Article(id=1324392857242566941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1324392762614882315, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.07.011, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1762704000000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793689463195, onlineDateStr=2026-11-03, pubDate=1784044800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793689463195, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793689463195, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793689463195, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1324392762614882315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2026', volume='30', issue='7', pageStart='1041', pageEnd='1220', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784044800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793689440634, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793689440634, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1173, endPage=1184, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1324392857511002398, articleId=1324392857242566941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Simulation analysis of line heating for marine double curvature plates based on Gaussian mixture heat source model, columnId=1242129251223274417, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Structural Mechanics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Line-heating with water cooling is the primary forming process used in shipbuilding to manufacture steel plates with complex double curvature. Owing to its high computational efficiency and reduced trial-and-error cost, finite element simulation has become an essential tool for process optimization and forming-quality control in the fabrication of complex curved plates. However, the Gaussian surface heat source model commonly adopted in existing finite element analysis neglects the transient heat-transfer effect induced by water cooling, leading to large errors in predicted plate deformation and insufficient forming accuracy for engineering applications. To address the thermomechanical modelling challenges in the simulation of line-heating with water cooling, the full-field temperature distribution during the forming process was first measured using an infrared camera. Based on the expectation-maximization algorithm for solving Gaussian mixture models, a Gaussian mixture heat source model incorporating both the heat input and the heat extraction was established. In addition, the material hardening behavior caused by accumulated plastic deformation under repeated thermal loading was considered, accounting for the gradual increase in yield strength and tensile strength. On this basis, a simulation method capable of accurately predicting both the temperature field and deformation of plates formed by line-heating with water cooling was developed, thereby improving the accuracy of existing process simulations. Comparisons between numerical and experimental results show that, relative to the conventional Gaussian heat source model, the proposed Gaussian mixture heat source model effectively captures the rapid heat-transfer process associated with water cooling and reduces the temperature prediction error in the water-cooled region from 200 ℃ to 20 ℃. When combined with the material hardening model, the maximum prediction deviations of transverse and longitudinal deformation are reduced to 2.0% and 1.6%, respectively. The proposed method provides a reliable technical basis for high-precision ship manufacturing.

, authors=Bao-zhu ZHANG1, Kai LIU2, Jin-rui YE2, Zhi-hao QI2, An-shi YAN2, Xing-hua WANG3, authorsList=Bao-zhu ZHANG, Kai LIU, Jin-rui YE, Zhi-hao QI, An-shi YAN, Xing-hua WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Journal of Ship Mechanics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1324392870781780349, articleId=1324392857242566941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=CN, title=基于高斯混合热源模型的船用双曲板水火工艺仿真方法, columnId=1241023038926410098, journalTitle=船舶力学, columnName=结构力学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

水火弯板工艺是船舶行业中制造复杂双曲率钢板的主要方法。有限元仿真方法凭借高效和试错成本低的优势,已成为该工艺优化与复杂曲板成形质量控制的关键手段。然而,现有有限元模型普遍采用的高斯面热源模型,忽略了水冷瞬态换热效应,导致计算所得曲板变形误差较大,成形精度难以满足工程容限要求。本工作围绕水火弯板仿真中的热力学模型问题,首先利用红外摄像仪采集了水火弯板的温度场,基于数学理论中求解高斯混合模型的期望最大化算法,拟合得到了一种兼顾热源和冷源的高斯混合热源模型。进一步考虑了在多次热载荷下,材料因塑性变形而导致屈服强度和抗拉强度逐渐提高的硬化现象,建立了准确预测水火弯板温度和变形的仿真方法,解决了当前水火弯板工艺仿真结果精度低的问题。仿真结果与实验结果对比表明,与传统的高斯热源模型相比,高斯混合热源模型考虑了快速水冷换热过程,水冷区域温度场预报误差由200 ℃降低至20 ℃;高斯混合热源模型结合材料应力硬化模型,水火弯板横向、纵向最大变形预报偏差分别为2.0%、1.6%,为舰船高精度制造提供技术支撑。

, authors=张保柱1, 刘凯2, 叶金蕊2, 齐智昊2, 闫安石2, 王兴华3, authorsList=张保柱, 刘凯, 叶金蕊, 齐智昊, 闫安石, 王兴华, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

