Article(id=1324426300047372992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1324426184037114137, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.08.010, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1768492800000, receivedDateStr=2026-01-16, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793697436582, onlineDateStr=2026-11-03, pubDate=1786723200000, pubDateStr=2026-08-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793697436582, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793697436582, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793697436582, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1324426184037114137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2026', volume='30', issue='8', pageStart='1221', pageEnd='1396', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1786723200000', pubDateStr='2026-08-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793697408922, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793697408922, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1332, endPage=1343, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1324426300248699585, articleId=1324426300047372992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Modeling and solution method for vibration transmission of multi-segment support thrust shafting with variable cross-section and variable stiffness, columnId=1242129251223274417, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Structural Mechanics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

At present, submarine propulsion shafts are gradually developing towards shorter shafts, and they have features such as multi-segment, variable cross-section, and variable bearing oil-film stiffness. The existing analytical methods are mostly based on uniform beam theory, which has limitations in solving multi-segment and variable cross-section shaft systems. To address this issue, this paper proposes an analytical calculation method for the modal and vibration transmission of multi-segment, variable cross-section, and variable stiffness-supported propulsion shaft systems based on the Timoshenko beam vibration theory. This method has high solution efficiency and good agreement with finite element results. Based on this theoretical model and calculation method, the paper studies the influence of bearing stiffness variation, bearing simulation methods and bearing span on the vibration characteristics of complex propulsion shaft systems. The results show that this analytical method is highly practical and can effectively consider the influence of the variation in bearing oil film stiffness on the vibration of the shafting system. The main manifestation is that as the bearing speed and frequency increase, the bearing stiffness decreases and the natural frequency of the propeller shaft reduces. In addition, when modeling the shafting system, it is recommended that the number of simulated springs for the bearing be more than two, and the bearing span should not be too large. It should be selected based on the effective length of the actual bearing; otherwise, the deviation of each natural frequency will increase.

, authors=Guo-cai CHEN1, Cai-yu YIN1, Ao JIA1, Yun-hui ZHANG1, Ming LIU2, authorsList=Guo-cai CHEN, Cai-yu YIN, Ao JIA, Yun-hui ZHANG, Ming LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Journal of Ship Mechanics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1324426325938811821, articleId=1324426300047372992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=CN, title=任意多段变截面变刚度支撑推进轴系振动传递建模及求解方法, columnId=1241023038926410098, journalTitle=船舶力学, columnName=结构力学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

当前潜艇推进轴逐渐向短轴发展,且具备多段、变截面、轴承油膜刚度可变等特点。现有解析方法以均匀梁为主,对多段变截面轴系求解存在不足。针对该问题,本文提出了一种基于Timoshenko梁振动理论推导的任意多段变截面变刚度支撑的推进轴系模态振型及振动传递解析计算方法,该方法求解效率高、与有限元结果吻合较好。基于该理论模型和计算方法,本文研究了轴承刚度变化、轴承模拟方法及轴承跨距对复杂推进轴系振动特性的影响。结果表明:该解析方法实用性强,能有效考虑轴承油膜刚度变化对轴系振动的影响,主要表现为随着轴承转速和频率增加,轴承刚度下降,推进轴固有频率降低;此外,轴系建模时轴承模拟弹簧数量建议在两根以上,轴承跨距则不应过大,应当参考真实轴承有效长度进行选取,否则将导致各阶固有频率偏差量增加。

, authors=陈国彩1, 殷彩玉1, 贾敖1, 张运辉1, 刘明2, authorsList=陈国彩, 殷彩玉, 贾敖, 张运辉, 刘明, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

陈国彩(2003–),男,硕士研究生,E-mail:

殷彩玉(1988−),女,博士,副教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

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陈国彩(2003–),男,硕士研究生,E-mail:

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陈国彩(2003–),男,硕士研究生,E-mail:

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natural frequency of the shaft, figureFileSmall=VC3TGPtNZT6rhr36rgYD9g==, figureFileBig=abSHhRxZJfB4v/neYWzB8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324426589064274794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324426300047372992, language=CN, label=图9, caption=推力轴承跨距对轴固有频率的影响, figureFileSmall=VC3TGPtNZT6rhr36rgYD9g==, figureFileBig=abSHhRxZJfB4v/neYWzB8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324426589127189355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324426300047372992, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Dimensions of the propulsion shaft

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轴段外半径/m内半径/m长度/m轴段外半径/m内半径/m长度/m
注:加粗部分为艉轴承及推力轴承包覆段。
l1-10.18−1.35l7-10.2−0.6
l1-20.18−0.25l7-20.2−0.2
l20.24−0.5l80.3−0.3
l3-10.18−0.25l90.2−0.6
l3-20.18−0.55l10-10.18−0.4
l40.180.11.2l10-20.18−1
l50.30.10.2l110.22−0.6
l60.20.10.6l−−8.6
), ArticleFig(id=1324426589198492524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324426300047372992, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

推进轴尺寸表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
轴段外半径/m内半径/m长度/m轴段外半径/m内半径/m长度/m
注:加粗部分为艉轴承及推力轴承包覆段。
l1-10.18−1.35l7-10.2−0.6
l1-20.18−0.25l7-20.2−0.2
l20.24−0.5l80.3−0.3
l3-10.18−0.25l90.2−0.6
l3-20.18−0.55l10-10.18−0.4
l40.180.11.2l10-20.18−1
l50.30.10.2l110.22−0.6
l60.20.10.6l−−8.6
), ArticleFig(id=1324426589286572909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324426300047372992, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Stiffness of bearings and couplings

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部件纵向刚度/(N·m−1)横向刚度/(N·m−1)垂向刚度/(N·m−1)
艉轴承−2×1083×108
推力轴承4×1082×1083×108
联轴器1×1071×1071×107
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轴承/联轴器刚度设定表

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部件纵向刚度/(N·m−1)横向刚度/(N·m−1)垂向刚度/(N·m−1)
艉轴承−2×1083×108
推力轴承4×1082×1083×108
联轴器1×1071×1071×107
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Natural frequency values of each order of the propulsion shaft within 400 Hz

