Article(id=1324426215859298834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1324426184037114137, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.08.001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1771171200000, receivedDateStr=2026-02-16, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793697416510, onlineDateStr=2026-11-03, pubDate=1786723200000, pubDateStr=2026-08-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793697416510, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793697416510, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793697416510, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1324426184037114137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2026', volume='30', issue='8', pageStart='1221', pageEnd='1396', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1786723200000', pubDateStr='2026-08-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793697408922, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793697408922, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1221, endPage=1233, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1324426216077402643, articleId=1324426215859298834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Numerical simulation of stern dipping tendency of an underwater vehicle in a turn using free-running model, columnId=1241023037940748650, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Hydrodynamics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

When an underwater vehicle undergoes a turning maneuver in the horizontal plane, the complex flow due to the vertical asymmetry of its hull shape (especially the sail) causes th vehicle to experience normal forces and pitching moments. This phenomenon can significantly affect the vehicle's maneuverability. In this paper, the SUBOFF model equipped with the E1619 propeller was taken as the research object, and the straight-line self-propulsion and horizontal turning simulation were carried out by combining the CFD method with rigid-body dynamics. The simulation results were in good agreement with the results from relevant literatures. By observing the distribution characteristics of the flow field around the hull, we analyzed the causes of the normal forces and pitching moments experienced by the vehicle during the turning motion, and the variation laws of the normal forces and pitching moments during the dynamic turning process of the vehicle under different rudder angles were discussed.

, authors=Yu-cun PAN, Ying TANG, Xiao-jun LÜ, Lu TAN, Gang JI, authorsList=Yu-cun PAN, Ying TANG, Xiao-jun LÜ, Lu TAN, Gang JI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Journal of Ship Mechanics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1324426237589988015, articleId=1324426215859298834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=CN, title=基于自航模拟的航行体回转运动中“艇重”现象的数值仿真, columnId=1241023038087549292, journalTitle=船舶力学, columnName=流体力学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

水下航行体在水平面回转运动时,由于其线型上下不对称(尤其是指挥台)形成的复杂流动,会使航行体受到垂向力和俯仰力矩,这种现象对航行体的操纵运动构成影响。本文以SUBOFF模型搭配E1619螺旋桨作为研究对象,采用CFD与刚体动力学结合的方法开展了航行体直线自航和水平面回转运动的数值模拟,仿真结果与文献中的结果吻合良好。通过观察艇体周围流场分布特性,分析了航行体回转运动中受到的垂向力及俯仰力矩的产生原因,讨论了多种操舵角度下航行体回转过程中垂向力和力矩的变化规律。

, authors=潘雨村, 唐颖, 吕晓军, 谭路, 纪刚, authorsList=潘雨村, 唐颖, 吕晓军, 谭路, 纪刚, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

潘雨村(1980−),男,博士,助理研究员,E-mail:

唐 颖(1993−),女,博士,助理研究员,通讯作者,E-mail:

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潘雨村(1980−),男,博士,助理研究员,E-mail:

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Naval Surface Warfare Center Report CRDKNSWC-HD-0393-25, Carderock Division, 1995., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1324426502292517829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324426215859298834, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(52401398), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1324426496294663027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324426215859298834, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324426496303051636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324426215859298834, companyId=1324426496294663027, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324426496311440245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324426215859298834, 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label=图5, caption=SUBOFF模型在斜航状态下的受力与力矩, figureFileSmall=t0IvaDyFb23yXDs6tf7/aA==, figureFileBig=qg0InbnvL4sB7Qa+h9G+3g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324426499134206879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324426215859298834, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Variation of velocity, thrust and resistance during self-propulsion simulation, figureFileSmall=Zm1TCMc+Qr2C1WM6yBg9Mw==, figureFileBig=BDVNKen3otqZWo1Ppix59g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324426499209704352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324426215859298834, language=CN, label=图6, caption=自航模拟中的航速和推力、阻力随时间的变化, figureFileSmall=Zm1TCMc+Qr2C1WM6yBg9Mw==, figureFileBig=BDVNKen3otqZWo1Ppix59g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324426499293590433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324426215859298834, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Turning circle trajectories of the SUBOFF model at different rudder angles, figureFileSmall=fEyImIVSgQfAEnVRxrKR6A==, figureFileBig=sBga25ZeEtezMDUc8lD/Bw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324426499369087906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324426215859298834, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同舵角下的回转运动轨迹, figureFileSmall=fEyImIVSgQfAEnVRxrKR6A==, figureFileBig=sBga25ZeEtezMDUc8lD/Bw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324426499452973987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324426215859298834, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Schematic diagram of the rudder axis in this article and in Ref. [10], figureFileSmall=kJQKIO06M+4ShnPxwg2d4g==, figureFileBig=RthyYxZm6LdZCdLrK1DKdQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324426499532665764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324426215859298834, language=CN, label=图8, caption=本文和文献[10]的方向舵轴线示意图, figureFileSmall=kJQKIO06M+4ShnPxwg2d4g==, figureFileBig=RthyYxZm6LdZCdLrK1DKdQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324426499608163237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324426215859298834, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Yaw rate during turning simulation, figureFileSmall=kAyfj5qQk5xGp/vMBQ40CA==, figureFileBig=HcWhPJzNKRQynmWU+bQR8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324426499700437926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324426215859298834, language=CN, label=图9, caption=回转运动中的角速度, figureFileSmall=kAyfj5qQk5xGp/vMBQ40CA==, figureFileBig=HcWhPJzNKRQynmWU+bQR8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324426499788518311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324426215859298834, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Drift angle during turning simulation, figureFileSmall=T0vn8rBHJkQPX7+qDBElKw==, figureFileBig=gUNqiS/zla46KxAFoiRtVw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324426499893375912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324426215859298834, language=CN, label=图10, caption=回转运动中的漂角, figureFileSmall=T0vn8rBHJkQPX7+qDBElKw==, figureFileBig=gUNqiS/zla46KxAFoiRtVw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324426499964679081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324426215859298834, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Normal force and pitching moment during turning simulation, figureFileSmall=zUCPh+zdxKmdAQ8WasGqjQ==, figureFileBig=RaOAKuCgL7sQleE53oVR/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324426500048565162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324426215859298834, language=CN, label=图11, caption=回转运动中的垂向力和俯仰力矩, figureFileSmall=zUCPh+zdxKmdAQ8WasGqjQ==, figureFileBig=RaOAKuCgL7sQleE53oVR/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324426500124062635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324426215859298834, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Schematic diagram of the circulation, cross-flow and normal force, figureFileSmall=8/EtWvn071eLDpVjFcG22g==, figureFileBig=3ONX4D/a6bTU+UU3cCYiBQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324426500199560108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324426215859298834, language=CN, label=图12, caption=环量、横流和垂向力的示意图, figureFileSmall=8/EtWvn071eLDpVjFcG22g==, figureFileBig=3ONX4D/a6bTU+UU3cCYiBQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324426500270863277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324426215859298834, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=Velocity field of several cross-sections, figureFileSmall=Oj33PkgHB5kjE/eG9/u2nQ==, figureFileBig=xrOCzByR9oo7vmx5pqItUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324426500350555054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324426215859298834, language=CN, label=图13, caption=艇体若干横截面的速度分布图, figureFileSmall=Oj33PkgHB5kjE/eG9/u2nQ==, figureFileBig=xrOCzByR9oo7vmx5pqItUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324426500426052527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324426215859298834, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=The pressure, velocity and Q-criterion distributions at cross section of x/L=0.323 (t=3.28 s,$ \delta $=$ {20}^{{{\circ}}} $), figureFileSmall=W3UGGn2K4ovY/Otw2wBANw==, figureFileBig=YYV1yCM3FWNnJ+WdxgQjvA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324426500514132912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324426215859298834, language=CN, label=图14, caption=在x/L=0.323的横剖面处的压力场、速度场和Q准则云图(t=3.28 s,$ \delta $=$ {20}^{{{\circ}}} $), figureFileSmall=W3UGGn2K4ovY/Otw2wBANw==, figureFileBig=YYV1yCM3FWNnJ+WdxgQjvA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324426500614796209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324426215859298834, language=EN, label=Fig.15, caption=The pressure, velocity and Q-criterion distribution at cross section of x/L=0.323 (t=5.23 s,$ \delta $=$ {20}^{{{\circ}}} $), figureFileSmall=WL/9XVJtkOSjonx2vTnozw==, figureFileBig=dB7fdQqmB0MW6GBrREIIrg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324426500690293682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324426215859298834, language=CN, label=图15, caption=在x/L=0.323的横剖面处的压力场、速度场和Q准则云图 (t=5.23 s,$ \delta $=$ {20}^{{{\circ}}} $), figureFileSmall=WL/9XVJtkOSjonx2vTnozw==, figureFileBig=dB7fdQqmB0MW6GBrREIIrg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324426500774179763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324426215859298834, language=EN, label=Fig.16, caption=Pressure variation along the longitudinal direction on the upper and lower surfaces of the vehicle during steady turning simulation at rudder angles of 5° and 20°, respectively, figureFileSmall=940VCezzSJ+hhpGsaYhVBQ==, figureFileBig=g7liAqahFoiY/MADBubxXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324426500853871540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324426215859298834, language=CN, label=图16, caption=在舵角5°和20°时航行体上下表面的压力沿着纵向坐标的变化情况, figureFileSmall=940VCezzSJ+hhpGsaYhVBQ==, figureFileBig=g7liAqahFoiY/MADBubxXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324426500958729141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324426215859298834, language=EN, label=Fig.17, caption=Pressure and velocity field around the sail ($ \delta $=$ {5}^{{{\circ}}} $), figureFileSmall=ZLPPM6CKr3FkGDq6DiDAuQ==, figureFileBig=gZwDKUsQ0sjUIln7NoBJpA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324426501038420918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, 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Main parameter of SUBOFF models