张保柱(1990–),男,博士研究生

刘 凯(1989–),男,博士,副教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

叶金蕊(1982–),女,博士,教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

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Parameters of Gaussian mixture heat source model[4, 9]

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参数A1 $ \eta $CP $ \bigtriangleup {T}_{1} $
数值97 kJ/L0.353.36×105 J/kg20 ℃
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高斯混合热源模型参数[4, 9]

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参数A1 $ \eta $CP $ \bigtriangleup {T}_{1} $
数值97 kJ/L0.353.36×105 J/kg20 ℃
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基于高斯混合热源模型的船用双曲板水火工艺仿真方法
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张保柱 1 , 刘凯 2 , 叶金蕊 2 , 齐智昊 2 , 闫安石 2 , 王兴华 3
船舶力学 | 结构力学 2026,30(7): 1173-1184
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船舶力学 |结构力学 2026 , 30 (7) : 1173 -1184
基于高斯混合热源模型的船用双曲板水火工艺仿真方法
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张保柱1, 刘凯2 , 叶金蕊2 , 齐智昊2, 闫安石2, 王兴华3
作者信息
  • 1中国石油大学(华东)材料科学与工程学院,山东 青岛 266000
  • 2北京理工大学 空天科学与技术学院,北京 100190
  • 3江苏自动化研究所,江苏 连云港 222006
作者简介:

张保柱(1990–),男,博士研究生

刘 凯(1989–),男,博士,副教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

叶金蕊(1982–),女,博士,教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

Simulation analysis of line heating for marine double curvature plates based on Gaussian mixture heat source model
Bao-zhu ZHANG1, Kai LIU2 , Jin-rui YE2 , Zhi-hao QI2, An-shi YAN2, Xing-hua WANG3
Affiliations
  • 1School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266000, China
  • 2School of Aerospace Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100190, China
  • 3Jiangsu Automation Research Institute, Lianyungang 222006, China
出版时间: 2026-07-15 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.07.011
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水火弯板工艺是船舶行业中制造复杂双曲率钢板的主要方法。有限元仿真方法凭借高效和试错成本低的优势,已成为该工艺优化与复杂曲板成形质量控制的关键手段。然而,现有有限元模型普遍采用的高斯面热源模型,忽略了水冷瞬态换热效应,导致计算所得曲板变形误差较大,成形精度难以满足工程容限要求。本工作围绕水火弯板仿真中的热力学模型问题,首先利用红外摄像仪采集了水火弯板的温度场,基于数学理论中求解高斯混合模型的期望最大化算法,拟合得到了一种兼顾热源和冷源的高斯混合热源模型。进一步考虑了在多次热载荷下,材料因塑性变形而导致屈服强度和抗拉强度逐渐提高的硬化现象,建立了准确预测水火弯板温度和变形的仿真方法,解决了当前水火弯板工艺仿真结果精度低的问题。仿真结果与实验结果对比表明,与传统的高斯热源模型相比,高斯混合热源模型考虑了快速水冷换热过程,水冷区域温度场预报误差由200 ℃降低至20 ℃;高斯混合热源模型结合材料应力硬化模型,水火弯板横向、纵向最大变形预报偏差分别为2.0%、1.6%,为舰船高精度制造提供技术支撑。

水火弯板  /  数值仿真  /  高斯混合热源模型  /  应力硬化模型

Line-heating with water cooling is the primary forming process used in shipbuilding to manufacture steel plates with complex double curvature. Owing to its high computational efficiency and reduced trial-and-error cost, finite element simulation has become an essential tool for process optimization and forming-quality control in the fabrication of complex curved plates. However, the Gaussian surface heat source model commonly adopted in existing finite element analysis neglects the transient heat-transfer effect induced by water cooling, leading to large errors in predicted plate deformation and insufficient forming accuracy for engineering applications. To address the thermomechanical modelling challenges in the simulation of line-heating with water cooling, the full-field temperature distribution during the forming process was first measured using an infrared camera. Based on the expectation-maximization algorithm for solving Gaussian mixture models, a Gaussian mixture heat source model incorporating both the heat input and the heat extraction was established. In addition, the material hardening behavior caused by accumulated plastic deformation under repeated thermal loading was considered, accounting for the gradual increase in yield strength and tensile strength. On this basis, a simulation method capable of accurately predicting both the temperature field and deformation of plates formed by line-heating with water cooling was developed, thereby improving the accuracy of existing process simulations. Comparisons between numerical and experimental results show that, relative to the conventional Gaussian heat source model, the proposed Gaussian mixture heat source model effectively captures the rapid heat-transfer process associated with water cooling and reduces the temperature prediction error in the water-cooled region from 200 ℃ to 20 ℃. When combined with the material hardening model, the maximum prediction deviations of transverse and longitudinal deformation are reduced to 2.0% and 1.6%, respectively. The proposed method provides a reliable technical basis for high-precision ship manufacturing.

