wM2O6sUSElZw==, figureFileBig=6xCRgSxgU9Dxnb2rsYhKlQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324427468374945967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324427070079639877, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Cross section profile table of Dow1/3 frigate test model

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型材位置尺寸 /mm屈服极限 /MPa
主甲板&外壳纵骨38.1×1.78+14×3.3245
2甲板纵骨292×6+120×10245
3&4甲板纵骨60×6245
4号纵骨114.5×5+44.5×9.5245
8号纵骨162×2+51×2245
12号纵骨117.5×2+51×2245
垂向龙骨228.6×33+152.4×5245
), ArticleFig(id=1324427468454637744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324427070079639877, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

Dow1/3护卫舰试验模型的横剖面型材表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
型材位置尺寸 /mm屈服极限 /MPa
主甲板&外壳纵骨38.1×1.78+14×3.3245
2甲板纵骨292×6+120×10245
3&4甲板纵骨60×6245
4号纵骨114.5×5+44.5×9.5245
8号纵骨162×2+51×2245
12号纵骨117.5×2+51×2245
垂向龙骨228.6×33+152.4×5245
), ArticleFig(id=1324427468525940913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324427070079639877, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Definition of calculation conditions

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Case 1完整状态
Case 2破损状态(破损半径为1.0 m)
), ArticleFig(id=1324427468597244082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324427070079639877, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

计算工况定义

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Case 1完整状态
Case 2破损状态(破损半径为1.0 m)
), ArticleFig(id=1324427468689518771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324427070079639877, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Calculation results of ultimate strength of Dow1/3 frigate test model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
计算方法工况收敛条件中拱/
(MN·m)
中垂/
(MN·m)
中拱计
算误差
中垂计
算误差
中拱计
算时间/
min
中垂计
算时间/
min
Dow试验Case 1−−9.64−−−−
有限元仿真Case 1−11.39−−−−−
Case 2−10.078.78−−−−
传统SmithCase 1F=f1 < 0.00112.2310.637.37%10.3%1.81.7
Case 211.9410.5418.6%15.8%1.71.7
PSO-SmithCase 1F=0.5f1+
0.5f2 < 0.001
12.1510.346.67%7.26%103.2106.3
Case 210.849.327.10%6.15%96.594.2
普通贝叶斯-Smith法Case 1EI < 0.01%12.0710.265.97%6.43%9.89.5
Case 210.739.286.55%5.39%9.28.7
本文所提方法Case 111.829.973.78%3.42%12.111.3
Case 210.519.134.37%2.93%10.59.8
), ArticleFig(id=1324427468769210548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324427070079639877, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

Dow1/3 护卫舰试验模型极限强度计算结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
计算方法工况收敛条件中拱/
(MN·m)
中垂/
(MN·m)
中拱计
算误差
中垂计
算误差
中拱计
算时间/
min
中垂计
算时间/
min
Dow试验Case 1−−9.64−−−−
有限元仿真Case 1−11.39−−−−−
Case 2−10.078.78−−−−
传统SmithCase 1F=f1 < 0.00112.2310.637.37%10.3%1.81.7
Case 211.9410.5418.6%15.8%1.71.7
PSO-SmithCase 1F=0.5f1+
0.5f2 < 0.001
12.1510.346.67%7.26%103.2106.3
Case 210.849.327.10%6.15%96.594.2
普通贝叶斯-Smith法Case 1EI < 0.01%12.0710.265.97%6.43%9.89.5
Case 210.739.286.55%5.39%9.28.7
本文所提方法Case 111.829.973.78%3.42%12.111.3
Case 210.519.134.37%2.93%10.59.8
), ArticleFig(id=1324427468857290933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324427070079639877, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Dimensions of ship structural components

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
构件名称甲板板舱口围板舱侧外板船底板船底纵骨舱侧纵骨横舱壁横框架
宽度 (mm)120−−600−30−−
高度 (mm)−20400−30−−−
厚度 (mm)33226626
), ArticleFig(id=1324427468991508662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324427070079639877, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

舰船结构构件尺寸

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
构件名称甲板板舱口围板舱侧外板船底板船底纵骨舱侧纵骨横舱壁横框架
宽度 (mm)120−−600−30−−
高度 (mm)−20400−30−−−
厚度 (mm)33226626
), ArticleFig(id=1324427469058617527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324427070079639877, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Summary of calculation results for asymmetric section working conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
计算方法有限元仿真PSO-Smith本文Smith
工况破口半径/
m
破坏
形式
计算结果/
(MN·m)
计算结果/
(MN·m)
误差计算时间/
min
计算结果/
(MN·m)
误差计算时间/
min
Case 10.03中拱13.4214.215.89%82.113.984.01%8.9
中垂15.3116.346.67%82.516.074.96%8.9
Case 20.06中拱12.9713.695.55%81.313.544.39%8.8
中垂14.8815.916.92%81.915.645.11%8.7
Case 30.09中拱12.2112.876.03%81.212.624.21%8.7
中垂14.2215.216.95%80.614.934.99%8.7
Case 40.12中拱11.5612.326.54%80.712.114.74%8.6
中垂12.8813.817.23%80.213.555.21%8.7
), ArticleFig(id=1324427469213806776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324427070079639877, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

