Article(id=1324426361183543823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1324426184037114137, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.08.012, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1768406400000, receivedDateStr=2026-01-15, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793697451158, onlineDateStr=2026-11-03, pubDate=1786723200000, pubDateStr=2026-08-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793697451158, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793697451158, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793697451158, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1324426184037114137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2026', volume='30', issue='8', pageStart='1221', pageEnd='1396', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1786723200000', pubDateStr='2026-08-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793697408922, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793697408922, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1365, endPage=1376, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1324426361456173584, articleId=1324426361183543823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Design and verification of marine metal-rubber-based impact isolator, columnId=1242129251223274417, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Structural Mechanics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address the severe shock protection requirements of marine heavy equipment, this paper proposes a metal rubber impact isolator featuring both high-temperature resistance and corrosion resistance, capable of meeting operational requirements in complex marine environments. The isolator adopts a series-parallel combination of multiple metal rubber components as its cushioning and energy-absorbing elements, which ensures a high load-bearing capacity while achieving a favorable linear elastic working range. Additionally, the stiffness and damping characteristics are adjusted by means of parallel linear springs. A dynamic model of the impact isolator is established to analyze the influence of stiffness and damping on its shock isolation performance. The mechanical properties and impact resistance of the isolator are verified through experimental tests. Experimental results demonstrate that the isolator exhibits excellent linear elasticity within a stroke of ±9 mm, with an average stiffness of 7.45×106 N/m, an equivalent damping ratio of approximately 0.43, and a limit load capacity of 6.5 t. Under the impact of a 2.2 t drop hammer falling freely from a height of 8.6 mm, the impact loss factor reaches 1.03 and the shock transmissibility is 0.0038, indicating excellent impact resistance performance. This study will provide a reference for the design of impact isolators for marine heavy equipment.

, authors=Qing-shan CHEN1, Yi-zhong ZHUANG2, 3, Wei-guo YANG1, Xiao-wei SU1, Kui-ming YI1, Xin-bin ZHANG2, 3, Jun-ning CUI2, 3, authorsList=Qing-shan CHEN, Yi-zhong ZHUANG, Wei-guo YANG, Xiao-wei SU, Kui-ming YI, Xin-bin ZHANG, Jun-ning CUI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Journal of Ship Mechanics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1324426379093222030, articleId=1324426361183543823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=CN, title=船用金属橡胶型冲击隔离器设计与验证, columnId=1241023038926410098, journalTitle=船舶力学, columnName=结构力学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对船用重型设备的剧烈冲击防护需求,本文提出一种兼具耐高温、耐腐蚀特性的金属橡胶型冲击隔离器,可适应复杂海洋环境下的使用要求。该隔离器采用多金属橡胶串并联组合作为缓冲吸能单元,在保证大承载能力的同时,获得了良好线弹性工作区间,并通过并联线弹簧调配刚度与阻尼特性。构建冲击隔离器动力学模型,分析了刚度与阻尼特性对冲击隔离性能的影响规律,并通过试验测试验证了冲击隔离器的力学及抗冲击性能。结果表明,冲击隔离器在±9 mm的行程内具有良好的线弹性,平均刚度为7.45×106 N/m,等效阻尼比约为0.43,极限承载6.5 t;2 t落锤从8.6 mm高度自由落体冲击下,冲击损耗因子达1.03,冲击传递率为0.0038,表现出了良好的抗冲击性能。本研究将为船用重型设备的冲击隔离器设计提供参考。

, authors=陈青山1, 庄逸忠2, 3, 杨伟国1, 苏晓炜1, 易奎铭1, 张新彬2, 3, 崔俊宁2, 3, authorsList=陈青山, 庄逸忠, 杨伟国, 苏晓炜, 易奎铭, 张新彬, 崔俊宁, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

陈青山(1992–),男,硕士,工程师,E-mail:

庄逸忠(1998–),男,博士研究生,E-mail:

崔俊宁(1981−),男,博士,教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

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Instrument Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
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3超精密仪器技术及智能化工业和信息化部重点实验室(哈尔滨工业大学),哈尔滨 150080, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1324426504981053867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324426361183543823, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324426505022996908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324426361183543823, companyId=1324426504981053867, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Center of Ultra-Precision Optoelectronic Instrument Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324426505043968429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324426361183543823, companyId=1324426504981053867, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2哈尔滨工业大学超精密光电仪器工程研究所,哈尔滨 150080)]), AuthorCompany(id=1324426505392095662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324426361183543823, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324426505404678575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324426361183543823, companyId=1324426505392095662, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Key Lab of Ultra-precision Intelligent Instrumentation (Harbin Institute of Technology), Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin 150080, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324426505413067184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324426361183543823, companyId=1324426505392095662, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3超精密仪器技术及智能化工业和信息化部重点实验室(哈尔滨工业大学),哈尔滨 150080)])]), Author(id=1324426507396973010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324426361183543823, orderNo=6, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=cuijunning@hit.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1324426507489247701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324426361183543823, authorId=1324426507396973010, language=EN, stringName=Jun-ning CUI, firstName=Jun-ning, middleName=null, lastName=CUI, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, 3, address=2Center of Ultra-Precision Optoelectronic Instrument Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
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崔俊宁(1981−),男,博士,教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

