Article(id=1324392905179279554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1324392762614882315, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.07.013, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1767628800000, receivedDateStr=2026-01-06, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793689474624, onlineDateStr=2026-11-03, pubDate=1784044800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793689474624, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793689474624, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793689474624, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1324392762614882315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2026', volume='30', issue='7', pageStart='1041', pageEnd='1220', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784044800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793689440634, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793689440634, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1195, endPage=1205, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1324392905342857411, articleId=1324392905179279554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Torsional self-excited vibration of the propulsion shafting induced by the friction of the stern bearing and the construction of the criterion formula, columnId=1241023038381158513, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Hydro/Structural Acoustics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

During the operation of the ship propulsion shafting system, it is often excited by the friction of the water-lubricated stern bearing, which in turn induces self-excited vibration noise. The results of sea trials show that this type of vibration exhibits the characteristics of a certain order of the natural frequency of torsional vibration of the propulsion shafting system and its harmonic frequency components in the vibration spectrum. In order to explore the causes of such vibrations and propose an effective criterion formula, this study employs the finite element method to construct a nonlinear torsional vibration analysis model of the propulsion shafting system under the friction excitation of the stern bearing. The shooting method is applied to explore the influence of key parameters, such as the rotational speed of the shafting system, the structural damping ratio, the inclination degree of the shafting system, and the propeller excitation, on this vibration. The study finds that the root cause of this type of vibration lies in the existence of local torsional vibration modes near the stern bearing. The lower the rotational speed and the greater the friction force, the more likely this type of vibration is to occur. The inclination of the shafting system will increase the local friction force, thereby increasing the probability of this type of vibration. The blade frequency excitation force of the propeller will cause a sideband phenomenon in the spectrum of the self-excited vibration, that is, a series of equally spaced blade frequency components will form on both sides of the self-excited vibration frequency. Through in-depth analysis of a large amount of data, this study proposes a criterion formula to determine whether the propulsion shafting system will undergo frictional torsional self-excited vibration, and verifies the effectiveness through numerical calculations. This criterion formula can provide an important theoretical basis for the design of early fault warning mechanisms of the ship propulsion shafting system.

, authors=Xue-bing ZHANG1, Shu SHU1, Jia-peng YU1, Chun-xiao JIAO2, Dong-lin ZOU2, authorsList=Xue-bing ZHANG, Shu SHU, Jia-peng YU, Chun-xiao JIAO, Dong-lin ZOU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Journal of Ship Mechanics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1324392932035408286, articleId=1324392905179279554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=CN, title=艉轴承摩擦诱导的推进轴系扭振自激振动及判据公式构建, columnId=1241023038515376243, journalTitle=船舶力学, columnName=流体与结构声学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

船舶推进轴系在运转过程中,常受水润滑艉轴承摩擦激励,由此诱发自激振动噪声。实船测试结果显示,这类振动在频谱中表现为推进轴系某一阶扭转振动固有频率及其倍频分量的特征。为了探究此类振动的成因并提出有效的判据公式,本研究借助有限元法,构建了艉轴承摩擦激励作用下推进轴系的非线性扭转振动分析模型,运用打靶法研究轴系旋转速度、结构阻尼比、轴系倾斜程度以及螺旋桨激励等关键参数对该振动的影响规律。研究发现,此类振动的根源在于艉轴承附近存在扭转振动局部模态;转速越低,摩擦力越大,该类振动越易发生;轴系倾斜会使局部摩擦力增大,从而增大这类振动发生概率;螺旋桨叶频激励力将在自激振动频谱中引发边频带现象,即在自激振动频率两侧形成一系列等间距的叶频激励频率分量。通过对大量数据的深入分析,本研究提出了一个可判断推进轴系是否将发生摩擦扭转自激振动的判据公式,并通过数值计算验证了其有效性。该判据公式可为船舶推进轴系早期故障预警机制的设计提供重要的理论依据。

, authors=张雪冰1, 疏舒1, 喻家鹏1, 焦春晓2, 邹冬林2, authorsList=张雪冰, 疏舒, 喻家鹏, 焦春晓, 邹冬林, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

张雪冰(1983–),男,高级工程师

邹冬林(1987–),男,博士,助理研究员,通讯作者,E-mail:

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张雪冰(1983–),男,高级工程师

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张雪冰(1983–),男,高级工程师

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numerical calculation results under different damping ratios, figureFileSmall=HABUytwFdvbsXx9a4qscJw==, figureFileBig=sM0PUrKILjJKu35wdJVQZg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324392941397094879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324392905179279554, language=CN, label=图12, caption=不同阻尼比下判据公式与数值计算结果精度对比, figureFileSmall=HABUytwFdvbsXx9a4qscJw==, figureFileBig=sM0PUrKILjJKu35wdJVQZg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324392941468398048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324392905179279554, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Simplified dimensions of the propulsion shafting (m)

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轴段1轴段2轴段3轴段4轴段5
L1Ro1Ri1L2Ro2Ri2L3Ro3Ri3L4Ro4Ri4L5Ro5Ri5
30.150.060.50.180.0970.150.068.50.150.0650.150.06
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简化后的轴系尺寸(m)

