Article(id=1324392879208145875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1324392762614882315, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.07.007, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1768147200000, receivedDateStr=2026-01-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793689468433, onlineDateStr=2026-11-03, pubDate=1784044800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793689468433, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793689468433, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793689468433, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1324392762614882315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2026', volume='30', issue='7', pageStart='1041', pageEnd='1220', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784044800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793689440634, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793689440634, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1121, endPage=1130, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1324392879635964884, articleId=1324392879208145875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Study on the influence of biofouling on the open water performance of propellers, columnId=1241023037940748650, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Hydrodynamics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to explore the change of propulsion performance of propeller after biological fouling, the full-scale KP505 propeller was taken as the research object. The geometric modeling of fouling was carried out according to the fouling attachment law on the propeller surface, and then the numerical simulation of full-scale propeller under smooth and different fouling attachment conditions was carried out based on viscous fluids Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method and roughness function model. The results show that the attached biofouling has a greater effect on the open water performance. Specially different fouling conditions lead to a reduction in propeller thrust, an increase in torque, a reduction in propulsion efficiency, a reduction in the strength of the wake vortex and the faster dissipation. The more severe the foulings is, the more obvious the change is. Although fouling can increase the loss of flow field energy and cause many adverse effects, fouling can shorten the wake length of the flow field behind the propeller, thereby mitigating its disturbance on the far-field flow.

, authors=Jing-hui YANG, Chun-hui WANG, Feng GAO, Guo-zhen ZHANG, Chao WANG, authorsList=Jing-hui YANG, Chun-hui WANG, Feng GAO, Guo-zhen ZHANG, Chao WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Journal of Ship Mechanics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1324392888116846611, articleId=1324392879208145875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=CN, title=污损附着对螺旋桨敞水性能的影响研究, columnId=1241023038087549292, journalTitle=船舶力学, columnName=流体力学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为详细探索螺旋桨在遭受生物污损附着后的敞水性能变化情况,本文以实尺度KP505螺旋桨为研究对象,根据污损在螺旋桨表面的附着规律进行污损的几何建模,基于粘流CFD方法和粗糙度函数模型,分别开展实尺度螺旋桨在光滑及不同污损附着工况下的数值模拟仿真。研究结果表明,附着的污损对敞水性能的影响很大,不同污损会导致螺旋桨的推力降低、扭矩增大、推进效率减小,尾涡的强度降低且消散得更快;污损还会导致螺旋桨桨叶及其周围流场的压力发生变化,污损越严重,变化越明显。纵使污损会加大流场能量的损失,造成许多不利影响,但污损可以减小螺旋桨后方流场的尾迹长度,这有助于减小对远后方流场的影响。

, authors=杨晶惠, 汪春辉, 高锋, 张国桢, 王超, authorsList=杨晶惠, 汪春辉, 高锋, 张国桢, 王超, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

杨晶惠(2000–),女,硕士

汪春辉(1985–),女,博士,副教授,E-mail:

高 锋(2000–),男,硕士

张国桢(1999–),男,硕士

王 超(1981–),男,博士,教授,E-mail:

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杨晶惠(2000–),女,硕士

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(in Chinese), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1324392896467705940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324392879208145875, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划(2025YFE0215003;2025YFE0215000);黑龙江省自然科学基金资助项目(YQ2022E015);国防基础科研产品创新项目资助(KY10100230067), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1324392888859238420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324392879208145875, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324392888867627029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324392879208145875, companyId=1324392888859238420, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Ship Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1324392888876015638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324392879208145875, companyId=1324392888859238420, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=哈尔滨工程大学 船舶工程学院,哈尔滨 150001)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1324392892688638011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324392879208145875, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Geometric modeling of propeller surface biofouling, figureFileSmall=pxPgqJxF0q7mc6erukUIHQ==, figureFileBig=Ov9/wEwdXD+TYHj1GN6B4Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324392892768329788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324392879208145875, language=CN, label=图1, caption=螺旋桨表面污损的几何建模, figureFileSmall=pxPgqJxF0q7mc6erukUIHQ==, figureFileBig=Ov9/wEwdXD+TYHj1GN6B4Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324392892961267773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324392879208145875, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Three-dimensional geometric model of full-scale KP505 propeller under different biofouling conditions, figureFileSmall=o826fOtvaqLI9tFF+LjM4A==, figureFileBig=35UOWDqtJOlW2cq56tbDpQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324392893019988030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324392879208145875, language=CN, label=图2, caption=实尺度KP505螺旋桨在不同污损状态下的三维几何模型, figureFileSmall=o826fOtvaqLI9tFF+LjM4A==, figureFileBig=35UOWDqtJOlW2cq56tbDpQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324392893095485503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324392879208145875, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Calculation domain of the propeller, figureFileSmall=yospZTtY/CRdVyj89C8TGA==, figureFileBig=yKp88KLguWqt1uuj15RlkA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324392893170982976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324392879208145875, language=CN, label=图3, caption=螺旋桨的计算域设置, figureFileSmall=yospZTtY/CRdVyj89C8TGA==, figureFileBig=yKp88KLguWqt1uuj15RlkA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324392894861287490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324392879208145875, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Mesh generation of propeller, figureFileSmall=hOawJuRlaWil0kXEWT+oIg==, figureFileBig=L8U6dmuYxwkxD9lmqtx67A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324392894932590659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324392879208145875, language=CN, label=图4, caption=螺旋桨的网格划分, figureFileSmall=hOawJuRlaWil0kXEWT+oIg==, figureFileBig=L8U6dmuYxwkxD9lmqtx67A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324392895192637508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324392879208145875, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Comparison between numerical results and data in literature, figureFileSmall=eW8rSxu8Sm9MUVhNjZ7JtA==, figureFileBig=tL8vV1o0h6kybOaatonhfQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324392895289106501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324392879208145875, language=CN, label=图5, caption=数值结果与文献数据的对比, figureFileSmall=eW8rSxu8Sm9MUVhNjZ7JtA==, figureFileBig=tL8vV1o0h6kybOaatonhfQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324392895381381190, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324392879208145875, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Variation of open water performance with advance coefficient under different biofouling conditions, figureFileSmall=7+fwnIgkhZTFiq35irdNIQ==, figureFileBig=yg6WdIkRYcYM+KgBtAIDkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324392895503016007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324392879208145875, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同污损工况下的敞水性能随进速系数的变化情况, figureFileSmall=7+fwnIgkhZTFiq35irdNIQ==, figureFileBig=yg6WdIkRYcYM+KgBtAIDkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324392895574319176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324392879208145875, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Contour plot of pressure distribution on propeller blades, figureFileSmall=/xxH20itg8aDb1FKTOpkCg==, figureFileBig=iOLt6ZzrWyB5UivhlsB91Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324392895658205257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324392879208145875, language=CN, label=图7, caption=螺旋桨桨叶压力分布云图, figureFileSmall=/xxH20itg8aDb1FKTOpkCg==, figureFileBig=iOLt6ZzrWyB5UivhlsB91Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324392895721119818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324392879208145875, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Pressure distribution in the wake field of the propeller, figureFileSmall=YZRVcMUgCfLU5NJQmU4QGA==, figureFileBig=/GiA65C1WFscmpL6ceHr2g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324392895805005899, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324392879208145875, language=CN, label=图8, caption=螺旋桨尾流场中压力分布云图, figureFileSmall=YZRVcMUgCfLU5NJQmU4QGA==, figureFileBig=/GiA65C1WFscmpL6ceHr2g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324392895872114764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324392879208145875, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Vorticity distribution in the wake field of the propeller, figureFileSmall=KHp/dzmpUfujfRcrCjoyPQ==, figureFileBig=BjV53MzQyn5GlP3LGR7fQA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324392895939223629, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324392879208145875, language=CN, label=图9, caption=螺旋桨尾流场中涡量分布云图, figureFileSmall=KHp/dzmpUfujfRcrCjoyPQ==, figureFileBig=BjV53MzQyn5GlP3LGR7fQA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324392896027304014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324392879208145875, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Geometric parameters of the KP505 propeller

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参数名称参数值参数名称参数值
桨叶数5毂径比0.18
直径D(m)7.9旋向右旋
螺距比P/D(0.7R)0.95转速n (r/s)1.6
盘面比AE/AO0.8进速系数J0.2,0.3,0.4,0.5,0.6,0.7,0.8,0.9
), ArticleFig(id=1324392896098607183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324392879208145875, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

KP505螺旋桨的几何参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数名称参数值参数名称参数值
桨叶数5毂径比0.18
直径D(m)7.9旋向右旋
螺距比P/D(0.7R)0.95转速n (r/s)1.6
盘面比AE/AO0.8进速系数J0.2,0.3,0.4,0.5,0.6,0.7,0.8,0.9
), ArticleFig(id=1324392896157327440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324392879208145875, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Parameter settings of biofouling condition

