Article(id=1324392883679277070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1324392762614882315, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.07.009, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1771171200000, receivedDateStr=2026-02-16, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793689469498, onlineDateStr=2026-11-03, pubDate=1784044800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793689469498, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793689469498, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793689469498, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1324392762614882315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2026', volume='30', issue='7', pageStart='1041', pageEnd='1220', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784044800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793689440634, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793689440634, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1147, endPage=1157, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1324392883909963791, articleId=1324392883679277070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Structural response prediction of a polar ship under collisions with extreme ice ridges, columnId=1242129251223274417, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Structural Mechanics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address the structural safety issues of polar ships subjected to collisions with extreme ice ridges, this study proposes a predictive framework for extreme ice ridge geometries corresponding to a 50-year return period. The model is developed based on the environmental contour method and statistical analysis of measured data from representative polar sea areas. A finite element model simulating the collision between a PC3-class icebreaker and ice ridges is established, incorporating variations in ridge scale and impact velocity. The study investigates the time histories of ice-induced impact forces, energy absorption of the hull outer plating, and stress responses of critical structural components. The results demonstrate that the consolidated layer thickness is the key parameter influencing structural response; an increase in this thickness significantly amplifies the hull’s energy absorption and stress levels. The outer plating and transverse frames are identified as the primary vulnerable components, with localized stress levels exceeding the material yield strength under the most severe scenarios. The proposed methodology, which integrates extreme ice condition modeling with structural response prediction, provides a valuable basis for the safety assessment and risk analysis of polar ships operating in harsh ice-infested environments.

, authors=Wei CHAI1, 2, An-qi BIAN2, Hai-bo DONG3, 4, Nan ZHAO3, 4, Kui-lin YUAN5, Ming SONG6, authorsList=Wei CHAI, An-qi BIAN, Hai-bo DONG, Nan ZHAO, Kui-lin YUAN, Ming SONG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Journal of Ship Mechanics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1324392891954638924, articleId=1324392883679277070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=CN, title=极地船舶与极端冰脊碰撞下结构响应预报研究, columnId=1241023038926410098, journalTitle=船舶力学, columnName=结构力学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对极地船舶在极端冰脊碰撞工况下的结构安全问题,本文基于环境等值线法和极地典型海域冰脊重要参数实测数据,构建了50年一遇冰况的极端冰脊尺度预测模型。以某PC3级破冰船为研究对象,建立了船与冰脊碰撞的有限元模型,考虑不同冰脊尺度与冲撞速度,对船与冰脊碰撞力时历、船体外板吸能及船体结构典型构件应力响应进行了预报。结果表明,冰脊固结层厚度是决定船体结构响应的关键因素,较大固结层厚度显著增加结构吸能及构件应力水平,外板与横向骨架为碰撞中的主要受损构件,最危险工况中其局部应力可超出材料强度极限。本文提出的基于环境等值线法确定极端冰脊工况的方法,可用于极地船舶结构安全分析,为极地船舶安全和航行风险评估提供重要参考。

, authors=柴威1, 2, 卞安祺2, 董海波3, 4, 赵南3, 4, 袁奎霖5, 宋明6, authorsList=柴威, 卞安祺, 董海波, 赵南, 袁奎霖, 宋明, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

柴 威(1988–),男,教授

宋 明(1988–),女,副教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

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ArticleFig(id=1324392900326469793, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324392883679277070, language=CN, label=图13, caption=不同船体构件应力云图, figureFileSmall=F990cGPcWi1EDvO16KuPKA==, figureFileBig=Xsywh+gFxhq9hOvKKL9vQQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324392900393578658, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324392883679277070, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Parameters of extreme ice ridges

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型固结层厚度hcl /m龙骨深度hk /m龙骨宽度wk /m
工况13.528.2109.98
工况24.526.8104.52
工况35.520.981.51
), ArticleFig(id=1324392900477464739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324392883679277070, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

极端冰脊模型尺寸

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型固结层厚度hcl /m龙骨深度hk /m龙骨宽度wk /m
工况13.528.2109.98
工况24.526.8104.52
工况35.520.981.51
), ArticleFig(id=1324392900565545124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324392883679277070, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Parameters of ice material (MAT_SOIL_CONCRETE)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料属性数值材料属性数值
材料密度ρ/(kg·m−3)900截断压力Pcut/MPa−8
剪切模量G/GPa5.26最大等效应力${\overline{\sigma }}_{{\mathrm{max}}} $/MPa10
体积模量K/GPa3.30
), ArticleFig(id=1324392900624265381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324392883679277070, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