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轴段1轴段2轴段3轴段4轴段5
L1Ro1Ri1L2Ro2Ri2L3Ro3Ri3L4Ro4Ri4L5Ro5Ri5
30.150.060.50.180.0970.150.068.50.150.0650.150.06
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The first four orders of natural frequencies and modal damping ratios

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阶数第一阶第二阶第三阶第四阶
自由边界下固有频率 /Hz04.43471.895144.384
若约束下固有频率 /Hz0.0044.43471.895144.384
第一阶模态阻尼比取0.01,第三阶模态阻尼比取 0.010.010.00630.010.02
第一阶模态阻尼比取0.01,第三阶模态阻尼比取 0.030.010.0130.030.042
第一阶模态阻尼比取0.01,第三阶模态阻尼比取 0.050.010.0210.050.069
), ArticleFig(id=1324392941678113251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324392905179279554, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

前四阶固有频率及模态阻尼比

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阶数第一阶第二阶第三阶第四阶
自由边界下固有频率 /Hz04.43471.895144.384
若约束下固有频率 /Hz0.0044.43471.895144.384
第一阶模态阻尼比取0.01,第三阶模态阻尼比取 0.010.010.00630.010.02
第一阶模态阻尼比取0.01,第三阶模态阻尼比取 0.030.010.0130.030.042
第一阶模态阻尼比取0.01,第三阶模态阻尼比取 0.050.010.0210.050.069
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Initial calculation parameters

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静摩擦系数$ {\mu }_{0} $动摩擦系数$ {\mu }_{1} $摩擦衰减系数a
0.90.12
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计算初始参数

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静摩擦系数$ {\mu }_{0} $动摩擦系数$ {\mu }_{1} $摩擦衰减系数a
0.90.12
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艉轴承摩擦诱导的推进轴系扭振自激振动及判据公式构建
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张雪冰 1 , 疏舒 1 , 喻家鹏 1 , 焦春晓 2 , 邹冬林 2
船舶力学 | 流体与结构声学 2026,30(7): 1195-1205
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船舶力学 |流体与结构声学 2026 , 30 (7) : 1195 -1205
艉轴承摩擦诱导的推进轴系扭振自激振动及判据公式构建
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张雪冰1, 疏舒1, 喻家鹏1, 焦春晓2, 邹冬林2
作者信息
  • 1武汉第二船舶设计研究所,武汉 430064
  • 2上海交通大学 机械系统与振动全国重点实验室,上海 200240
作者简介:

张雪冰(1983–),男,高级工程师

邹冬林(1987–),男,博士,助理研究员,通讯作者,E-mail:

Torsional self-excited vibration of the propulsion shafting induced by the friction of the stern bearing and the construction of the criterion formula
Xue-bing ZHANG1, Shu SHU1, Jia-peng YU1, Chun-xiao JIAO2, Dong-lin ZOU2
Affiliations
  • 1Wuhan Second Ship Design and Research Institute, Wuhan 430064, China
  • 2State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
出版时间: 2026-07-15 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.07.013
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船舶推进轴系在运转过程中,常受水润滑艉轴承摩擦激励,由此诱发自激振动噪声。实船测试结果显示,这类振动在频谱中表现为推进轴系某一阶扭转振动固有频率及其倍频分量的特征。为了探究此类振动的成因并提出有效的判据公式,本研究借助有限元法,构建了艉轴承摩擦激励作用下推进轴系的非线性扭转振动分析模型,运用打靶法研究轴系旋转速度、结构阻尼比、轴系倾斜程度以及螺旋桨激励等关键参数对该振动的影响规律。研究发现,此类振动的根源在于艉轴承附近存在扭转振动局部模态;转速越低,摩擦力越大,该类振动越易发生;轴系倾斜会使局部摩擦力增大,从而增大这类振动发生概率;螺旋桨叶频激励力将在自激振动频谱中引发边频带现象,即在自激振动频率两侧形成一系列等间距的叶频激励频率分量。通过对大量数据的深入分析,本研究提出了一个可判断推进轴系是否将发生摩擦扭转自激振动的判据公式,并通过数值计算验证了其有效性。该判据公式可为船舶推进轴系早期故障预警机制的设计提供重要的理论依据。

推进轴系  /  水润滑轴承  /  摩擦激励  /  非线性动力学  /  自激振动

During the operation of the ship propulsion shafting system, it is often excited by the friction of the water-lubricated stern bearing, which in turn induces self-excited vibration noise. The results of sea trials show that this type of vibration exhibits the characteristics of a certain order of the natural frequency of torsional vibration of the propulsion shafting system and its harmonic frequency components in the vibration spectrum. In order to explore the causes of such vibrations and propose an effective criterion formula, this study employs the finite element method to construct a nonlinear torsional vibration analysis model of the propulsion shafting system under the friction excitation of the stern bearing. The shooting method is applied to explore the influence of key parameters, such as the rotational speed of the shafting system, the structural damping ratio, the inclination degree of the shafting system, and the propeller excitation, on this vibration. The study finds that the root cause of this type of vibration lies in the existence of local torsional vibration modes near the stern bearing. The lower the rotational speed and the greater the friction force, the more likely this type of vibration is to occur. The inclination of the shafting system will increase the local friction force, thereby increasing the probability of this type of vibration. The blade frequency excitation force of the propeller will cause a sideband phenomenon in the spectrum of the self-excited vibration, that is, a series of equally spaced blade frequency components will form on both sides of the self-excited vibration frequency. Through in-depth analysis of a large amount of data, this study proposes a criterion formula to determine whether the propulsion shafting system will undergo frictional torsional self-excited vibration, and verifies the effectiveness through numerical calculations. This criterion formula can provide an important theoretical basis for the design of early fault warning mechanisms of the ship propulsion shafting system.