line heating  /  numerical simulation  /  Gaussian mixture heat source model  /  strain hardening model
张保柱, 刘凯, 叶金蕊, 齐智昊, 闫安石, 王兴华. 基于高斯混合热源模型的船用双曲板水火工艺仿真方法. 船舶力学, 2026 , 30 (7) : 1173 -1184 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.07.011
Bao-zhu ZHANG, Kai LIU, Jin-rui YE, Zhi-hao QI, An-shi YAN, Xing-hua WANG. Simulation analysis of line heating for marine double curvature plates based on Gaussian mixture heat source model[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2026 , 30 (7) : 1173 -1184 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.07.011
复杂双曲率钢板(鞍形板和帆形板)作为大型舰船的球鼻艏或外部轮廓等承载构件,其成形精度决定船体水动力性能、总纵强度与装配余量,是保障船舶安全性与建造效率的关键部分[1]。复杂双曲板使用的钢材量约占整个船体的15%,由于船舶曲板具有非线性和大尺寸的特征,难以实现冷冲压成形,其主要制造方法仍然为水火弯板工艺[2]。钢板先经过卷板机被初步加工成单曲率板,然后根据工人经验在曲板上规划加热线并进行火焰加热、喷水冷却、样箱校对和不断调整,实现双曲率钢板的加工[3−4]。该工艺严重依赖经验,且加工效率很低。在技术革新背景下,有限元仿真方法兼具高效与低试错成本的优势,成为水火弯板工艺优化与复杂曲板成形质量控制的关键手段[5−7]。然而,当前水火弯板数值仿真使用的高斯热源模型,忽略了冷却水快速换热的过程,进而造成温度和变形计算精度差[8−9]。因此,亟需一种可以精确重构水火弯板工艺温度场的热源模型,实现曲板变形的精确预测。
为了与实际温度场更为接近,学者们对高斯热源模型不断探索改进,Dawit等[10]提出了线加热因子(包括热输入、板边缘的加热线位置)对曲板角变形的影响,并建立了角变形数值模拟结果与加热参数之间的映射关系。Lee等[11]基于Tsuji和Okumura[12]提出的双高斯热源模型开发了适用于多条火焰加热的工艺,该模型涵盖了火焰之间的叠加区域和非重叠区域,并利用数值分析方法推导出了火焰加热成形中横向收缩和角变形等热变形的预测公式。Xu等[13]分析了钢板在火焰加热过程中的吸热效率,推导了三维瞬态温度场的非线性偏微分方程,然后利用ANSYS软件的高斯热源热通量模型对板的温度场及应力场进行数值仿真。Shin等[14]从流体角度出发,研究了火焰喷射气流与钢板之间的冲撞形式,提出了一个不可压缩湍流热流体流动模型来计算燃气火焰和钢板之间的传热量。以上研究报道主要根据火焰方式改变热源模型实现钢板高温区域温度场的仿真,对于水冷换热,仅通过增加热边界条件的换热系数以达到钢板表面迅速降温的目的,对于水冷换热过程的粗略计算导致钢板温度场结果与实际存在偏差[15−17]。
除了温度场计算外,水火弯板中钢板材料面临多次加热作用,意味着材料在整个成型过程中经历了反复的热−力循环,不可避免地存在材料应力硬化现象。Lee等[18]采用线性随动硬化准则模拟材料的加工硬化,分别模拟了SM400钢、SM520钢与SM570钢焊接接头的残余应力分布。张超华等[19]基于盲孔法和有限元法验证了考虑材料的加工硬化及退火软化效应会显著增加焊接接头下表面的纵向和横向残余应力。目前,关于多重载荷下由包申格效应引起的材料性能回弹现象多见于金属疲劳及多道焊接研究中而在水火弯板成形模拟中对此鲜有报道[20−22]。因此,在计算水火弯板变形时,有必要考虑材料在循环载荷作用下力学性能变化的影响。