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阶数有限元/Hz解析法/Hz误差阶数有限元/Hz解析法/Hz误差阶数有限元/Hz解析法/Hz误差
126.82427.0160.72%744.53244.7260.44%13189.51188.7160.42%
228.97129.1570.64%872.17672.4170.33%14259.85259.850.00%
331.02831.0690.13%977.36777.5970.30%15264.59266.4400.70%
434.51234.5120.00%10116.59117.6730.93%16265.97267.7960.69%
534.70534.7410.10%11119.45120.5120.89%17372.33372.7340.11%
638.77938.9710.50%12187.38186.3210.57%18372.54372.9350.11%
), ArticleFig(id=1324426589559202672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324426300047372992, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

推进轴400 Hz内各阶固有频率仿真及解析计算值

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阶数有限元/Hz解析法/Hz误差阶数有限元/Hz解析法/Hz误差阶数有限元/Hz解析法/Hz误差
126.82427.0160.72%744.53244.7260.44%13189.51188.7160.42%
228.97129.1570.64%872.17672.4170.33%14259.85259.850.00%
331.02831.0690.13%977.36777.5970.30%15264.59266.4400.70%
434.51234.5120.00%10116.59117.6730.93%16265.97267.7960.69%
534.70534.7410.10%11119.45120.5120.89%17372.33372.7340.11%
638.77938.9710.50%12187.38186.3210.57%18372.54372.9350.11%
), ArticleFig(id=1324426589651477361, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324426300047372992, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Natural vibration modes of the first-order longitudinal and first five bending vibrations

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振型有限元
频率/Hz
有限元振型解析固有
频率/Hz
解析振型
一阶纵向振动34.51234.512
一阶垂向弯曲44.53244.726
二阶垂向弯曲77.36777.597
三阶垂向弯曲119.45120.512
四阶垂向弯曲189.51188.716
五阶垂向弯曲265.97267.796
), ArticleFig(id=1324426589739557746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324426300047372992, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

一阶纵向振动及前五阶弯曲振动固有振型

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振型有限元
频率/Hz
有限元振型解析固有
频率/Hz
解析振型
一阶纵向振动34.51234.512
一阶垂向弯曲44.53244.726
二阶垂向弯曲77.36777.597
三阶垂向弯曲119.45120.512
四阶垂向弯曲189.51188.716
五阶垂向弯曲265.97267.796
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任意多段变截面变刚度支撑推进轴系振动传递建模及求解方法
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陈国彩 1 , 殷彩玉 1 , 贾敖 1 , 张运辉 1 , 刘明 2
船舶力学 | 结构力学 2026,30(8): 1332-1343
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船舶力学 |结构力学 2026 , 30 (8) : 1332 -1343
任意多段变截面变刚度支撑推进轴系振动传递建模及求解方法
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陈国彩1 , 殷彩玉1 , 贾敖1, 张运辉1, 刘明2
作者信息
  • 1华中科技大学 船舶与海洋工程学院,武汉 430074
  • 2武汉第二船舶设计研究所,武汉 430061
作者简介:

陈国彩(2003–),男,硕士研究生,E-mail:

殷彩玉(1988−),女,博士,副教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

Modeling and solution method for vibration transmission of multi-segment support thrust shafting with variable cross-section and variable stiffness
Guo-cai CHEN1 , Cai-yu YIN1 , Ao JIA1, Yun-hui ZHANG1, Ming LIU2
Affiliations
  • 1School of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
  • 2Wuhan Second Ship Design and Research Institute, Wuhan 430061, China
出版时间: 2026-08-15 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.08.010
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当前潜艇推进轴逐渐向短轴发展,且具备多段、变截面、轴承油膜刚度可变等特点。现有解析方法以均匀梁为主,对多段变截面轴系求解存在不足。针对该问题,本文提出了一种基于Timoshenko梁振动理论推导的任意多段变截面变刚度支撑的推进轴系模态振型及振动传递解析计算方法,该方法求解效率高、与有限元结果吻合较好。基于该理论模型和计算方法,本文研究了轴承刚度变化、轴承模拟方法及轴承跨距对复杂推进轴系振动特性的影响。结果表明:该解析方法实用性强,能有效考虑轴承油膜刚度变化对轴系振动的影响,主要表现为随着轴承转速和频率增加,轴承刚度下降,推进轴固有频率降低;此外,轴系建模时轴承模拟弹簧数量建议在两根以上,轴承跨距则不应过大,应当参考真实轴承有效长度进行选取,否则将导致各阶固有频率偏差量增加。

潜艇  /  推进系统  /  推进轴  /  轴承

At present, submarine propulsion shafts are gradually developing towards shorter shafts, and they have features such as multi-segment, variable cross-section, and variable bearing oil-film stiffness. The existing analytical methods are mostly based on uniform beam theory, which has limitations in solving multi-segment and variable cross-section shaft systems. To address this issue, this paper proposes an analytical calculation method for the modal and vibration transmission of multi-segment, variable cross-section, and variable stiffness-supported propulsion shaft systems based on the Timoshenko beam vibration theory. This method has high solution efficiency and good agreement with finite element results. Based on this theoretical model and calculation method, the paper studies the influence of bearing stiffness variation, bearing simulation methods and bearing span on the vibration characteristics of complex propulsion shaft systems. The results show that this analytical method is highly practical and can effectively consider the influence of the variation in bearing oil film stiffness on the vibration of the shafting system. The main manifestation is that as the bearing speed and frequency increase, the bearing stiffness decreases and the natural frequency of the propeller shaft reduces. In addition, when modeling the shafting system, it is recommended that the number of simulated springs for the bearing be more than two, and the bearing span should not be too large. It should be selected based on the effective length of the actual bearing; otherwise, the deviation of each natural frequency will increase.