非对称剖面工况计算结果汇总

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
计算方法有限元仿真PSO-Smith本文Smith
工况破口半径/
m
破坏
形式
计算结果/
(MN·m)
计算结果/
(MN·m)
误差计算时间/
min
计算结果/
(MN·m)
误差计算时间/
min
Case 10.03中拱13.4214.215.89%82.113.984.01%8.9
中垂15.3116.346.67%82.516.074.96%8.9
Case 20.06中拱12.9713.695.55%81.313.544.39%8.8
中垂14.8815.916.92%81.915.645.11%8.7
Case 30.09中拱12.2112.876.03%81.212.624.21%8.7
中垂14.2215.216.95%80.614.934.99%8.7
Case 40.12中拱11.5612.326.54%80.712.114.74%8.6
中垂12.8813.817.23%80.213.555.21%8.7
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一种基于贝叶斯优化与改进Smith法的船体非对称剖面极限弯矩评估方法
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佟操 1 , 熊鹏 1 , 王健 2 , 薛文静 1
船舶力学 | 结构力学 2026,30(9): 1555-1568
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船舶力学 |结构力学 2026 , 30 (9) : 1555 -1568
一种基于贝叶斯优化与改进Smith法的船体非对称剖面极限弯矩评估方法
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佟 操(1986–),男,博士,副教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

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佟操1 , 熊鹏1 , 王健2, 薛文静1
作者信息
  • 1沈阳航空航天大学 机电工程学院,沈阳 110136
  • 2东北大学 机械工程与自动化学院,沈阳 110819
作者简介:

佟 操(1986–),男,博士,副教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

熊 鹏(2001–),男,硕士研究生,E-mail:

An approach for evaluating the ultimate bending moment of asymmetric ship hull cross-sections based on Bayesian optimization and improved Smith method
Cao TONG1 , Peng XIONG1 , Jian WANG2, Wen-jing XUE1
Affiliations
  • 1School of Mechatronic Engineering, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang 110136, China
  • 2School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
出版时间: 2026-09-15 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.09.014
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为提高复杂船体非对称剖面极限弯矩求解的效率与精度,本文提出一种遗传增强贝叶斯优化与改进Smith逐步破坏法耦合的混合求解方法。首先,通过拉丁超立方抽样法对给定剖面曲率及增量进行抽样,构建试验设计并训练高斯过程(Kriging)代理模型;基于代理模型的后验均值与方差构造期望改进(EI)采集函数,通过遗传算法最大化EI选择候选样点,使得在保持计算量尽可能小的前提下最大发挥其全局搜索能力。然后,用受约束的无导数局部算子对候选解精化,并将高保真评估并入训练集,实现代理模型的迭代更新,以确保全局区域附近的局部搜索的精确性。最后,以Dow1/3护卫舰模型为研究对象,分别采用传统Smith、PSO-Smith与本文提出的方法,开展完整工况和破损工况下的船体剖面极限弯矩计算分析。结果表明:本文提出的方法与传统Smith相比,能够精确求解非对称剖面极限弯矩;与PSO方法相比,本法计算精度约提升了2%,计算效率约提高90%,验证了本文方法的有效性,具备良好的工程推广应用价值。

Smith法  /  中性轴偏转  /  非对称截面  /  贝叶斯优化  /  遗传算法  /  Kriging  /  期望改进(EI)

To improve the efficiency and accuracy of ultimate-bending-moment estimation for complex non-symmetric hull sections, a hybrid method integrating genetic-enhanced Bayesian optimization with an improved Smith stepwise failure procedure was proposed. Firstly, for a given section curvature and increment, Latin hypercube sampling was used to generate an initial design and train a Gaussian process (Kriging) surrogate. Based on the surrogate’s posterior mean and variance, an Expected Improvement (EI) acquisition function was constructed, and a genetic algorithm was then employed to maximize EI and select candidate sampling points, thereby enhancing global search capability while keeping the number of high-fidelity evaluations small. Selected candidates were subsequently refined by a constrained derivative-free local optimizer and their high-fidelity evaluations were incorporated into the training set to iteratively update the surrogate, ensuring accurate local search in regions near global optima. With the Dow 1/3-scale frigate model adopted as a test case, the ultimate bending moments under intact and damaged conditions were computed using the traditional Smith method, a PSO-Smith variant and the proposed approach. Results show that the proposed method could precisely resolve the ultimate bending moments for non-symmetric sections, and that, compared with the PSO-Smith approach, it improves computational accuracy by approximately 2% and increases computational efficiency by about 90%, validating its effectiveness and strong potential for engineering applications.