本工作以双曲率帆形板为研究案例,围绕水火弯板仿真中的热力学模型问题,首先利用红外摄像仪采集了水火弯板的温度场数据,基于数学理论中求解高斯混合模型的期望最大化(EM)算法,提出了一种兼顾热源和冷源的高斯混合热源模型,解决了多参数水火工艺下温度场仿真误差过大的问题。进一步,本文将高斯混合热源模型与材料应力硬化模型相结合,建立水火弯板变形数值仿真方法并进行实验验证,为舰船领域复杂曲板高精度制造提供技术基础。
为了得到不同工艺参数下的温度场,进行了图1(a)中所示的温度采集实验。实验中使用的设备为大立红外摄像仪,试样长为2 m,厚度为23 mm,半径为4.5 m的单曲板。考虑到水火弯板工艺的热流密度分布与火焰气体(丙烯)流量Q、水火中心间距L相关,进行了以下工艺的实验:Q分别为2、4、6、8 L/min,L分别为100、150、200、250 mm,共进行了16组实验。试验步骤如下:(1)根据企业经验设计水火弯板加热线布置方案,使用石笔在钢板上标记加热线位置;(2)将红外热像仪置于拍摄加热过程温度场的合理位置,便于记录试验过程中的温度场;(3)连接红外摄像仪与温度采集电脑,设置温度采集范围,自动对焦,调节图像清晰度;(4)打开丙烯和氧气气瓶,将流量调整到要求数值,加热速度2.5 mm/s,水流量8 L/min,按以上参数进行加热试验;(5)每种工艺下,待温度稳定后,拍摄钢板温度场。
同时,为了验证本工作推导的高斯混合热源模型用于有限元仿真的准确性,进行了验证性实验,如图1(b)所示。试样钢板经过卷板机辊卷后,横向板宽为0.78 m,长为3 m,厚度为23 mm。为将单曲率板加工成帆形曲板,在曲板内侧进行火焰加热,每条火焰的加热路径垂直于两侧边缘,单条火焰路径的长度为25 cm,火焰路径之间的距离为15 cm,曲板每侧边缘包含19条加热路径。水火弯板工艺为:丙烯流量6 L/min、水火中心间距200 mm、加热速度2.5 mm/s、水流量8 L/min。实验结束后测量曲板的横向变化量和纵向翘曲量,并与有限元仿真结果进行对比分析。
由于水火工艺包含一个火焰热源和一个水冷冷源,可将热源模型假设为高斯混合热源模型(Gaussian Mixture Heat Source Model)。与数学中的高斯混合模型类似,高斯混合热源模型包含两部分高斯分布:前半部分为加热热流密度,后半部分为水冲击冷源密度。根据数学中的表达方式,含有2个高斯分布的热源模型概率密度函数可简化表示为
$ q=\sum \limits_{k=1}^{2}{\tau }_{k}\mathrm{N }(r_{1}^{k},0) $
式中:k表示高斯热源的数量,取值2,$ {\tau }_{k} $为第k个高斯分布的混合权重,$ \mathrm{N }(r_{1}^{k},0) $为高斯热源模型的简化表示方法,$ r_{1}^{k} $为第1个高斯分布的期望值,即有效加热半径。由于有效加热半径和混合权重与火焰流量Q和水火中心间距L参数相关[21−22],所以通过求解不同工艺与以上两个参数的关系即可得到适用于水火弯板工艺的高斯热源模型。考虑到热流与温度场具有一定的映射关系,本工作利用MATLAB软件,基于数学理论中的最大期望法(EM)处理不同工艺下的温度场分布,求解高斯热源模型的混合权重和有效加热半径[23−24]。
红外摄像仪采集的温度场如图2所示,图中显示了丙烯流量Q分别为2、4、6、8 L/min,水火中心间距L分别为100、150、200 mm参数下的温度场。可以看出,温度场的分布随着Q和L的变化呈现显著差异,当L较小时,高温区域呈现圆形,且随着Q的增大,高温区域逐渐增大;当L到达200 mm时,高温区域呈现椭圆形。根据以上图像数据求解了高斯混合热源模型,具体求解步骤如下:(1)将红外摄像仪拍摄的温度图像转为二维温度矩阵T(i,j)(单位:℃);(2)把每个像素坐标(i,j)当作二维样本点,以对应温度值T(i,j)为样本权重;(3)利用MATLAB中内置的加权高斯混合估计器(fitgmdist)对所有样本点执行加权高斯混合模型估计,固定成分数 k = 2;(4)得到两个高斯分布的权重 $ {\tau }_{1} $、$ {\tau }_{2} $,均值向量 μ1、μ2(其中火焰热源中心μ1为中心坐标),协方差矩阵 r1、r2(即热源分布圆的大小)。