submarine  /  propulsion system  /  propulsion shaft  /  bearing
陈国彩, 殷彩玉, 贾敖, 张运辉, 刘明. 任意多段变截面变刚度支撑推进轴系振动传递建模及求解方法. 船舶力学, 2026 , 30 (8) : 1332 -1343 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.08.010
Guo-cai CHEN, Cai-yu YIN, Ao JIA, Yun-hui ZHANG, Ming LIU. Modeling and solution method for vibration transmission of multi-segment support thrust shafting with variable cross-section and variable stiffness[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2026 , 30 (8) : 1332 -1343 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.08.010
推进系统作为潜艇主要的振动源和声源路径,其轴系振动特性是水下航行器辐射噪声重点关注对象之一。传统潜艇多采用长推进轴,将动力从潜艇中部或前部传至艉部螺旋桨,而现代潜艇多采用艉部直接驱动布置,将电机布置于船体艉部,泵喷推进器直接连接推进电机,从而有效缩短推进轴的长度。较短的推进轴只需要通过艉轴承与推力轴承提供支撑,从而取消了中部轴承、前艉轴承等轴承,既降低了轴承数量,也提高了推进系统的效率和静音性能。
目前,针对桨−轴系−艇模型振动噪声的研究方法较多,比较常用的方法包括有限元法[1−3]、子结构法[4−5]、传递矩阵法[6]、声弹性法[7]、波数分析法[8]、变分法[9]和解析法[10−11]等。有限元法计算结果准确且应用最广泛,但是其建模及求解程序较复杂、耗时较长;子结构法则需要基于大量频响函数构建传递矩阵,获取准确的频响函数是该方法计算结果可信的前提;声弹性法、波数分析法和变分法则难度较大,且适用范围有限。目前,学者运用以上多种计算方法对桨−轴−艇模型中的轴系振动传递特性进行了充分讨论,但是对推进轴系的建模却普遍采用简化方法,比如将推进轴看作均匀欧拉−伯努利梁[12],没有考虑推进轴的截面复杂性和剪力变形;或对轴承支撑建模方法考虑不足[13],一方面低估了轴承跨距对推进轴的包覆现象,对轴承等效支撑点或分布支撑区域的选取不够合理,另一方面没考虑轴承在水润滑或者油润滑作用下的变刚度特性[14−17]。这种简化的推进轴系建模方法虽然在研究轴系振动特性的大致规律上是可行的,但是针对实际应用中推进轴和艇体的复杂模型,其计算结果的可靠性有限。
如前文所述,对当前潜艇轴系振动特性的研究要考虑推进轴较短、复杂多截面、轴承支撑刚度可变及轴承包覆等特性。因此,Timoshenko梁振动理论对当前短且多段、多截面推进轴的振动传递计算有较好的匹配度[18−19],本文提出了一种基于Timoshenko梁振动理论的任意多段变刚度支撑潜艇推进轴系振动传递解析计算方法,在保证计算结果精确的同时,实现了轴承刚度的可变性,还分析了轴承建模数量及轴承跨距对轴系振动的影响,为推进轴系的正确建模、振动模态分析及传递响应计算提供指导。
图1所示为典型变截面多支撑推进轴系示意图,其由桨−轴−轴承−推进电机组成。其中,推进轴由任意多段变截面短轴组成,根据轴截面尺寸的不同,可将轴看作多段短轴相连接,考虑轴承跨距对轴的包覆作用,艉轴承及推力轴承均采用两根可随频率变化刚度的弹簧进行模拟,且弹簧连接处再次将轴截断,共形成由15段短轴组成的完整推进轴系计算模型,每一根短轴均可看作Timoshenko梁进行运动方程求解,其外直径、内直径及长度见表1。
推进轴的每一段短轴均可看作Timoshenko梁,在局部坐标系下关于挠度和转角的微分方程可表示为[18]
$ {E}_{i}{I}_{i}\frac{{\partial }^{4}{y}_{i}}{\partial {x}_{i}{}^{4}}+{\rho }_{i}{A}_{i}\frac{{\partial }^{2}{y}_{i}}{\partial {t}^{2}}-{\rho }_{i}{I}_{i}\left(1+\frac{{E}_{i}}{{\kappa }_{i}{G}_{i}}\right)\frac{{\partial }^{4}{y}_{i}}{\partial {x}_{i}{}^{2}\partial {t}^{2}}+\frac{{\rho }_{i}{}^{2}{I}_{i}}{{\kappa }_{i}{G}_{i}}\frac{{\partial }^{4}{y}_{i}}{\partial {t}^{4}}=0 $
$ {E}_{i}{I}_{i}\frac{{\partial }^{4}{\psi }_{i}}{\partial {x}_{i}{}^{4}}+{\rho }_{i}{A}_{i}\frac{{\partial }^{2}{\psi }_{i}}{\partial {t}^{2}}-{\rho }_{i}{I}_{i}\left(1+\frac{{E}_{i}}{{\kappa }_{i}{G}_{i}}\right)\frac{{\partial }^{4}{\psi }_{i}}{\partial {x}_{i}{}^{2}\partial {t}^{2}}+\frac{{\rho }_{i}{}^{2}{I}_{i}}{{\kappa }_{i}{G}_{i}}\frac{{\partial }^{4}{\psi }_{i}}{\partial {t}^{4}}=0 $
其中,i为轴段编号;$ {\rho }_{i} $为质量密度;$ {A}_{i} $为横截面积;$ y $和$ \psi $分别为关于局部坐标xi和时间t的挠度及转角;$ {\kappa }_{i} $为剪切修正系数,一般圆截面为$ \kappa =6(1+\upsilon )/(7+6\upsilon ) $;$ {\upsilon }_{i} $为泊松比;$ {E}_{i} $为杨氏模量;$ {G}_{i} $为剪切模量;$ {I}_{i} $为截面转动惯量。
线性常系数微分方程(1)和(2)的通解可采用特征方程法给出,具体为
$ {y}_{i}({x}_{i},t)={Y}_{i}({x}_{i})\text{e}^{\text{i}\omega t},{\psi }_{i}({x}_{i},t)={{\boldsymbol{\varPhi }}}_{i}({x}_{i})\text{e}^{\text{i}\omega t} $