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崔俊宁(1981−),男,博士,教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

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Main components and key parameters

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部件材料关键尺寸
金属橡胶单元316不锈钢外径92 mm、内径31 mm、丝径0.3 mm
线弹簧316不锈钢外径50 mm、内径25 mm、长度80 mm
其他结构件316不锈钢整体外径380 mm、高度288 mm
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主要构件及相关参数

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部件材料关键尺寸
金属橡胶单元316不锈钢外径92 mm、内径31 mm、丝径0.3 mm
线弹簧316不锈钢外径50 mm、内径25 mm、长度80 mm
其他结构件316不锈钢整体外径380 mm、高度288 mm
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Impact input excitation curve parameters

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时间
参数
t1/mst2/mst3/mst4/msa1/
(m·s−2)
a2/
(m·s−2)
值4.310.769.4108.4145.67−15.98
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冲击激励输入曲线参数

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时间
参数
t1/mst2/mst3/mst4/msa1/
(m·s−2)
a2/
(m·s−2)
值4.310.769.4108.4145.67−15.98
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Parameters of elastic-damping components in the impact isolator

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元件名称预压缩量平均刚度/(N·m−1)等效阻尼比单侧串联数量n单侧并联数量m
金属橡胶50%约7.34×106约0.264
线弹簧10%0.558×106约014
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冲击隔离器刚度和阻尼元件参数

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元件名称预压缩量平均刚度/(N·m−1)等效阻尼比单侧串联数量n单侧并联数量m
金属橡胶50%约7.34×106约0.264
线弹簧10%0.558×106约014
), ArticleFig(id=1324426511335424513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324426361183543823, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Design parameters of the impact isolator

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
冲击隔离器参数计算值
上、下层刚度7.13×106 N/m
极限承载6.42×104 N
限制位移9 mm
), ArticleFig(id=1324426511415116290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324426361183543823, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

冲击隔离器设计参数

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冲击隔离器参数计算值
上、下层刚度7.13×106 N/m
极限承载6.42×104 N
限制位移9 mm
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Experimental results of impact performance for the impact isolator prototype

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试验次数冲击变形/mm冲击刚度/(N·m−1)损耗因子冲击传递率
14.161.92×1071.080.0030
23.992.02×1070.980.0043
34.081.99×1071.020.0039
44.012.00×1071.010.0041
54.121.97×1071.060.0036
), ArticleFig(id=1324426511582888452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324426361183543823, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

冲击隔离器原理样件冲击性能试验结果

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试验次数冲击变形/mm冲击刚度/(N·m−1)损耗因子冲击传递率
14.161.92×1071.080.0030
23.992.02×1070.980.0043
34.081.99×1071.020.0039
44.012.00×1071.010.0041
54.121.97×1071.060.0036
), ArticleFig(id=1324426511683551749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324426361183543823, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Impact performance of different impact isolation structures

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
冲击隔离类型金属橡胶型冲击隔离器聚氨酯橡胶减振环[22]钢丝绳隔离器[23]碟簧隔离器[24]
冲击损耗因子1.080.035~0.0650.439~1.20.35~0.58
承载/kg2000.0−4.016.9
体积×103/m332.7−约0.5约0.3
单位体积承载能力×103/(kg·m−3)61.2−8.056.3
冲击刚度/(N·m−1)1.98×1071.95×107约2.00×105约7×103
), ArticleFig(id=1324426511754854918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324426361183543823, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