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
污损类别污损工况
注:表中k为粗糙度高度,R为污损物圆台的底面半径,h为高度,r为顶面半径。
轻度污损k=100、200、300、400、500、600、700、800、900、1000 μm
中度污损1.k=2000 μm,R=1 mm,h=2 mm,r=0.5 mm
2.k=4000 μm,R=2 mm,h=4 mm,r=1 mm
3.k=6000 μm,R=3 mm,h=6 mm,r=1.5 mm
4.k=8000 μm,R=4 mm,h=8 mm,r=2 mm
5.k=10000 μm,R=5 mm,h=10 mm,r=2.5 mm
重度污损1.k=20000 μm,R=10 mm,h=20 mm,r=5 mm
2.k=40000 μm,R=20 mm,h=40 mm,r=10 mm
3.k=60000 μm,R=30 mm,h=60 mm,r=15 mm
4.k=80000 μm,R=40 mm,h=80 mm,r=20 mm
5.k=100000 μm,R=50 mm,h=100 mm,r=25 mm
), ArticleFig(id=1324392896220242001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324392879208145875, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

污损工况设计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
污损类别污损工况
注:表中k为粗糙度高度,R为污损物圆台的底面半径,h为高度,r为顶面半径。
轻度污损k=100、200、300、400、500、600、700、800、900、1000 μm
中度污损1.k=2000 μm,R=1 mm,h=2 mm,r=0.5 mm
2.k=4000 μm,R=2 mm,h=4 mm,r=1 mm
3.k=6000 μm,R=3 mm,h=6 mm,r=1.5 mm
4.k=8000 μm,R=4 mm,h=8 mm,r=2 mm
5.k=10000 μm,R=5 mm,h=10 mm,r=2.5 mm
重度污损1.k=20000 μm,R=10 mm,h=20 mm,r=5 mm
2.k=40000 μm,R=20 mm,h=40 mm,r=10 mm
3.k=60000 μm,R=30 mm,h=60 mm,r=15 mm
4.k=80000 μm,R=40 mm,h=80 mm,r=20 mm
5.k=100000 μm,R=50 mm,h=100 mm,r=25 mm
), ArticleFig(id=1324392896299933778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324392879208145875, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Grid independence verification

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网格设置网格数量 $ {K}_{T} $相对误差 $ 10{K}_{Q} $相对误差η相对误差
文献数据[6]0.18160.29590.6721
工况1粗网格25708960.18441.51%0.2863−3.27%0.71766.76%
工况2中网格56006760.18331.46%0.2916−1.48%0.70104.77%
工况3细网格121698090.18270.58%0.2952−0.24%0.68962.59%
), ArticleFig(id=1324392896375431251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324392879208145875, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

网格数量无关性验证

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
网格设置网格数量 $ {K}_{T} $相对误差 $ 10{K}_{Q} $相对误差η相对误差
文献数据[6]0.18160.29590.6721
工况1粗网格25708960.18441.51%0.2863−3.27%0.71766.76%
工况2中网格56006760.18331.46%0.2916−1.48%0.70104.77%
工况3细网格121698090.18270.58%0.2952−0.24%0.68962.59%
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污损附着对螺旋桨敞水性能的影响研究
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杨晶惠 , 汪春辉 , 高锋 , 张国桢 , 王超
船舶力学 | 流体力学 2026,30(7): 1121-1130
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船舶力学 |流体力学 2026 , 30 (7) : 1121 -1130
污损附着对螺旋桨敞水性能的影响研究
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王 超(1981–),男,博士,教授,E-mail:

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王 超(1981–),男,博士,教授,E-mail:

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杨晶惠, 汪春辉 , 高锋, 张国桢, 王超
作者信息
  • 哈尔滨工程大学 船舶工程学院,哈尔滨 150001
作者简介:

杨晶惠(2000–),女,硕士

汪春辉(1985–),女,博士,副教授,E-mail:

高 锋(2000–),男,硕士

张国桢(1999–),男,硕士

王 超(1981–),男,博士,教授,E-mail:

Study on the influence of biofouling on the open water performance of propellers
Jing-hui YANG, Chun-hui WANG , Feng GAO, Guo-zhen ZHANG, Chao WANG
Affiliations
  • College of Ship Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
出版时间: 2026-07-15 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.07.007
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为详细探索螺旋桨在遭受生物污损附着后的敞水性能变化情况,本文以实尺度KP505螺旋桨为研究对象,根据污损在螺旋桨表面的附着规律进行污损的几何建模,基于粘流CFD方法和粗糙度函数模型,分别开展实尺度螺旋桨在光滑及不同污损附着工况下的数值模拟仿真。研究结果表明,附着的污损对敞水性能的影响很大,不同污损会导致螺旋桨的推力降低、扭矩增大、推进效率减小,尾涡的强度降低且消散得更快;污损还会导致螺旋桨桨叶及其周围流场的压力发生变化,污损越严重,变化越明显。纵使污损会加大流场能量的损失,造成许多不利影响,但污损可以减小螺旋桨后方流场的尾迹长度,这有助于减小对远后方流场的影响。

生物污损  /  粗糙度  /  实尺度KP505螺旋桨  /  敞水性能  /  数值模拟

In order to explore the change of propulsion performance of propeller after biological fouling, the full-scale KP505 propeller was taken as the research object. The geometric modeling of fouling was carried out according to the fouling attachment law on the propeller surface, and then the numerical simulation of full-scale propeller under smooth and different fouling attachment conditions was carried out based on viscous fluids Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method and roughness function model. The results show that the attached biofouling has a greater effect on the open water performance. Specially different fouling conditions lead to a reduction in propeller thrust, an increase in torque, a reduction in propulsion efficiency, a reduction in the strength of the wake vortex and the faster dissipation. The more severe the foulings is, the more obvious the change is. Although fouling can increase the loss of flow field energy and cause many adverse effects, fouling can shorten the wake length of the flow field behind the propeller, thereby mitigating its disturbance on the far-field flow.