$ {Y}_{i}\left({x}_{i}\right)=\left[\begin{array}{llll}\cosh {\lambda }_{i}{x}_{i} & \sinh {\lambda }_{i}{x}_{i} & \cos {\overline{\lambda }}_{i}{x}_{i} & \sin {\overline{\lambda }}_{i}{x}_{i}\end{array}\right]{\boldsymbol{C}}_{i} $
$ {{\boldsymbol{\varPhi }}}_{i}\left({x}_{i}\right)=\left[\begin{array}{llll}{{q}}_{i}\sinh {\lambda }_{i}{x}_{i} & {{q}}_{i}\cosh {\lambda }_{i}{x}_{i} & {\overline{q}}_{i}\sin {\overline{\lambda }}_{i}{x}_{i} & -{\overline{q}}_{i}\cos {\overline{\lambda }}_{i}{x}_{i}\end{array}\right]{\boldsymbol{C}}_{i} $
$ {\boldsymbol{C}}_{i}={\left[{C}_{i1},{C}_{i2},{C}_{i3},{C}_{i4}\right]}^{{\mathrm{T}}} $
各个常系数的表达式分别为
$ {\lambda }_{i}={\left(\sqrt{{\left(\frac{{\sigma }_{i}-{\tau }_{i}}{2}\right)}^{2}+{\alpha }_{i}}-\frac{{\sigma }_{i}+{\tau }_{i}}{2}\right)}^{1/2} $
$ \overline{{\lambda }_{i}}={\left(\sqrt{{\left(\frac{{\sigma }_{i}-{\tau }_{i}}{2}\right)}^{2}+{\alpha }_{i}}+\frac{{\sigma }_{i}+{\tau }_{i}}{2}\right)}^{1/2} $
$ {q}_{i}=\frac{{\omega }^{2}{\rho }_{i}}{{\kappa }_{i}{G}_{i}{\lambda }_{i}}+{\lambda }_{i}, {\overline{q}}_{i}=\frac{{\omega }^{2}{\rho }_{i}}{{\kappa }_{i}{G}_{i}{\overline{\lambda }}_{i}}-{\overline{\lambda }}_{i} $
$ {\sigma }_{i}=\frac{{\rho }_{i}{\omega }^{2}}{{E}_{i}}, {\tau }_{i}=\frac{{\rho }_{i}{\omega }^{2}}{\kappa {}_{i}G{}_{i}}, {\alpha }_{i}=\frac{{\rho }_{i}{A}_{i}{\omega }^{2}}{{E}_{i}{I}_{i}} $
其中,$ {Y}_{i}({x}_{i}) $和$ {{\boldsymbol{\varPhi }}}_{i}({x}_{i}) $分别表示第i段轴关于局部坐标xi的模态振形函数;$ \omega $(rad/s)为圆频率;Ci为积分常数,由边界条件决定。
除了弯曲振动外,每段轴的纵向振动及扭转振动也需要考虑,其振动控制微分方程分别为
$ {E}_{i}{A}_{i}\frac{{\partial }^{2}{u}_{i}\left({x}_{i},t\right)}{\partial {x}_{i}{}^{2}}-{\rho }_{i}{A}_{i}\frac{{\partial }^{2}{u}_{i}\left({x}_{i},t\right)}{\partial {t}^{2}}=0 $
$ {G}_{i}{J}_{i}\frac{{\partial }^{2}{\theta }_{i}\left({x}_{i},t\right)}{\partial {x}_{i}{}^{2}}-{\rho }_{i}{J}_{i}\frac{{\partial }^{2}{\theta }_{i}\left({x}_{i},t\right)}{\partial {t}^{2}}=0 $
其中,$ {u}_{i}\left({x}_{i},t\right) $和$ {\theta }_{i}\left({x}_{i},t\right) $分别为第i段轴关于局部坐标xi和时间t的轴向位移和扭转转角;$ {J}_{i} $为第i段轴的极惯性矩。
同理方程(11)和(12)的通解形式为
$ {u}_{i}\left({x}_{i},t\right)={U}_{i}\left({x}_{i}\right)\text{e}^{\text{i}\omega t}, {\theta }_{i}\left({x}_{i},t\right)={\Theta }_{i}{\left(x\right)}_{i}\text{e}^{\text{i}\omega t} $
$ {{U}}_{i}\left({x}_{i}\right)=\left[\begin{array}{cc}\cos {\mu }_{i}{x}_{i} & \sin {\mu }_{i}{x}_{i}\end{array}\right]{\boldsymbol{D}}_{i} $
$ {\Theta }_{i}\left({x}_{i}\right)=\left[\begin{array}{cc}\cos {\gamma }_{i}{x}_{i} & \sin {\gamma }_{i}x{}_{i}\end{array}\right]{\boldsymbol{H}}_{i} $
$ {\boldsymbol{D}}_{i}={[\begin{array}{cc}{D}_{i1} & {D}_{i2}\end{array}]}^\text{T},{\boldsymbol{H}}_{i}={[\begin{array}{cc}{H}_{i1} & {H}_{i2}\end{array}]}^\text{T} $
$ {\mu }_{i}=\omega \sqrt{\frac{{\rho }_{i}}{{E}_{i}}},{\gamma }_{i}=\omega \sqrt{\frac{{\rho }_{i}}{{G}_{i}}} $