Smith method  /  neutral-axis rotation  /  non-symmetric section  /  Bayesian optimization  /  genetic algorithm  /  Kriging  /  expected improvement (EI)
佟操, 熊鹏, 王健, 薛文静. 一种基于贝叶斯优化与改进Smith法的船体非对称剖面极限弯矩评估方法. 船舶力学, 2026 , 30 (9) : 1555 -1568 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.09.014
Cao TONG, Peng XIONG, Jian WANG, Wen-jing XUE. An approach for evaluating the ultimate bending moment of asymmetric ship hull cross-sections based on Bayesian optimization and improved Smith method[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2026 , 30 (9) : 1555 -1568 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.09.014
极限强度评估是船体结构设计的核心环节,而极限弯矩(承载能力)的计算则是该评估中的关键任务。目前主要采用的标准计算方法包括非线性有限元法[1] (NFEM)以及简化逐步破坏法,即Smith法[2] 等。NFEM能够综合考虑初始缺陷、材料非线性、几何非线性及相邻结构的相互影响,计算结果精度较高,但建模与计算过程耗时较长,工程应用效率较低。为此,Smith(1977)提出了简化的逐步破坏方法,即广为人知的Smith法。该方法将船体横剖面离散为加筋板单元、板单元及刚角单元。随着曲率的增加,各单元应变逐步累积,并依据材料应力–应变关系获得相应应力。依据力平衡准则,可确定剖面的中性轴位置,进而计算各单元的弯矩及整个剖面的总弯矩。最终得到弯矩–曲率关系曲线,其峰值即对应剖面的极限强度。与非线性有限元法和理想化单元法相比,Smith法通过将横剖面离散为若干单元,逐步增加曲率并根据各单元的应力−应变关系计算弯矩—曲率关系,从而确定极限弯矩。该方法实现简便、计算速度快且精度能满足工程早期设计的要求,因此在船体初步设计与快速评估中被广泛采用。2014年IACS[3] 在《Common Structural Rules for Bulk Carriers and Oil Tankers》(HCSR)中将Smith法列为评估船体梁极限弯矩的主要方法之一,并对其计算流程给出了明确规范。
近年来,随着计算机技术的迅速发展,船体极限承载能力的计算方法日益多样化,李陈峰等[4] 在考虑力平衡准则和力矢量平衡准则的基础上,结合粒子群优化算法(PSO)研究建立了一种非对称剖面中性轴确定方法,结果表明智能群体算法对于中性轴的搜索适用。刘旭东[5] 引入了粒子群优化方法搜索中性轴的位置,将中性轴位置的搜索程序集成到Smith方法程序中,并对Dow试验模型进行计算分析。结果显示:考虑中性轴的转动后,中性轴的位移运动也发生了变化,且计算得到极限弯矩小于传统Smith方法计算得到的极限弯矩,说明传统Smith方法高估了船体的极限承载能力,计算结果趋于危险。伴随海上装备对计算效率和可靠性要求的提升,非对称截面中性轴位置的精确识别成为研究重点。但中性轴寻优通常伴随强非线性特性和严格约束条件,导致计算代价高、收敛速度慢,影响工程实用性。为降低计算成本并提高求解效率,研究者广泛采用代理模型技术,如多项式混沌展开[6]、支持向量机[7]、神经网络[8]、高斯过程回归及Kriging方法[9] 等,以替代或辅助高成本的直接仿真评价。
然而,上述方法仍存在若干不足:首先,考虑舰船毁伤情形下中性轴转动的高度非线性与几何不对称性,传统优化方法易陷入局部极值,从而导致中性轴定位偏差并引起显著的极限强度计算误差;其次,尽管PSO等智能算法具备一定的全局寻优能力,但其数值精度尚难完全满足高精度工程要求,且计算代价较高,不利于大规模或实时工程分析;最后,单纯采用经典代理模型作为替代评估,虽能降低单次仿真成本,但在面对高非线性、多模态响应面时往往难以保证优化精度,为弥补精度而进行的过度采样又会造成不必要的计算浪费,削弱方法的总体效率与工程适用性。
针对上述问题,本文提出一种基于高效全局优化(EGO)的改进策略,以提高非对称截面极限弯矩求解的效率与鲁棒性。具体做法是将Kriging代理与期望改进(EI)采集准则相结合,并在采集函数的全局搜索阶段融入遗传算法增强机制。该策略在保证采样经济性的前提下,强化了全局探索能力,有效平衡探索与利用,从而提升了对高非线性、多模态响应面的寻优性能与中性轴定位精度。
