Article(id=1324426995295204296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1324426994615727048, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.09.002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1770307200000, receivedDateStr=2026-02-06, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793697602341, onlineDateStr=2026-11-03, pubDate=1789401600000, pubDateStr=2026-09-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793697602341, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793697602341, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793697602341, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1324426994615727048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2026', volume='30', issue='9', pageStart='1397', pageEnd='1576', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1789401600000', pubDateStr='2026-09-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793697602180, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793699937016, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1324436787699000005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1324426994615727048, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1324436787699000006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1324426994615727048, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1411, endPage=1423, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1324426995613971401, articleId=1324426995295204296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Numerical investigation on second-order wave force and moment of ships with forward speed by frequency-domain higher-order coupled method based translating-pulsating panel and Rankine sources, columnId=1241023037940748650, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Hydrodynamics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to predict the second-order force and moment of ships sailing in waves, the fluid domain is decomposed into two parts (where the steady flow effects are considered in the internal one), and a multi-domain coupled hydrodynamic model is established based on the continuity of the flow field. Then a higher-order coupled method is developed, in which nine-node quadratic elements are employed to discretize the boundary, Rankine source is adopted to deal with the complex boundary condition near the ship and higher-order translating-pulsating panel source Green’s function (i.e., analytical integral of the Green’s function over the higher-order panel) is derived over the control surface. On this basis, formulas for second-order force and moment in oblique waves are established under the weak scattering assumption. A numerical program is developed to calculate and analyze the second-order wave forces in surge/sway and yaw moment of various ships advancing in different wave directions. The results show that the present method is more stable and accurate than the traditional higher-order translating-pulsating source method based on Gaussian quadrature formula, as well as the lower-order constant panel method. It is generally applicable to different ship types sailing in both head and oblique waves.

, authors=Yun-tao YANG1, 2, Jun-hua ZHAN3, Hui WANG4, authorsList=Yun-tao YANG, Jun-hua ZHAN, Hui WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Journal of Ship Mechanics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1324427034570666136, articleId=1324426995295204296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=CN, title=基于频域高阶移动脉动面源−Rankine耦合法的有航速船舶二阶波浪力(矩)数值预报研究, columnId=1241023038087549292, journalTitle=船舶力学, columnName=流体力学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对波浪中航行船舶的二阶力(矩)问题,本文引入虚构控制面将船外流场分为内外两部分,在内域计及船体定常绕流影响,根据流场的连续性构建多域耦合势流模型。采用九节点二次单元离散流域边界,利用Rankine源处理船体近旁复杂边界条件,推导控制面上的高阶移动脉动面源格林函数(即移动脉动源格林函数在高阶面元上的解析积分公式),建立了一种高阶移动脉动面源−Rankine耦合法。在此基础上,基于弱散射假定,建立斜浪中二阶力(矩)公式,并自主开发数值计算程序对不同船型在不同浪向下航行时的纵/横向二阶力以及艏摇二阶力矩进行计算分析。通过对比与分析发现,无论是迎浪还是斜浪,本文方法计算结果在变化趋势和精度上均与试验值吻合良好,相比传统基于高斯积分公式的高阶移动脉动源法和低阶常值元法更为稳定、精度更高,对于不同船型和浪向具有良好的普适性。