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
L/mD/m $ {L}_{{\mathrm{CB}}}/\text{m} $ $ \nabla /{\text{m}}^{3} $ $ {I}_{xx}/\left({\text{kg∙m}}^{2}\right) $ $ {I}_{yy}={I}_{zz}/({\text{kg∙m}}^{2}) $
4.3560.5082.0090.70221.5750.0
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SUBOFF模型主要参数

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L/mD/m $ {L}_{{\mathrm{CB}}}/\text{m} $ $ \nabla /{\text{m}}^{3} $ $ {I}_{xx}/\left({\text{kg∙m}}^{2}\right) $ $ {I}_{yy}={I}_{zz}/({\text{kg∙m}}^{2}) $
4.3560.5082.0090.70221.5750.0
), ArticleFig(id=1324426502003110851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324426215859298834, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Results of turning diameters with different grid schemes

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网格划分方案网格数目/万回转直径/m与G1的误差/%
G11144.0510.359−
G2551.6310.3390.193
G3299.0410.310.28
), ArticleFig(id=1324426502099579844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324426215859298834, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同网格方案的回转直径预报结果

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网格划分方案网格数目/万回转直径/m与G1的误差/%
G11144.0510.359−
G2551.6310.3390.193
G3299.0410.310.28
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基于自航模拟的航行体回转运动中“艇重”现象的数值仿真
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潘雨村 , 唐颖 , 吕晓军 , 谭路 , 纪刚
船舶力学 | 流体力学 2026,30(8): 1221-1233
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船舶力学 |流体力学 2026 , 30 (8) : 1221 -1233
基于自航模拟的航行体回转运动中“艇重”现象的数值仿真
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唐 颖(1993−),女,博士,助理研究员,通讯作者,E-mail:

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潘雨村 , 唐颖 , 吕晓军, 谭路, 纪刚
作者信息
  • 海军工程大学,武汉 430033
作者简介:

潘雨村(1980−),男,博士,助理研究员,E-mail:

唐 颖(1993−),女,博士,助理研究员,通讯作者,E-mail:

Numerical simulation of stern dipping tendency of an underwater vehicle in a turn using free-running model
Yu-cun PAN , Ying TANG , Xiao-jun LÜ, Lu TAN, Gang JI
Affiliations
  • Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China
出版时间: 2026-08-15 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.08.001
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水下航行体在水平面回转运动时,由于其线型上下不对称(尤其是指挥台)形成的复杂流动,会使航行体受到垂向力和俯仰力矩,这种现象对航行体的操纵运动构成影响。本文以SUBOFF模型搭配E1619螺旋桨作为研究对象,采用CFD与刚体动力学结合的方法开展了航行体直线自航和水平面回转运动的数值模拟,仿真结果与文献中的结果吻合良好。通过观察艇体周围流场分布特性,分析了航行体回转运动中受到的垂向力及俯仰力矩的产生原因,讨论了多种操舵角度下航行体回转过程中垂向力和力矩的变化规律。

自航模拟  /  水平面回转  /  尾重

When an underwater vehicle undergoes a turning maneuver in the horizontal plane, the complex flow due to the vertical asymmetry of its hull shape (especially the sail) causes th vehicle to experience normal forces and pitching moments. This phenomenon can significantly affect the vehicle's maneuverability. In this paper, the SUBOFF model equipped with the E1619 propeller was taken as the research object, and the straight-line self-propulsion and horizontal turning simulation were carried out by combining the CFD method with rigid-body dynamics. The simulation results were in good agreement with the results from relevant literatures. By observing the distribution characteristics of the flow field around the hull, we analyzed the causes of the normal forces and pitching moments experienced by the vehicle during the turning motion, and the variation laws of the normal forces and pitching moments during the dynamic turning process of the vehicle under different rudder angles were discussed.