推进轴开始段(下标为1)处端点连接桨毂,桨毂的惯性力对轴向力、扭矩、弯矩、剪力均产生相应影响,具体表示为
$ {A}_{1}{E}_{1}\frac{\partial {U}_{1}(0)}{\partial {x}_{1}}=-m{\omega }^{2}{U}_{1}(0) $
$ {G}_{1}{J}_{1}\frac{\partial {\Theta }_{1}(0)}{\partial {x}_{1}}=-{J}_{x}\omega {\Theta }_{1}(0) $
$ {\kappa }_{1}{G}_{1}{A}_{1}\left[\frac{\partial {Y}_{1y}(0)}{\partial {x}_{1}}-{\varPhi }_{1y}(0)\right]=-m{\omega }^{2}{Y}_{1y}(0) $
$ {E}_{1}{I}_{1}\frac{\partial {\varPhi }_{1y}(0)}{\partial {x}_{1}}=-{J}_{z}{\omega }^{2}{\varPhi }_{1y}(0) $
$ {\kappa }_{1}{G}_{1}{A}_{1}\left[\frac{\partial {Y}_{1z}(0)}{\partial {x}_{1}}-{\varPhi }_{1z}(0)\right]=-m{\omega }^{2}{Y}_{1z}(0) $
$ {E}_{1}{I}_{1}\frac{\partial {\varPhi }_{1z}(0)}{\partial {x}_{1}}=-{J}_{z}{\omega }^{2}{\varPhi }_{1z}(0) $
推进轴结束段(下标为e)端点通过联轴器连接推进电机,联轴器刚度主要对轴向力、剪力产生相应影响,边界条件具体表示为
$ {A}_\text{e}{E}_\text{e}\frac{\partial {U}_\text{e}\left({l}_\text{e}\right)}{\partial {x}_\text{e}}=-{k}_{gx}{U}_\text{e}\left({l}_\text{e}\right), {\Theta }_\text{e}\left({l}_\text{e}\right)=0 $
$ {\kappa }_\text{e}{G}_\text{e}{A}_\text{e}\left[{\varPhi }_{{\mathrm{e}}y}({l}_\text{e})-\frac{\partial {Y}_{{\mathrm{e}}y}({l}_\text{e})}{\partial {x}_\text{e}}\right]={k}_{gy}{Y}_{{\mathrm{e}}y}\left({l}_\text{e}\right) $
$ {E}_\text{e}{I}_\text{e}{\varPhi }_{{\mathrm{e}}y}({l}_\text{e})=0 $
$ {\kappa }_\text{e}{G}_\text{e}{A}_\text{e}\left[{\varPhi }_{{\mathrm{e}}z}({l}_\text{e})-\frac{\partial {Y}_{{\mathrm{e}}z}({l}_\text{e})}{\partial {x}_\text{e}}\right]={k}_{gz}{Y}_{{\mathrm{e}}z}\left({l}_\text{e}\right) $
$ {E}_\text{e}{I}_\text{e}{\varPhi }_{{\mathrm{e}}z}({l}_\text{e})=0 $
弹簧连接位置看作分割界面,两端界面满足位移及力协调条件,横向及垂向振动边界条件以微分方程形式表示为
$ \left\{\begin{aligned}& {Y}_{i+1}(0)={Y}_{i}\left({l}_{i}\right)\\&{\varPhi }_{i+1}(0)={\varPhi }_{i}\left({l}_{i}\right)\\&{E}_{i+1}{I}_{i+1}\frac{{\mathrm{d}}{\varPhi }_{i+1}(0)}{{\mathrm{d}}{x}_{i+1}}={E}_{i}{I}_{i}\frac{{\mathrm{d}}{\varPhi }_{i}\left({l}_{i}\right)}{{\mathrm{d}}{x}_{i}}\\&{\kappa }_{i+1}{G}_{i+1}{A}_{i+1}\left[{\varPhi }_{i+1}(0)-\frac{{\mathrm{d}}{Y}_{i+1}(0)}{{\mathrm{d}}{x}_{i+1}}\right]+{K}_{yz}(\omega ){Y}_{i+1}(0)={\kappa }_{i}{G}_{i}{A}_{i}\left[{\varPhi }_{i}\left({l}_{i}\right)-\frac{{\mathrm{d}}{Y}_{i}\left({l}_{i}\right)}{{\mathrm{d}}{x}_{i}}\right]\end{aligned}\right.$
以上边界条件可写为矩阵形式为
$ \boldsymbol{T}_{i+1}^{}{\boldsymbol{C}}_{i+1}=\boldsymbol{T}_{i}^{}{\boldsymbol{C}}_{i} $
其中,
$ \boldsymbol{T}_{i+1}^{}=\left[\begin{matrix}1 & 0 & 1 & 0\\0 & {q}_{i+1} & 0 & -{\overline{q}}_{i+1}\\\zeta _{i+1}^{3} & 0 & \zeta _{i+1}^{4} & 0\\{K}_{yz}(\omega ) & \zeta _{i+1}^{1} & {K}_{yz}(\omega ) & -\zeta _{i+1}^{2}\end{matrix}\right] $