biofouling  /  roughness  /  full-scale KP505 propeller  /  open water performance  /  numerical simulation
杨晶惠, 汪春辉, 高锋, 张国桢, 王超. 污损附着对螺旋桨敞水性能的影响研究. 船舶力学, 2026 , 30 (7) : 1121 -1130 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.07.007
Jing-hui YANG, Chun-hui WANG, Feng GAO, Guo-zhen ZHANG, Chao WANG. Study on the influence of biofouling on the open water performance of propellers[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2026 , 30 (7) : 1121 -1130 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.07.007
长期航行中的船舶,螺旋桨表面会受到各种海洋生物的附着及海洋环境的腐蚀[1−2],严重情况下,桨叶外形会发生变化,由此导致表面粗糙度增加,螺旋桨的敞水性能下降,最终消耗大量的燃油,排放更多的温室气体,这不利于营运经济性和环境友好性。虽然现在已有许多的技术手段来防止生物污损的附着及海洋环境的腐蚀[3−4],但随着时间的增长,生物污损还是不可避免地附着在船桨表面上,且污损附着的尺寸及覆盖面积会逐渐增大,因此探索生物污损附着后的螺旋桨敞水性能变化情况,可为减轻污损影响、优化防污策略及确定清污时机等提供一定的参考,这对船舶的节能减排和高效运营具有重要意义。
近年来,CFD数值模拟方法因其具有成本低、方便快捷等优势被人们广泛使用,于是相关学者纷纷采用CFD方法探索了不同的粗糙度高度对螺旋桨敞水性能的影响情况。Owen D等[5]和Soon S等[6−7],基于STAR-CCM+软件,利用粗糙度函数模型,分别探索了不同污垢对PPTC螺旋桨和KP505螺旋桨敞水性能的影响情况,发现严重污垢会导致螺旋桨敞水效率的降低幅度高达30%。此外,污损还可减少轮毂的涡流空化,即污损对减少螺旋桨的空化具有一定的积极作用。李坚波等[8]使用CFD方法探索了DTMB4119 螺旋桨桨叶的敞水性能受生物污损附着的影响变化情况,发现当等效壁面粗糙度达到螺旋桨直径的0.1%时,推力系数将减小8.08%,力矩系数将增加10.72%,相应推进效率降低16.97%,且当表面粗糙度超过螺旋桨直径约0.03%后,变化趋于缓和。漆超等[9]采用 CFD方法,探索了NACA-4424翼型在污损不同高度和密度下的水动力性能变化情况,发现污损使翼型的升阻比最大降低多达80%,防污涂层本身的粗糙度最大可使阻力增大20%左右。
以上研究大多数仅仅将污损转化为粗糙度高度进行探索,这与真实螺旋桨表面遭受的污损附着存在一定差距,所得结论具有一定局限性。因此,本文以实尺度KP505螺旋桨为研究对象,根据真实污损在螺旋桨表面的附着规律,利用Rhino软件进行螺旋桨表面污损附着的几何建模,然后采用CFD方法,利用粗糙度函数模型探索不同的污损工况对螺旋桨敞水性能及其周围流场的影响情况。
本文使用CFD软件STAR-CCM+进行数值模拟仿真,采用非定常不可压缩雷诺平均纳维-斯托克斯(Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stockes,RANS)方程进行数值求解,湍流模型选用SST k-$ \omega $方程,使用有限体积法对控制方程进行离散,其中动量方程的对流项采用二阶迎风格式,时间项采用一阶格式,离散的代数方程用逐点Gauss-Seidel迭代法求解,并且采用代数多重网格方法加快求解的收敛速度。本研究的控制方程表达式为
$ \frac{\partial (\rho {\overline{u}}_{i})}{\partial {x}_{i}}=0 $
$ \frac{\partial (\rho {\overline{u}}_{i})}{\partial t}+\frac{\partial (\rho {\overline{u}}_{i}{\overline{u}}_{j}+\rho \overline{u_{i}^{\prime}u_{j}^{\prime}})}{\partial {x}_{j}}=\rho \overrightarrow{f}-\frac{\partial \overline{p}}{\partial {x}_{i}}+\frac{\partial {\overline{\tau }}_{ij}}{\partial {x}_{j}} $
$ {\overline{\tau }}_{ij}=\mu \left(\frac{\partial {\overline{u}}_{i}}{\partial {x}_{j}}+\frac{\partial {\overline{u}}_{j}}{\partial {x}_{i}}\right) $