现行HCSR规范推荐的传统Smith法,通过逐步施加荷载增量来模拟剖面构件的破坏与演化过程。在每一个加载步中,方法基于平截面假定,并结合当前的中性轴位置(依据力平衡准则迭代求得)开展计算,其逻辑如图1所示。具体而言:首先设置参考轴位置,计算剖面各单元的拉力与压力合力;随后迭代修正参考轴,直至满足拉压平衡条件,此时的位置即为中性轴;接着,由船体梁曲率计算出各离散单元的应变,并通过材料的应力−应变关系将应变映射为单元应力;最后,将所有单元应力对中性轴取矩并累加,得到该加载步下的剖面内弯矩。通过逐步增大曲率,可绘制弯矩−曲率曲线。当曲线上某点的切线斜率趋于零或变为负值时,即将该点对应的弯矩视为截面的极限弯矩。
图2给出了传统Smith法的求解流程,详细介绍了Smith法的完整流程。
随后,Choung等[10] 提出了力平衡矢量准则,作为中性轴求解的更合理约束形式,有利于同时刻画力的标量平衡与方向性特征,从而改善传统单一力平衡判据的不足[11]。随后,李陈峰[4]、刘旭东[5] 等学者基于该准则,采用粒子群算法等群体智能优化方法求解中性轴位置,并在此基础上沿用传统 Smith法计算剖面的极限弯矩。这类研究在提升求解稳健性与捕捉非对称剖面响应方面取得了积极进展。
在非对称剖面的中性轴优化过程中,本文采用直线方程的形式对中性轴进行标准化表示,即
$ z=ay+b $
式中:a为中性轴的斜率,表征中性轴的偏转角度;b为截距,表征中性轴在剖面坐标系中的平移位置。优化问题即在变量向量(a,b)的定义域内搜索,使得力平衡与力矩/力矢量一致性误差的复合目标函数达到最小。为提高数值稳定性与收敛性,对b进行适当的物理约束。
舰船非对称剖面中性轴位置的准确性主要以力平衡准则约束和力矢量平衡误差准则约束为关键条件。本次优化问题的详细约束条件如下:
(1)力平衡准则
在剖面中性轴确定问题上,HCSR规范采用力平衡准则[3],即要求剖面上下拉—压力合力相互抵消,其数学表达为
$ {F}_{{\mathrm{t}}}-{F}_{{\mathrm{c}}}=0 $
式中:$ {F}_{{\mathrm{t}}} $与$ {F}_{{\mathrm{c}}} $分别为剖面上的拉力合力与压力合力。
(2)力矢量平衡误差
然而,如Choung 等[10] 指出,HCSR的力平衡准则仅适用于横剖面对称工况;对于非对称剖面,中性轴会同时发生平移与偏转,仅满足标量力平衡条件并不足以唯一确定中性轴位置,还必须考虑力矢量及其力矩的平衡。设剖面的总合力向量为$ \overrightarrow{F} $,总弯矩为$ \overrightarrow{M} $,力矢量平衡误差为$ {\xi }_{{\mathrm{R}}} $。
$ \frac{ {\text{π}}}{2} - {\xi _{\mathrm{R}}} \lt {\cos ^{ - 1}}\left( {\frac{{\vec F \cdot \vec M}}{{|\vec F|{\mkern 1mu} |\vec M|}}} \right) \lt \frac{ {\text{π}} }{2} + {\xi _{\mathrm{R}}} $
为了保证优化后的舰船非对称剖面的可靠性,将算法中的目标函数设置为力平衡误差和力矢量平衡误差的加权函数。在满足设计要求的前提下,确保求解的中性轴位置能够逼近真实位置。
根据前文约束条件,为在数值实现中便于比较与收敛判断,通常将该残差归一化为力平衡误差$ {f}_{1} $,
$ {f}_{1}=\left| \frac{{F}_{{\mathrm{t}}}-{F}_{{\mathrm{c}}}}{{F}_{{\mathrm{t}}}+{F}_{{\mathrm{c}}}}\right| $
当$ {f}_{1}\rightarrow 0 $时表明剖面满足力平衡准则。
根据前文约束条件,可定义力矢量平衡误差$ {f}_{2} $为合力与弯矩残差的组合量,$ {f}_{2} $表示为
$ {f}_{2}=\left| {\cos }^{-1} \left(\frac{\overrightarrow{F}\cdot \overrightarrow{M}}{|\overrightarrow{F}||\overrightarrow{M}|}\right)-\frac{ {\text{π}} }{2}\right| /\frac{ {\text{π}} }{2} $
满足$ {f}_{2}\rightarrow 0 $意味着剖面在向量意义上同时达到力与力矩的平衡。理论上,联合约束与$ {f}_{2}\approx 0 $即可唯一确定任意(包括非对称)剖面的中性轴位置。剖面的总合力向量为$ \overrightarrow{F} $,总弯矩为$ \overrightarrow{M} $方向如图3所示。
本文提出了一种基于高效全局优化(EGO)的混合优化算法:以贝叶斯优化为总体框架进行代理建模与采样决策,通过期望改进(EI)逐步逼近全局最优解;在采集函数的全局搜索阶段融入遗传算法(GA)以增强群体多样性和全局探索能力;对筛选出的候选解再施以受约束的局部搜索算子fminsearchbnd实施精细化寻优。该混合策略在有限的函数评估预算下兼顾了探索与利用,既提高了全局寻优的稳健性,又通过局部精化保证了解的精度,从而显著提升了在复杂非线性优化问题(中性轴定位与极限弯矩求解)中的收敛性与计算效率。