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杨云涛(1991–),男,博士,副教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

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journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324426995295204296, language=CN, label=图10, caption=S175集装箱船和散货船在不同浪向下航行时的纵向二阶波浪力, figureFileSmall=aoTBZ04ahOBb8TTEahpWvg==, figureFileBig=rFnAD3HoXN9MHShAhp0t9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324427267123852183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324426995295204296, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Second-order wave forces in sway and yaw directions acting on S175 advancing in beam waves, figureFileSmall=Ve1BmJXB+q0bvz8kyM8rqg==, figureFileBig=FDkFLp8hw+SRpb+9DWzVkQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324427267207738264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324426995295204296, language=CN, label=图11, caption=S175集装箱船横浪航行时的横向二阶力和艏摇二阶力矩, figureFileSmall=Ve1BmJXB+q0bvz8kyM8rqg==, figureFileBig=FDkFLp8hw+SRpb+9DWzVkQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324427267283235737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324426995295204296, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Second-order wave forces in sway and yaw directions acting on bulk cargo ship advancing in oblique waves (β=135°), figureFileSmall=qMTdihed9oA6TWMtSS2JPw==, figureFileBig=tixZ8io8sACGhfpxnLNDJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324427267362927514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324426995295204296, language=CN, label=图12, caption=散货船艏斜浪β=135°航行时的横向二阶力和艏摇二阶力矩, figureFileSmall=qMTdihed9oA6TWMtSS2JPw==, figureFileBig=tixZ8io8sACGhfpxnLNDJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324427267438424987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324426995295204296, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Principal dimensions of S175 and bulk cargo ship

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船型参数S175某散货船船型参数S175某散货船
船长L /m175183.05排水体积$\nabla $ /m32474263377.8
船宽B /m25.432.26初稳性高GM /m1.03.12
吃水D /m9.512.62纵摇惯性半径kyy /L0.240.25
), ArticleFig(id=1324427267534893980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324426995295204296, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

S175和某散货船主尺度

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船型参数S175某散货船船型参数S175某散货船
船长L /m175183.05排水体积$\nabla $ /m32474263377.8
船宽B /m25.432.26初稳性高GM /m1.03.12
吃水D /m9.512.62纵摇惯性半径kyy /L0.240.25
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基于频域高阶移动脉动面源−Rankine耦合法的有航速船舶二阶波浪力(矩)数值预报研究
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杨云涛 1, 2 , 湛俊华 3 , 王慧 4
船舶力学 | 流体力学 2026,30(9): 1411-1423
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船舶力学 |流体力学 2026 , 30 (9) : 1411 -1423
基于频域高阶移动脉动面源−Rankine耦合法的有航速船舶二阶波浪力(矩)数值预报研究
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杨云涛1, 2 , 湛俊华3, 王慧4
作者信息
  • 1江苏科技大学 船舶与建筑工程学院,江苏 镇江 215600
  • 2张家港江苏科技大学(先进金属材料)产业技术研究院,江苏 张家港 215600
  • 3中国船舶科学研究中心 水动力学国家重点实验室,江苏 无锡 214082
  • 4武汉第二船舶设计研究所,武汉 430205
作者简介:

杨云涛(1991–),男,博士,副教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

Numerical investigation on second-order wave force and moment of ships with forward speed by frequency-domain higher-order coupled method based translating-pulsating panel and Rankine sources
Yun-tao YANG1, 2 , Jun-hua ZHAN3, Hui WANG4
Affiliations
  • 1School of Naval Architecture and Civil Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 215600, China
  • 2Industrial Technology Research Institute (Advanced Metal Materials) of Zhangjiagang, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhangjiagang 215600, China