根据上述方法确定了16种不同工艺参数下两个高斯分布的混合权重和有效加热半径,将得到的数据根据工艺参数进行拟合,得到了工艺参数与高斯混合模型参数的映射关系
$ \begin{aligned}{\tau }_{1}&=0.21+0.042\;5Q-0.000\;4L+0.000\;1QL\\{\tau }_{2}&=1-{\tau }_{1}\\{r}_{1}&=15.5+2.215\;Q+0.02L-0.000\;25QL+0.000\;08{L}^{2}\\{r}_{2}&=67-1.275\;Q-0.006\;L-0.000\;1QL+0.000\;07{L}^{2}\end{aligned} $
将以上参数代入公式(1),并根据高斯热源模型进行细化,则高斯混合热源模型下钢板三维空间面热源的热流密度方程可描述为[25−26]
$ q={\tau }_{1}\frac{3{Q}_{{{\text{C}}_{3}}{{\text{H}}_{6}}}{A}_{1}\eta }{\text{π} r_{1}^{2}}\exp \left(-\frac{{{x}}^{2}+{y}^{2}+{z}^{2}}{r_{1}^{2}}\right)+{\tau }_{2}\frac{3{Q}_{{{\text{H}}_{2}}\text{O}}{C}_{{\mathrm{P}}}\bigtriangleup {T}_{1}}{\text{π} r_{2}^{2}}\exp \left(-\frac{{{x}}^{2}+{(y-L)}^{2}+{z}^{2}}{r_{2}^{2}}\right) $
式中:$ {Q}_{{{\text{C}}_{3}}{{\text{H}}_{6}}} $为丙烯的流量,A1为丙烯完全燃烧的热值,$ \eta $为热效率,r1为热源的有效半径,$ {Q}_{{{\text{H}}_{2}}\text{O}} $为水的流量,CP为水的比热容,r2为冷源的有效半径,$ \bigtriangleup {T}_{1} $为水温变化,具体工艺参数取值见表1。图3给出了丙烯流量为4 L/min、水火中心间距为 75 mm时高斯混合热源的热流密度分布,可以看出,与传统热源模型相比,新模型存在水冷换热区域,与实际热流分布更为相近。
基于ABAQUS平台开展水火弯板工艺热力顺序耦合有限元分析,首先计算水火工艺过程中的温度场,将热分析中模型各节点温度的输出结果作为力分析的预定义场,进行插值计算得到相应残余应力和应变场。热−力两场采用同一套网格与节点拓扑,以确保数据传递的一致性。建立的有限元分析模型为单曲板模型,其曲率与图1(b)中未加热前的试样尺寸一致。考虑到加热路径较多,为兼顾计算效率和精度,采用全局均匀布置网格,单个网格单元尺寸为8 mm,在板厚方向上布置5层,厚度方向网格单元尺寸4.6 mm,网格划分后如图4所示,模型共包含32849个网格单元。计算温度场时,单元类型为DC3D8,计算应力场时,单元类型为C3D8R。加热路径的设置如图4红线所示,单侧19条加热路径,共包含38条加热路径,每条路径的尺寸与试验过程一致。火焰加热的速度为2.5 mm/s,冷却水的速度与火焰移动速度相同,水火之间的距离为150 mm。模型建立完成后设置了热、力边界条件,热分析计算过程中,设置了表面对流换热和热辐射的热边界条件,其中表面对流换热系数为10 W/(m2·K),表面热辐射率设置为0.65[27]。如图4所示,在进行机械分析时,采用了三点简支的约束方式,允许钢板在加热过程中自由变形。
水火弯板工艺中钢板、空气和冷却水之间的热量传递方式主要为热传导、对流换热和热辐射。水火弯板的温度场分布本质上是一种瞬态非线性热传导问题,在直角坐标系下,均匀的各向同性材料在有限区域内进行热传导,对于三维热传导问题,其温度场控制方程表示为[27]