不同冲击隔离结构冲击性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
冲击隔离类型金属橡胶型冲击隔离器聚氨酯橡胶减振环[22]钢丝绳隔离器[23]碟簧隔离器[24]
冲击损耗因子1.080.035~0.0650.439~1.20.35~0.58
承载/kg2000.0−4.016.9
体积×103/m332.7−约0.5约0.3
单位体积承载能力×103/(kg·m−3)61.2−8.056.3
冲击刚度/(N·m−1)1.98×1071.95×107约2.00×105约7×103
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船用金属橡胶型冲击隔离器设计与验证
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陈青山 1 , 庄逸忠 2, 3 , 杨伟国 1 , 苏晓炜 1 , 易奎铭 1 , 张新彬 2, 3 , 崔俊宁 2, 3
船舶力学 | 结构力学 2026,30(8): 1365-1376
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船舶力学 |结构力学 2026 , 30 (8) : 1365 -1376
船用金属橡胶型冲击隔离器设计与验证
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陈青山1 , 庄逸忠2, 3 , 杨伟国1, 苏晓炜1, 易奎铭1, 张新彬2, 3, 崔俊宁2, 3
作者信息
  • 1中广核研究院有限公司,广东 深圳 518031
  • 2哈尔滨工业大学超精密光电仪器工程研究所,哈尔滨 150080
  • 3超精密仪器技术及智能化工业和信息化部重点实验室(哈尔滨工业大学),哈尔滨 150080
作者简介:

陈青山(1992–),男,硕士,工程师,E-mail:

庄逸忠(1998–),男,博士研究生,E-mail:

崔俊宁(1981−),男,博士,教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

Design and verification of marine metal-rubber-based impact isolator
Qing-shan CHEN1 , Yi-zhong ZHUANG2, 3 , Wei-guo YANG1, Xiao-wei SU1, Kui-ming YI1, Xin-bin ZHANG2, 3, Jun-ning CUI2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1China Nuclear Power Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518031, China
  • 2Center of Ultra-Precision Optoelectronic Instrument Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
  • 3Key Lab of Ultra-precision Intelligent Instrumentation (Harbin Institute of Technology), Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin 150080, China
出版时间: 2026-08-15 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.08.012
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针对船用重型设备的剧烈冲击防护需求,本文提出一种兼具耐高温、耐腐蚀特性的金属橡胶型冲击隔离器,可适应复杂海洋环境下的使用要求。该隔离器采用多金属橡胶串并联组合作为缓冲吸能单元,在保证大承载能力的同时,获得了良好线弹性工作区间,并通过并联线弹簧调配刚度与阻尼特性。构建冲击隔离器动力学模型,分析了刚度与阻尼特性对冲击隔离性能的影响规律,并通过试验测试验证了冲击隔离器的力学及抗冲击性能。结果表明,冲击隔离器在±9 mm的行程内具有良好的线弹性,平均刚度为7.45×106 N/m,等效阻尼比约为0.43,极限承载6.5 t;2 t落锤从8.6 mm高度自由落体冲击下,冲击损耗因子达1.03,冲击传递率为0.0038,表现出了良好的抗冲击性能。本研究将为船用重型设备的冲击隔离器设计提供参考。

金属橡胶  /  抗冲击  /  冲击隔离器  /  船用重型设备

To address the severe shock protection requirements of marine heavy equipment, this paper proposes a metal rubber impact isolator featuring both high-temperature resistance and corrosion resistance, capable of meeting operational requirements in complex marine environments. The isolator adopts a series-parallel combination of multiple metal rubber components as its cushioning and energy-absorbing elements, which ensures a high load-bearing capacity while achieving a favorable linear elastic working range. Additionally, the stiffness and damping characteristics are adjusted by means of parallel linear springs. A dynamic model of the impact isolator is established to analyze the influence of stiffness and damping on its shock isolation performance. The mechanical properties and impact resistance of the isolator are verified through experimental tests. Experimental results demonstrate that the isolator exhibits excellent linear elasticity within a stroke of ±9 mm, with an average stiffness of 7.45×106 N/m, an equivalent damping ratio of approximately 0.43, and a limit load capacity of 6.5 t. Under the impact of a 2.2 t drop hammer falling freely from a height of 8.6 mm, the impact loss factor reaches 1.03 and the shock transmissibility is 0.0038, indicating excellent impact resistance performance. This study will provide a reference for the design of impact isolators for marine heavy equipment.