  • 3National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Hydrodynamics, China Ship Scientific Research Center, Wuxi 214082, China
  • 4Wuhan Second Ship Design and Research Institute, Wuhan 430205, China
出版时间: 2026-09-15 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.09.002
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针对波浪中航行船舶的二阶力(矩)问题,本文引入虚构控制面将船外流场分为内外两部分,在内域计及船体定常绕流影响,根据流场的连续性构建多域耦合势流模型。采用九节点二次单元离散流域边界,利用Rankine源处理船体近旁复杂边界条件,推导控制面上的高阶移动脉动面源格林函数(即移动脉动源格林函数在高阶面元上的解析积分公式),建立了一种高阶移动脉动面源−Rankine耦合法。在此基础上,基于弱散射假定,建立斜浪中二阶力(矩)公式,并自主开发数值计算程序对不同船型在不同浪向下航行时的纵/横向二阶力以及艏摇二阶力矩进行计算分析。通过对比与分析发现,无论是迎浪还是斜浪,本文方法计算结果在变化趋势和精度上均与试验值吻合良好,相比传统基于高斯积分公式的高阶移动脉动源法和低阶常值元法更为稳定、精度更高,对于不同船型和浪向具有良好的普适性。

二阶波浪力(矩)  /  高阶移动脉动面源  /  耦合法  /  九节点二次单元

In order to predict the second-order force and moment of ships sailing in waves, the fluid domain is decomposed into two parts (where the steady flow effects are considered in the internal one), and a multi-domain coupled hydrodynamic model is established based on the continuity of the flow field. Then a higher-order coupled method is developed, in which nine-node quadratic elements are employed to discretize the boundary, Rankine source is adopted to deal with the complex boundary condition near the ship and higher-order translating-pulsating panel source Green’s function (i.e., analytical integral of the Green’s function over the higher-order panel) is derived over the control surface. On this basis, formulas for second-order force and moment in oblique waves are established under the weak scattering assumption. A numerical program is developed to calculate and analyze the second-order wave forces in surge/sway and yaw moment of various ships advancing in different wave directions. The results show that the present method is more stable and accurate than the traditional higher-order translating-pulsating source method based on Gaussian quadrature formula, as well as the lower-order constant panel method. It is generally applicable to different ship types sailing in both head and oblique waves.

second-order force and moment  /  higher-order translating-pulsating panel source  /  coupled method  /  nine-node quadratic element
杨云涛, 湛俊华, 王慧. 基于频域高阶移动脉动面源−Rankine耦合法的有航速船舶二阶波浪力(矩)数值预报研究. 船舶力学, 2026 , 30 (9) : 1411 -1423 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.09.002
Yun-tao YANG, Jun-hua ZHAN, Hui WANG. Numerical investigation on second-order wave force and moment of ships with forward speed by frequency-domain higher-order coupled method based translating-pulsating panel and Rankine sources[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2026 , 30 (9) : 1411 -1423 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.09.002
波浪中航行船舶除承受一阶周期性的波浪载荷,还会受到二阶漂移力的作用。近年来,在船舶节能降耗需求激增的背景下,纵向平均二阶波浪(即波浪增阻)得到了广泛的关注[1]。然而,船舶在实际海洋环境航行时,多处于斜浪状况,此时将同时产生纵/横向二阶力和艏摇方向二阶力矩。这些二阶波浪力(矩)的存在往往会造成船舶推进效率下降、产生水平面的大位移运动,在恶劣海况下甚至会诱发船舶漂移、横甩,导致稳性丧失、倾覆失事。鉴于此,开展不同浪向下船舶水动力性能研究,建立高效准确的二阶波浪力(矩)数值预报方法,对优化船舶波浪中操纵性能、保证航行安全等具有重要意义。
在研究船舶在波浪作用下的二阶力问题时,势流模型是合理的简化和近似。早在上世纪六十年代,Maruo[2]就根据动量和能量守恒,结合速度势的远场渐进表达式,推导了无航速浮体二阶波浪力的计算公式;在此基础上,Joosen[3]通过忽略高阶项和部分耦合项,并采用遭遇波浪频率代替自然频率,研究了有航速船舶的波浪增阻问题;Kashiwagi[4]拓展了Maruo的方法,使其能够用于横向二阶波浪力和艏摇二阶力矩的计算;Salvesen[5]在弱散射假定的基础上,利用高斯定理、雷诺输运定理等推导出了另一种斜浪航行船舶二阶力(矩)的计算公式。上述方法均基于传统切片理论构建,建立在高频、低速、船体细长前提之下,但存在无法有效计及航速、三维效应等固有缺陷。
随着近年来数值算法和计算机技术的快速发展,一些学者尝试在三维势流理论框架下研究船舶二阶波浪力。Joncquez[6]和Kim等[7]基于Rankine源法获得的水动力结果,采用近场、远场公式对船舶二阶波浪力进行了数值计算,但其研究主要局限于迎浪工况;Lyu等[8]以及Zhang等[9]进一步在Rankine源法基础上,研究了斜浪航行船舶的纵/横向二阶力和艏摇二阶力矩。基于Rankine源的二阶力计算方法的优点在于可以采用更为精确复杂的边界条件,但同时也存在网格离散量大、难以处理低速低频工况下辐射条件等局限。相对而言,自由面格林函数法可以避免这些问题。Yasukawa等[10]利用无航速自由面格林函数构建数值方法,对一艘肥大的散货船在航速等于0时的二阶力(矩)进行了计算;通过引入航速修正,Fang等[11]以及Papanikolaou等[12]将该方法拓展应用于有航速船舶二阶波浪力(矩)的预报分析,但这类方法只适用于航速较低的工况。为充分考虑航速效应,对于航行船舶的二阶力问题,应基于有航速自由面格林函数进行求解。然而,受限于格林函数存在高度振荡特性及难以准确计算,目前鲜有学者基于此预报船舶二阶力。Hong等[13]在推导出的水平线段移动脉动源解析公式的基础上,针对不同航速、迎浪航行船舶的波浪增阻进行了数值计算,这是少有的基于有航速自由面格林函数对二阶力问题的研究。为了规避上述两类方法的缺陷并利用它们的优势,包括本文作者在内的一些研究人员[14-15]提出了将Rankine源和自由面格林函数相结合的混合法,然而这些研究仅局限于对纵向二阶波浪力(即波浪增阻)的计算分析。