Kriging代理模型是由南非矿业工程师Kriging提出并经法国数学家Matheron系统化,因此又称为高斯过程回归。由于Kriging模型在复杂模型优化中的强大功能,已逐渐成为工程优化领域的重要工具。在本文提出的算法中,Kriging模型(也称高斯过程)对任意输入$ {x} $的预测输出服从高斯分布,其预测均值$ \mu ({x}) $和预测方差$ {\sigma }^{2}({x}) $可表示为
$ \mu ({x})={f}^{{\mathrm{T}}}(x)\hat{\beta }+{r}^{{\mathrm{T}}}(x){{\boldsymbol{R}}}^{-1}(Y-f\hat{\beta }) $
$ \sigma (x)={\hat{\sigma }}^{2}\left[1-{r}^{{\mathrm{T}}}(x){R}^{-1}r(x)+{u}^{{\mathrm{T}}}(x){({{f}^{{\mathrm{T}}}}(x){{{\boldsymbol{R}}}^{-1}}f(x))}^{-1}u(x)\right] $
式中:$ \hat{\beta } $为最小二乘法得到的多项式参数向量且有$ \hat{\beta }={({{f}^{{\mathrm{T}}}}{{\boldsymbol{R}}^{-1}}f)}^{{\mathrm{T}}}{f}^{{\mathrm{T}}}{\boldsymbol{R}}^{-1}y $;$ {\boldsymbol{R}} $为相关矩阵,且有$ {\boldsymbol{R}}={[{{\boldsymbol{R}}_{ij}}]}_{m\times m} $,$ {\boldsymbol{R}}_{ij}={\boldsymbol{R}}\left(\theta ,{x}_{i},{x}_{j}\right) $;$ r(x)={[{\boldsymbol{R}}({x},{{x}_{1}}),{\boldsymbol{R}}(x,{{{x}}_{2}}),\cdots ,{\boldsymbol{R}}(x,{{{x}}_{m}})]}^{{\mathrm{T}}} $;$ {{f}} $为由回归多项式函数值组成的回归矩阵,且有$ {{f}}={[{{f}}({{x}_{1}}),{{f}}({{x}_{2}}),\cdots ,{{f}}({{x}_{m}})]}^{{\mathrm{T}}} $;$ {\hat{\sigma }}^{2}={(y-{{f}}\hat{\beta })}^{{\mathrm{T}}}{\boldsymbol{R}}^{-1}(y-{{f}}\hat{\beta })/n $;$ u(x)={{{f}}}^{{\mathrm{T}}}(x){\boldsymbol{R}}^{-1}r(x)-1 $。
高效全局优化(EGO)是一种基于贝叶斯优化思想的全局优化方法,特别适用于目标函数评估代价极高的情况[12]。其核心思想是:将昂贵的目标函数视为黑箱函数,先通过已有的少量评估样本构建高斯过程(GP)代理模型,对目标函数进行近似,然后基于该模型计算采集函数,如期望改进(EI),以确定下一个最有“潜力”的采样点。每次迭代中,选取使EI最大化的点作为下一评估位置,并在获得新的函数值后更新GP模型。如此反复循环,即可在极少的目标函数实际评估次数下逐步逼近全局最优解。Jones等[13] 在1998年即提出了EGO算法,结合了GP代理模型和EI采集函数,用于高效的无导数全局优化。
在本研究中,采用本文所提出的EGO混合优化算法对结构截面的中性轴位置进行优化,设计变量设为截面几何直线的斜率$ k $和截距$ b $(即二维设计空间$ \boldsymbol{x}=(k,b) $)。优化目标为同时改善力平衡误差和力矢量平衡误差等多目标函数。为便于EGO处理,使用线性加权法将上述多目标函数合并为单目标评价函数,然后对该单目标函数进行优化。
基于上述GP模型的预测分布,期望改进(EI)采集函数的基本形式[13]为
$ EI(x)=(f_{\min}-\mu (x))\Phi \left(\frac{\sigma (x)}{f_{\min}-\mu (x)}\right)+\sigma (x)\phi \left(\frac{\sigma (x)}{f_{\min}-\mu (x)}\right) $
式中:$ {f}_{\min }=\min {y}_{1},\ldots ,{y}_{n} $为当前已观测到的最小目标值;$ \Phi (\cdot ) $ 和 $ \phi (\cdot ) $ 分别为标准正态分布的累积分布函数和概率密度函数。EI函数衡量了在点$ x $处比当前最优值$ {f}_{\min } $改进的期望量,既综合考虑了预测均值与不确定度的权衡,又确保了探索和利用的平衡。在迭代过程中,选取能使$ EI(x) $最大化的点作为新的评估样本点,更新代理模型,直至满足终止条件。
为了将多目标优化问题转化为单目标问题,采用线性加权法,即对各目标函数$ {f}_{1}(x) 、{f}_{2}(x) $等赋予权重$ {w}_{1}、{w}_{2} $,构造加权和目标函数
$ F(x)={w}_{1}{f}_{1}(x)+{w}_{2}{f}_{2}(x) $