propulsion shafting  /  water-lubricated bearing  /  friction excitation  /  nonlinear dynamics  /  self-excited vibration
张雪冰, 疏舒, 喻家鹏, 焦春晓, 邹冬林. 艉轴承摩擦诱导的推进轴系扭振自激振动及判据公式构建. 船舶力学, 2026 , 30 (7) : 1195 -1205 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.07.013
Xue-bing ZHANG, Shu SHU, Jia-peng YU, Chun-xiao JIAO, Dong-lin ZOU. Torsional self-excited vibration of the propulsion shafting induced by the friction of the stern bearing and the construction of the criterion formula[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2026 , 30 (7) : 1195 -1205 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.07.013
在某船运行中,安装在轴承座上的加速度传感器监测到了如图1所示的振动频谱,可以清晰观察到振动加速度频谱中存在约72 Hz及其倍频分量。经初步分析该频率可能为因水润滑艉轴承摩擦激励引起的自激振动。在此背景下,本文致力于通过建立严谨的理论分析模型,深入剖析并揭示该类振动现象的成因,并构建此类振动产生的判据公式,以期为相关问题的解决提供有益的参考和启示。
目前,在水润滑轴承摩擦激励振动研究方面,国内外学者开展了很多工作。Simpson等[1]通过简化的二自由度模型来模拟水润滑轴承的摩擦激励振动特性,研究发现滑动速度变化将导致摩擦力随时间变化,这种时变摩擦力将导致一些非线性振动现象发生。张振果等[2]采用Stribeck摩擦模型描述了水润滑轴承的动摩擦特性,并建立了船舶推进轴系摩擦自激扭振的非线性动力学模型,研究发现在轴系产生弯−扭耦合时更容易产生摩擦自激振动。陈锋等[3]研究了推进轴系非线性自激振动特性,结果表明摩擦负阻尼是推进轴系摩擦自激振动的重要诱因。车凯凯[4]通过数值模拟和试验验证相结合的方法,分析了水润滑橡胶轴承产生的摩擦对轴系振动的影响规律。向果[5]建立了水润滑轴承的热弹流摩擦激励振动模型,研究了多参数条件下水润滑轴承摩擦激励振动特性。覃文源等[6]研究了弹性支承轴系在水润滑橡胶轴承摩擦力作用下的自激振动特性,并分析了轴承不对中状态对轴系自激振动特性的影响[7]。Huang等[8]建立了速度依赖型摩擦激励下的船舶螺旋桨轴-轴承动力学模型,分析了轴的相对速度、轴承反力以及轴承动摩擦系数等动力学响应规律;此外,Huang等[9]还研究了LuGre摩擦激励下的螺旋桨轴系的摩擦自激振动特性。Jin等[10]基于模态分解方法建立水润滑轴承摩擦激励振动模型,研究发现轴承的比压和温度对摩擦激励振动有显著影响。Jin等[11]研究了考虑轴系横向振动和水润滑轴承摩擦激励振动的耦合效应,结果表明在特定速度下,摩擦振动与横向振动同时发生,并且当速度降低时,摩擦振动的振幅明显减小。Zhou等[12]研究了刹车过程中,水润滑轴承的摩擦系数和比压等参数对轴系摩擦激励振动的影响,结果表明相对于摩擦系数而言,轴承比压的影响更大。Sinou等[13]通过单自由度摩擦润滑系统分析了激励频率和共振频率的匹配关系。Lin等[14]建立了三自由度耦合模型,分析了艉轴管轴承随机粗糙表面的扰动对摩擦激励振动的影响。Lin等[15]还分析了轴转速、接触压力、摩擦系数、系统阻尼以及刚度等参数对系统的稳定性和非线性振动响应的影响。Song等[16]研究了弹性联轴节的摩擦自激振动特性,发现摩擦损耗是自激振动的激励力。Jiang等[17]建立了非线性摩擦激励的弯纵耦合桨轴系统动力学模型,研究发现增大阻尼系数和衰减系数以及减小间隙可以实现减小橡胶支座异常振动的目的。
在试验研究方面,彭伟才等[18]试验分析了水润滑橡胶轴承对轴和轴承座的摩擦振动特性,结果发现轴承座的时域振动信号中出现明显的脉冲现象,轴系的频域振动信号中出现典型的峰值频率及其倍频。况福明[19]进行了可视化台架试验研究,分析了水润滑橡胶轴承摩擦振动发生机理以及推进轴系振动耦合机制。Qin等[20]通过试验分析了水润滑轴承对推进系统的摩擦激励振动特性,结果表明推进系统振动主要由水润滑轴承粘滑特性引起。Han等[21]通过试验验证了水润滑轴承粘滑非线性摩擦诱发的推进轴系振动。Wang等[22]通过试验分析了沟槽式弹性阻尼元件对摩擦激励振动的影响规律,结果表明轴承表明沟槽可以在一定程度上消除高频振动。Zhang等[23]在试验过程中发现水润滑轴承摩擦激励振动与轴瓦材料的磨损过程有一定关系。Wang等[24]通过橡胶材料水润滑轴承试验时发现,轴承磨损比摩擦更容易引起振动。在优化摩擦激励振动方面,Zhang等[25]研制了一种新型复合轴瓦材料,使轴承在水润滑条件下实现最佳的摩擦激励振动特性。Yang等[26]通过改善水润滑轴承轴瓦表面织构来减小摩擦激励振动,研究发现无表面织构轴承引起的振动总值比有表面织构轴承的高2~3个数量级。