本文针对斜浪航行船舶,基于多域耦合模型建立高阶移动脉动面源−Rankine耦合法,并将其用于不同方向二阶波浪力(矩)的数值计算。在靠近船体的内域,考虑船体定常绕流影响,采用Rankine源构建积分方程;在外域,利用移动脉动源自动满足辐射条件的优势,只需在内外域交界面(即控制面)布置源偶。数值实现时,利用九节点高阶单元离散边界积分方程,推导控制面高阶单元上的移动脉动源格林函数面积分的解析公式(即高阶移动脉动面源)以提高离散精度以及内外匹配和耦合求解的稳定性、效率和准确性。对于二阶力(矩)的求解,参照传统基于切片理论的Salvensen法推导过程,在弱散射假定下构建了相应计算公式。在此基础上,自主开发数值程序分别对细长的S175集装箱船和某肥大的散货船这两种不同船型在不同浪向、航速下的运动响应、纵/横向二阶力以及艏摇二阶力矩进行计算,并与其他数值方法的结果以及试验数据进行比较分析。
设船舶在规则波中斜浪航行,引入图1所示的虚构控制面将船体周围流域分割为内、外两部分。其中,内域由船体表面、内域自由面和控制面所围成,外域由辐射面、外域自由面和控制面所围成。在随船运动的参考坐标系o-xyz中,内、外域的绕辐射势均可以分解为
$ \begin{split} \mathit{\Phi }\left(x, y, z, t\right)=&\mathrm{Re}\left\{\left[{\varphi }_{\text{D}}\left(x, y, z\right)-\right.\right.\\& \left.\left.\mathrm{i}{\omega }_{\text{e}}\sum \limits_{j=1}^{6}{X}_{j}{\varphi }_{j}\left(x,y,z\right)\right]{\mathrm{e}}^{-\mathrm{i}{{\omega }_{\mathrm{e}}}t}\right\}\end{split} $
式中:$ \mathit{\Phi }\left(x, y, z, t\right) $为内/外域的绕辐射势;$ {\varphi }_{\text{D}}\left(x, y, z\right) $和$ {\varphi }_{j}\left(x,y,z\right) $分别表示内/外域空间绕射势和规范化辐射势;i为虚数单位;$ {X}_{j} $表示船舶的摇荡运动幅值;$ {\omega }_{\text{e}} $为遭遇频率,它取决于波浪频率ω0、浪向角β和船舶航速U。
内、外域绕辐射势$ {\varphi }_{\text{D}} $和φj的控制方程为Laplace方程,为了保证解的唯一性,需要施加合适的边界条件。根据船体表面的不可穿透性,可得$ {\varphi }_{\text{D}} $和φj的物面边界条件分别为
$ \frac{\partial {\varphi }_{\text{D}}}{\partial n}=-\frac{\partial {\varphi }_{0}}{\partial n}  $
$ \frac{\partial {\varphi }_{j}}{\partial n}= {n}_{j}+\frac{\text{i}}{{\omega }_{\text{e}}}{m}_{j}  \;\;(j=1, \cdots ,6) $
式中:$ \dfrac{\partial (\cdot )}{\partial n} $表示边界法向偏导(指向流域外);φ0为入射势;n1、n2和n3分别表示物面法向沿x、y和z轴的分量,$ {n}_{4}=y{n}_{3}-z{n}_{2} $,$ {n}_{5}=z{n}_{1}-x{n}_{3} $,$ {n}_{6}=x{n}_{2}-y{n}_{1} $;mj表示船舶在波浪中航行时,物面边界条件中定常扰动对非定常扰动的影响。以往为了简化数值计算,通常假设定常扰动为小量而忽略不计,这势必会影响计算精度。鉴于此,本文采用考虑定常扰动的mj表达式:$ ({m}_{1},{m}_{2},{m}_{3})=-\left(({n}_{1},{n}_{2},{n}_{3})\cdot \nabla \right)\nabla ({\varphi }_{\mathrm{S}}-Ux) $,$ ({m}_{4},{m}_{5},{m}_{6})=-\left(({n}_{1},{n}_{2},{n}_{3})\cdot \nabla \right)\left((x,y,z)\times \nabla ({\varphi }_{\mathrm{S}}-Ux)\right) $,其中φS为定常扰动势(它是由船舶在静止流场中以恒定速度航行引起的速度势,本文直接采用文献[15]中的源分布法对其进行求解)。
对于内域自由面,为了提高精度,同样考虑定常扰动影响,$ {\varphi }_{\text{D}} $和φj分别采用如下边界条件
$ {\left(\text{i}{\omega }_{\text{e}}+U\frac{\partial }{\partial x}\right)}^{2}{\varphi }_{\text{D}}+g\frac{\partial {\varphi }_{\text{D}}}{\partial z}-\text{i}{\omega }_{\text{e}}{\overline{\nabla }}^{2}{\varphi }_{\text{S}}{\varphi }_{\text{D}}-2\text{i}{\omega }_{\text{e}}\overline{\nabla }{\varphi }_{\text{S}}\cdot \overline{\nabla }{\varphi }_{\text{D}}=\text{i}{\omega }_{\text{e}}{\overline{\nabla }}^{2}{\varphi }_{\text{S}}{\varphi }_{0}+2{\mathrm{i}}{\omega }_{\mathrm{e}}\overline{\nabla }{\varphi }_{\text{S}}\cdot \overline{\nabla }{\varphi }_{0} $
$ {\left(\text{i}{\omega }_{\text{e}}+U\frac{\partial }{\partial x}\right)}^{2}{\varphi }_{j}+g\frac{\partial {\varphi }_{j}}{\partial z}-\text{i}{\omega }_{\text{e}}{\overline{\nabla }}^{2}{\varphi }_{\text{S}}{\varphi }_{j}-2\text{i}{\omega }_{\text{e}}\overline{\nabla }{\varphi }_{\text{S}}\cdot \overline{\nabla }{\varphi }_{j}=0 $
在外域自由面,由于船体定常绕流的影响较小,$ {\varphi }_{\text{D}} $和φj采用均流线性化自由面条件
$ {\left(\text{i}{\omega }_{\text{e}}+U\frac{\partial }{\partial x}\right)}^{2}\varphi +g\frac{\partial \varphi }{\partial z}=0 $
式中:φ代表φD或φj。
除了上述边界条件,还需要补充控制面上的匹配条件
$ {\varphi }_{\text{inner}}={\varphi }_{\text{outer}},\;\;  \frac{\partial {\varphi }_{\text{inner}}}{\partial n}=\frac{\partial {\varphi }_{\text{outer}}}{\partial n} $
式中:$ {\varphi }_{\text{inner}} $和$ {\varphi }_{\text{outer}} $分别表示控制面内侧和外侧速度势;$ \dfrac{\partial (\cdot )}{\partial n} $为沿控制面上由内域指向外域的法向的导数。该条件保证了内、外域流动的连续性。另外,$ {\varphi }_{\text{D}} $和φj还满足无限深处扰动为0以及无穷远处有扰动波外传的边界条件[16]。