$ \boldsymbol{T}_{i}^{}=\left[\begin{matrix}\cosh {\lambda }_{i}{l}_{i} & \sinh {\lambda }_{i}{l}_{i} & \cos {\overline{\lambda }}_{i}{l}_{i} & \sin {\overline{\lambda }}_{i}{l}_{i}\\{{q}}_{i}\sinh {\lambda }_{i}{l}_{i} & {{q}}_{i}\cosh {\lambda }_{i}{l}_{i} & {\overline{{q}}}_{i}\sin {\overline{\lambda }}_{i}{l}_{i} & -{\overline{{q}}}_{i}\cos {\overline{\lambda }}_{i}{l}_{i}\\{\varepsilon }_{i}{}^{1}\cosh {\lambda }_{i}{l}_{i} & {\varepsilon }_{i}{}^{1}\sinh {\lambda }_{i}{l}_{i} & {\varepsilon }_{i}{}^{2}\cos {\overline{\lambda }}_{i}{l}_{i} & {\varepsilon }_{i}{}^{2}\sin {\overline{\lambda }}_{i}{l}_{i}\\{\varepsilon }_{i}{}^{3}\sinh {\lambda }_{i}{l}_{i} & {\varepsilon }_{i}{}^{3}\cosh {\lambda }_{i}{l}_{i} & {\varepsilon }_{i}{}^{4}\sin {\overline{\lambda }}_{i}{l}_{i} & -{\varepsilon }_{i}{}^{4}\cos {\overline{\lambda }}_{i}{l}_{i}\end{matrix}\right] $
在$ \boldsymbol{T}_{i+1}^{} $中,横向振动时$ {K}_{yz}={K}_{y} $,垂向振动时$ {K}_{yz}={K}_{z} $;$ \zeta _{i+1}^{1}={\kappa }_{i+1}{G}_{i+1}{A}_{i+1}\left({q}_{i+1}-{\lambda }_{i+1}\right) $,$ \zeta _{i+1}^{2}={\kappa }_{i+1}{G}_{i+1}{A}_{i+1} \left({\overline{q}}_{i+1}+{\overline{\lambda }}_{i+1}\right) $,$ \zeta _{i+1}^{3}={E}_{i+1}{I}_{i+1}{q}_{i+1}{\lambda }_{i+1} $,$ \zeta _{i+1}^{4}={E}_{i+1}{I}_{i+1}{\overline{q}}_{i+1}{\overline{\lambda }}_{i+1} $,$ \varepsilon _{i}^{1}={E}_{i}{I}_{i}{q}_{i}{\lambda }_{i} $,$ \varepsilon _{i}^{2}={E}_{i}{I}_{i}{\overline{q}}_{i}{\overline{\lambda }}_{i} $,$ \varepsilon _{i}^{3}={\kappa }_{i}{G}_{i}{A}_{i}\left({q}_{i}-{\lambda }_{i}\right) $,$ \varepsilon _{i}^{4}= {\kappa }_{i}{G}_{i}{A}_{i}\left({\overline{q}}_{i}+{\overline{\lambda }}_{i}\right) $
同理弹簧连接点两侧纵向振动及扭转振动的力平衡条件为
$ \left\{\begin{aligned}& {U}_{i+1}(0)={U}_{i}\left({l}_{i}\right)\\& {A}_{i+1}{E}_{i+1}\frac{\partial {U}_{i+1}(0)}{\partial {x}_{i+1}}-{K}_{x}(\omega ){U}_{i+1}(0)={A}_{i}{E}_{i}\frac{\partial {U}_{i}\left({l}_{i}\right)}{\partial {x}_{i}}\end{aligned}\right.$
$ \left\{\begin{aligned}& {\Theta }_{i+1}(0)={\Theta }_{i}\left({l}_{i}\right)\\& {G}_{i+1}{J}_{i+1}\frac{\partial {\Theta }_{i+1}(0)}{\partial {x}_{i+1}}={G}_{i}{J}_{i}\frac{\partial {\Theta }_{i}\left({l}_{i}\right)}{\partial {x}_{i}}\end{aligned}\right. $
用矩阵形式可表示为
$ \boldsymbol{Z}_{i+1}^{}{\boldsymbol{D}}_{i+1}=\boldsymbol{Z}_{i}^{}{\boldsymbol{D}}_{i}, \boldsymbol{N}_{i+1}^{}{\boldsymbol{H}}_{i+1}=\boldsymbol{N}_{i}^{}{\boldsymbol{H}}_{i} $
$ \boldsymbol{Z}_{i+1}^{l}=\left[\begin{matrix}1 & 0\\-{K}_{x}(\omega ) & {A}_{i+1}{E}_{i+1}{\mu }_{i+1}\end{matrix}\right] $
$ \boldsymbol{Z}_{i}^{l}=\left[\begin{matrix}\cos {\mu }_{i}{l}_{i} & \sin {\mu }_{i}{l}_{i}\\-{A}_{i}{E}_{i}{\mu }_{i}\sin {\mu }_{i}{l}_{i} & {A}_{i}{E}_{i}{\mu }_{i}\cos {\mu }_{i}{l}_{i}\end{matrix}\right] $
$ \boldsymbol{N}_{i+1}^{l}=\left[\begin{matrix}1 & 0\\0 & {G}_{i+1}{J}_{i+1}{\gamma }_{i+1}\end{matrix}\right] $
$ \boldsymbol{N}_{i}^{l}=\left[\begin{matrix}\cos {\gamma }_{i}{l}_{i} & \sin {\gamma }_{i}{l}_{i}\\-{G}_{i}{J}_{i}{\gamma }_{i}\sin {\gamma }_{i}{l}_{i} & {G}_{i}{J}_{i}{\gamma }_{i}\cos {\gamma }_{i}{l}_{i}\end{matrix}\right] $
如前文所述,各段轴的振形函数常系数均可由第1段轴的振形函数常系数通过传递矩阵变换得到。因此,利用桨毂连接端及高碳联轴器连接端共12个边界条件,可构建关于第1段轴振形函数常系数的12个方程,求解整个推进轴的固有频率和模态振型,具体矩阵形式表达如下