综上所述,目前对于水润滑轴承摩擦激励所诱发的轴系振动现象已展开了广泛的研究,然而,这些文献大多聚焦于由轴承摩擦激励所导致的轴系弯曲振动研究,而对于摩擦激励引发的轴系扭转振动的研究则相对匮乏,且当前缺乏针对推进轴系是否产生摩擦扭转自激振动的判据方法。鉴于此,本文旨在针对这一领域展开深入探究,具体内容安排如下:第1章建立了艉轴承摩擦激励下的推进轴系扭转振动分析模型;第2章介绍了如何利用打靶法求解系统的周期解;第3章利用数值仿真方法研究了轴系旋转速度、系统结构阻尼比、轴系倾斜及轴系振动等参数对轴系扭转自激振动的影响规律;第4章通过对大量计算数据的拟合分析,构建了此类振动产生的判据公式;重要结论在第5章中给出。
典型的船舶推进轴系结构复杂,主要由螺旋桨、后艉轴承、前艉轴承、中间轴承、推力轴承以及高弹性离合器等关键部件构成,其整体布局如图2所示。
本文利用有限元法建立艉轴承摩擦激励下的扭转振动分析模型。使用2节点梁单元,单元长度为$ {L}_{{\mathrm{e}}} $,每个节点包含一个扭转自由度$ \boldsymbol{u}_{\text{s}}^{\text{e}}= \left\{\theta \right\} $,单元刚度矩阵$ \boldsymbol{k}_{\text{s}}^{\text{e}} $和质量矩阵可分别表示为
$ \boldsymbol{k}_{\text{s}}^{\text{e}}=\frac{G{I}_{{\mathrm{p}}}}{{L}_{{\mathrm{e}}}}\left[\begin{matrix}1 & -1\\-1 & 1\end{matrix}\right],\boldsymbol{m}_{\text{s}}^{\text{e}}=\frac{\rho {I}_{{\mathrm{p}}}{L}_{\text{e}}}{6}\left[\begin{matrix}2 & 1\\1 & 2\end{matrix}\right] $
其中,$ \rho $为材料密度;$ G $为材料剪切模量;$ {L}_{{\mathrm{e}}} $为单元长度;$ {I}_{{\mathrm{p}}} $为单元极转动惯量。
基于有限元理论,对各单元矩阵和质量矩阵组装,并考虑摩擦激励力矩后,可获得推进轴系的扭振计算方程
$ \boldsymbol{M}\ddot{\boldsymbol{\theta }}\left(\boldsymbol{t}\right)+\boldsymbol{C}\dot{\boldsymbol{\theta }}\left(\boldsymbol{t}\right)+\boldsymbol{K}\boldsymbol{\theta }\left(\boldsymbol{t}\right)={\boldsymbol{F}}_{\rm{f}}(\boldsymbol{t}) $
式中:$ \boldsymbol{M} $为组装后的质量矩阵;$ \boldsymbol{K} $为组装后的刚度矩阵;$ \boldsymbol{C} $为阻尼矩阵;$ \boldsymbol{\theta }\left(\boldsymbol{t}\right) $为轴系的扭振位移向量;$ {\boldsymbol{F}}_{\text{f}}(\boldsymbol{t}) $为摩擦激励力矩向量。
对于推进轴系扭转振动,主要激励载荷包括螺旋桨扭矩激励力、后艉轴承及前艉轴承摩擦力矩激励力等。本文聚焦艉轴承摩擦力矩激励引起的轴系异常振动,因此激励载荷中只考虑摩擦激励力矩。如图3所示,假设轴承支承反力$ N $在轴瓦上产生的压力$ P $呈余弦分布,即
$ P={P}_{0}\cos \beta ,\;\;\beta \in \left[-\frac{\text{π} }{2},\frac{\text{π} }{2}\right] $
式中:$ {P}_{0} $为压力最大值;$ \beta $为夹角。
设轴颈与轴瓦的接触长度为$ {L}_{{\mathrm{b}}} $,轴承半径为$ {R}_{{\mathrm{b}}} $,根据力平衡条件,可推导$ {P}_{0} $为
$ {P}_{0}=\frac{2N}{{R}_{{\mathrm{b}}}{L}_{{\mathrm{b}}}{\text{π}} }\cos \beta ,\;\;\beta \in \left[-\frac{\text{π} }{2},\frac{\text{π} }{2}\right] $
假设轴瓦与轴系表面的摩擦系数为$ \mu $,采用速度依赖型指数模型[1],其表达式如下
$ \mu ={\mathrm{sign}}\left(\omega +\dot{\theta }\left(x\right)\right)\cdot \left({\mu }_{1}+\left({\mu }_{0}-{\mu }_{1}\right){\text{e}}^{-a{{R}_{{\mathrm{b}}}}\left| \omega +\dot{\theta }\left(x\right)\right| }\right) $
式中:$ \mu $为轴瓦与轴系间摩擦系数;$ {\mu }_{1} $为动摩擦系数;$ {\mu }_{0} $为静摩擦系数;$ a $为摩擦衰减系数;$ {R}_{{\mathrm{b}}} $为轴颈半径;$ \omega $为轴瓦和轴系表面间相对角速度;$ \dot{\theta }\left(x\right) $为轴系扭振速度;$ {\mathrm{sign}}\left(\right) $为符号函数。