冰材料参数(MAT_SOIL _CONCRETE)[15]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料属性数值材料属性数值
材料密度ρ/(kg·m−3)900截断压力Pcut/MPa−8
剪切模量G/GPa5.26最大等效应力${\overline{\sigma }}_{{\mathrm{max}}} $/MPa10
体积模量K/GPa3.30
), ArticleFig(id=1324392900691374246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324392883679277070, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Ice material parameters for the keel part

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料属性数值材料属性数值
剪切模量G/MPa17.31二次形状参数D20.65
体积模量K/MPa37.5韧性形状软化参数B20
压缩表面参数α0.016单轴压缩断裂能Gfc0.4
压缩表面参数θ0.182脆性形状软化参数D1
顶部椭圆度比R9.44单轴拉伸断裂能Gft0.065
顶部表面初始截距XD0.595单轴纯剪断裂能Gfs0.065
最大塑性体积应变W0.05单轴压缩应力速率效应参数η0C10.976
线性形状参数D10.001单轴压缩应力速率效应功率NC0.093783
), ArticleFig(id=1324392900762677415, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324392883679277070, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

龙骨部分冰材料参数[6]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料属性数值材料属性数值
剪切模量G/MPa17.31二次形状参数D20.65
体积模量K/MPa37.5韧性形状软化参数B20
压缩表面参数α0.016单轴压缩断裂能Gfc0.4
压缩表面参数θ0.182脆性形状软化参数D1
顶部椭圆度比R9.44单轴拉伸断裂能Gft0.065
顶部表面初始截距XD0.595单轴纯剪断裂能Gfs0.065
最大塑性体积应变W0.05单轴压缩应力速率效应参数η0C10.976
线性形状参数D10.001单轴压缩应力速率效应功率NC0.093783
), ArticleFig(id=1324392900829786280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324392883679277070, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Parameters of ship hull material

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料属性数值材料属性数值
密度/(kg·m−3)7850剪切模量G/GPa54.5
泊松比ν0.3应变率参数 C40.4
屈服应力σs/MPa434应变率参数 P5
弹性模量E/GPa215
), ArticleFig(id=1324392900913672361, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324392883679277070, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

船体材料参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料属性数值材料属性数值
密度/(kg·m−3)7850剪切模量G/GPa54.5
泊松比ν0.3应变率参数 C40.4
屈服应力σs/MPa434应变率参数 P5
弹性模量E/GPa215
), ArticleFig(id=1324392900980781226, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324392883679277070, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Maximum stress of hull components under different conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型应力最大值/MPa
纵向构件船体外板横向构件
工况1487.15731.21774.59
工况2495.67754.56791.87
工况3506.41776.64803.75
), ArticleFig(id=1324392901047890091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324392883679277070, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同工况下船体构件应力最大值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型应力最大值/MPa
纵向构件船体外板横向构件
工况1487.15731.21774.59
工况2495.67754.56791.87
工况3506.41776.64803.75
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极地船舶与极端冰脊碰撞下结构响应预报研究
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柴威 1, 2 , 卞安祺 2 , 董海波 3, 4 , 赵南 3, 4 , 袁奎霖 5 , 宋明 6
船舶力学 | 结构力学 2026,30(7): 1147-1157
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船舶力学 |结构力学 2026 , 30 (7) : 1147 -1157
极地船舶与极端冰脊碰撞下结构响应预报研究
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柴威1, 2, 卞安祺2, 董海波3, 4, 赵南3, 4, 袁奎霖5, 宋明6
作者信息
  • 1高性能船舶技术教育部重点实验室(武汉理工大学),武汉 430063
  • 2武汉理工大学 船海与能源动力工程学院,武汉 430063
  • 3中国船舶科学研究中心,江苏 无锡 214082
  • 4船舶结构安全全国重点实验室,江苏 无锡 214082
  • 5大连海事大学 船舶与海洋工程学院,辽宁 大连 116026
  • 6江苏科技大学 船舶与海洋工程学院,江苏 镇江 212003
作者简介:

柴 威(1988–),男,教授

宋 明(1988–),女,副教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

Structural response prediction of a polar ship under collisions with extreme ice ridges
Wei CHAI1, 2, An-qi BIAN2, Hai-bo DONG3, 4, Nan ZHAO3, 4, Kui-lin YUAN5, Ming SONG6
Affiliations
  • 1Key Laboratory of High Performance Ship Technology (Wuhan University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430063, China
  • 2School of Naval Architecture, Ocean and Energy Power Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430063, China
  • 3China Ship Scientific Research Center, Wuxi 214082, China
  • 4National Key Laboratory of Ship Structural Safety, Wuxi 214082, China
  • 5Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering College, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
  • 6School of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, China
出版时间: 2026-07-15 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.07.009
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针对极地船舶在极端冰脊碰撞工况下的结构安全问题,本文基于环境等值线法和极地典型海域冰脊重要参数实测数据,构建了50年一遇冰况的极端冰脊尺度预测模型。以某PC3级破冰船为研究对象,建立了船与冰脊碰撞的有限元模型,考虑不同冰脊尺度与冲撞速度,对船与冰脊碰撞力时历、船体外板吸能及船体结构典型构件应力响应进行了预报。结果表明,冰脊固结层厚度是决定船体结构响应的关键因素,较大固结层厚度显著增加结构吸能及构件应力水平,外板与横向骨架为碰撞中的主要受损构件,最危险工况中其局部应力可超出材料强度极限。本文提出的基于环境等值线法确定极端冰脊工况的方法,可用于极地船舶结构安全分析,为极地船舶安全和航行风险评估提供重要参考。

冰脊碰撞  /  极值预报  /  环境等值线法  /  结构响应

To address the structural safety issues of polar ships subjected to collisions with extreme ice ridges, this study proposes a predictive framework for extreme ice ridge geometries corresponding to a 50-year return period. The model is developed based on the environmental contour method and statistical analysis of measured data from representative polar sea areas. A finite element model simulating the collision between a PC3-class icebreaker and ice ridges is established, incorporating variations in ridge scale and impact velocity. The study investigates the time histories of ice-induced impact forces, energy absorption of the hull outer plating, and stress responses of critical structural components. The results demonstrate that the consolidated layer thickness is the key parameter influencing structural response; an increase in this thickness significantly amplifies the hull’s energy absorption and stress levels. The outer plating and transverse frames are identified as the primary vulnerable components, with localized stress levels exceeding the material yield strength under the most severe scenarios. The proposed methodology, which integrates extreme ice condition modeling with structural response prediction, provides a valuable basis for the safety assessment and risk analysis of polar ships operating in harsh ice-infested environments.