free-running simulation  /  turning motion in horizontal plane  /  stern dipping
潘雨村, 唐颖, 吕晓军, 谭路, 纪刚. 基于自航模拟的航行体回转运动中“艇重”现象的数值仿真. 船舶力学, 2026 , 30 (8) : 1221 -1233 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.08.001
Yu-cun PAN, Ying TANG, Xiao-jun LÜ, Lu TAN, Gang JI. Numerical simulation of stern dipping tendency of an underwater vehicle in a turn using free-running model[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2026 , 30 (8) : 1221 -1233 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.08.001
水下航行体在开展水平面回转运动时,由于艇体周围复杂的流场结构,形成艇体背部与腹部之间的压力差,使得艇体受到垂向力和俯仰力矩的作用。这种水平面回转产生的垂向力和力矩称为离面载荷(out-of-plane loads),通常此力方向向下,使得艇体有下沉趋势、同时俯仰力矩使其有抬首趋势,所以这种水动力现象也被称为“艇重”“尾重”(stern dipping)[1−2]。水平面回转中产生的垂向力,从量级上来说比横向力要小得多,但是它仍可能改变艇体深度及纵倾姿态,某些情况下甚至危及安全,所以其对航行体操纵的影响不容忽视。
Mackay[3]用面元法计算了斜航和回转运动下某标准航行体模型的垂向力和俯仰力矩,并同试验数据进行了对比验证。Leong等[4]采用CFD方法对定常回转中航行体的离面载荷进行了数值仿真,对比了裸船体、船体+上层建筑、船体+上层建筑+指挥台围壳三种外形下的垂向力,发现上层建筑和指挥台围壳造成的垂向力方向是不同的,且指挥台围壳的影响更大。潘雨村等[5]采用CFD方法模拟了航行体的定常斜航试验和旋臂试验,发现两种情况下艇体受到的垂向水动力方向相反,通过分析指挥台围壳泄出的涡与艇体横向流动之间的关系,讨论了两种状态下垂向力相反的原因。
随着计算机仿真技术的发展,采用CFD方法与刚体动力学结合的方法开展水下航行体操纵运动的数值模拟,已成为一种研究航行体操纵性能的有力手段。例如Zhou等[6]利用整体动网格法对DTRC模型进行了空间旋转和垂直面Z型操纵的仿真。Chase等[7]基于重叠网格对DARPA SUBOFF模型的水平超越运动开展模拟,分别采用离散网格和PUF-14计算程序两种方法来处理螺旋桨的旋转。陈默等[8]利用滑移网格技术直接模拟艇后螺旋桨的转动,利用重叠网格法开展了Joubert BB2自航模的数值模拟方法研究。Carrica等[9]采用动态重叠网格技术对Joubert BB2模型的垂直面10/10 Z型操纵运动开展了CFD仿真,并将深度、纵摇角、纵摇角速度、垂直漂角、垂直速度、绝对速度及螺旋桨推力与扭矩系数的计算结果与试验数据进行了对比。Delen等[10]对SUBOFF模型开展了直接CFD模拟,通过不同舵角下的回转试验分析了操纵性指数的变化规律。李士强等[11] 整合了整体动网格技术、六自由度运动方法、虚拟桨盘体积力法以及VOF法,直接模拟航行体的水平面回转运动,比较了X舵和十字舵两种操纵面构型模型回转时的操纵性能。
目前对航行体水平面运动中离面载荷的研究,大多采用定常CFD流动模拟,本文尝试开展非定常自航操纵运动模拟,以获取离面载荷随操纵运动的变化历程。本文以SUBOFF模型搭配E1619螺旋桨为研究对象,采用CFD方法与刚体动力学结合的方法开展直线自航和水平面回转的数值模拟。并结合艇体周围流场分布特性,分析回转运动中垂向力和俯仰力矩的产生原因和变化趋势,讨论操舵角度对其的影响。
本文基于计算流体力学软件STAR-CCM+开展数值计算,采用非定常雷诺平均的N-S方程(URANS, Unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes Equation) 作为不可压缩流体运动的控制方程。
$ \frac{\partial {u}_{i}}{\partial {x}_{i}}=0 $
$ \rho \frac{\partial {u}_{i}}{\partial t}+\rho {u}_{j}\frac{\partial {u}_{i}}{\partial {x}_{j}}=-\frac{\partial P}{\partial {x}_{i}}+\frac{\partial }{\partial {x}_{j}}\left(\mu \frac{\partial {u}_{i}}{\partial {x}_{j}}-\overline{\rho u_{i}^{\prime}u_{j}^{\prime}}\right) $