由此可推导轴瓦与轴系表面单位长度的摩擦激励力矩$ {m}_{{\mathrm{f}}}(x) $为
$ {m}_{{\mathrm{f}}}(x)=\frac{4N{R}_{{\mathrm{b}}}}{\text{π} {L}_{{\mathrm{b}}}}{\mathrm{sign}}\left(\omega +\dot{\theta }(x)\right)\cdot \left({\mu }_{1}+\left({\mu }_{0}-{\mu }_{1}\right){\text{e}}^{-a{{R}_{{\mathrm{b}}}}\left| \omega +\dot{\theta }(x)\right| }\right) $
依据有限元理论,结合形函数可将每个单元上分布的摩擦激励力矩$ \boldsymbol{M}_{\text{f}}^{\text{e}} $表示为
$ \boldsymbol{M}_{\text{f}}^{\text{e}}=\int \limits_{0}^{{L}_{{\mathrm{e}}}}{\left(1-\frac{x}{{L}_{{\mathrm{e}}}},\frac{x}{{L}_{{\mathrm{e}}}}\right)}^{\text{T}}\cdot {m}_{{\mathrm{f}}}(x)\text{d}x $
式中:$ {L}_{{\mathrm{e}}} $为有限元中单元长度。式(2)中的$ {\boldsymbol{F}}_{\text{f}}{(\boldsymbol{t})} $由对各个单元载荷$ \boldsymbol{M}_{\text{f}}^{\text{e}} $组装后获得。
从式(6)可知,摩擦激励力矩$ {\boldsymbol{F}}_{\text{f}}(\boldsymbol{t}) $与轴系扭振速度$ \dot{\theta }(t) $相互耦合,因此方程(2)属于非线性微分方程,为确保求解精度,本文采用打靶法[27-28]求解其周期解。打靶法基本思想是把求解边值问题转化为求解初值问题。它既可以求系统的稳定解也可以求其非稳定解。同时利用打靶法时所产生的单值矩阵可以判断解的稳定性。因此打靶法成为研究非线性振动的有效方法之一。
引入变量$ \left\{\boldsymbol{X}(\boldsymbol{t})\right\}={\left\{\boldsymbol{y}(\boldsymbol{t}){,\boldsymbol{\theta }}(\boldsymbol{t})\right\}}^{\text{T}} $,将式(2)转化为一阶方程组
$ \left\{{\dot{\boldsymbol{X}}}(\boldsymbol{t})\right\}={\left[{\overline{\boldsymbol{M}}}\right]}^{-1}\left(\left\{{\overline{\boldsymbol{F}}}\right\}-[{\overline{\boldsymbol{K}}}]\boldsymbol{X}(\boldsymbol{t})\right) $
式中:$ \left[{\overline{\boldsymbol{M}}}\right]=\left[\begin{matrix}\boldsymbol{O} & \boldsymbol{M}\\\boldsymbol{M} & \boldsymbol{C}\end{matrix}\right] $,$ \left\{{\overline{\boldsymbol{F}}}\right\}=\left\{\begin{array}{c}\boldsymbol{O}\\{\boldsymbol{F}}_{\boldsymbol{f}}{(\boldsymbol{t})}\end{array}\right\} $,$ [{\overline{\boldsymbol{K}}}]=\left[\begin{matrix}-\boldsymbol{M} & \boldsymbol{O}\\\boldsymbol{O} & \boldsymbol{K}\end{matrix}\right] $,$ \boldsymbol{O} $为零矩阵。
求系统的周期解,实质就是寻求解,使之满足
$ \left\{\boldsymbol{X}({0})\right\}-\left\{\boldsymbol{X}(\boldsymbol{T})\right\}=\left\{{0}\right\} $
式中:$ T $为周期,取$ T=2\text{π} /\omega $。
设$ \left\{\boldsymbol{X}({0})\right\}{=}\left\{\boldsymbol{s}\right\} $,则打靶法的求解过程就是寻找合适的$ \left\{\boldsymbol{s}\right\} $,使得残差为零。即
$ \left\{\boldsymbol{r}(\left\{\boldsymbol{s}\right\})\right\}=\left\{\boldsymbol{X}({0})\right\}-\left\{\boldsymbol{X}(\boldsymbol{T})\right\}{=0} $
本文采用Newton迭代法来求解式(10),将其在第$ i $次近似值$ {\left\{\boldsymbol{s}\right\}}^{i} $附近展开成泰勒级数,取其线性部分