根据格林第三公式,上述内/外域绕辐射势问题可转换为边界上的积分方程来数值求解。在内域,为了便于处理复杂自由面条件(4)和(5),采用简单格林函数(又称Rankine源)构造边界积分方程
$ 4{\text{π}} \alpha (p)\varphi (p)={\iint }_{{{S}_{ \text{B}}}+{S_{\text{F}}^{\text{inner}}}+{{S}_{ \text{I}}}}\left[{G}_{0}\left(p,q\right)\frac{\partial \varphi (q)}{\partial n}-\varphi \left(q\right)\frac{\partial {G}_{0}(p,q)}{\partial n}\right]\text{d}S $
式中:$ {G}_{0}\left(p,q\right)=\dfrac{1}{r(p,q)} $,$ r(p,q) $为场点$ p\left(x, y, z\right) $与源点$ q\left(\xi , \eta , \zeta \right) $之间的距离;SB为船体湿表面,$ S_{{}_{\text{F}}}^{\text{inner}} $为内域自由面,SI为内外域交界面(即控制面);$ 4{\text{π}} \alpha (p) $为边界在场点p处的立体角。将上一节中内域绕辐射势φD和φj满足的物面和自由面条件代入上式,可得
$ \begin{split} & 4{\text{π}} C\left(p\right){\varphi }_{\text{D}}\left(p\right)+{\iint }_{{{S }_{\text{B}}}+{S_{\text{F}}^{\text{inner}}}+{{S }_{\text{I}}}}{\varphi }_{\text{D}}\frac{\partial {G}_{0}}{\partial n}\text{d}S-{\iint }_{{{S }_{\text{I}}}}{G}_{0}\frac{\partial {\varphi }_{\text{D}}}{\partial n}\text{d}S-\frac{1}{g}{\iint }_{{S_{\text{F}}^{\text{inner}}}}{G}_{0}\left[\mathrm{i}{\omega }_{\text{e}}{\overline{\nabla }}^{2}{\varphi }_{\text{s}}{\varphi }_{\text{D}}+2\mathrm{i}{\omega }_{\text{e}}\overline{\nabla }{\varphi }_{\text{s}}\cdot \overline{\nabla }{\varphi }_{\text{D}}-\right.\\& \left.{\left(\text{i}{\omega }_{\text{e}}+U\frac{\partial }{\partial x}\right)}^{2}{\varphi }_{\text{D}}\right]\text{d}S =-{\iint }_{{{S }_{\text{B}}}}{G}_{0}\frac{\partial {\varphi }_{0}}{\partial n}\text{d}S+\frac{1}{g}{\iint }_{{S_{\text{F}}^{\text{inner}}}}{G}_{0}\left[\text{i}{\omega }_{\text{n}}{\overline{\nabla }}^{2}{\varphi }_{{\mathrm{s}}}{\varphi }_{0}+2\text{i}{\omega }_{\text{e}}\overline{\nabla }{\varphi }_{\text{s}}\cdot \overline{\nabla }{\varphi }_{0}\right]\text{d}S\end{split} $
$ \begin{split} & 4{\text{π}} C\left(p\right){\varphi }_{j}\left(p\right)+{\iint }_{{{S }_{\text{B}}}+{S_{\text{F}}^{\text{inner}}}+{{S }_{\text{I}}}}{\varphi }_{j}\frac{\partial {G}_{0}}{\partial n}\text{d}S-{\iint }_{{{S }_{\text{I}}}}{G}_{0}\frac{\partial {\varphi }_{j}}{\partial n}\text{d}S-\frac{1}{g}{\iint }_{{S_{\text{F}}^{\text{inner}}}}{G}_{0}\left[ {\text{i}}{\omega }_{\text{e}}{\overline{\nabla }}^{2}{\varphi }_{{\mathrm{s}}}{\varphi }_{j}+\right.\\& \left.2{\text{i}}{\omega }_{\text{e}}\overline{\nabla }{\varphi }_{{\mathrm{s}}}\cdot \overline{\nabla }{\varphi }_{j}-{\left({\text{i}}{\omega }_{\text{e}}+U\frac{\partial }{\partial x}\right)}^{2}{\varphi }_{j}\right]\text{d}S ={\iint }_{{{S }_{\text{B}}}}{G}_{0}\left({n}_{j}+\frac{\text{i}}{{\omega }_{\text{e}}}{m}_{j}\right)\text{d}{S }_{q}\end{split} $
在外域,采用自动满足辐射条件和均流线性化自由面条件的移动脉动源GF在内外域交界面上构造积分方程如下
$ 4{\text{π}} C(p)\varphi (p)={\iint }_{{{S}_{ \text{I}}}}\left(\varphi \frac{\partial {G}_{\text{F}}}{\partial n}-{G}_{\text{F}}\frac{\partial \varphi }{\partial n}\right)\text{d}S-\frac{1}{g}{\int}_{{{C}_{\text{w}}}}\left[2U{\text{i}}{\omega }_{\text{e}}\varphi {G}_{\text{F}}-{U}^{2}\left(\varphi \frac{\partial {G}_{\text{F}}}{\partial \xi }-{G}_{\text{F}}\frac{\partial \varphi }{\partial \xi }\right)\right]\text{d}\eta $
式中:Cw表示控制面与自由面的交线;移动脉动源GF的表达式为[17]
$ {G}_{\text{F}}(p,q)=\frac{1}{r(p,q)}-\frac{1}{{r}_{1}(p,q)}+\sum\limits_{m,n=1}^{2}\int\limits_{0}^{\text{π}}\frac{(-1{)}^{m-1}{k}_{{m}}{{\mathrm{e}}}^{{{k}_{{m}}}{{\alpha }_{n}}}\left[{E}_{1}\left({k}_{{m}}{\alpha }_{{n}}\right)+2\text{π}{\mathrm{i}}{H}_{{mn}}\right]}{\text{π}\sqrt{1-4\tau \cos \theta }}\text{d}\theta $
式中:$ {r}_{1}(p,q) $为场点$ p\left(x, y, z\right) $与源点$ q\left(\xi , \eta , \zeta \right) $关于自由面的镜像点之间的距离;$ {E}_{1}(\cdot ) $为复指数积分函数;Hmn为阶跃函数;τ=Uωe/g;$ {k}_{m}=\dfrac{1-2\tau \cos \theta +{(-1)}^{m}\sqrt{1-4\tau \cos \theta }}{2{U}^{2}{\cos }^{2}\theta }g $;方便起见,将上式中的第三项(航速相关项)记为G*。分别将内域积分方程(9)、(10)与外域积分方程(11)耦合求解便可得到流场的绕辐射势。
从耦合积分方程(9)、(10)和(11)可以看出,由于本文采用的耦合求解方法在内域采用Rankine源,规避了传统自由面格林函数法数值求解时的船体水线积分项计算;此外,内域Rankine源格林函数计算简单、不存在振荡,也可以避免求解非直壁船型水动力响应时,由于移动脉动源格林函数在近自由面处的高度振荡特性导致的计算不稳定问题(见论文第3章)。