式中:$ {x}_{i} $和$ {x}_{j} $代表空间坐标分量;$ {u}_{i} $和$ {u}_{j} $代表空间平均速度分量;$ \rho 、P $ 和$ \mu $ 代表流体密度、压力和动力黏度;t为时间;$ -\overline{\rho u_{i}^{\prime}u_{j}^{\prime}} $ 代表雷诺应力项。采用Realizable k-$ \varepsilon $湍流模型来实现方程的封闭。使用壁面函数法来处理近壁区域。
用有限体积法来实现控制方程对空间的离散,采用SIMPLE 算法来实现压力−速度耦合计算;对于时间离散项,采用一阶隐式格式处理;动量方程中的对流项,采用二阶迎风格式进行离散。
本文利用URANS方程求解航行体周围的瞬态流场,实时获取各个瞬态下艇体、螺旋桨和舵所受的水动力和力矩;同时,采用动态流体−固体相互作用模块(DFBI,Dynamic Fluid-Body Interaction)求解空间运动方程,获得瞬态运动信息,为下一时刻的CFD计算提供边界条件。由此实现航行体的动态运动仿真,并为后续分析垂向力与俯仰力矩奠定基础。
航行体的水下运动可看作一种遵循牛顿第二定律的刚体运动,其六自由度运动方程可写成
$ \frac{{\mathrm{d}}\boldsymbol{B}}{{\mathrm{d}}t}+\text{Ω}\times \boldsymbol{B}=\boldsymbol{F} $
$ \frac{{\mathrm{d}}\boldsymbol{K}}{{\mathrm{d}}t}+\text{Ω}\times \boldsymbol{K}+{{\boldsymbol{V}}}\times \boldsymbol{B}=\boldsymbol{M} $
式中:$ \boldsymbol{F} $和$ \boldsymbol{M} $为作用在航行体上的力和力矩,$ \boldsymbol{V}=\left(u\;\;v\;\;w\right) $是速度,$ \text{Ω}=\left(p\;\;q\;\;r\right) $是角速度,$ \boldsymbol{B}=\left(mu\;\;mv\;\;mw\right) $是动量,$ \boldsymbol{K}=({I}_{x}p\;\;{I}_{y}q\;\;{I}_{z}r) $是动量矩。
在CFD计算中,如果采用滑移网格或重叠网格法,则能够较为精确地模拟螺旋桨非定常受力,但是需要采取精细的时间步长才能获得精确的计算结果,对计算机资源的要求高。由于本文主要关注艇体在操纵运动中的受力情况,并不追求精确模拟螺旋桨非定常力,所以采用运动参考系方法(MRF方法)处理螺旋桨,即在螺旋桨周围的子区域应用旋转坐标系下的控制方程进行求解。该方法可以采用相对较大的时间步长,对计算机资源的要求相对较低,且获取的螺旋桨受力精确程度对于操纵运动仿真来说是足够的,这也是一种在计算精度与计算速度之间折衷的方法。
本文采用重叠网格方法来处理舵的旋转运动。在舵周围生成子区域,利用自定义函数来指定此区域的转动速度,通过运动叠加法,实现舵在跟随艇体移动的同时绕自身舵轴转动,在每个时间步内重构舵与艇体之间的几何关系,在重叠区通过插值算法交换两个区域之间的流动信息。
本文采用DARPA SUBOFF-AFF8全附体模型为研究对象,采用E1619七叶大侧斜螺旋桨与SUBOFF模型来搭配实现自航,艇体与螺旋桨的几何与数值仿真研究可见文献[12]。
图1为用于描述艇体六自由度运动的随体运动坐标系,坐标原点O布置在航行体的重心,x轴的正方向指向艇首,y轴正向指向右舷,z轴正向指向下方。模型的尺度、重量、惯性矩等参数见表1。
本文取计算区域为如图2所示的长方体,前方边界距艇首1倍艇长,后方边界距艇尾2倍艇长,两周和顶部、底部边界距艇体中轴线为1.25倍艇长。前方和四周边界设置为速度入口条件,速度值设为零;在后方边界施加压力出口边界条件,将速度梯度设置为零。在艇体、螺旋桨和舵叶表面上定义了无滑移壁面边界条件,其中速度的法向分量固定为零,切向分量等于壁面速度。
如图3所示,在计算域内部,再划分出一个包围螺旋桨的子区域和两个分别包围上、下方向舵的子区域。在计算过程中,艇体计算域与随体坐标系同步运动;为螺旋桨子区域和舵子区域分别设置局部坐标系,运用运动叠加法实现其伴随艇体运动的同时绕自身轴线转动。
本文采用八叉树单元结构开展计算域网格离散。对于远离船体的区域,由于流动变化平缓,采用较粗的网格尺寸;而对于靠近船体的区域,流动变化剧烈,采用较细的网格尺寸。考虑边界层影响,在船体、螺旋桨、舵叶附近生成棱柱体网格,并采用壁面函数方法来控制艇体壁面网格尺度,将最底层网格尺度y+保持在30~90之间。由于采用了重叠网格技术来实现舵的转动,舵区域和艇体区域的网格在交界区域局部要尽可能保持尺度一致,以满足插值精度要求。方向舵区域的网格如图4所示。