$ \boldsymbol{r}\left({\left\{\boldsymbol{s}\right\}}^{i}\right)+{\left.\frac{\partial \boldsymbol{r}\left(\left\{\boldsymbol{s}\right\}\right)}{\partial \left\{\boldsymbol{s}\right\}}\right| }_{\left\{s\right\}={{\left\{\boldsymbol{s}\right\}}^{i}}}\mathit{\Delta }{\left\{\boldsymbol{s}\right\}}^{i}=0 $
式(11)可进一步转化为
$ {\left\{\boldsymbol{s}\right\}}^{\boldsymbol{i}+1}={\left\{\boldsymbol{s}\right\}}^{\boldsymbol{i}}{+\boldsymbol{\mathit{\Delta }}}{\left\{\boldsymbol{s}\right\}}^{\boldsymbol{i}}{,}\;\;\boldsymbol{\mathit{\Delta }}{\left\{\boldsymbol{s}\right\}}^{\boldsymbol{i}}=-{[\boldsymbol{J}({{\left\{\boldsymbol{s}\right\}}^{\boldsymbol{i}}}{)}]}^{-1}\left\{\boldsymbol{r}({\left\{\boldsymbol{s}\right\}}^{\boldsymbol{i}})\right\} $
式中:$ [J({\left\{\boldsymbol{s}\right\}}^{i})] $为$ \left\{r(\left\{\boldsymbol{s}\right\})\right\} $对$ \left\{\boldsymbol{s}\right\} $的Jacobian矩阵。其计算公式为
$ [\boldsymbol{J}({\left\{\boldsymbol{s}\right\}}^{\boldsymbol{i}})]=\left[\frac{\partial \left\{\boldsymbol{X}({0})\right\}}{\partial \left\{\boldsymbol{s}\right\}}-\frac{\partial \left\{\boldsymbol{X}(\boldsymbol{T})\right\}}{\partial \left\{\boldsymbol{s}\right\}}\right]=\left[[\boldsymbol{I}]-[\boldsymbol{W}]\right] $
式中:$ [\boldsymbol{I}] $为单位矩阵,$ [\boldsymbol{W}]=\dfrac{\partial \left\{\boldsymbol{X}(\boldsymbol{T})\right\}}{\partial \left\{\boldsymbol{s}\right\}} $。
将式(8)两边对$ \left\{\boldsymbol{s}\right\} $求导数
$ \frac{\partial }{\partial t}\frac{\partial \left\{\boldsymbol{X}\right\}}{\partial \left\{\boldsymbol{s}\right\}}=\boldsymbol{A}\frac{\partial \left\{\boldsymbol{X}\right\}}{\partial \left\{\boldsymbol{s}\right\}},\;\;\frac{\partial \left\{\boldsymbol{X}(0)\right\}}{\partial \left\{\boldsymbol{s}\right\}}=[\boldsymbol{I}] $
式中:$ \boldsymbol{A}=\dfrac{\partial }{\partial \boldsymbol{X}}{\left[{\overline{\boldsymbol{M}}}\right]}^{-1}\left(\left\{{\overline{\boldsymbol{F}}}\right\}-[{\overline{\boldsymbol{K}}}]\boldsymbol{X}\right) $,可解析求出。
联立求解式(8)与式(14),可以求出$ \left\{\boldsymbol{X}(\boldsymbol{T})\right\} $与$ [\boldsymbol{W}] $,从而可以按式(10)判断残差$ \left\{\boldsymbol{r}(\left\{\boldsymbol{s}\right\})\right\} $,若残差接近零,则计算结束,否则按式(12)更新$ \left\{\boldsymbol{s}\right\} $,一直迭代下去。
由于本文侧重于异常振动机理研究,因此为了降低分析难度,可将复杂推进轴系等效简化为图4中所示的轴段模型。各轴段的详细几何尺寸如表1所示。在此表中,L代表轴段的长度,Ro代表轴段的外半径,Ri则代表其内半径。螺旋桨的极转动惯量为8000 kg·m2,高弹离合器主动端极转动惯量为7000 kg·m2。