metal rubber  /  impact resistance  /  impact isolator  /  marine heavy equipment
陈青山, 庄逸忠, 杨伟国, 苏晓炜, 易奎铭, 张新彬, 崔俊宁. 船用金属橡胶型冲击隔离器设计与验证. 船舶力学, 2026 , 30 (8) : 1365 -1376 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.08.012
Qing-shan CHEN, Yi-zhong ZHUANG, Wei-guo YANG, Xiao-wei SU, Kui-ming YI, Xin-bin ZHANG, Jun-ning CUI. Design and verification of marine metal-rubber-based impact isolator[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2026 , 30 (8) : 1365 -1376 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.08.012
舰船长期服役于复杂的海洋环境中,容易遭受非接触爆炸冲击、海浪冲击以及撞击等冲击载荷影响,其中舰用设备受到外部剧烈冲击容易造成损毁,进而影响到舰船正常运行[1]。目前船用设备主要在设备与船体之间安装隔离系统来抑制设备的冲击响应。现有隔离系统多采用橡胶、空气弹簧等含弹性元件,虽然具备良好的缓冲能力,但是存在高温下易老化和使用寿命短的问题,难以满足海洋复杂环境下的冲击隔离需求。
金属橡胶是由螺旋金属丝经缠绕、冲压成型的弹性多孔阻尼材料,兼具金属的力学性能与橡胶的弹性阻尼特性,具有高承载、高耗能、耐腐蚀等优点,并且在冲击吸能领域应用前景广阔[2-3]。国内外学者围绕其性能优化开展了大量研究,在结构设计方面,针对金属橡胶优化设计已开发多种构型[4−7],并与其他弹性元件组合形成性能优异的隔离器。Shi等[8]设计了基于金属橡胶的二级多向隔离系统,利用其各向异性实现三个方向的振动隔离,有效拓宽了隔振带宽并降低了共振峰;任志英等[9]提出金属橡胶与线弹簧并联的复合结构,通过弹簧的线性刚度减弱了纯金属橡胶隔离器的非线性度,同时抑制了隔离系统的谐振点峰值;董万元等[10]揭示了金属橡胶与线弹簧复合的隔离器刚度随着承载质量增大而呈现近似线性−弱非线性−强非线性的分布规律;李玉龙等[11]采用上下双金属橡胶对称布置的结构,解决了单金属橡胶单元拉压不对称的问题。但是现有的设计多聚焦于小振动和宽频随机振动的应用场景,针对船用重型设备大承载与强冲击工况的多金属橡胶串并联组合式冲击隔离器的研究较少。
在金属橡胶冲击响应与能量耗散机理研究方面,赵相禹等[12]发现冲击载荷作用下金属橡胶内部金属丝形变以及金属丝之间的干摩擦是耗散冲击能量的主要方式;唱忠良等[13]通过试验和仿真验证了采用弹簧阻尼单元模拟金属橡胶冲击动力学特性的有效性;刘泽[14]研究了冲击载荷的幅值、金属橡胶的相对密度以及负载质量对冲击隔离系数的影响规律;金鸣等[15]进一步研究了金属橡胶在高加速度峰值、长持续时间冲击激励以及不同配重下的冲击特性规律;Zhang等[16]在金属橡胶抗冲击性能分析研究中指出,最小线径和最大相对密度的金属橡胶样品在预压缩较大时表现出更加优异的冲击隔离性能;李上洲[17]揭示了不同冲击速度下金属橡胶的耗散机理;Zou等[18]研究了金属橡胶构件在高速冲击下的动态响应与破坏特性,发现其动态弹性模量与应变率和相对密度相关。而现有金属橡胶冲击方向的研究多集中于单一金属橡胶元件的冲击特性,对多金属橡胶组合的冲击特性研究较少,且金属橡胶的力学特性具有极强的非线性,导致其理论建模和有限元仿真分析难度大,在实际应用中存在可设计性、可分析差的问题,往往需要借助大量的试验对设计方案进行检验和改进。
针对上述需求与研究不足,本文面向船用重型设备,基于具有耐腐蚀、耐高温特性的金属橡胶为弹性阻尼元件,提出一种船用金属橡胶型冲击隔离器,通过金属橡胶与线弹簧串并联组合调配刚度阻尼特性,进而改善其可设计性;构建该冲击隔离器的冲击系统动力学模型,分析刚度阻尼特性对冲击隔离性能的影响;开展有限元强度分析,验证关键构件在BV043/85标准冲击载荷的可靠性;通过准静态试验与落锤冲击试验,测试隔离器的线弹性与耗能特性以及抗冲击性能,并与其他典型隔离器进行比较。该研究能够为舰船抗冲击系统的金属橡胶型冲击隔离器的设计与应用提供理论参考。