ice ridge collision  /  extreme value prediction  /  environmental contour method  /  structural response
柴威, 卞安祺, 董海波, 赵南, 袁奎霖, 宋明. 极地船舶与极端冰脊碰撞下结构响应预报研究. 船舶力学, 2026 , 30 (7) : 1147 -1157 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.07.009
Wei CHAI, An-qi BIAN, Hai-bo DONG, Nan ZHAO, Kui-lin YUAN, Ming SONG. Structural response prediction of a polar ship under collisions with extreme ice ridges[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2026 , 30 (7) : 1147 -1157 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.07.009
随着全球气候变暖和极地资源开发加速,极地航运需求日益增长,极地船舶冰区航行安全问题成为研究热点。冰脊作为极地冰区常见的恶劣冰况,其形态复杂且力学性质多变,与周围层冰相比,其具有更大的尺度参数。极地船舶与极端冰脊碰撞可能导致船体结构严重受损。
目前对冰脊的研究主要集中在形态统计、力学特性及与结构物作用机理上。Timco等[1]基于大量实测数据,建立了一年生和多年生冰脊几何特征关系,提出了典型冰脊尺度参数。Dolgopolov等[2]提出了适用于固定海洋结构与冰脊作用的冰载荷预报模型,但其主要适用于静态或准静态载荷工况,对于船-冰脊碰撞下的动力响应难以进行准确评估。Høyland等[3]通过现场测试和实验室单轴压缩测试对冰脊的不同成分进行评估,分析了盐度、密度等因素对其力学性能的影响。Polojärvi等[4]开展了冰脊龙骨贯穿实验,分析了不同加载速率下龙骨碎冰部分力学响应及破坏特性。朱红日和季顺迎[5]提出基于粘结球体单元和多面体单元组合的离散元模型,用于模拟冰脊压剪试验与对直立结构载荷影响,将仿真结果与相关规范进行了对比。Serré[6]考虑冰脊内粘聚力机制,通过实验测量与数值模拟提出了一种冰脊材料本构模型。Zhao等[7]基于典型尺度冰脊并采用光滑帽盖模型(Continuous Surface Cap Model,CSCM)研究了冰脊龙骨部分的剪切失效特性。现有研究多采用确定性冰脊参数进行仿真分析,缺乏基于长期环境统计的极端冰脊预报方法,导致结构安全评估分析具有显著的不确定性。
环境等值线法作为一种用于长期极端响应预测的可靠性分析方法,已广泛应用于船舶与海洋工程结构响应极值预报研究。该方法通过构建特定重现期下的环境等值轮廓,显著降低了极端响应预报所需工况数量,提升了评估效率,确保了计算可行性。已有研究将其应用于冰体弯曲强度及海冰厚度等参数的联合建模[8-9],但在极端冰脊作用下极地船舶结构响应预报方面仍存在空白。
本文基于极地冰脊实测数据,结合环境等值线理论,构建了极端冰脊集合模型,选取并确定了典型冰脊作为极端工况。通过数值仿真,分析不同极端冰脊工况下船体结构响应情况,揭示冰脊重要尺度参数对船体结构响应的影响规律,为极地船舶安全评估提供支撑。
冰脊是指由于极地海域洋流作用,海上浮冰与冰排持续相互挤压、碰撞,产生的碎冰逐渐堆叠冻结形成新冰体。冰脊的力学性质较层冰更为复杂,其结构由水线以上的脊帆、水线以下的固结层及碎冰层组成。其中,水线以下碎冰与固结层的组合被称为龙骨,其宽度大于脊帆,并向周围冰层下方延伸。图1展示了冰脊的结构示意图。
冰脊的脊帆部分由冰面以上冰块堆积而成,其强度相对较低。固结层由重新冻结的碎冰或浮冰组成,由于冻结速率通常高于层冰,其厚度显著大于周围层冰。固结层以下碎冰部分包含大量冰块,其体积显著大于脊帆部分。在冰脊结构中,龙骨部分是决定冰脊力学特性的关键因素。因此,龙骨部分具有代表性的几何参数,如固结层厚度与龙骨深度对于船与冰脊碰撞响应预报具有重要作用。
Timco等[1]汇总了不同区域冰脊的形态特征参数,建立了各形态参数之间的关系,其中ws为脊帆宽度,wk为龙骨宽度,hs为脊帆高度,hk为龙骨深度。一年生冰脊形态特征为:龙骨深度与脊帆高度之比约为4.4,龙骨宽度与脊帆高度之比约为15.1,龙骨宽度与龙骨深度之比约为3.9。本研究将基于此形态特征关系建立相应的仿真模型。