$ c\rho \frac{\partial T}{\partial t}=\frac{\partial }{\partial x}\left(\lambda \frac{\partial T}{\partial x}\right)+\frac{\partial }{\partial y}\left(\lambda \frac{\partial T}{\partial y}\right)+\frac{\partial }{\partial z}\left(\lambda \frac{\partial T}{\partial z}\right) $
式中:ρ为材料密度,t为传热时间,c为材料的比热容,λ为导热系数,T为温度场的分布函数,其中,λ、ρ和c都是温度T的函数。
钢板与周围空气之间的对流换热热量可通过公式(5)计算
$ {Q}_{1}=hA\bigtriangleup T $
式中:Q1为对流换热量,h为对流换热系数,A为接触面积,$ \bigtriangleup T $为钢板表面与空气的温差,计算过程中环境温度设定为20 ℃。
水火弯板过程的钢板表面通过热辐射向环境的散热量可通过公式(6)计算
$ {Q}_{2}=\varepsilon a(T_{{\mathrm{w}}}^{4}-T_{\mathrm{\infty }}^{4}) $
式中:ε为材料的辐射率;a为斯特藩−玻尔兹曼常数,取值5.67×10−8 W/(m2·K4);Tw为钢板表面温度,$ {T}_{\mathrm{\infty }} $为环境的温度,温度单位为开尔文。
仿真中采用上节得到的高斯混合热源模型计算水火工艺的温度场。为了对比本工作推导的热源模型与原高斯热源模型的区别,分别计算了两种模型对应的温度场并进行对比,原高斯热源模型的热流密度分布可表达为
$ q=\frac{3{Q}_{{{\text{C}}_{3}}{{\text{H}}_{6}}}{A}_{1}\eta }{\text{π} r_{1}^{2}}\exp \left(-\frac{{{x}}^{2}+{y}^{2}+{z}^{2}}{r_{1}^{2}}\right) $
两种热源模型通过DFLUX子程序将面热源施加在分析步骤中。对于复杂曲板,温度仿真过程中热流难以精准落在规划路径上。针对此问题,本文中首先提取路径点的空间位置,然后将空间位置与水火弯板工艺时间进行拟合,并写入子程序中,即可准确模拟加热路径。
水火弯板的应力场存在着材料非线性、几何非线性等一系列非线性问题。经典的热弹塑性有限元计算法可以实现对火焰加热区域的模拟,由于火焰加热的温度不超过900 ℃,钢材未发生奥氏体相变,所以仅考虑温度造成的残余应力和应变的影响,经典热弹塑性本构模型如下
$ {\varepsilon }^{\text{total}}={\varepsilon }^{{\mathrm{e}}}+{\varepsilon }^{{\mathrm{p}}}+{\varepsilon }^{{\mathrm{th}}} $
式中:$ {\varepsilon }^{{\mathrm{e}}} $、$ {\varepsilon }^{{\mathrm{p}}} $与$ {\varepsilon }^{{\mathrm{th}}} $分别为弹性、塑性与热应变。总应变$ {\varepsilon }^{\text{total}} $为弹性应变、塑性应变、热应变之和。弹性应变由胡克定律计算得出,塑性应变服从Mises屈服准则以及强化模型,热应变根据热膨胀系数计算[28]。
本文所用材料为舰船行业常用的AH36,这是一种国际船级社认证的高强度船体结构钢,最小屈服强度为355 MPa。在经典热弹塑性计算方法中,材料仿真所需的热物性及力学参数随温度发生变化。为了进行水火热−力耦合分析,需考虑材料的热物理性质和力学性能,如热导率、比热、热膨胀系数、杨氏模量和屈服强度等。AH36钢材料参数随温度变化趋势如图5所示[29]。
曲板经历多次火焰加热,材料会发生硬化现象,现有的水火弯板工艺研究对比鲜有报道。材料硬化模型包含三种:等向硬化模型、随动硬化模型和混合硬化模型。等向硬化模型认为材料发生塑性应变时,应力的屈服面大小变化而位置不发生变化;随动硬化模型认为应力屈服面不变而位置发生变化,即包辛格效应(Bauschinger effect);混合硬化模型同时考虑了循环载荷作用下材料屈服面大小变化及包辛格效应。本工作在计算曲板水火加热变形过程中采用了混合硬化模型[21]。非线性等向硬化模型部分的表达式为