由于网格精细程度会影响数值计算结果,本文开展了网格收敛性研究。在其他参数不变的前提下,采用细化尺度比 $ {r}_{{\mathrm{G}}}=\sqrt{2} $生成三种逐次加密的网格,通过对比各个网格下航行体回转直径的计算结果,验证网格收敛性。我们按照网格从密到疏的顺序分别称为G1、G2、G3方案(由于采用非结构化网格,相邻两套网格数量之间的比例并未达到2.828倍),表2给出了在不同网格数目下模拟得到的回转直径结果。
根据表2中结果,可以计算得出:网格收敛率0 <$ R=\dfrac{{\varepsilon }_{1}}{{\varepsilon }_{2}}=\dfrac{{D}_{\text{G2}}-{D}_{\text{G1}}}{{D}_{\text{G3}}-{D}_{\text{G2}}} $ = 0.689 < 1。显然,三组网格划分方案单调收敛。综合考虑计算精度和计算资源,本文后续的自航计算中采用方案G2网格配置(551.63 万网格)。
为了验证本文计算方法的有效性,对SUBOFF模型在多个漂角下的定常斜航情况进行了数值模拟。图5中展示了受力和力矩随漂角而变化的曲线,并与文献[13]中的实验结果进行了对比。可以看到,总体来说各个漂角下两者的数据都吻合得很好,仅在18°漂角下,横向力Y'的计算值和实验值偏差较大,这可能是由于大漂角下计算方法对流动分离的预报精度不足所致。
在开展自航运动时,方向舵舵角保持为零($ \delta $=0),开放航行体模型的一个自由度,即只允许沿x方向移动。为螺旋桨区域的参考坐标系设定转速n = 9.33 r/s,初始时刻推力远大于阻力,船体在螺旋桨推力的作用下从零速开始加速前进。图6(a)显示航速的变化过程,图6(b)显示螺旋桨推力和船体阻力的变化过程。随着航速提高,航行体阻力增大,螺旋桨推力减小,大约12 s之后,推力和阻力达到平衡,最终以2.73 m/s的速度实现自航运动,这个结果同文献[10]中的自航速度2.75 m/s非常接近。
在直线自航运动的数值仿真达到稳定状态后,开展回转运动的数值模拟。在稳定直航基础上,为尾方向舵设定转速,并开放模型的3个自由度(允许航行体沿x、y方向移动以及绕z轴转动)。当尾方向舵开始转动后,产生舵力和转首力矩,艇体发生横移和转首。由于艇体轴向与运动方向产生夹角(即漂角$ \beta $),艇体受到横向力和回转力矩;在艇体产生旋转角速度后,艇体遭遇阻尼力矩。经动态变化后,舵的回转力矩、艇体的回转力矩与阻尼力矩达到平衡,艇体进入定常回转状态。
我们开展了在4种尾方向舵角下的回转运动模拟($ \delta ={5}^{{{\circ}}},{15}^{{{\circ}}},{20}^{{{\circ}}},{35}^{{{\circ}}} $),参照文献[10]中的设置,4种工况下舵角均在1 s内达到最终舵角,即舵的转动速率分别为$ 5{^{\circ}}/{\mathrm{s}} $, $ 15{^{\circ}}/{\mathrm{s}} $, $ 20{^{\circ}}/{\mathrm{s}} $, $ 35{^{\circ}}/{\mathrm{s}} $。图7展示了无量纲的艇体运动轨迹,可以看到,随着舵角增大,航行体回转直径逐渐减小。我们将回转轨迹的计算结果同文献[10]进行了对比,本文在$ {5}^{{{\circ}}}、{15}^{{{\circ}}}、{20}^{{{\circ}}}、{35}^{{{\circ}}} $四种舵角下的回转直径结果与文献[10]分别相差0.62%、3.75%、1.52%、6.49%,总体吻合良好。当舵角较大时,本文计算值和文献[10]的偏差较大,主要原因在于尾舵舵轴与文献[10]不同(如图8),导致尾舵受力存在差异。
我们发现当尾舵舵角$ {\delta =5}^{{{\circ}}},{15}^{{{\circ}}},{20}^{{{\circ}}},{35}^{{{\circ}}} $时,航行体回转直径分别相当于3.435、2.492、2.373和1.97倍艇长,该艇的回转直径远小于常见的回转直径(3.5~5倍艇长)[1]。常见的操纵面通常是稳定翼和舵的组合体,但本文中将整个尾操纵面作为全动舵,舵力和力矩更大,这是造成航行体回转直径小的主要原因。另一个可能原因是SUBOFF模型设计目的是用于CFD仿真验证,未充分考虑操纵运动性能,导致其运动稳定性较差[10],但回转性好,表现为回转直径小,回转角速度和漂角偏大。
图9和图10分别展示了回转运动中航行体角速度和重心处漂角的变化,在操舵后的短时间内角速度和漂角都呈现快速增大的趋势,随后下降,并最终稳定在某个平均值。
图11中展示的是以几种舵角进行操舵后,艇体受到的垂向力和俯仰力矩的变化情况。我们以操舵$ \delta ={20}^{{{\circ}}} $为例,结合运动特征与艇体周围流场特性来讨论图11中垂向力的变化规律。垂向力的变化大体分为3个阶段:①在t=0 s开始操舵后艇体受到的垂向力迅速增大,到t=3.28 s时达到最大;②达到最大值后垂向力迅速减小,在t=5.23 s时达到最小值;③然后垂向力又逐渐增大,最终在10 s左右达到准定常状态,在此之后,垂向力围绕着平均值发生小幅度振荡。