冰脊各组成部分的材料性质随固结程度不同存在显著差异。孔隙率作为冰脊固结程度指标,通常以体积比表示,其值越高表明冰脊强度越低。粘聚力由低温环境下冰块间的冻结作用形成,反映了冰脊内部冻结连接的强度。内摩擦角表征冰块间摩擦力的大小,其值越大表明冰脊的抗剪强度越高。冰脊力学行为受这三种材料属性影响,导致冰脊各结构呈现出不同的破坏失效模式。
冰脊固结层部分的力学性质与层冰相近,当与船舶发生碰撞时主要表现为压缩破坏。固结层在形成过程中经历了反复冻结和压实,具有较高的抗压强度和较低的孔隙率。根据Timco等[10]的研究,固结层抗压强度可以通过以下公式估算
$ {\sigma }_{{\mathrm{c}}}=\alpha \cdot \rho \cdot (1-v) $
其中,σc为抗压强度,单位为Pa;α为与温度相关的系数,单位为 m2/s2;ρ为冰的密度,单位为kg/m3;v为孔隙率,为无量纲数。
龙骨碎冰由于其孔隙率较大,冰块之间的连接较为松散,在剪切作用下表现出较高的脆性,容易发生剪切破坏。根据Lunard[11]的研究,抗剪强度可以表示为
$ \tau =c+{\sigma }_{{\mathrm{n}}}\cdot \tan \phi $
其中,τ为抗剪强度,c为粘聚力,σn为法向应力,ϕ为内摩擦角。
船舶与海洋结构物需承受风、浪、冰等环境载荷,极端载荷与响应的预报对结构设计至关重要。环境等值线法通过将环境变量联合概率描述与结构响应计算过程相分离(解耦),即先构建给定重现期的环境等值线,再选取具有代表性且恶劣的环境工况进行结构分析,从而高效评估结构物长期极端响应与安全性。此方法仅需对环境等值轮廓上的少数关键工况进行短期分析,随后通过数值模拟或实验确定关键工况对应的响应值,以评估结构的安全性能。针对特定重现期 N 年的环境等值轮廓构建方法如下:
结构在N年重现期下的失效概率为Pf,其计算方法为
$ {P}_{{\mathrm{f}}}=1/N $
采用传统逆一阶可靠度方法,在标准化空间(U-空间)中创建一个半径为βF的n-维超球体(n=2时为圆,n=3时为球体)。βF的值由以下公式确定
$ {\beta }_{{\mathrm{F}}}={\mathit{\Phi }}^{-1}\left(1-{P}_{{\mathrm{f}}}\right) $
其中,Φ代表标准正态分布的累积密度函数。
结合环境参数联合概率分布,采用Nataf变换模型等方法将n-维超球体映射到物理参数空间,生成与N年重现期对应的环境等值轮廓。当n=2和3时,环境等值轮廓分别呈现为环境等值线与环境等值面。以冰脊为例,选取固结层厚度和龙骨深度作为关键形态参数,通过概率模型描述其分布特性,设变量s1和s2分别代表固结层厚度和龙骨深度,ρ12表示变量的相关系数,采用Nataf变换模型将标准化空间中半径为βF的圆转换为物理参数空间的环境等值线,其转换关系如下
$ {F}_{{{S}_{1}}}\left({s}_{1}\right)=\mathit{\Phi }\left({u}_{1}\right) $
$ {F}_{{{S}_{2}}}\left({s}_{2}\right)=\mathit{\Phi }\left({u}_{2}\sqrt{1-\rho _{12}^{'2}}+\rho _{12}^{\prime}{\mathit{\Phi }}^{-1}\left({F}_{{{S}_{1}}}\left({s}_{1}\right)\right)\right) $
其中,u1、u2代表独立的标准正态变量,其值可通过以下方程求得
$ \sum \limits_{i=1}^{2}u_{i}^{2}=\beta _{{\mathrm{F}}}^{2} $
系数$\rho'_{12} $是在Nataf变换中使用的等效相关系数,与ρ12的关系可通过一个半经验方程近似表示
$ \rho _{{}_{12}}^{\text{,}}=\xi \cdot {\rho }_{12} $
其中,ξ的取值可参考文献[9]。在建立环境等值线后,可从中选取若干组环境条件作为设计工况。对这些选定的工况进行数值计算,识别出最为显著的结构响应以及工况条件,即可近似预报N年重现期下的长期极端响应,并据此评估结构安全性[12]。