$ {\boldsymbol{M}}_{12\times 12}{\boldsymbol{C}}_{12\times 1}={0}_{12\times 1} $
$ {\boldsymbol{C}}_{12\times 1}={[\begin{array}{cccc}{\boldsymbol{C}}_{\mathbf{1y}} & {\boldsymbol{C}}_{\mathbf{1z}} & {\boldsymbol{D}}_{\mathbf{1}} & {\boldsymbol{H}}_{\mathbf{1}}\end{array}]}^\text{T} $
$ {\boldsymbol{M}}_{12\times 12}=\left[\begin{matrix}{0}_{1\times 4} & {0}_{1\times 4} & {M}_{X} & 0\\{0}_{1\times 4} & {0}_{1\times 4} & {0}_{1\times 2} & {M}_{N}\\{M}_{Y} & {0}_{2\times 4} & {0}_{2\times 2} & {0}_{2\times 2}\\{0}_{2\times 4} & {M}_{Z} & {0}_{2\times 2} & {0}_{2\times 2}\\{0}_{1\times 4} & {0}_{1\times 4} & {G}_{X} & {0}_{1\times 2}\\{0}_{1\times 4} & {0}_{1\times 4} & {0}_{1\times 2} & {G}_{N}\\{G}_{Y} & {0}_{2\times 4} & {0}_{2\times 2} & {0}_{2\times 2}\\{0}_{2\times 4} & {G}_{Z} & {0}_{2\times 2} & {0}_{2\times 2}\end{matrix}\right] $
其中,$ {M}_{X} $、$ {M}_{N} $、$ {M}_{Y} $、$ {M}_{Z} $为引入桨毂连接处纵向振动、扭转振动、横向振动及垂向振动边界条件后形成的矩阵块,$ {G}_{X} $、$ {G}_{N} $、$ {G}_{Y} $、$ {G}_{Z} $则为引入高弹联轴器处边界条件后形成的矩阵块,此处不再详细展开。
若式(40)存在非零解则必须矩阵$ \boldsymbol{M} $对应的行列式值为零,即
$ {\mathrm{Det}}(\boldsymbol{M}(\omega ))=0 $
综上,可利用方程(43)求解出推进轴系固有圆频率$ {\omega }_{j}(j=1,2,3...) $及对应的固有振型。
螺旋桨在非均匀流场中旋转产生不稳定的水动力作用,水动力载荷首先作用于桨毂,进而通过推进轴向整个轴系传递。为了模拟该激励力,在桨毂连接位置单独施加三向激励力F(Fx、Fy、Fz),则在三向激励下桨毂中心处的轴向力平衡条件微分方程分别变为
$ {A}_{1}{E}_{1}\frac{\partial {U}_{1}(0)}{\partial {x}_{1}}=-m{\omega }^{2}{U}_{1}(0)-{F}_{x} $
$ {\kappa }_{1}{G}_{1}{A}_{1}\left[\frac{\partial {Y}_{1y}(0)}{\partial {x}_{1}}-{\varPhi }_{1y}(0)\right]=-m{\omega }^{2}{Y}_{1y}(0)+{F}_{y} $
$ {\kappa }_{1}{G}_{1}{A}_{1}\left[\frac{\partial {Y}_{1z}(0)}{\partial {x}_{1}}-{\varPhi }_{1z}(0)\right]=-m{\omega }^{2}{Y}_{1z}(0)+{F}_{z} $
推进轴系振动圆频率控制方程式(40)可改写为带有激励力F的等式
$ \boldsymbol{M}{(\omega )}_{12\times 12}\boldsymbol{C}{(\omega )}_{12\times 1}=\boldsymbol{P}{(F)}_{12\times 1} $
$ \boldsymbol{C}{(\omega )}_{12\times 1}={(\boldsymbol{M}{{(\omega )}_{12\times 12}})}^{-1}\boldsymbol{P}{(F)}_{12\times 1} $
以图1(b)中的计算模型为例,求解出各阶固有频率、固有振型及传递响应,并与有限元计算结果对比,以证明方法的可靠性。其中,推力轴承与艉轴承均用两根可变刚度弹簧进行模拟,其总刚度值按照相关文献及经验设定[20−22],具体见表2。桨毂用带有转动惯量的质量点模拟,质量为560 kg,惯性矩Ix=40 m4、Iy= Iz =22 m4。
以图1(b)中的计算模型为例,求解400 Hz以内各阶固有频率及主要固有振型,结果如表3所示,该推进轴在400 Hz内共18阶固有频率,一阶纵向振动出现在34.512 Hz、二阶纵向振动固有频率为259.85 Hz、一阶垂向弯曲振动则出现在44.726 Hz处。解析法计算结果与有限元计算结果相比,最大误差在1%以内,纵向振动固有频率则完全一致。表4给出了解析法求解的推进轴第一阶纵向固有振型及前五阶垂向弯曲振型,并与有限元计算的固有振型进行了对比,可以看出二者对推进轴固有振型计算结果高度一致。
推进轴系结构阻尼通常较小且主要影响峰值尖锐度,其对推进轴振动响应的影响为次要因素,在探讨推进轴振动传递规律时可简化处理。因此,在桨毂端分别施加单位纵向(X向)激励力和横向(Y向)激励力进行600 Hz内无阻尼扫频计算,基本扫频间隔频率设为1 Hz且在固有频点附近改为0.1 Hz,提取桨毂激励原点及联轴器端的振动位移响应并与有限元计算结果相对比如图2所示。由图可知,在600 Hz范围内,通过解析法计算的传递响应曲线与有限元计算的响应曲线整体吻合较好,尤其是纵向传递响应曲线整体匹配度更高,而横向响应在450 Hz以内整体吻合较好,450 Hz以上峰值存在一定差异且有限元计算的峰值低于解析法。虽然计算结果并非完全一致,但是也充分证明了该解析方法的可信度。相对于有限元方法,采用解析方法能有效降低建模难度并提高计算效率。
轴承在实际运行时,其转速、油膜厚度、环境温度等条件均会对轴承刚度产生不同程度的影响,不同环境条件下的轴承刚度也随着频率不同而发生变化,因此有必要考虑变轴承刚度下的推进轴振动特性。利用本文解析方法不仅可以输入固定轴承刚度值,还可基于轴承刚度实测曲线,将轴承刚度K看作关于频率f的变量进行输入,使得计算结果更加贴近真实环境下的轴系振动响应。