弹性系数和阻尼系数是冲击隔离器的两个核心指标,弹性系数越低,冲击传递力越小,缓冲位移越大;阻尼系数过低,冲击后振荡时间长,而阻尼系数过高,则冲击传递力会偏高。实际应用中,设备对冲击隔离器的要求,不仅是冲击传递力小,同时对缓冲位移也有限制,例如支撑的设备多与外界存在管道连接,过大的缓冲位移可能导致管道破裂。因而,冲击隔离器的设计需根据支撑对象的物理特征,综合考虑弹性系数和阻尼系数的合理匹配,才能获得最优的冲击隔离效果。
基于该思想,本文提出一种基于金属橡胶的冲击隔离器,如图1所示,冲击隔离器内部缓冲吸能单元采用上下对称式的分布形式,由中间滑架将上下两组元件完全分隔。滑架兼顾导向和缓冲元件容纳功能,其侧面沿轴向加工有导向滑槽以限制径向位移;滑架内部上下端面分别设有独立的金属橡胶容纳槽与线弹簧容纳槽,用于安装对应类型的弹性阻尼元件。与传统上下对称式隔离器采用的板型结构相比,本文所设计的一体式滑架具有更优异的结构强度与抗冲击性能,能够承受剧烈冲击作用而不发生结构失效。
缓冲吸能单元采用多层环形金属橡胶串联堆叠,多单元并联的形式,在具备大承载能力的同时拥有良好线弹性的工作区间,同时并联线弹簧调配整个缓冲吸能单元的弹性和阻尼特性,以获得期望的冲击隔离性能。线弹簧提供中间滑架复位的弹力并调配冲击隔离器的弹力,导柱分别贯穿金属橡胶与弹簧中心起导向作用,冲击隔离器轴向截面如图1(b)所示,线弹簧与金属橡胶以环形交替方式均匀分布于轴心周围,确保受力均衡。
本文以质量为596.4 t的船用重型设备为研究对象,采用多组冲击隔离器阵列组成的隔离系统对其进行支撑。根据设备承载与安装空间要求,确定冲击隔离器设计目标为:单个冲击隔离器承载2 t,缓冲最大行程$ \text{9 mm} $,以防止过大的缓冲行程将导致某些管道发生塑性变形,冲击隔离器关键构件的材料与几何参数如表1所示。
该冲击隔离器采用螺栓固定,下部与船体基座固连,上部与被隔离设备相连。金属橡胶自身具有非线性特性,且非线性程度随着变形量的增加而增强。为此,本文采用多层金属橡胶串联堆叠成单元,多单元并联的布置方案,通过串联结构将冲击隔离器的相对位移均匀分摊至各层金属橡胶元,使每层金属橡胶均工作在小变形的线性区间;基于该方案,该金属橡胶组在所设计的工作行程内呈现近似线性特性,因此在进行动力学建模时,将非线性刚度与非线性阻尼等效为等效线性刚度和等效粘性阻尼。
船体外部冲击载荷经船体传递至冲击隔离器,即冲击隔离器底部会受到冲击激励$ \ddot{u}(t) $,为了定量分析冲击隔离器的抗冲击性能,建立如图2所示的冲击隔离器单自由度抗冲击系统模型。设单个金属橡胶元件的刚度为$ {k}_{0} $,阻尼为$ {c}_{0} $,单侧采用$ {n}_{0} $层串联堆叠、每层并联$ {m}_{0} $个的布置方式;单个弹簧的刚度为$ {k}_{1} $,单侧采用$ {n}_{1} $串联堆叠、每层并联$ {m}_{1} $个的布置方式;单侧缓冲元件的等效刚度、等效阻尼分别为$ {k}_{\text{d}} $、$ {c}_{\text{d}} $,因此冲击隔离器的总刚度为
$ k=2{k}_{\text{d}}=2\left(\frac{{m}_{0}}{{n}_{0}}{k}_{0}+\frac{{m}_{1}}{{n}_{1}}{k}_{1}\right) $
总阻尼为
$ c=2{c}_{\text{d}}=2\frac{{m}_{0}}{{n}_{0}}{c}_{0} $
模型中,被隔离设备等效为质量块m,其绝对加速度响应为$ \ddot{z}(t) $,绝对位移响应为$ z(t) $,隔离器底部的绝对位移为$ u(t) $,二者之间的相对位移为$ x(t)=z(t)-u(t) $,建立系统的动力学方程
$ m\ddot{x}+c\dot{x}+kx=-m\ddot{u} $
式中:c、k分别为冲击隔离器的总刚度和总阻尼,$ \dot{x}(t) $、$ \ddot{x}(t) $分别为底部与被隔离设备之间相对速度与相对加速度。
根据单自由度系统冲击理论,系统在受到冲击脉冲I的响应为
$ x=\frac{I}{{\omega }_{0}}{{\mathrm{e}}}^{-\xi {{\omega }_{\text{n}}}t}\sin {\omega }_{\text{d}}\tau $
对于任意载荷$ \ddot{u}(t) $的总响应