式中,$ \overline{u} $表示速度的时间平均值,ρ为流体的密度,t为时间,$ \rho \overline{u_{i}^{\prime}u_{j}^{\prime}} $为湍流应力,$ \overline{f} $为质量力,$ \overline{p} $为平均压力,$ \overline{\tau } $为平均剪切应力,μ为流体的动力粘性系数。
螺旋桨表面的污损会增大其表面的粗糙度,而粗糙度效应对边界层内流体流动的能量损失有着重要的影响,表面粗糙度会导致流体的湍流度增加,由此增加湍流应力和壁面切应力,最终会导致边界层内流体的速度降低。由于不同的壁面粗糙状态会导致流体速度下降的不同,因此可将粗糙度函数$ \Delta {U}^{+} $和粗糙度雷诺数k+一一对应来进行相应的研究,而它们的确定通常需要进行试验得到,为此学者们通过各种理论研究和模型试验不断探索粗糙度和速度之间的具体关系,目前在数值模拟中常用的为Demirel等提出的粗糙度函数模型。
Demirel等[10-12]通过测量模型平板在不同防污涂层、不同尺寸及覆盖度的污损下的阻力,利用相应公式得出平板在不同污损工况下的粗糙度雷诺数k+和粗糙度函数$ \Delta {U}^{+} $,通过拟合数据,结合理论公式最终得到适合于螺旋桨和船舶在几何污损工况下的粗糙度函数模型,并分别通过船模阻力试验验证了粗糙度函数模型的正确性,其中适用于螺旋桨在几何污损工况下的粗糙度函数模型如下式所示
$ {U}^+=\frac{1}{\kappa }\ln {y}^++B-\Delta {U}^+ $
$ {k}^+=\frac{k{U}_{\tau }}{\nu } $
$ \Delta {U}^+=\begin{cases} 0({k}^+ \lt 3)\\\dfrac{1}{\text{κ} }\ln {(0.26{{k}^+})}^{\sin \left[\tfrac{{\text{π}} }{2}\tfrac{\log ({k}^+/3)}{\log (5)}\right]}(3\leq {k}^+ \lt 15)\\\dfrac{1}{\text{κ} }\ln (0.26{k}^+)(15\leq {k}^+)\end{cases} $
式中,U+为平均速度与剪切力速度之比的无量纲速度(U+=U/Uτ),$ \text{κ} $为冯卡门常数,通常取值为0.42,B为光滑壁对数律截距,$ \Delta {U}^{+} $为粗糙度函数, k+为粗糙度雷诺数,k为粗糙度高度,$ {U}_{\tau } $是剪切力速度,$ \nu $是运动粘性系数。
螺旋桨表面附着污损后,使用公式(4)~(6)来修正边界层内由于粗糙度导致的速度分布,以此将粗糙度效应定量地转化为RANS方程数值求解过程中对边界层速度的修正值,最终得出不同污损状态下的螺旋桨推力、扭矩和表面压力分布等结果。本研究将通过用户程序将此粗糙度函数模型嵌入进STAR-CCM+软件中进行数值模拟仿真,以得出更加真实合理的数值结果来探究不同污损工况对实尺度螺旋桨敞水性能的影响情况。
本文以实尺度KP505螺旋桨为研究对象,其几何模型基本参数和数值模拟参数如表1所示
目前污损附着的严重程度主要从污损类型、覆盖面积和生物大小这三个方面来判断,判断方法主要采用测量和目检法。由于真实污损生物及附着具有随机性,目前很难定量分析,因此普遍定性地将污损分为轻度、中度和重度这三大类,轻度污损的附着厚度很小,且整体附着较均匀,可仅仅用粗糙度高度进行代替,而中度污损和重度污损的附着厚度较大,且几何污损可改变船桨表面形貌,因此除了使用粗糙度高度外,还需进行污损的几何建模。
本文以实尺度KP505螺旋桨为研究对象,使用Rhino软件中的Grasshopper插件对螺旋桨表面进行污损的几何建模。在具体建模过程中,以圆台代替常见的生物污损——藤壶来进行,圆台在螺旋桨表面的具体分布情况参考杨宗澄[13]和常江凡等[14]于2016年基于实船调查得到的污损生物在船桨表面附着的一般规律:螺旋桨上的污损主要集中在毂帽和毂轴上,桨叶上的污损较少,污损从根部到尖端逐渐减少。图1展示了真实螺旋桨污损附着的严重程度及螺旋桨污损附着的建模情况。
在每种污损状态下,随着时间的推移,污损程度也会逐渐增加,因此本研究以粗糙度高度和圆台的尺寸来定量体现不同污损附着程度的生物污损,具体污损工况设计如表2所示。
在污损建模过程中,通过逐步增加污损数量,并以目检法来判断其附着密集度,以确认污损的附着程度逐渐增加,最终不同污损工况的螺旋桨三维几何模型如图2所示。
本研究通过滑移网格技术和MRF方法来数值模拟敞水螺旋桨在不同污损工况下的旋转运动,其计算域由螺旋桨的旋转区域和周围静止流体区域这两部分构成如图3所示,旋转域是直径为1.5D的圆柱区域,距离静止域的入口边界为2D,距离静止域的出口边界为6D,静止域是一个直径为6D的圆柱区域,整个计算域的尺寸远远大于螺旋桨的直径,以此保证螺旋桨的旋转运动不受边界的影响。