本节根据文献[16]中推力轴承油膜刚度测试试验结果,对20~60 Hz以内转速n分别为100 r/min、200 r/min、300 r/min时的轴承综合支撑刚度进行拟合,得到在三个转速下推力轴承综合刚度K随频率f变化的拟合曲线表达式,如式(51)~(53)所示,刚度变化曲线如图3所示,可以看出随着转速和频率的增加,推力轴承综合刚度均呈指数级下降,且转速对推力轴承刚度的影响十分明显,在20 Hz处,转速低时的初始刚度远大于高速运转时的初始刚度。
将三个转速下的推力轴承刚度分别当作推力轴承纵向刚度及横向刚度,计算在推力轴承刚度随频率变化下的推进轴振动传递响应如图4和图5所示。从图中看出,随着转速的增加,推力轴承刚度下降进而导致推进轴的各阶纵向振动固有频率及横向固有频率降低,峰值位置出现左移现象。从横向响应曲线可更明显地看出,低频30 Hz以内的峰值偏移量最小,随着频率增加,第二个峰与第三个峰的偏移量依次增大。
$ {K}_{100}=(4.97-0.212{{\mathrm{e}}}^{\frac{f-19.47}{16.39}})\times {10}^{8}\text{ N/m} $
$ {K}_{200}=(3.07-0.110{{\mathrm{e}}}^{\frac{f-17.53}{19.08}})\times {10}^{8}\text{ N/m} $
$ {K}_{300}=(2.62-0.028{{\mathrm{e}}}^{\frac{f-19.68}{13.55}})\times {10}^{8}\text{ N/m} $
为进一步研究推进轴系建模的正确性,本节分析轴承弹簧模拟数量及轴承包覆段跨距对推进轴系振动特性的影响,为推进轴系振动噪声分析时建模方法提供指导。
将推力轴承/艉轴承弹簧模拟数量分别用1~3根弹簧进行模拟,如图6所示。以2根弹簧轴系模型各阶固有频率为基准fb,其他模型各阶固有频率为fa,依据式(54)计算出轴的各阶固有频率偏差fd,制不同模拟弹簧数量下的固有频率偏差fd如图7所示。
$ {f}_{{\mathrm{d}}}={f}_{{\mathrm{a}}}-{f}_{{\mathrm{b}}} $
从图中可以看出,轴承模拟弹簧数量变化并不改变轴的纵向振动固有频率,而弯曲振动固有频率则影响较为明显。当弹簧数量为1时,其弯曲频率最大偏差达到了近8 Hz,前两阶弯曲频率均相对两根弹簧下降2~8 Hz,第二阶、第三阶和第六阶弯曲频率上升2~4 Hz,第四阶和第五阶弯曲频率则下降了近4 Hz。轴承模拟弹簧数量为3时,各阶固有频率则在2根弹簧下固有频率上下2 Hz范围内波动,差异相对较小。因此,如果要采用弹簧模拟轴承刚度支撑作用,建模采用一根弹簧单点支撑将会导致推进轴各阶固有频率相对误差较大,而采用两根弹簧或以上能够有效减小推进轴系固有频率计算误差,收窄固有频率波动区间。
轴承对推进轴具有包覆现象,记艉轴承之间的间距为Lw,推力轴承之间的距离为Lt。
取Lw分别为0.4 m、0.6 m、0.8 m,计算推进轴各阶固有频率,并将Lw=0.6 m作为基准绘制偏差频率曲线,如图8所示。由于艉轴承本身并无纵向刚度,所以改变艉轴承跨距并不改变轴的纵向振动固有频率。艉轴承距离桨毂端较近,涉及桨毂端的振动模态均受到艉轴承跨距改变的影响,如第一阶、第二阶及三阶以上的弯曲模态。此外,Lw为0.4 m和0.8 m时,固有频率变化关于Lw=0.6 m对称。
取推力轴承间距Lt分别为1.3 m、1.5 m、1.7 m,计算推进轴各阶固有频率,并将Lt=1.5 m作为基准绘制偏差频率曲线,如图9所示。由图可知,改变推力轴承的跨距对轴的纵向振动及弯曲振动均影响较大,尤其是当跨距为1.7 m时,随着固有频率阶数增加,偏差频率逐渐增大,且相对于跨距为1.5 m时固有频率逐渐减小。第四阶弯曲固有频率相对降低约4 Hz、第六阶弯曲模态固有频率甚至降低约8 Hz,而当Lt = 1.3 m时,相对于Lt=1.5 m的各阶固有频率波动相对较小。
综上,在针对轴系振动特性进行分析时,轴承建模不仅应当考虑弹簧数量的影响,还应当考虑轴承跨距的选取,可根据实际轴承与轴有效接触长度选取合理支撑区间及弹簧模拟数量,尤其是推力轴承的跨距和弹簧模拟数量设定应当更加谨慎,以防止推进轴高阶固有频率计算结果发生较大偏差。
本文提出了一种基于Timoshenko梁振动理论推导的可变轴承支撑刚度任意多段非均匀截面推进轴系自由振动及强迫振动计算解析方法,该方法考虑了推进轴截面的不均匀性、轴承刚度的可变性、轴承模拟弹簧数量、轴承的跨距等因素对推进轴振动特性的影响。主要结论如下:
(1)利用Timoshenko梁振动理论进行复杂截面任意多段轴振动传递计算与有限元计算结果吻合较好,验证了该解析方法的有效性。
(2)该解析方法不仅可以将固定轴承刚度值作为刚度输入,还可基于不同环境条件下的轴承刚度实测曲线,将轴承刚度K看作关于频率f的变量进行输入,使得计算结果更加贴近真实环境下的轴系振动响应,具有较强的工程实用性。
(3)推进轴系建模计算时,轴承模拟弹簧数量和轴承的包覆跨距对轴振动特性有较大影响。建议轴承模拟弹簧数量在两根以上,跨距则不应过大,否则将导致各阶固有频率偏差量增加。可根据实际轴承与轴有效接触长度选取合理支撑区间及弹簧模拟数量,尤其是推力轴承的跨距和弹簧模拟数量设定应当更加谨慎,以防止推进轴高阶固有频率计算结果发生较大偏差。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(12372358)
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2026年第30卷第8期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.08.010
  • 接收时间:2026-01-16
  • 首发时间:2026-11-03
  • 出版时间:2026-08-15
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  • 收稿日期:2026-01-16
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(12372358)
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    1华中科技大学 船舶与海洋工程学院,武汉 430074
    2武汉第二船舶设计研究所,武汉 430061
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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