数值求解上述内外域耦合积分方程时,首先需要对边界进行离散处理。传统常值单元离散法简单易于实现,但离散量大、单元间不连续且难以获得精确边界导数,易导致二阶力计算精度不足。鉴于此,本文采用图2所示的九节点二次单元对边界进行离散。离散化后的积分方程中与格林函数及其偏导数相关的面积分(即影响系数)的计算是数值求解的关键。
对于内域积分方程(9)和(10),其采用的格林函数G0是一个随场源点相对位置平滑变化的函数,因此直接利用传统高斯求积公式计算与其相关的面积分,便可得到准确的影响系数结果[18]。然而,对于外域积分方程(11),由于移动脉动源中的航速相关项G*在近自由面处呈现出高度振荡特性,采用常规数值积分方法难以实现精确积分计算[19],这势必会导致内外域匹配和耦合求解时的不稳定、不准确和效率低下问题。鉴于此,本文将在高阶离散单元中采用解析方法计算外域积分方程影响系数。
将图2中的九节点单元分割成四个四节点单元,在每个四节点单元内建立局部坐标系o'ξ'η'。根据分段多项式逼近,四节点单元中任意位置处的速度势及其法向导数可表示为
$ \begin{cases} \varphi =\displaystyle\sum \limits_{k=1}^{4}{N}_{k}(\xi ',\eta '){\varphi }^{k}\\\dfrac{\partial \varphi }{\partial n}=\displaystyle\sum \limits_{k=1}^{4}{N}_{k}(\xi ',\eta ')\dfrac{\partial {\varphi }^{k}}{\partial n}\end{cases} $
式中:$ {\varphi }^{k} $和$ \dfrac{\partial {\varphi }^{k}}{\partial n} $分别表示四节点单元中第k个节点处的速度势及其法向导数;$ {N}_{k}(\xi ',\eta ') $表示四节点单元中第k个节点对应的形函数,它的表达式为:$ {N}_{k}\left(\xi ',\eta '\right)=\left({a}_{k}+{b}_{k}\xi '+{c}_{k}\eta '+{d}_{k}\xi '\eta '\right)/D $,其中ak、bk、ck、dk和D为与单元节点坐标相关的系数,具体可见文献[20]。
于是,在每个四节点单元中,外域积分方程(11)中与G*及其法向偏导相关的面积分可以表示为
$ \begin{cases} {\displaystyle\iint }_{\mathit{\Delta }s}{G}^{*}\dfrac{\partial \varphi }{\partial {n}_{q}}\text{d}{S }_{q}=\displaystyle\sum\limits_{k=1}^{4}\dfrac{\partial {\varphi }^{k}}{\partial n}{\displaystyle\iint }_{\mathit{\Delta }s}{N}_{k}\left({\xi }^{\text{'}},{\eta }^{\text{'}}\right){G}^{*}\text{d}S=\dfrac{1}{D}\displaystyle\sum\limits_{k=1}^{4}\dfrac{\partial {\varphi }^{k}}{\partial n}{\displaystyle\iint }_{\mathit{\Delta }s}\left({a}_{k}+{b}_{k}{\xi }^{\text{'}}+{c}_{k}{\eta }^{\text{'}}+{d}_{k}{\xi }^{\text{'}}{\eta }^{\text{'}}\right){G}^{*}\text{d}S\\{\displaystyle\iint }_{\mathit{\Delta }s}\varphi \dfrac{\partial {G}^{*}}{\partial {n}_{q}}\text{d}{S }_{q}=\displaystyle\sum\limits_{k=1}^{4}{\varphi }^{k}{\displaystyle\iint }_{\mathit{\Delta }s}{N}_{k}\left({\xi }^{\text{'}},{\eta }^{\text{'}}\right)\dfrac{\partial {G}^{*}}{\partial n}\text{d}S=\dfrac{1}{D}\displaystyle\sum\limits_{k=1}^{4}{\varphi }^{k}{\displaystyle\iint }_{\mathit{\Delta }s}\left({a}_{k}+{b}_{k}{\xi }^{\text{'}}+{c}_{k}{\eta }^{\text{'}}+{d}_{k}{\xi }^{\text{'}}{\eta }^{\text{'}}\right)\dfrac{\partial {G}^{*}}{\partial n}\text{d}S\end{cases} $
将上式右侧的二重积分按先$ \xi ' $后$ \eta ' $次序进行积分,可以推得如下解析计算公式如下
$\begin{split} {G}^{{{{\mathrm{I}}}^{*}}}=&\sum\limits_{i=1}^{4}\sum\limits_{m,n=1}^{2}\int\limits_{0}^{{\text{π}} }(-1{)}^{m-1}{C}_{\tau }{C}_{n}\left\{\left[{a}_{k}+\frac{{b}_{k}\left({k}_{m}{\overline{b}}_{i}-{C}_{n}\right)}{{k}_{m}}\right]L_{E}^{1}+\left[{c}_{k}+{b}_{k}{\overline{k}}_{i}+\frac{{d}_{k}\left({k}_{m}{\overline{b}}_{i}-{C}_{n}\right)}{{k}_{m}}\right]L_{E}^{2}+{d}_{k}{\overline{k}}_{i}L_{E}^{3}+\right.\\& \left.{C}_{n}\left({b}_{k}L_{\alpha }^{1}+{d}_{k}L_{\alpha }^{2}\right)+\left({a}_{k}-\frac{{C}_{n}{b}_{k}}{{k}_{m}}-{C}_{n}{b}_{k}{D}_{n}\right)L_{\text{1n}}^{1}+\left({c}_{k}-{C}_{n}{b}_{k}C_{n}^{\text{'}}-\frac{{C}_{n}{b}_{k}}{{k}_{m}}-{C}_{n}{d}_{k}{D}_{n}\right)L_{1\text{n}}^{2}-{C}_{n}{d}_{k}C_{n}^{\text{'}}L_{1\text{n}}^{3}\right\}\text{d}\theta \end{split}$
$ \begin{split} G_{n}^{{\text{I}}^{*}}=&\sum\limits_{i=1}^{4}\sum\limits_{m,n=1}^{2}\int\limits_{0}^{\text{π}}\left[-{n}_{1}{(-1)}^{m-1}\text{icos}\theta -{n}_{2}{\left(-1\right)}^{m+n}{\mathrm{i}}\sin \theta +{n}_{3}{\left(-1\right)}^{m+1}\right]{C}_{\tau }{C}_{n}\\&\left[\left({k}_{m}{a}_{k}+{k}_{m}{b}_{k}{\overline{b}}_{i}-{C}_{n}{b}_{k}\right)L_{E}^{1}+{(k}_{m}{c}_{k}+{k}_{m}{b}_{k}{\overline{k}}_{i}+{k}_{m}{d}_{k}{\overline{b}}_{i}-{C}_{n}{d}_{k})L_{E}^{2}+{k}_{m}{d}_{k}{\overline{k}}_{i}L_{E}^{3}-{C}_{n}\left({b}_{k}L_{1\text{n}}^{1}+{d}_{k}L_{1\text{n}}^{2}\right)\right]\text{d}\theta \end{split}$