螺旋桨表面设置为无滑移壁面(No-Slip Wall),对于光滑状态的螺旋桨,不对壁面进行任何处理,保持默认值即可,而污损工况下的螺旋桨,需将壁面规格改为粗糙状态,且根据计算工况及粗糙度函数设置好对应的粗糙度高度、壁面粗糙度参数及切向速度。
本研究选用STAR-CCM+软件自带的棱柱层和切割体网格来自动生成非结构化网格。光滑和轻度污损状态下的螺旋桨,其网格数量大约在五百万左右,而中度污损和重度污损状态下,由于藤壶尺寸较小、数量较多,网格数量是成倍增长的,最终网格数量至少在两千万左右,最多可达八千万。对于壁面棱柱层,共设6层,每层延伸率为1.2,算例的y+在30~300,具体网格划分情况如图4所示。
本研究使用基于有限体积法的CFD软件STAR-CCM+进行数值模拟计算,计算工况按照设计的污损工况来进行,螺旋桨转速均为1.6 r/s,流体选择常温下的淡水,其密度和动力粘性系数均取默认值,分别为997.561 kg/m3、0.0008871 Pa·s。
网格数量过少会导致计算结果的误差较大,甚至导致结果发散,而网格数量太多、每个计算步长时间太小又会耗费大量的计算资源,严重增加计算时间。本研究中由于需计算的污损工况较多,污损物的尺寸较小,数量较多,网格数量及计算时间不可避免地成倍增加,因此需平衡好计算精度和计算时间,为此本文以进速系数为0.7的光滑螺旋桨为对象进行网格数量无关性验证(见表3)。
螺旋桨的敞水性能具体包括推力系数KT,扭矩系数KQ和推进效率η,其具体表达式如下
$ {K}_{T}=\frac{T}{\rho {n}^{2}{D}^{4}} $
$ {K}_{Q}=\frac{Q}{\rho {n}^{2}{D}^{5}} $
$ J=\frac{{V}_{{\mathrm{A}}}}{nD} $
$ \eta =\frac{{K}_{T}}{{K}_{Q}}\frac{J}{2{\text{π}} } $
式中,T为螺旋桨产生的推力,Q为螺旋桨的扭矩,ρ为流体的密度,n为螺旋桨的转速,D为螺旋桨的直径,J为进速系数,VA为来流速度。
上表是光滑螺旋桨在不同网格数量下的数值结果,可见,数值结果与文献数据之间的相对误差在合理范围内,且会随网格数量的增加而减小,尽管网格数量越多,数值结果的精度更好,但只要将网格数量控制在合理范围内,结果就不会发生明显变化,且相对误差均可接受,因此本研究在实际数值模拟过程中,可通过合理调节网格数量来确保计算结果可靠的同时节省计算时间。
为验证本研究数值模拟结果的可靠性,特将光滑状态和粗糙度高度为489 μm的数值计算结果与Song等[6]的文献数据进行对比,如图5所示,可见,相对误差都在5%以内,本文数值计算方法可行。
图6为不同污损工况下,敞水螺旋桨的推力系数、扭矩系数和推进效率及其相对光滑情况时的变化幅度随进速系数的变化情况,其中,粗糙度高度为100~1000 μm的属于轻度污损,2000~10000 μm的属于中度污损,20000~100000 μm的属于重度污损。
整体上看,随着污损程度的增加,螺旋桨的推力系数逐渐下降,扭矩系数逐渐增加,推进效率逐渐减小。在轻度污损状态下,随着污损的增加,推力系数、扭矩系数和推进效率的变化趋于稳定,在粗糙度高度达到一定值之后,数据变化趋于平缓,而在中度污损和重度污损状态下,数据变化明显,因此螺旋桨在遭受污损生物附着后,敞水性能受污损形貌的影响不可忽略。在重度污损后期,数据也都随着污损的增加而缓慢变化,也就是说,污损达到一定程度之后,螺旋桨的敞水性能不再发生变化,一直处于最低值,不过现实通常是当污损导致螺旋桨敞水性能不满足实际需要时就进行清污处理了。
如图6(a)(b)所示,仔细观察推力系数的变化情况,可以发现在进速系数达到0.7之前,推力系数一直高于0.1,且污损造成推力系数相比于光滑情况的下降幅度不超过40%。进速系数在0.2~0.6时,下降幅度受进速系数的影响变化不大,且较大降幅几乎都在20%左右,但进速系数大于0.6之后,推力系数的下降幅度随着进速系数的增加而剧烈增加,最高可达100%,因此污损对螺旋桨推力性能的影响程度与来流速度有关,若流速越大,污损的影响就越大,所以现实情况中,一般低航速的船舶受污损影响较小,而高航速船舶受污损影响较大。另外,注意到当污损高度为10 cm,且进速系数为0.9时,推力系数为负数,这是因为严重污损已根本改变桨叶的形貌,导致螺旋桨产生反向推力,这时船舶处于倒车状态,不过现实情况下,随着污损的增加,船舶的航速会下降,螺旋桨的转速会增加,因此一般不会观察到此现象。
如图6(c)(d)(e)(f)所示,仔细观察扭矩系数和推进效率的变化情况,同样可以发现当进速系数大于0.6之后,系数的变化幅度剧烈增加,因此要想减小污损对螺旋桨敞水性能的影响,最好使进速系数保持在0.6以下,此时扭矩系数的增加不超过45%,推进效率的降低不超过50%。
另外,在图6(e)中还可以发现推进效率最高点所对应的进速系数会随着污损程度的增加而减小。螺旋桨在光滑情况下,进速系数为0.8时的效率最大,其值为0.7;在轻度污损状态下,效率最大值大约在0.5~0.6左右,所对应的进速系数为0.7;在中度污损和重度污损状态下,效率最大值大约在0.3~0.46左右,所对应的进速系数为0.6。也就是说,随着污损的增加,螺旋桨的推进效率不仅会下降,还会使最大效率所对应的进速系数下降,也即螺旋桨的设计工况发生了变化,这是由于粗糙度和污损形貌改变了螺旋桨的几何特性,因此,当螺旋桨遭受污损附着后,若想让螺旋桨的推进效率最大,则应减小进速系数。