图12示意性地给出了环量、横流与艇体遭受垂向力之间的关系。Feldman[14]指出,从指挥台泄出的环量沿两个路径向下游传输,一个是指挥台梢涡,另一个是梢涡在艇体内诱导出的镜像涡。该镜像涡(或称为诱导涡)附着于指挥台后方的艇体上,其强度与指挥台梢涡成正比,旋转方向相反。
图13展示了艇体多个不同纵向位置处的横截面的速度分布,可以看到指挥台后缘顶部泄出了明显的梢涡。此时艇体在回转中具有明显的漂角和转首角速度,艇体遭遇向右的横向流动。在横向流动的影响下,梢涡在向下游延伸的同时,也明显向右舷偏斜。
图14展示了在t=3.28 s时在x/L=0.323横截面(在紧邻指挥台下游处)的速度矢量和压力分布。从图14(b)中可以看到指挥台梢涡的速度矢量呈顺时针旋转,因此可以推断艇体镜像涡的环量呈逆时针方向旋转。船体镜像涡的环量与向右的横向流动相互作用,依据库塔-儒科夫斯基定理,可知此时艇体遭遇向下的垂向力。另外,从图14(a)中可以看到,艇体背部压力明显高于腹部压力,产生向下的垂向力,也和上述推断相吻合。
从图9和10可以看出,在第①阶段艇体的回转角速度和漂角随时间而增大,这样使得横向流动速度增大;同时指挥台梢涡强度与艇体漂角成正比,所以也会增大。因此,依据库塔−儒科夫斯基定理,图11中该阶段垂向力迅速增大的变化是合理的。
在阶段②,对应着图9和10中航行体的回转角速度和漂角减小的阶段,横向流动速度在减小。从图15可见,指挥台梢涡强度较阶段①减小,可推断艇体镜像涡强度也减小,这解释了图11中第②阶段垂向力随时间减小的原因。
由图11(a)可见,稳定状态下垂向力平均值随舵角增大而变小;由图11(b)可见,俯仰力矩也随舵角变大而变小,直至变为负值。
图16展示了舵角为5°和20°情况下航行体进入定常回转阶段后,艇体中纵剖面与艇体表面的截交线上的压力随着纵向坐标的变化情况。我们以这两条代表性曲线为例,讨论不同舵角下垂向力和力矩的变化。
1)5°和20°舵角两种工况下的艇体上下表面压力曲线的相似点
图16(a)和(b)中的两条压力曲线,除尾部区域外,其他区域总体趋势较为接近:
①在指挥台上游(x/L<0.213),上表面压力大于下表面,上下表面的压力差在接近指挥台前端处达到局部极值,形成明显的向下垂向力。从图17中可以看到,在航行体运动过程中,指挥台围壳对流动造成阻碍,在指挥台垂直壁面的迎风面产生高压区。由于艇体下表面对称处无指挥台类障碍物,上下表面形成明显压力差,这就是指挥台上游形成向下垂向力的来源。
②在指挥台区域(0.213< x/L<0.296),上表面压力低于下表面,形成向上的垂向力。从图17中可以看到,在指挥台迎风面受到阻碍的流体绕过指挥台垂直壁与顶盖结合处后流速增大,在指挥台围壳的顶盖局部产生低压区,这就是指挥台围壳产生向上垂向力的来源。
③在指挥台下游的艇体平行段(0.296< x/L<0.736),紧邻指挥台下游处的上下表面压力差达到局部极值,形成明显的向下垂向力。然后沿着纵向坐标向后移动,上下表面的压力差减小,使得垂向力逐渐减小。
对于第③点,我们在上一小节已用库塔−儒科夫斯基定理解释了指挥台下游的垂向力。由于在紧邻指挥台下游处(如图18中的x/L=0.323截面)指挥台梢涡强度大,对应的艇体镜像涡强度也大,所以此处垂向力较大;随着与指挥台纵向距离加大(如图19中的x/L=0.461截面),梢涡在运动过程中能量耗散,强度下降,对应的艇体镜像涡强度也减小,于是垂向力也下降。这解释了艇体平行段沿纵向坐标向下游移动时垂向力逐渐变小的原因。
2)舵角为5°和20°两种工况下的艇体上下表面压力曲线的差异
对比图16(a)、(b)中的两条曲线,主要区别在尾部区域:
5°舵角时,总体来看艇体尾部(0.736<x/L<1.0)的上表面压力略大于下表面压力,仅有小块区域的上表面压力小于下表面,该区域的垂向力向下;20°舵角时,在艇体尾部(0.736<x/L<0.9)区域,上表面压力小于下表面压力,因此形成向上的垂向力。
即在20°舵角时,艇体平行中体段向下的垂向力,略大于5°舵角,但是尾部区域向上的垂向力量级较大,导致整体垂向力小于5°舵角。这解释了图11(a)中垂向力随舵角增大而减小的原因。在大舵角情况下,艇体尾部区域的垂向力向上,且距离艇体重心较远,力臂较大,使得艇体遭遇的俯仰力矩随着舵角增大而从正值逐渐减小成为负值,也就是图11(b)中表现出小舵角时航行体遭遇抬首力矩而大舵角时遭遇埋首力矩的原因。
图20展示了分别操5°和20°舵角回转时艇体周围的涡旋结构(Q=10等值面)。艇体周围流体有向右的横向流动速度,流经背部和腹部后,在右舷上下两侧形成一对涡旋。
如图20(a)所示,5°舵角回转时,这对涡相对于艇体的最大水线面大致对称;如图20(b)所示,20°舵角回转时,这对涡虽然在平行中体段大致对称,但是在艇体尾部区域,上下两个涡的形态有明显区别。从艇体背部泄出的涡与指挥台根部马蹄涡的涡腿相互掺混,能量较强,一直贴着艇体向下游延伸;即使到达艇体尾部,也基本附着在艇体表面,直到接近尾舵才与艇体分离;从艇体腹部泄出的涡,虽然在艇体平行段也是贴着艇体向下游延伸,但是达到艇体尾部收缩段时,就迅速与艇体分离。