式中:$ {w}_{1}+{w}_{2}=1 $,$ 0\leq {w}_{i}\leq 1 $。在本研究中,$ {f}_{1} $和$ {f}_{2} $分别对应力平衡误差和力矢量平衡误差,通过适当选取权重可得到单目标评价函数$ F(x) $。EGO算法即对该单目标函数$ F(x) $进行优化,使得最终得到的截面参数$ (k,b) $在兼顾多目标的情况下达到最优。
本文提出的贝叶斯优化算法以Kriging代理模型和遗传增强型全局优化算法为基础,通过初始样本点生成、代理模型构建以及迭代寻优的循环过程,实现目标函数值的逐步优化。以下是详细的优化设计流程,完整的优化流程如图4所示。
第1步:初始化船体梁曲率$ {\kappa }_{i-1}=0 $,船体曲率取$ {\kappa }_{i}={\kappa }_{i-1}+\Delta \kappa $,其中$ \Delta \kappa $为船体梁曲率增量,$ \Delta\kappa =1\times {10}^{-4} $,单位是1/m;
第2步:定义参数空间与物理约束,给出斜率$ k\in (-0.15,0.15) $与截距$ b\in (0,0.4) $的取值区间,初始化算法参数,初始样本数$ {N}_{0}=20 $,最大真实评估次数$ {N}_{{\mathrm{max}}}=60 $,EI停止阈值$ {\varepsilon }_{{\mathrm{EI}}}=0.01 $等;
第3步:定义目标函数$ F(x) $,根据计算出的$ {f}_{1} $和$ {f}_{2} $,定义力平衡误差和力矢量平衡误差的加权值$ F(x) $作为目标函数,见公式(9);
第4步:采用拉丁超立方抽样法得到设计变量范围内的样本点集X,即$ \boldsymbol{X}={[{{\boldsymbol{x}}_{1}},{{\boldsymbol{x}}_{2}},\cdots ,{{\boldsymbol{x}}_{m}}]}^{\mathrm{T}} $,并用目标函数$ F(x) $计算目标函数值$ {\boldsymbol{x}}_{0},{\boldsymbol{x}}_{1},\cdots ,{\boldsymbol{x}}_{m} $对应的响应值$ {F}_{0},{F}_{1},\cdots ,{F}_{m} $;
第5步:基于样本点集X和响应集F,构建Kriging代理模型,用于近似真实系统的复杂响应;
第6步:运用遗传算法(GA)对设计空间进行全局搜索,找到EI值最大的样本点,即潜在的优化采样点X*;
第7步:使用fmincon函数对遗传算法找到的优化点X*进行局部开发,得到近最优点X**。
第8步:检查收敛条件,判断期望改进准则(EI)是否满足收敛条件$ \mathrm{EI}\leq 0.01\% $以确定是否继续迭代或结束优化;如未满足收敛条件,将X**点加入到样本点集X,更新响应集F,增加迭代计数器iter=iter+1,并返回第5步,重新计算EI并继续迭代;如满足收敛条件,则进入第9步;
第9步:输出最优解;
第10步:计算当前曲率下的剖面承受的弯矩;
第11步:判断Smith停止条件,若$ {\kappa }_{i} \lt {\kappa }_{F} $,则返回第一步;若$ {\kappa }_{i} \gt {\kappa }_{F} $,则停止计算,其中$ {\kappa }_{F} $为船体梁最大曲率;
第12步:根据输出最优解计算弯矩曲线。
本节选取Dow1/3护卫舰试验模型[14] 作为参考算例。该实例在过去的几十年里一直是人们使用各种计算方法计算的模板,且已存在可参考的计算结果,因此可用来验证本文提出的算法的合理性。
(1)计算模型与工况定义
Dow1/3护卫舰的半中横剖面图如图5所示。船体剖面的加强筋类型及尺寸参数如表1所示,且船用钢材的杨氏模量和泊松比分别取206 GPa和0.3。
考虑船体结构破损状态,选取Dow试验模型完整正浮工况和破损工况作为计算工况,具体情况如表2所示。其中,破损状态的破口位于右舷,破口中心坐标(y,z)为(2.0 m,2.8 m),破损半径为1.0 m。
(2)收敛性分析
在基于期望改进(EI)的贝叶斯优化中,寻找使采集函数EI(x)达到最大值的点X*是影响计算成本、采样效率与优化精度的关键步骤。为评估不同搜索策略对该过程的影响,本文以Case 1为工况开展对照研究,在求解X*时分别采用纯全局搜索(遗传算法,GA)与全局—局部混合搜索(GA+fminsearchbnd)两类方法,并针对两种不同的搜索资源分配方案进行了比较计算。如图6所示,通过对比分析可知,该全局—局部混合搜索策略在寻优效率、收敛稳定性及最终解精度方面表现更优。
图中贝叶斯优化的EI表现为:早期不确定性高,EI波动大并有峰值(代表新的探索点);随着样本累积,代理不确定性降低,EI值逐步衰减并变得平滑。这表明算法从探索向利用转变良好。
在全局-vs混合−迭代图上可以看到:
a. 初期$ {\mathrm{E}}{{\mathrm{I}}}_{\max} $更高:精细的局部搜索能把采集函数的峰值找得更充分,因此每次迭代记录到的EI最大值通常比粗糙搜索要高(曲线点位更靠上)。
b. 衰减更陡/更平滑:因为每次选点信息量更大(更“有价值”的采样),后验不确定性下降更快,所以随后迭代的EI值会更快缩小;同时局部精炼会减少高频噪声,使得后期曲线更平滑。