式中:$ {G}^{\mathrm{I}*} $称为高阶移动脉动面源格林函数,$ G_{n}^{\mathrm{I}*} $为其法向偏导数;$ {C}_{\tau }=\dfrac{1}{{\text{π}} \sqrt{1-4\tau \cos \theta }} $,$ {C}_{n}=\dfrac{1}{{g}_{1}-{\mathrm{i}}\left[{e}_{1}\cos \theta +{\left(-1\right)}^{{n}-1}{f}_{1}\sin \theta \right]} $,$ {C}_{n}'={g}_{2}-{\mathrm{i}}[{e}_{2}\cos \theta +{(-1)}^{{n}-1}{f}_{2}\sin \theta ] $,e1,e2,f1,f2,g1,g2为常系数,它们取决于面元和坐标平面间的夹角;$ {D}_{n}=z+{\zeta }_{0}{+}{\mathrm{i}}[(x-{\xi }_{0})\mathrm{cos}\theta +{(-1)}^{n-1}(y-{\eta }_{0})\mathrm{sin}\theta ] $,其中(ξ0, η0, ζ0)为局部坐标系o'ξ'η'原点坐标;$ \overline{{k}_{i}} $和$ \overline{{b}_{i}} $分别为四节点单元第i条边的斜率和截距;$ L_{E}^{1} $、$ L_{E}^{2} $和$ L_{E}^{3} $分别为$ \left[{E}_{1}({k}_{m}{\alpha }_{n})+2{\text{π}} \mathrm{i}{H}_{mn}\right]{{\mathrm{e}}}^{{{k}_{m}}{{\alpha }_{n}}} $、$ \eta '\left[{E}_{1}({k}_{m}{\alpha }_{n})+2{\text{π}} \mathrm{i}{H}_{mn}\right]{{\mathrm{e}}}^{{{k}_{m}}{{\alpha }_{n}}} $和$ \eta {'}^{2}\left[{E}_{1}({k}_{m}{\alpha }_{n})+2{\text{π}} \mathrm{i}{H}_{mn}\right]{{\mathrm{e}}}^{{{k}_{m}}{{\alpha }_{n}}} $的积分;$ {\alpha }_{n}=\left(z+\zeta \right)+ \mathrm{i}\left[\left(x-\xi \right)\cos \theta +{\left(-1\right)}^{n-1}\left(y-\eta \right)\sin \theta \right] $;$ L_{\ln }^{1} $, $ L_{\ln }^{2} $ 和 $ L_{\ln }^{3} $ 分别为$ \ln {\alpha }_{n} $,$ \eta '\ln {\alpha }_{n} $和$ \eta {'}^{2}\ln {\alpha }_{n} $的积分;$ L_{\alpha }^{1} $和$ L_{\alpha }^{2} $分别为$ {\alpha }_{n} $和$ \eta '{\alpha }_{n} $的积分。
基于公式(15),开发计算程序,便可在高阶离散单元中准确快速地计算出外域积分方程的影响系数。为了验证上述解析方法的可靠性,选择与y轴垂直、形心位于(0, 0, −0.51)的单位正方形作为积分单元,分别计算场点沿水平(x轴)、垂直方向(z轴)变化时高阶移动脉动面源格林函数$ {G}^{\mathrm{I}*} $及其x向偏导数$ G_{x}^{\mathrm{I}*} $,结果如图3所示。除了本文计算结果,图中还给出了采用传统高斯积分公式得到的结果以及精确值[21]。可以看出,本文建立的解析方法可以准确计算出所有场点处$ {G}^{\mathrm{I}*} $及其偏导数的值;而在场点x→0,z→0时,传统高斯积分即使采用大量高斯点,$ {G}^{\mathrm{I}*} $偏导数的计算结果与精确值仍然存在相当的偏差。
在基于上述高阶移动脉动面源−Rankine耦合法求得速度势后,利用Bernoulli方程计算流场压强p沿船体瞬时湿表面SB(t)积分,可以推得作用在船体上的波浪力为
$ \begin{split} \boldsymbol{F}& = {\iint }_{{{S }_{\text{B}}}(i)}p\cdot \text{nd}S\overset{\text{高斯定理}}={\iiint }_{V(i)}\nabla p\text{d}V-{\iint }_{{{S }_{\text{ω}}}}p\cdot \boldsymbol{n}\text{d}S\\ & =-\rho {\iiint }_{V(t)}\left(\nabla \frac{\partial \mathit{\Psi }}{\partial t}+\frac{1}{2}\nabla {\left| \nabla \mathit{\Psi }\right| }^{2}\right)\text{d}V+\rho {\iiint }_{{{S }_{\text{ω} }}}\left(\frac{\partial \mathit{\Psi }}{\partial t}+\frac{1}{2}{\left| \nabla \mathit{\Psi }\right| }^{2}\right)\cdot \boldsymbol{n}\text{d}S\\ & \overset{\text{雷诺输运定理}}=-\rho \frac{\text{d}}{\text{d}t}{\iint }_{{{S }_{\text{B}}}(i)+{{S }_{\text{F}}}(i)}\mathit{\Psi }\cdot \boldsymbol{n}\text{d}S-\rho {\iint }_{{{S }_{\text{ω} }}}\left[\frac{\partial \mathit{\Psi }}{\partial n}\nabla \mathit{\Psi }-\frac{1}{2}|\nabla \mathit{\Psi }{|}^{2}\cdot \boldsymbol{n}\right]\text{d}S\end{split} $
式中:$ \mathit{\Psi } $为流场总速度势,包括定常扰动势φS、入射势$ {\mathit{\Phi }}_{0} $和绕辐射势$ \mathit{\Phi } $;ρ为水密度;V(t)为船体表面、自由面、无穷远场的辐射面以及水底面间的区域。可以证明,上式右端的第一个积分项的时间平均值等于0,因此它对船体受到的平均二阶力没有贡献。参照传统基于切片理论的Salvensen法推导过程[5],在弱散射假定下(即$ \mathit{\Phi }\ll {\mathit{\Phi }}_{0} $),可得由上式右端第二个积分项引起的平均二阶波浪力为
$ {\overline{F}}^{(2)}=\frac{k}{2}\text{Re}\left\{\sum\limits_{j=1}^{6}\left(-\text{i}\overline{{X}_{j}}f_{j}^{F-{K}^{*}}+\rho {\omega }_{\text{e}}\overline{{X}_{j}}{\iint }_{{{S}_{ \text{B}}}}{\varphi }_{j}\frac{\partial \varphi _{0}^{*}}{\partial n}\text{d}S\right)+\rho {\mathrm{i}}{\iint }_{{{S}_{ \text{B}}}}\left({\varphi }_{\text{D}}\frac{\partial \varphi _{0}^{*}}{\partial n}+\frac{\partial {\varphi }_{0}}{\partial n}\varphi _{0}^{*}\right)\text{d}S\right\}(\cos \beta ,\sin \beta ) $
式中:k为波数;$ \varphi _{0}^{*} $和$ f_{j}^{F-K*} $分别为入射势和入射波浪力的共轭复数;$ \overline{{X}_{j}} $为船体沿j方向的摇荡运动复数幅值。
类似地,可推导出作用于船体的艏摇方向二阶波浪力矩为