根据2.1节中的相关理论,建立环境等值线需得到固结层厚度和龙骨深度的概率分布。固结层厚度取决于地理区域、环境条件和季节。基于2002–2011年北极典型海域实测冰脊固结层厚度数据[13],其厚度可用伽马分布来描述
$ f\left({h}_\text{cl}\right)=\frac{1}{\mathit{\Gamma }(k){\theta }^{k}}h_\text{cl}^{k-1}\exp \left(-\frac{{h}_\text{cl}}{\theta }\right) $
其中,k和θ分别代表伽马分布的形状参数和尺度参数。根据实测数据,其取值分别为2.97和0.54。固结层厚度样本数据及对应的伽马分布概率密度函数如图2所示。
对北极典型海域一年生冰脊的龙骨吃水深度数据进行分析表明,可采用三参数Weibull分布对数据进行拟合,其概率密度函数形式为
$ f\left({h}_\text{k}\right)=\frac{\beta }{\alpha }{\left(\frac{{h}_\text{k}-b}{\alpha }\right)}^{\beta -1}\exp \left(-{\left(\frac{{h}_\text{k}-b}{\alpha }\right)}^{\beta }\right) $
其中,尺度参数α为9.464,形状参数β为1.697,位置参数b为0.450。概率密度函数与样本的拟合结果如图3所示。
假设所选极地船舶每年在冰脊区域航行5000公里,沿航线冰脊密度为每公里2个。对于50年重现期,失效概率Pf确定为:Pf=1/(50×5000×2),根据参考文献[9],固结层厚度与龙骨深度的相关系数ρ12和$\rho'_{12} $分别取为0.5和0.56。基于2.1节环境等值线理论和冰脊固结层厚度及龙骨深度的统计关系,可绘制如图4所示的50年重现期的环境组合等值线。
考虑到冰脊形态学特征,等值线下端对应浅脊/碎冰堆积,难以代表工程意义上的极端大尺度冰脊。因此,在环境等值线上选取设计点,作为极地船舶可能遭遇的极端危险工况,进行结构响应评估。三个典型工况分别命名为工况1(深龙骨型)、工况2(深龙骨–厚固结折中型)和工况3(厚固结层型),固结层厚度分别为3.5 m、4.5 m、5.5 m,龙骨深度分别为28.2 m、26.8 m、20.9 m。其选择依据分别为工况1(深龙骨型):在环境等值线选取最大龙骨深度点,以代表龙骨冲击或挤压最显著、局部接触力与结构吸能可能最大的情形;工况2(深龙骨−厚固结层折中型):取高龙骨深度同时固结层厚度较大的组合,用于评估固结层承载与龙骨挤压效应;工况3(厚固结层型):取固结层厚度较大的点,用于评估厚固结层导致外板及骨材变形等情况,其余冰脊尺度参数由1.1节所述形态统计关系计算得出,如表1所示。
选择冰级为PC3的某破冰船作为研究对象,主尺度为总长122.5 m,船宽22.3 m,吃水7.85 m,排水量13 996 t。船体及骨架均采用壳单元进行建模,为提高计算效率,上层甲板附近非碰撞区域的网格尺寸设置为0.8 m×0.8 m,并通过碰撞区域网格逐步细化至0.4 m[14]。
不同尺度的极端冰脊模型与船艏模型碰撞示意图分别如图5所示,上部为固结层部分,下部为龙骨碎冰部分,冰脊长度为80 m。为缩减计算时长,在有限元软件LS-DYNA中对冰脊模型与船体碰撞的重点区域网格进行局部细化,由0.8 m逐渐细化至0.4 m,左右两端刚性约束,船艏模型限制Y轴与Z轴方向的运动。采用CONTACT_ ERODING_SURFACE_TO_SURFACE接触模型来定义船艏与冰脊之间的相互作用,摩擦系数设为0.15。
为简化模型并提高计算效率,暂不考虑冰脊帆部的作用影响,冰脊模型仅由固结层和龙骨碎冰部分组成。根据现有冰脊力学特性的研究成果,固结层的力学性质与周围层冰相似,可采用蔡伟等[15]提出的MAT_78号本构模型进行仿真模拟,其考虑椭圆屈服包络线准则,能够较好地体现层冰的挤压失效特性,如下式所示
$ F(p,{J}_{2})={J}_{2}-\left({a}_{0}+{a}_{1}+{a}_{2}{p}^{2}\right)=0 $
式中:J2是应力偏张量中的第二不变量;a0、a1、a2为需要拟合三轴实验数据的常数,a0决定冰体基础强度,a1决定冰体强度随围压增加的速度,a2决定这种变化是线性还是非线性。
固结层冰材料具体参数如表2所示。
龙骨碎冰部分由于孔隙率等因素的影响,其强度低于固结层。Zhao等[7]采用基于CSCM本构关系的冰材料模型模拟一年生冰脊龙骨的力学特性,其破坏面被定义为