$ x=-\frac{1}{{\omega }_{\text{d}}}\int \limits_{0}^{t}\ddot{u}(\tau ){{\mathrm{e}}}^{-\xi {{\omega }_{\text{n}}}(t-\tau )}\sin {\omega }_{\text{d}}(t-\tau )\mathrm{d}\tau $
设定初值条件$ \dot{x}(t)=0 $;$ \ddot{x}(t)=0 $。
式中:t为激励时间,$ \tau $为积分算子,$ {\omega }_{\text{d}}={\omega }_{\text{n}}\sqrt{1-{\xi }^{2}} $为阻尼固有频率,$ {\omega }_{\text{n}}=\sqrt{k/m} $为固有频率,$ \xi $为阻尼比。
本研究外部爆炸冲击载荷参考德国海军舰船抗冲击标准BV043/85,采用如图3所示的组合三角波表征时域冲击加速度曲线。
基于单自由度冲击模型得到的响应表达式,设定基本参数为:被隔离设备的等效质量m=2000 kg,输入基础激励为符合 BV043/85 标准的组合三角波冲击加速度,其中正三角形峰值为145.67 m/s2,冲击作用时间10.7 ms,负三角形峰值为15.98 m/s2,冲击作用时间97.7 ms,完整的参数如表2所示。
在表2所示的冲击载荷作用下,分别改变冲击隔离系统缓冲元件的总刚度和总阻尼,计算参数对冲击隔离系统的相对位移峰值$ {x}_{\max } $和被隔离设备绝对加速度峰值$ {\ddot{z}}_{\max } $的影响规律,分析结果分别如图4和5所示。
由图4、图5的结果分析可知,隔离系统的最大相对位移与缓冲元件的刚度和阻尼比呈负相关,而被隔离设备的加速度响应峰值与刚度呈正相关。当刚度从1.0×106 N/m 增加到9.0×106 N/m 时,阻尼比分别为0.1、0.2、0.3、0.4,对应的最大相对位移分别减少了57%、59%、60%、59%。这表明提高刚度是影响隔离器相对位移的主要因素,而阻尼比对其影响较小。同时,不同阻尼比下被隔离设备加速度响应的峰值分别增加了287%、259%、222%、202%,可见阻尼比越高,刚度对加速度响应峰值的影响效果越弱。在高刚度区域,阻尼比可显著降低加速度响应峰值。但是在阻尼比为0.4时的加速度峰值较阻尼比为0.3时有所增加,应当合理选择隔离系统的阻尼比。
因此,船用重型设备冲击隔离器应当采用高刚度以及高阻尼的设计原则,采用较高刚度可确保大承载能力以及限制最大相对位移,同时较高的阻尼比可解决高刚度带来的加速度响应峰值问题。基于此结论,本文将隔离器的额定刚度设为7.00×106 N/m,确保冲击响应位移小于9 mm,并通过金属橡胶串并联结构尽可能提升阻尼特性。
金属橡胶的刚度与阻尼特性均受变形量和预压缩量的共同影响,其刚度非线性程度随变形量的增大而增强,阻尼特性随预压缩量的增大而增强,因此在设计中应尽可能提高金属橡胶的预压缩量。缓冲元件参数如表3所示。
由表3和式(1)计算可得,冲击隔离器的单侧理论平均刚度为7.13×106 N/m,极限载荷可由平均刚度与位移的乘积计算得到,单侧缓冲行程为9 mm,则冲击隔离器的关键参数如表4所示。
为验证冲击隔离器在剧烈冲击载荷作用下关键构件的设计可靠性,本节基于图1所示的三维几何模型和表1、表4所列的主要设计参数,建立如图6所示的有限元仿真模型,用于分析冲击过程中关键构件的应力和变形分布情况。该模型中,上盖板、外壳、底板以及滑架等关键构件均采用316不锈钢;金属橡胶与线弹簧基于理论计算值,采用弹簧阻尼单元进行等效模拟。边界条件与接触设置如下:上盖板、底板与外壳之间采用绑定设置,滑架与外壳之间设置无摩擦滑动接触,限制其仅能沿轴向运动。将隔离系统中等效预载质量2 t以均布质量的形式施加在滑架内部圆柱表面,以模拟实际工况下外部连接后的质量情况。冲击载荷采用符合 BV043/85 标准的合成三角波加速度基础激励,施加于底板底面,其主要参数如表2所示。
冲击载荷作用下关键构件的应力分布如图7所示。其中,图7(a)为上盖受冲击载荷后的最大等效应力云图,图7(b)为滑架受冲击载荷后的最大等效应力云图,其中最大等效应力分别为59.968 MPa和25.056 MPa,远小于材料的许用应力,这表明所设计的冲击隔离器的关键构件具有良好的抗冲击强度,能够在大冲击载荷下保持结构稳定。