$ \begin{split} \overline{M}_{z}^{(2)}=&\frac{\rho }{2}\text{Re}\left\{k{\omega }_{{\mathrm{e}}}\sum\limits_{j=1}^{6}\left(\overline{{X}_{j}}{\iint }_{{{S }_{\text{B}}}}\left[{\varphi }_{j}\frac{\partial \left(x\sin \beta -y\cos \beta \right)\varphi _{0}^{*}}{\partial n}-\left({n}_{j}+\frac{\text{i}}{{\omega }_{{\mathrm{e}}}}\right){m}_{j}\right)\left(x\sin \beta -y\cos \beta \right)\varphi _{0}^{*}\right]\text{d}S)+\right.\\& \left.{\mathrm{i}}k{\iint }_{{{S }_{\text{B}}}}\left[{\varphi }_{\text{D}}\frac{\partial \left(x\sin \beta -y\cos \beta \right)\varphi _{0}^{*}}{\partial n}+\frac{\partial {\varphi }_{0}}{\partial n}\left(x\sin \beta -y\cos \beta \right)\varphi _{0}^{*}\right]\text{d}S-{\iint }_{{{S }_{\text{B}}}}\left(\overline{{X}_{3}}-x\overline{{X}_{5}}\right)k\varphi _{0}^{*}U{n}_{2}\text{d}S-\right.\\& \left.{\iint }_{L}\left(\overline{{X}_{3}}-x\overline{{X}_{5}}\right)\left[\varphi _{0}^{*}\left(x,\frac{b(x)}{2},0\right){n}_{2}\left(x,\frac{b(x)}{2},0\right)+\varphi _{0}^{*}\left(x,\frac{-b(x)}{2},0\right){n}_{2}\left(x,\frac{-b(x)}{2},0\right)\right]U\text{d}x\right\}\end{split}$
式中:b(x)表示纵坐标为x处的船舶宽度。
根据公式(17)和(18)可以发现,求解二阶波浪力(矩)的核心在于流场绕辐射势以及船舶运动响应的计算。本文在前文多域耦合模型框架下,采用高阶移动脉动面源−Rankine耦合法对其进行数值计算。
基于上述方法,开发了一套求解船舶运动响应和二阶力(矩)的数值程序。选取S175集装箱船(细长型船体)和某散货船(肥大型船体)作为计算模型,考察计算方法和程序的效果。其中,S175船在公开发表文献中存在船型资料和试验资料[22],而散货船的相关耐波性数据则来源于中国船舶科学研究中心的水池模型试验。表1和图4分别给出了这两艘船的主尺度以及几何模型。
首先,针对迎浪状态下船舶在不同遭遇频率下航行时的运动和二阶力进行计算。图5给出了S175在Fr=0.275时的垂荡和纵摇运动响应,图6给出了其在不同航速下的纵向二阶波浪力随入射波长的变化。需要注意的是,由于本文2.3节中给出的二阶力计算公式是基于线性频域势流理论建立的,并不适用于非线性影响较大的短波工况。因此,本文在计算波长较短时的二阶波浪力时,参照文献[15]采用半经验公式进行修正。除了本文方法计算结果,图中还包括了基于移动脉动水平线段源的常值元法[13, 23]、基于移动脉动源的高阶面元法[24]以及Rankine源法[25-26]的结果。可以发现,无论是运动响应还是二阶波浪力,高阶移动脉动源法的计算结果存在一定的振荡性,这主要是因为该方法在计算积分方程影响系数时,所采用的传统高斯方法难以获得具有高度振荡特征的移动脉动源格林函数面积分的准确值。基于移动脉动水平线段源的常值元法可以解决此问题,但是由于采用低精度的常值单元对边界进行离散,以及无法在自由面条件中计及船舶定常扰动影响等原因,在共振频率附近的结果与试验值差异较大。相对而言,本文建立的高阶移动脉动面源−Rankine耦合法不仅具有较好的计算稳定性,预报精度在不同频率下均令人满意,比基于移动脉动水平线段源的常值元法和Rankine源法更接近试验值。图7进一步给出了S175迎浪航行时的纵向一阶波浪力与二阶波浪力对比,可以发现二阶力从数值上来说远小于一阶力。然而,由于二阶力的存在会导致船舶阻力增加、引起水平面的位移运动等,因此准确预报它的大小对于船舶在波浪中的操纵、航行安全等至关重要。
图8进一步给出了更为肥大的散货船以航速Fr=0.182迎浪航行时,纵向二阶波浪力的计算结果与试验值的对比。可以发现,对于肥大型船舶,本文建立的方法同样可以获得令人满意的二阶力预报精度。
上述计算结果验证了本文建立的高阶移动脉动面源−Rankine耦合法在迎浪工况下的有效性,下面进一步对S175集装箱船和散货船开展斜浪航行时的运动和二阶力数值预报。图9给出了不同浪向下,S175的垂荡、横摇和纵摇运动计算结果与试验值的对比。流体粘性主要影响船舶的横摇运动,而对其他几个自由度的运动影响不大。为了考虑船舶斜浪航行时粘性对横摇运动以及相应二阶力的影响,本文求解运动方程时,在上述势流理论计算水动力的基础上,还额外补充了基于CFD方法计算得到的粘性阻尼系数修正[27]。从图中的结果可以看出,本文建立的高阶移动脉动面源−Rankine耦合法在各个浪向下的运动响应预报结果均与试验值吻合良好,这为进一步基于公式(16)和(17)准确计算二阶力(矩)奠定了基础。
图10(a)和(b)分别为S175集装箱船和散货船在不同浪向下航行时的纵向二阶波浪力与相关试验结果的对比。为了便于比较,图中还包括了前面一节计算的迎浪中船舶纵向二阶力结果。从图中结果可以看出,本文方法对于所研究的两种船型,不仅能够较准确地计算迎浪工况下的纵向二阶波浪力,斜浪工况下的数值预报结果也与试验值吻合良好。船舶以不同的遭遇浪向在波浪中航行时,受到的纵向二阶力随波长的变化曲线相似,均先增大后减小。但是随着浪向角的增大,纵向二阶波浪力的峰值对应的波长逐渐增大。这主要是因为船舶在航行中实际经历的波浪频率是遭遇频率,当浪向角增大时,入射波长必须相应增大,这样才能维持遭遇频率与固有频率相等的共振条件。
图11~12进一步给出了S175集装箱船和散货船分别在横浪和艏斜浪β=135°中航行时,横向二阶波浪力和艏摇二阶波浪力矩的计算结果与试验值的对比。可以发现,无论是横浪还是斜浪,本文方法计算结果在变化趋势和精度上均与试验值吻合良好;对于S175,本文方法的计算结果相比已有文献[9]中基于Rankine源法的结果更接近试验值。
本文在频域势流理论框架下,基于多域耦合模型和高阶移动脉动面源−Rankine耦合法,建立了可用于不同浪向二阶力(矩)预报的数值方法和程序。通过系统计算和分析,得出以下结论:
(1)基于多域耦合模型的高阶移动脉动面源−Rankine耦合法在船体近场的内部流域,采用考虑定常扰动影响的自由面和物面条件,利用Rankine源能灵活处理复杂边界条件的优势构建积分方程;在外域,通过引入自动满足辐射条件和均流线性化自由面条件的移动脉动源,在控制面上构建匹配积分方程,并推导出高阶面元离散下影响系数的解析公式,解决了由格林函数剧烈振荡特性导致的内外域匹配和耦合求解时的不稳定、不准确等问题;
(2)在船舶运动响应和二阶波浪力计算中,本文方法相比传统基于高斯积分公式的高阶移动脉动源法更为稳定,相比采用低阶常值单元离散且未在自由面条件中计入船舶定常扰动影响的常值元法计算精度更高;
(3)对文中涉及的典型船型(细长S175集装箱船和肥大散货船),数值计算所得不同浪向下的纵/横向二阶力以及艏摇方向二阶力矩均与模型试验值吻合良好,表明本文构建的基于高阶移动脉动面源−Rankine耦合法的二阶波浪力(矩)预报方法对于不同船型和浪向具有良好的普适性。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52671394);江苏省基础研究计划资助(BK20251830);镇江市科技计划项目(基础研究专项)(JC2024016);江苏高校“青蓝工程”资助项目
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2026年第30卷第9期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.09.002
  • 接收时间:2026-02-06
  • 首发时间:2026-11-03
  • 出版时间:2026-09-15
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  • 收稿日期:2026-02-06
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(52671394);江苏省基础研究计划资助(BK20251830);镇江市科技计划项目(基础研究专项)(JC2024016);江苏高校“青蓝工程”资助项目
作者信息
    1江苏科技大学 船舶与建筑工程学院,江苏 镇江 215600
    2张家港江苏科技大学(先进金属材料)产业技术研究院,江苏 张家港 215600
    3中国船舶科学研究中心 水动力学国家重点实验室,江苏 无锡 214082
    4武汉第二船舶设计研究所,武汉 430205
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