$ {F}_{{\mathrm{f}}}\left({J}_{1}\right)=\alpha -\lambda \exp \left(-\beta {J}_{1}\right)+\theta {J}_{1} $
其中,Ff是失效强度函数,J1是偏应力张量的第一不变量;α、θ、λ和β是用于匹配三轴压缩特性的模型参数。各向同性硬化面由下式定义
$ {F}_{{\mathrm{c}}}\left({J}_{1},\kappa \right)=1-\frac{\left[{J}_{1}-L(\kappa )\right]\left[\left| {J}_{1}-L(\kappa )\right| +{J}_{1}-L(\kappa )\right]}{2{[X(\kappa )-L(\kappa )]}^{2}} $
其中,Fc是CSCM模型中用于描述龙骨碎冰在高压下压密硬化行为的相关函数,κ表示控制该函数关系的硬化参数,L(κ)和X(κ)定义了该函数的几何形状。
该材料对于龙骨碎冰模拟的准确性通过了穿透剪切试验验证,具体参数如下表3所示。
为考虑船-冰相互作用过程中结构应变率影响,船艏采用MAT_PLASTIC_KINEMATIC材料,以准确模拟材料的弹塑性行为,钢材模型为DH36钢,其材料参数如表4所示。
应变率参数C和P取自Cowper和Symonds模型[16],此模型通过如下式中的因子来缩放屈服应力
$ \frac{{\sigma }_{\text{yd}}}{{\sigma }_{\mathrm{y}}}=1+{\left[\frac{\dot{\varepsilon }}{C}\right]}^{1/P} $
式中:σyd为考虑应变率影响的屈服强度,$ \dot{\varepsilon } $为等效塑性应变率。
参考相关规范[17],PC3级破冰船采用冲撞式破冰作用时,速度应不低于4.5 m/s。为探究不同尺度极端冰脊作用下船体的结构响应,船艏模型分别以4.5 m/s、5.5 m/s、6.5 m/s速度冲撞不同尺度极端冰脊,碰撞时间均设定为4 s。
基于环境等值线确定的不同尺度极端冰脊工况下破冰船碰撞力时历曲线如图6所示。船与冰脊碰撞进程中冰体持续破碎,碰撞力呈振荡特征且随速度增加呈增长趋势。当冲撞速度达到6.5 m/s时,工况1下的冰力均值为7178.20 kN;工况2下的冰力均值为7396.40 kN;工况3模型作用下的冰力均值为8243.67 kN,较工况1增加了14.8%,较工况2增加了11.5%。这表明不同尺度极端冰脊工况下碰撞力变化趋势和大小存在一定差异。船艏外板吸能由部件内各单元积分点处的应力–应变增量功累积得到,不同尺度极端冰脊作用下船艏外板吸能时历曲线如图7所示。
船体外板作为船体结构主要能量吸收构件,其吸能特性分析对揭示尺度因素影响至关重要。由图7可知,工况1和工况2下船艏外板吸能差异较小,表明二者对船体吸能特性影响相近。而工况3下,各速度工况的船艏外板吸能值显著增加,约为其他两种工况的两倍。当冲撞速度为 6.5 m/s 时,工况1、2、3下的船艏外板吸能最大值分别为1509.86 kJ、2135.36 kJ和3189.99 kJ,工况3较工况1增加了111.3%,较工况2增加了49.4%。这表明冰脊尺度变化会显著影响船艏外板的吸能能力,尤其在较大尺度冰脊工况下,船体结构将承受更严重的能量冲击。
如图8所示为冲撞速度为6.5 m/s时不同时刻下工况3冰脊破碎情况。结合表1所示各冰脊模型尺度分析可知,工况3冰脊体积较小,龙骨碎冰部分较少,但固结层厚度较大,船艏与冰脊固结层相互作用更剧烈,导致船体外板吸能较多。由此可知,在冰脊作用下,固结层厚度是影响船体结构能量吸收的主要因素。
选取船艏模型典型碰撞位置单元进行应力分析,如图9所示。根据典型碰撞位置单元应力时域曲线进行平均求解,各工况下该单元等效应力均值随速度的变化曲线如图10所示。结果表明,各冰脊模型作用下船体结构的平均应力均随速度增加而增大。工况1和工况2冰脊模型作用下船体应力相近,且小于工况3模型作用下的应力。工况3下速度为6.5 m/s时,等效应力均值最大,达132.7 MPa。