为测试冲击隔离器的准静态刚度和阻尼特性,采用美国MTS810型电液伺服疲劳试验机搭建的试验系统,如图8所示。试验过程中,冲击隔离器置于试验机与激励输入平台上,由该激励输入平台向上施加准静态压缩载荷;冲击隔离器的滑架通过连接螺栓与试验机的载荷接收平台接触。加载过程中,试验机施加的准静态激励由螺栓传递至滑架作用在内部上下两侧的金属橡胶与线弹簧元件,同时由试验机采集载荷与位移数据,进而计算得到隔离器的刚度和阻尼特性。
在空载状态下,试验机以0.5 mm/min的恒定速度分别对冲击隔离器上下两侧的缓冲元件施加位移激励,最大位移为 9 mm,试验记录冲击隔离器加载和卸载的力−位移曲线,结果如图9所示。
从图9 可知,冲击隔离器的准静态加载−卸载过程中表现出迟滞特性,加载曲线、卸载曲线与横轴所围面积代表一个加载循环隔离器耗散能量△W,而加载曲线与横轴所围的面积代表总输入势能W。试验测得,在$ \text{±9 mm} $的行程内,隔离器压缩方向的最大载荷为$ 7.60\times {10}^{4}\text{ N} $,拉伸方向的最大载荷为 $ -5.81\times {10}^{4}\text{ N} $。因此,计算得到冲击隔离器的准静态平均刚度为 7.45×106 N/m;取压缩和拉伸方向最大载荷的平均值,得到隔离器的平均极限承载为6.71×104 N。与理论计算结果对比可知,试验测得的平均刚度和平均最大承载相较于理论计算值偏大。
金属橡胶型冲击隔离器的阻尼主要来源于金属橡胶内部金属丝之间的干摩擦耗能,其能量耗散系数可定义为一个完整的加载−卸载循环内的耗散能量与总输入势能之比,因此,冲击隔离器准静态试验条件下的单侧能量耗散系数可表示为
$ \eta =\frac{{\Delta }W}{W} $
式中:ΔW是单侧缓冲元件一个循环的耗散能量,$ W $是一个循环内的总输入势能。
由式(6)计算可得,冲击隔离器的耗能系数约为0.43,而当预紧量较大时,系统阻尼比可由能量耗散系数近似替代[19-20],即系统阻尼比约为0.43,明显优于单个金属橡胶元件的阻尼比特性,其主要原因是隔冲器装配后,金属橡胶元件与导杆、腔体之间发生的接触挤压与摩擦产生额外的阻尼。
冲击隔离器的隔离性能可以通过瞬态单脉冲冲击试验系统进行测试,其中落锤式冲击试验装置是常用的冲击试验设备,试验装置如图10所示,该冲击试验通过落锤自由落体产生的冲击力直接作用在冲击隔离器外接螺栓上,输入力由上至下传递,输出端被钳制,输出速度趋近于零,输出为传递力。螺栓头部固定加速度传感器,用于记录冲击隔离器受落锤冲击后的加速度,冲击隔离器底部放置力传感器,用于记录冲击隔离器的传递力。
为确定冲击试验中落锤的跌落高度,根据冲击隔离器静态性能曲线(图9压缩部分曲线),通过对准静态载荷和位移曲线进行积分得到所需的冲击能量$ E $=186 J。已知,本试验采用的落锤质量M为2000 kg,根据能量守恒定律,落锤势能全部转化为隔离器的压缩变形能,即
$ E=mg\left(h+{X}_{\max }\right)=\frac{1}{2}{P}_{\max }\cdot {X}_{\max } $
式中:h为落锤自由下落的高度;$ {X}_{\max } $为准静态压缩最大位移,由图9可以直接读出;$ {P}_{\max } $为准静态压缩最大位置的载荷,由图9可以直接读出。
由式(7)计算可得,落锤自由下落的高度h为$ \text{8.6 mm} $。
落锤撞击冲击隔离器的连接螺栓后,各类传感器同步采集得到冲击隔离器顶部加速度曲线、位移曲线、冲击传递力曲线分别如图11、图12和图13 所示,基于位移曲线与冲击传递力曲线,绘制试验过程中的冲击传递力−变形迟滞曲线,如图14所示。
如图14所示,冲击传递力−变形迟滞曲线的横坐标为试验系统冲击隔离器冲击变形瞬态试验值,纵坐标为试验系统传递力瞬态试验值。由于冲击大变形引起的非线性和冲击响应过程呈自振衰减状态,故冲击传递力−变形迟滞回线呈现不对称性。本文采用最大冲击位移Xch、等效冲击刚度Kch、冲击损耗因子$ {\eta }_{\text{ch}} $与冲击传递率TA四个指标表征冲击隔离器的抗冲击特性[21],基于图14的冲击传递力−变形迟滞回线,利用椭圆法可得到等效冲击刚度及冲击损耗因子,冲击隔离器各抗冲击特性指标的计算公式如下
$ {K}_{\text{ch}}={F}_{\text{t}}/{X}_{\text{ch}} $
$ {\eta }_{\text{ch}}\approx \sqrt{F_{\text{m}}^{2}-F_{\text{t}}^{2}}/{F}_{\text{t}} $