如图7~8所示,通过观察桨叶表面的压力分布及螺旋桨尾流场中的压力分布云图,整体上,可以明显发现污损会导致螺旋桨压力面的压力下降,吸力面的压力增加,螺旋桨桨叶后方的流场压力降低,这共同导致了螺旋桨前后压差减小,从而使推力降低。
图7中,仔细观察不同污损工况下桨叶的压力分布情况,可以发现轻度污损相比于光滑状态,螺旋桨桨叶压力面的值均匀下降,毂帽周围的低压和叶梢及导边区域的高压均明显下降,且下降值随着粗糙度高度的增加而增加,但吸力面的变化程度相对较低。对于中度污损和重度污损,随着污损尺寸及数量的增加,压力面上的压力值大幅度下降,吸力面上的压力大幅度增加,污损物周围的压力变化特别明显。此外,还观察到每个污损周围存在明显的高压和低压,且高压靠近桨叶的导边,低压靠近桨叶的随边,因此每个污损物上存在自桨叶导边到随边的切向力,此切向力随着污损的增加而增加,而螺旋桨是右旋方向,所以螺旋桨因污损的存在而受到较大的旋转阻力矩,由此扭矩在中度污损和重度污损状态下剧烈增加。
仔细观察图8的流场压力分布图,可以明显发现污损不仅降低了桨叶后方的压力,还增加了桨毂后方流场的压力,并且桨毂后方的流场会随污损的增加而更加分散,这可能由于污损加大了螺旋桨周围流场的扰动,增加了流场流动的复杂性,导致流场的能量耗散更加严重,从而污损使螺旋桨对后方流场的影响更小。
图9是螺旋桨尾流场中涡量分布云图,观察螺旋桨尾流场中的涡量随不同污损工况变化情况,发现污损会导致流场的涡量减小。对比光滑和轻度污损状态下的涡量云图,发现仅仅增加粗糙度,桨毂后方的涡量值在逐渐变小,整体上涡结构并没有发生变化。随着污损程度的加重,流场中的涡量发生明显变化,中度污损和重度污损状态下,桨毂后方的尾涡更加分散,且随着远离桨叶,尾涡消散得更快。粗糙度主要增加了壁面的剪切应力,促使边界层提前分离,加剧湍流脉动,增强流场能量的损失;而污损形貌进一步加剧了流场的不规则运动,增加流场运动的复杂性,进一步加大流场能量的耗散。由此随着污损程度的增加,桨叶及毂帽附近,流体分子之间的运动加剧,随着远离桨叶,能量逐渐耗散,尾迹长度逐渐减小,最终流场的涡量减小,尾涡更分散。
本文根据实际污损附着规律, 建立了不同污损工况下螺旋桨的三维几何建模,并在恒定转速与来流速度的假设下,探究了不同污损工况对实尺度螺旋桨敞水性能的影响,得出以下结论:
(1)不同污损均会导致螺旋桨的推力系数下降、扭矩系数增加、推进效率降低,敞水性能的变化幅度受污损几何形貌的影响较大。
(2)进速系数越大,污损导致敞水性能的变化就越大,因此为尽可能减小污损的不利影响,需使螺旋桨的进速系数保持在0.6以下,此时推力系数的下降不超过25%,扭矩系数的增加不超过45%,推进效率的降低不超过50%。
(3)污损会导致螺旋桨压力面的压力下降,吸力面的压力增加,螺旋桨桨叶后方的流场压力降低,螺旋桨尾流场中的涡量减小且更加分散。
(4)污损会导致流场能量的耗散加剧,因此越远离桨叶的流体能量越小,受其螺旋桨旋转的影响越小,所以污损有助于减小螺旋桨远后方流场的尾迹长度。
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2026年第30卷第7期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.07.007
  • 接收时间:2026-01-12
  • 首发时间:2026-11-03
  • 出版时间:2026-07-15
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  • 收稿日期:2026-01-12
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国家重点研发计划(2025YFE0215003;2025YFE0215000);黑龙江省自然科学基金资助项目(YQ2022E015);国防基础科研产品创新项目资助(KY10100230067)
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    哈尔滨工程大学 船舶工程学院,哈尔滨 150001
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
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属数
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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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