结合各冰脊模型的尺度特征及图11所示速度为6.5 m/s时冰脊底部破碎情况,碰撞力如图12所示。工况1固结层厚度较小但龙骨宽度较大,相同船艏前进距离下冰脊固结层破碎长度较短,龙骨部分受力较小,冰体破碎程度较低。随固结层厚度增加,龙骨宽度减少,船艏对冰脊破坏程度增加,冰体破碎程度不断增大。工况3固结层厚度较大,但冰体破碎较多,船体结构与冰脊的相互作用更剧烈,这种相互作用导致碰撞力增大,船体结构吸收能量较多,从而使工况3下船体结构应力值升高,船体更易发生结构损伤。速度为6.5 m/s时,工况3下船体等效应力均值分别为工况1、工况2的1.5与1.32倍。由此表明,冰脊固结层厚度是影响船体结构力学响应的重要因素,较大固结层厚度会显著增加船体损伤风险。
选取最恶劣工况对船体承载能力进行分析,冲撞速度6.5 m/s时,工况3冰脊模型作用时船体响应最为剧烈,图13展示了该工况下纵向构件、船艏外板和横向构件于0.5 s、1.5 s、2.5 s时等效应力云图。
由图13中对比显示,横向构件与船体外板应力水平较高,表明两者为承受冰载荷的主要结构,且各构件应力值均随作用时间逐渐增大。提取冲撞速度为6.5 m/s时,不同工况下各结构等效应力最大值如表5所示,以船体材料的屈服强度434 MPa作为应力安全阈值进行船体结构损伤风险分析。各工况下船体外板与横向构件均有部分区域应力值超出结构屈服强度,实际碰撞中将发生塑性变形。纵向构件响应虽小于船体外板与横向构件,但应力最大值均已超出材料屈服强度,存在结构破坏风险。
结果表明,与50年重现期下的极端冰脊碰撞作用将对船体结构产生损伤,船体结构响应值超过材料本身的屈服强度。同时,横向构件和船体外板是船艏结构在极端冰脊碰撞中的关键易损部位。船体结构设计与优化时,应着重强化外板和横向构件的结构强度,以提升船舶在极端冰脊环境下的安全性和可靠性。
本研究通过数值模拟揭示了不同尺度极端冰脊对破冰船艏结构的碰撞作用机理。基于极地冰脊实测数据,结合环境等值线法和统计理论构建极端冰脊参数预报模型,选取固结层厚度3.5 m(工况1)、4.5 m(工况2)、5.5 m(工况3)三类典型冰脊作为极端工况。通过有限元仿真对比船艏碰撞响应,获得以下结论:
(1) 收集冰脊实测数据,根据环境等值线及统计理论对极端冰脊重要参数、固结层厚度与龙骨深度间的关系进行预报,得到了极地典型海域50年一遇的极端冰脊尺度等值线。
(2) 对比三种极端冰脊模型下的船体结构响应,固结层厚度为5.5 m的工况3冰脊模型为最危险冰况,固结层厚度为冰脊作用下船体结构响应的主要影响因素。冲撞速度为 6.5 m/s 时,该工况下外板碰撞吸能分别比另外两工况高111.3%和116.2%。
(3) 与50年一遇的极端冰脊模型碰撞作用将对船体结构造成损伤。工况3在冲撞速度6.5 m/s 时,船体外板与横向骨架构件受到的等效应力超过材料屈服强度。因此,极地船舶结构设计时应对船体外板与横向构件的承载能力进行重点评估。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52201379);湖北省海外高层次人才项目(109-40120973)
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2026年第30卷第7期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.07.009
  • 接收时间:2026-02-16
  • 首发时间:2026-11-03
  • 出版时间:2026-07-15
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  • 收稿日期:2026-02-16
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52201379);湖北省海外高层次人才项目(109-40120973)
作者信息
    1高性能船舶技术教育部重点实验室(武汉理工大学),武汉 430063
    2武汉理工大学 船海与能源动力工程学院,武汉 430063
    3中国船舶科学研究中心,江苏 无锡 214082
    4船舶结构安全全国重点实验室,江苏 无锡 214082
    5大连海事大学 船舶与海洋工程学院,辽宁 大连 116026
    6江苏科技大学 船舶与海洋工程学院,江苏 镇江 212003
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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