边界条件设置方面,由于轴系扭转方向上缺乏约束,系统在数学上表现为刚度矩阵的半正定特性。为便于数值计算,设置边界条件时,在高弹离合器主动端引入一个刚度极小的扭簧(刚度为10 N·m/rad)。该刚度值极小,因此对系统固有频率的影响可忽略。表2给出了轴系前四阶扭振固有频率的对比结果:除第一阶模态由无约束时的刚体模态转变为0.004 Hz的弹性模态外,其余各阶固有频率均保持不变。
阻尼矩阵$ \boldsymbol{C} $采用比例阻尼模型,该模型要求通过指定至少两阶模态的阻尼比以确定质量矩阵和刚度矩阵对应的比例系数。根据图1所示,激励的基频成分与轴系第三阶扭振固有频率较为接近,可判断是该阶模态产生了自激振动,因此本研究重点关注该阶模态下的系统振动响应。为明确第三阶模态的动力行为对自激振动的影响,需对该阶模态阻尼比进行严格控制。本文分别选取第三阶模态阻尼比ξ为0.01、0.03和0.05三种情况,系统分析相应的自激振动响应特性。此外,根据工程经验,将第一阶扭振模态的阻尼比设定为0.01,以完整构建比例阻尼矩阵。相应各阶模态的阻尼比取值见表3。需要指出的是,由于自激振动主要由第三阶模态主导,其他模态的阻尼比变化对自激振动规律的影响甚微。
在仿真分析中,未考虑外部激励力(如螺旋桨激励与主机激励),仅计入了水润滑轴承与轴系之间的摩擦扭矩激励。由于本文所采用的摩擦系数具有速度依赖性,因此当转速发生变化时,摩擦激励扭矩也会相应改变。所使用的摩擦系数见表3。图5展示了该速度依赖性摩擦系数随转速的变化关系,从中可以看出,随着转速升高,轴承与轴系之间的摩擦系数逐渐降低。
计算时间步长为0.0001 s(分析频率为5000 Hz,可覆盖主要特征频率),计算总时长为10 s。
图6展示了仿真计算所得轴系前艉轴承邻近区域的扭振时域响应与频谱特性曲线,其中,扭振幅值转换为分贝(dB)的参考基准为10−12 rad。从该图可知,随着时间的推移,系统振动显著加剧,直至振动幅度达到一个稳定状态。选取振动稳定阶段的时域数据进行频谱分析,结果显示存在71.5 Hz及其倍频成分,这一特征与图1中实际测量的异常振动频谱呈现出高度的相似性。
进一步深入探究推进轴系的扭振固有频率特性,可以发现其第三阶扭振固有频率恰好对应于71.5 Hz,且该阶扭振的振型在前艉轴承附近达到最大值,如图7所示。基于上述分析,可以合理推断,该异常振动现象是由前艉轴承摩擦激励力所诱发的轴系第三阶扭转自激振动所致,产生根源是这一阶模态振型最大值在前艉轴承附近,导致摩擦力矩激励力被急剧放大。
为了更深入地理解因轴承摩擦诱发的轴系扭转自激振动特性,本文系统探究了轴系转速、系统结构阻尼比、轴系倾斜程度以及轴系振动等多个参数对其影响机制。
图8展示了不同转速下的仿真分析成果,从中可以观察到,随着转速的提升(例如达到40 rpm),轴系扭转自激振动现象趋于消失。这一现象的原因可从图5的摩擦系数曲线中得到阐释:转速降低时,系统摩擦系数相应增大,从而更容易触发该振动现象。
图9展示了不同结构阻尼比对轴系扭转自激振动响应的影响。从图中可以看出,当第三阶模态阻尼比由0.01增至0.03时,基频振动幅值变化不明显,而高倍频成分的幅值显著降低;当阻尼比进一步从0.03增加至0.05时,基频幅值也大幅衰减。结果表明,随着系统结构阻尼比的提高,轴系扭转自激振动现象逐渐减弱直至消失。因此,通过增加系统阻尼可有效抑制轴系的扭转自激振动。
图10聚焦于轴系倾斜对轴系扭转自激振动的影响研究。轴系倾斜会导致轴承与轴系的接触面积缩减,引发轴瓦表面局部载荷的增加,从而改变摩擦力的分布状态。为模拟轴系倾斜,本文在仿真中通过调整轴承与轴系接触区间的长度Lb来实现。分析结果显示,随着倾斜程度的加剧(即接触长度Lb的减小),轴系扭转自激振动更易发生。因此,优化轴承摩擦状态,避免局部摩擦过大,是抑制该现象的有效途径。
图11探讨了轴系扭振位移对轴系扭转自激振动的影响。研究中,在螺旋桨处施加叶频激励扭矩,从而在推进轴系上产生扭振位移。仿真共分析了三组工况进行对比:第一组无轴系扭振位移,第二组工况中艉轴承处产生2 mrad的扭振位移,第三组工况则达到10 mrad。对比结果显示,轴系扭振并未改变轴系扭转自激振动的发生条件,但显著影响了自激振动的幅值,并在频谱图上呈现出轴系扭振频率的边频现象。
需要指出的是,自激振动通常由两种机制引发:一是在低转速工况下,由于水膜难以形成,轴承处于混合润滑状态,摩擦激励显著增大,当激励频率接近轴系固有频率时,将引发自激振动;二是在高转速工况下,若局部区域仍无法形成完整水膜,同样可能诱发自激振动。本文研究的摩擦自激振动主要源于低速工况下的粘滞效应。
通过基于参数化模型与大量仿真数据进行深入分析,研究发现此类振动的产生与多个关键参数密切相关,具体的关联特性为:此类振动的产生与支反力$ N $、动摩擦系数与静摩擦系数之差$ {\mu }_{01} $($ {\mu }_{01}={\mu }_{0}-{\mu }_{1} $)、摩擦衰减系数$ a $呈正比例关系;与第$ j $阶扭振模态振型值$ {\varphi }_{j} $、轴颈半径$ {R}_{{\mathrm{b}}} $呈平方比例关系;与第$ j $阶模态质量$ {M}_{j} $、第$ j $阶扭振固有频率$ {\omega }_{j} $呈反比例关系;与旋转速度$ \omega $呈指数衰减关系。此外还与第$ j $阶模态阻尼比$ {\xi }_{j} $有关。
经过大量数据拟合与分析,最终得到的诊断公式为