图21~22中分别展示了5°和20°舵角工况下艇体尾部(x/L=0.874)横截面的速度场和压力场。由图21可见,5°舵角回转时,该截面处速度场和压力场相对于艇体最大水线面大体对称,由于上下表面压力差不大,所以艇体尾部区域垂向力不大,这一结果和图16(a)的曲线相吻合。
从图22(a)中可以看到,以20°舵角回转时,在尾部横截面(x/L=0.874)处,上垂直舵和右舵之间区域的速度明显高于下垂直舵和右舵之间区域。造成这一现象的原因是,艇体背部泄出的涡与艇体分离较晚,能够延伸到尾部,涡系将上游的高速流体带入到此区域;而艇体腹部泄出的涡较早与艇体表面分离,使得尾部壁面附近区域的流速较低。
由于两区域之间存在上述速度差异,根据伯努利方程,上述两区域之间也会出现压力差。这一点可从图22(b)观察到,上垂直舵和右舵之间区域的压力小于下垂直舵和右舵之间区域。这就解释了为何图16(b)中艇体尾部区域上表面的压力低于下表面,从而在此区域形成了向上的垂向力。
本文以SUBOFF模型搭配E1619螺旋桨为研究对象,采用CFD与刚体动力学结合的方法,开展了直线自航和水平面回转的数值模拟。在计算中采用整体动网格方法模拟航行体操纵运动,以重叠网格方法模拟舵的转动,以MRF方法模拟螺旋桨的转动。
(1)将本文中直线自航和回转运动的数值仿真结果同相关文献中的数据对比。总体吻合较好,说明本文采用的数值方法合理,能够用于开展水下航行体自航操纵运动的数值仿真。
(2)通过对“直航−操舵−回转”过程中艇体遭遇的垂向力/俯仰力矩的变化历程进行观察,可以发现,操方向舵后短时间内艇体垂向力/力矩迅速增大,随后下降,最终稳定在一个准定常状态。根据Feldman的理论,艇体镜像涡与指挥台梢涡成正比;根据库塔−儒科夫斯基定理,艇体垂向力分别与横向流动速度和镜像涡强度成正比。操舵后短时间内漂角和回转角速度有明显的变化,导致艇体的横向速度和指挥台梢涡及艇体镜像涡强度均发生明显起伏,因此必然引起垂向力的起伏。
(3)对比不同操舵角度下进入定常回转阶段后艇体的垂向力,发现随着舵角增大,垂向力逐渐减小。这是因为小舵角下,艇体背部和腹部的涡结构接近对称;大舵角下,背部涡在指挥台马蹄涡的影响下与艇体分离较晚,腹部涡与艇体分离较早。尾部上下区域流动速度不同,产生压力差,形成向上的垂向力。尽管舵角增大后艇体平行段的垂向力方向仍是向下且有所增大,但是尾部区域的垂向力方向向上且快速增大,导致总的垂向力减小,同时使艇体的俯仰力矩由抬首力矩逐渐变成埋首力矩。
(4)进入水平面定常回转后,艇体垂向力和力矩围绕平均值发生小幅振荡。这可能是因为:艇体背部和腹部泄出的涡系向下游演化发展中,受到梢涡、马蹄涡的干扰,其自身的流动形态并不稳定,同时还受到螺旋桨的抽吸效应的影响,导致艇体尾部和尾操纵面的表面压力随时间起伏,进而使艇体尾部垂向力有小幅度起伏。
本文尝试对此现象进行分析,但因计算资源限制,本文网格分辨率不足,对尾部的流动细节的捕捉不够准确。另外,本文采用了MRF方法处理螺旋桨的旋转,虽然能够获得螺旋桨推力、扭矩的时间平均结果,但是不能获得抽吸效应的瞬态波动,无法精确模拟螺旋桨旋转与尾翼间复杂且瞬态的相互干扰。今后将尝试采用更为精细的网格,并利用滑移网格或重叠网格方法处理螺旋桨的旋转,以获得更加准确的流场信息,进一步研究该现象。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52401398)
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2026年第30卷第8期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.08.001
  • 接收时间:2026-02-16
  • 首发时间:2026-11-03
  • 出版时间:2026-08-15
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  • 收稿日期:2026-02-16
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(52401398)
作者信息
    海军工程大学,武汉 430033
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cblx/CN/10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.08.001
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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