(3)不同曲率优化结果
为了分析不同曲率对结构性能优化结果的影响,本文针对Case 1绘制了目标函数最优值随曲率变化的关系图。其中横坐标为曲率,纵坐标为对应的目标函数最优值。该图能够清晰展示不同曲率下优化结果的差异,从而揭示曲率对最优性能的敏感性及规律性。
目标函数收敛性分析。为考察曲率对结构性能优化结果的影响,本文采用如下可重复的流程,对每一给定曲率$ \kappa $执行一次完整的优化过程,求得该曲率下的最优目标值。
$ {F}^{\star }(\kappa )=F({\boldsymbol{x}}_{\min}(\kappa )\text{,}\kappa ) $
$ {\boldsymbol{x}}_{\min}(\kappa )=\underset{\boldsymbol{x}\in ({[0,0]}^{\mathrm{T}},{[0.1,0.5]}^{\mathrm{T}})}{\arg }\min (F(\boldsymbol{x};\kappa )) $
式中:x=(a,b)为中性轴参数,F为加权后的单目标评价函数(力平衡误差与力矢量平衡误差的线性加权)。将得到的一系列$ \{\kappa , {F}^{\star }(\kappa )\} $点绘制为曲线(横轴为曲率$ \kappa $,纵轴为对应的最优目标值$ {F}^{\star } $),即可直观展示不同曲率条件下的最优性能分布与变化规律。
由图7可见,对于所考察的每一给定曲率,目标函数均满足预设的收敛准则,说明优化在各工况下能稳定收敛。需要注意的是,当结构出现破坏(如局部屈服或单元失效)时,由于应力—应变场的突变和几何非线性,中性轴的求解会出现小幅波动,其定位精度相较于完好状态略有下降。
(4)不同工况下各类方法结果分析
对于完整工况Case 1和破损工况Case 2,本文分别采用本文提出的改进Smith法对Dow1/3护卫舰试验模型进行了计算分析。计算结果包括在中垂和中拱两种受弯状态下剖面中性轴的迁移规律以及不同曲率对应的弯矩值,某个单元弯矩计算公式如下
$ M(\kappa )=\sum \limits_{j=1}^{n}{\int }_{A}\sigma (\kappa (y-{y}_{NA}))(y-{y}_{NA}){\mathrm{d}}A $
式中:$ \sigma $是单元应力,$ y $是单元位置,$ {y}_{NA} $为中性轴位置,$ (y-{y}_{NA}) $即为单元到中性轴的距离,A为单元面积。针对每个曲率所求解的弯矩以及中性轴优化向量绘制出折线图,如图8所示。最大的弯矩即为该剖面的极限弯矩。
由图8可见,破损舰船中性轴参数出现较大波动,主要源于截面损伤引起的高度不对称性。在Case 2工况中,船体侧面存在明显破口,整体截面呈现出强烈的几何与力学不对称特征,使得应力平衡条件对应的中性轴位置不断发生调整。在此过程中,中性轴不仅产生平移,还伴随明显的转动,其变化路径不再具有单调性和规则性,从而在参数演化曲线上表现为较大的波动。
极限弯矩计算结果表明:在采用基于高效全局优化(EGO)的改进Smith法计算极限弯矩时,随着梁曲率的增加,本文所得极限弯矩与Dow[14]、李陈峰[4] 等学者的Smith法结果高度一致。该一致性表明,将高效全局优化引入中性轴求解过程是可行的,且能够实现预期的算法目标。
为了验证本文方法的有效性,本文分别通过经典Smith法(收敛条件设置为力平衡准则< 0.001)、PSO-Smith法(收敛条件设置为目标函数< 0.001)以及本文方法(EI < 0.01%)对Dow1/3船体两种工况下极限强度进行分析与比较。计算结果、计算误差和计算时间见表3。
Case 1中垂工况以Dow试验结果为分析基准;破损船体的Case 2缺乏试验结果,因此将有限元法结果作为参考,破损舰船模型的破损剖面长边半径与破损半径保持一致。在开展剩余极限强度分析时,给含有破口及变形的船体梁模型施加如图9所示的三边位移载荷(图中红点代表船底板该位置处的底边)。船体梁的边界条件设置如下:在左、右边界处位移边界条件全部约束,船体梁的中剖面底部施加y轴正方向的位移载荷,表达式为time/0.0025,其余两个方向均约束。分析设置中的求解步数设置为100,最终位移为±400 mm(中垂为正,中拱为负),每一次位移为4 mm。模拟逐步破坏法,最终提交计算,共计计算3个工况,分别为Case 1中拱(最终位移为−400 mm)、Case 2中垂(最终位移为400 mm)和Case 2中拱(最终位移为−400 mm)。
为节省篇幅,仅展示Case 1中拱仿真计算结果。该模型的总变形云图如图10(a)所示,Case 1的中拱仿真弯矩−位移曲线结果如图10(b)所示,然后所有Dow1/3护卫舰仿真计算结果汇总在表3中。
随后参考李陈峰[4]、刘旭东[5] 等的PSO-Smith法和普通贝叶斯全局搜索Smith法将变量改进为斜率a和截距b,对上述工况进行分析,由于PSO-Smith法、普通贝叶斯全局搜索Smith法与本文所提方法所得结果差异较小,相关曲线未再单独展示,所有结果见表3。
普通贝叶斯方法与本文所提方法的计算结果对比表明,在完成普通贝叶斯全局搜索的基础上进一步引入局部混合搜索策略,虽然计算时间略有增加(约2 min),但计算精度提高约2.5%,体现了所提方法在精度与效率之间取得了更优平衡。