$ {E}_{a}=\frac{13\cdot a\cdot N\cdot {\mu }_{01}\cdot \varphi _{j}^{2}\cdot R_{{\mathrm{b}}}^{2}\cdot {\text{e}}^{-a{{R}_{{\mathrm{b}}}}\omega }}{20{M}_{j}{\omega }_{j}}-{\xi }_{j} $
当公式$ {E}_{a} $大于零时,预示着此类振动将会发生;若结果小于等于零,则不会产生该振动。鉴于拟合公式不可避免地存在一定误差,可知在依据理论判定推进轴系扭转自激振动是否发生时,边界存在不确定性。在实际工程应用场景中,为确保对轴系振动状态的准确判断,本文明确给出推进轴系扭转自激振动发生与不发生的上下边界。当相关参数处于这一上下边界之间时,系统的振动状态无法简单定性,需借助精确的数值方法进行严格计算与分析。
$ \begin{cases} {E}_{{\mathrm{upper}}}=\dfrac{3\cdot a\cdot N\cdot {\mu }_{01}\cdot \varphi _{j}^{2}\cdot R_{{\mathrm{b}}}^{2}\cdot {\text{e}}^{-a{{R}_{{\mathrm{b}}}}\omega }}{5{M}_{j}{\omega }_{j}}-{\xi }_{j} \gt 0,推进轴系扭转自激振动发生\\{E}_{{\mathrm{lower}}}=\dfrac{17\cdot a\cdot N\cdot {\mu }_{01}\cdot \varphi _{j}^{2}\cdot R_{{\mathrm{b}}}^{2}\cdot {\text{e}}^{-a{{R}_{{\mathrm{b}}}}\omega }}{25{M}_{j}{\omega }_{j}}-{\xi }_{j}\leq 0,推进轴系扭转自激振动不发生\end{cases} $
由式(16)可知,若要判据推进轴系在服役期间是否会产生扭转自激振动,只需获取轴颈与艉轴承间的摩擦系数$ {\mu }_{01} $、轴颈半径$ {R}_{{\mathrm{b}}} $、艉轴承支反力$ N $、轴系各阶扭振模态振型$ {\varphi }_{j} $、模态阻尼比$ {\xi }_{j} $、模态质量$ {M}_{j} $、扭振固有频率$ {\omega }_{j} $以及旋转速度$ \omega $。需特别指出的是,这些参数作为推进轴系设计阶段的基本设计参数,已包含在常规设计规范要求的参数体系内,具有较好的数据可获得性。基于此参数易得性特征,本研究提出的摩擦扭转自激振动判据公式可直接应用于轴系设计初期阶段,为扭转自激振动的稳定性边界提供有效预测与评估。
图12呈现了不同阻尼比下判据公式与数值计算结果的精度对比情况。由图可知,本文所构建的推进轴系摩擦扭矩自激振动判据公式,与基于打靶法获得的数值分析结果高度吻合,验证了该公式的有效性。此外,图中还清晰展示了轴系扭转自激振动发生与未发生的边界范围。从中可以明显看出,随着阻尼比的增大,系统发生扭转自激振动的参数范围急剧缩小。这一结果表明,在轴系设计过程中,引入适当的阻尼机制,是有效抑制此类振动发生的行之有效的手段。
针对某船舶推进轴系出现的摩擦振动与噪声问题,本文运用有限元方法,构建了考虑艉轴承摩擦激励影响的推进轴系非线性扭转振动分析模型。通过采用打靶法,系统探究了轴系旋转速度、结构阻尼比、轴系倾斜程度及轴系扭振等核心参数对该异常振动的影响规律,并构建了推进轴系扭转自激振动发生与否的判据公式。主要结论如下:
(1)艉轴承摩擦激励诱发的推进轴系扭转自激振动产生根源在于艉轴承附近存在扭转振动的局部模态。
(2)轴系的倾斜状态会促使局部摩擦力增加,进而提升轴系扭转自激振动的发生几率。因此,优化轴承润滑条件,避免局部摩擦力异常增大,是有效遏制该现象的关键措施。
(3)提升系统的结构阻尼比能够显著抑制轴系扭转自激振动的产生。鉴于此,在轴系设计环节中融入阻尼机制,成为缓解该现象的一种有效策略。
(4)螺旋桨叶频激励在振动频谱中呈现出一种独特的边频带现象,具体表现为在自激振动频率两侧形成一系列等间距的叶频激励频率分量。
(5)所构建的扭转自激振动判据公式与数值计算结果高度吻合,验证了公式的有效性。
  • 国家自然科学面上基金资助项目(52375110;12372055)
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2026年第30卷第7期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.07.013
  • 接收时间:2026-01-06
  • 首发时间:2026-11-03
  • 出版时间:2026-07-15
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  • 收稿日期:2026-01-06
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国家自然科学面上基金资助项目(52375110;12372055)
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    1武汉第二船舶设计研究所,武汉 430064
    2上海交通大学 机械系统与振动全国重点实验室,上海 200240
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