$ {T}_{\text{A}}\approx {F}_{\text{m}}/M\ddot{A} $
式中:Ft为最大冲击弹性力,单位为N;Fm为最大冲击传递力,单位为N;Ft和Fm由图14冲击传递力−变形迟滞回线中直接读出。
为保证试验结果的可靠性,对同一冲击隔离器进行5次重复落锤冲击试验,处理后的结果如表5所示。结果表明,冲击隔离器在落锤高度8.6 mm的冲击下,其冲击变形为4.07 mm;等效冲击刚度为1.98×107 N/m;冲击损耗因子为1.03;冲击传递率为0.0038,冲击隔离器具有良好的抗冲击性能,同时能够多次稳定地吸收外部冲击。
本文所设计的冲击隔离器实际刚度与理论计算刚度相对误差为$ {\varepsilon }_{\text{k}} $= 4.56%,整体等效阻尼比约为0.43,较单个金属橡胶元件的等效阻尼比提升了115%,具有良好的阻尼耗能特性。多次重复冲击试验结果表明,该冲击隔离器具有良好的抗冲击性能与稳定性。
为评估本文所设计金属橡胶型冲击隔离器的抗冲击性能,选取聚氨酯橡胶减振环、钢丝绳隔离器、碟簧隔离器作为对比对象。汇总其文献报道的关键参数如表6所示,通过对比承载能力、体积、损耗因子等关键性指标,评估不同结构的抗冲击和承载能力。
从表6可知,与其他典型冲击隔离结构相比,本文所设计金属橡胶型冲击隔离器的冲击损耗因子远高于聚氨酯橡胶减振环,与钢丝绳隔离器的上限相当,单位体积承载能力明显高于其他隔离器。因此,该隔离器兼具优异的能量耗散能力和单位体积承载能力,具有良好的综合性能。
本文针对船用重型设备的剧烈冲击防护的需求,提出一种兼具耐高温、耐腐蚀特性的金属橡胶型冲击隔离器,可适应复杂海洋环境下的使用要求。该结构的缓冲吸能单元通过多金属橡胶串并联组合的方式,在具备大承载能力的同时拥有良好线弹性的工作区间,再并联线弹簧调配整个缓冲吸能单元的弹性与阻尼特性。通过分析冲击隔离器的动力学特性、关键构件的有限元分析、整体的准静态试验以及落锤试验,验证了冲击隔离器的力学性能与抗冲击效能,主要结论如下:
(1)隔离系统的最大相对位移与缓冲元件的刚度和阻尼比呈负相关,而被隔离设备的加速度响应峰值与刚度呈正相关。因此,船用重型设备冲击隔离器应当采用高刚度以及高阻尼的设计原则,采用较高刚度可确保大承载能力并限制最大相对位移,同时通过较高的阻尼比来降低高刚度带来的加速度响应峰值增大的问题。
(2)按照德国BV043/85标准,以596.4 t船载设备的冲击载荷作为有限元仿真的激励输入。冲击隔离器关键构件的最大等效应力均在材料的安全应力范围内,这验证了所设计冲击隔离器的关键构件具有良好的抗冲击性能,能够在大冲击载荷下保持结构稳定。
(3)冲击隔离器的准静态平均刚度为7.45×106 N/m,最大承载能力为6.7×104 N,等效阻尼比可达0.43,明显优于金属橡胶元件,这表明冲击隔离器具有良好的承载能力以及阻尼特性。
(4)落锤冲击试验(2 t锤体,8.6 mm高度)结果显示,冲击隔离器最大压缩位移为4.07 mm,冲击传递率低至0.0038,这表明冲击隔离器具备显著的抗冲击特性。
该冲击隔离器通过金属橡胶和线弹簧搭配设计,实现了良好的弹性阻尼特性、大承载特性以及优异的抗冲击特性,满足舰船重型设备抗冲击性能的需求,为舰船重型设备的抗冲击系统设计提供了重要参考。

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2026年第30卷第8期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.08.012
  • 接收时间:2026-01-15
  • 首发时间:2026-11-03
  • 出版时间:2026-08-15
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  • 收稿日期:2026-01-15
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    1中广核研究院有限公司,广东 深圳 518031
    2哈尔滨工业大学超精密光电仪器工程研究所,哈尔滨 150080
    3超精密仪器技术及智能化工业和信息化部重点实验室(哈尔滨工业大学),哈尔滨 150080
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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