Case 1表明:本文基于高效全局优化的改进Smith法与文献中其他计算方法的结果吻合良好;在中垂工况下,与Dow试验值相比,计算误差为3.42%,低于传统Smith法的10.3%和PSO-Smith法的7.26%;在中拱工况下,参考Dow所计算的Smith法结果,本方法的误差为3.78%,低于于传统Smith法的7.37%和PSO-Smith法的6.67%。
破损非对称的剖面Case 2表明:本文所提方法与PSO-Smith法均考虑了中性轴的偏转,所得的计算误差均接近完整对称剖面Case 1,但本文所提方法的精度最高;而传统Smith法计算精度远低于完整对称剖面Case 1的精度,说明传统Smith法具有局限性,同时印证了本文所提方法求解非对称剖面中性轴参数波动较大的原因,进一步验证了所提方法在实际工程计算中的可靠性与适用性。
此外,在计算效率方面,虽然本文提出的方法效率低于传统Smith法,但远高于PSO-Smith法,且在三者中精度最高。
为进一步对非对称剖面进行对比分析,下面采用PSO-Smith法与本文所提方法进行精度和效率对比;为消除结果偶然性,选取翟金柱[15] 文献中的舰船模型作为新船型算例,其剖面如图11所示,详细尺寸参数见表4,材料与Dow1/3护卫舰相同。
鉴于试验成本较高,本文以有限元仿真结果为基准,设置多种破口工况开展对比分析。为考察PSO-Smith法与本文所提方法两种方法针对非对称剖面的求解效率和精度,取船底板中心为(0 m,0 m),破口中心均设置于(0 m,0.1 m),破口统一采用圆形,破口半径依次取0.03 m、0.06 m、0.09 m和0.12 m,共计4个工况,计算方法参考3.1节。由于PSO-Smith法与本文所提方法所得结果差异较小,相关曲线未再单独展示。同时为节省版面,仅仅展示本文所提方法与有限元计算的部分对比结果,如图12所示。
为直观比较PSO-Smith法与本文所提方法所有工况的计算精度和效率,将计算结果汇总于表5。
可以看出,对于非对称剖面,在破口逐渐增大的过程中,两种方法均能保持较高的计算精度。其中,本文所提方法精度略优于PSO-Smith法。这主要是因为在相同的收敛条件下,代理模型对目标函数最小值的搜索更加充分,使得求解结果略优于基于PSO的搜索策略。
值得注意的是,代理模型还能够显著降低计算量。其原因在于代理模型拟合高成本有限元或力学计算过程,在训练完成后可用极低的代价快速评估众多候选解,省去各曲率步下大量重复、昂贵的迭代计算。而PSO-Smith法需要在真实模型上进行多轮粒子更新与函数评估,计算次数远大于代理模型。因此,在曲率步数较多的逐步破坏分析中,代理模型可显著提升整体计算效率。
综上,本文提出的改进Smith法既能保持与传统求解方法相当的效率,又在计算精度上高于传统Smith法和PSO-Smith法,适合作为中性轴参数化优化与极限弯矩评估的实用工具。
本文针对基于贝叶斯优化的非对称剖面中性轴偏转问题展开研究。通过在传统力平衡准则中引入力矢量平衡条件,并融合高效全局优化算法,提出了一种基于贝叶斯优化与改进Smith法的船体非对称剖面极限弯矩评估方法。基于Dow1/3护卫舰模型的数值计算与分析,本文主要结论与贡献如下:
(1)所提出的改进Smith法具备优异的收敛性,在各类算例条件下可实现稳定收敛。
(2)该方法具备较好的自适应性:针对不同曲率步长与工况设置,算法均能保持良好收敛性能,未出现显著的局部陷入现象。
(3)传统Smith法在对称剖面工况下的精度略低于PSO-Smith法和本文所提方法,但对于非对称剖面,传统Smith法的精度远远低于前两种方法。
(4)对于非对称剖面问题,本文所提的混合优化策略在计算精度与效率上均优于对照方法,仅需较少次数的高保真评估,即可获得稳定、准确的极限弯矩结果,适合工程快速评估,具备良好的推广应用价值。
  • 辽宁省自然科学基金资助项目(2025-MSLH-567)
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2026年第30卷第9期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.09.014
  • 接收时间:2026-04-12
  • 首发时间:2026-11-03
  • 出版时间:2026-09-15
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  • 收稿日期:2026-04-12
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辽宁省自然科学基金资助项目(2025-MSLH-567)
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    1沈阳航空航天大学 机电工程学院,沈阳 110136
    2东北大学 机械工程与自动化学院,沈阳 110819
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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