$ {\sigma }_{0}={\sigma }_{|0}+{Q}_{\inf }(1-{\mathrm{e}}^{-b{{\overline{\varepsilon }}_{{\mathrm{p}}}}}) $
式中:$ {\sigma }_{0} $为材料的后继屈服应力大小;$ {\sigma }_{|0} $为材料无塑性应变时的屈服应力大小,$ {Q}_{\inf } $和b均为材料常数;$ {\overline{\varepsilon }}_{{\mathrm{p}}} $为累积塑性应变。
非线性随动硬化部分的表达式为
$ {\dot{\chi }}_{i}={C}_{i}\frac{1}{{\sigma }^{0}}(\sigma -\chi ){\dot{\overline{\varepsilon }}}_{{\mathrm{p}}}-{\gamma }_{i}{\chi }_{i}{\dot{\overline{\varepsilon }}}_{{\mathrm{p}}} $
$ \chi =\sum \limits_{i=1}^{M}{\chi }_{i} $
式中:$ {\dot{\chi }}_{i} $为背应力分量的变化速率;$ {C}_{i} $、$ {\gamma }_{i} $均为材料常数;$ {\chi }_{i} $为背应力的分量;χ为总背应力;$ {\dot{\overline{\varepsilon }}}_{{\mathrm{p}}} $为累积塑性应变速率;i取值1, 2…, M;M为背应力分量的数量。背应力本质上是一种与塑性变形历史相关的内部应力变量,并非外部载荷产生的宏观应力,其作用是修正材料的有效应力状态。引入背应力项可以描述循环加载过程中的包辛格效应,从而反映水火弯板多次热载荷作用下材料屈服行为的演化。当材料常数$ {Q}_{\inf } $取0时,混合硬化模型即演变为非线性随动硬化模型,而当$ {C}_{i} $和$ {\gamma }_{i} $取0时,混合硬化模型则变为非线性等向硬化模型,本文中材料硬化参数参考了文献[21, 30]。
采用有限元方法对单曲板分别施加高斯热源模型与高斯混合热源模型,所获瞬态温度场如图6所示。图6中展示了第2道加热路径,第150 s时刻的等温云图和温度分布实验图。从图中可以看出,两种模型在火焰直射中心(加热斑点)处温度几乎一致,峰值约800 ℃。差异体现在加热后区:本文提出的高斯混合热源因同步引入低温冷源,在路径后方形成陡峭温度梯度,并快速降至冷却水温度;而传统高斯热源因仅依赖表面散热,出现显著温度拖尾,衰减缓慢。同时可以看出,高斯混合热源模型计算的温度场与实验结果更为接近。尽管水冷过程伴随沸腾、蒸发等复杂相变换热,整体热流量仍可由板面平均温度近似估算。对于高斯热源,即便通过人为增大表面换热系数可加速冷却,却不可避免地降低加热中心峰值并收缩高温区,从而失真于实际工艺。
为定量评估模型精度,沿图6所示黑色取样线提取温度数值解,并与红外热像仪同步采集的实验数据绘制于图7。结果表明:在加热中心位置,高斯混合热源模型计算的最高温度精度提高约4%,差异并不明显;但在加热中心后段,传统高斯热源未考虑水冷换热,预测温度显著高于高斯混合热源及实测值,最大偏差达200 ℃,揭示单一热源模型无法再现水冷瞬态降温行为;而高斯混合热源计算曲线与红外测量结果吻合良好,全程差异低于20 ℃。温度场预测的偏离直接改变了材料热−弹−塑性区的空间分布,进而导致残余应力与宏观变形预测产生系统性误差。
(1)横向收缩量
在局部尺度上,火焰加热时钢板沿加热路径发生压缩塑性应变,冷却阶段受周边金属的拉伸,呈现拉应力状态。多条火焰加热、冷却累积,最终使钢板整体表现为纵向翘曲与横向收缩。研究人员描述样板变形的方法有很多,比如横向收缩量、全局变形、挠度和角变形[31]。本工作以企业常用的横向收缩量和纵向挠度作为描述曲板变形的参量。其中横向收缩量是指曲板经卷板机制造的弧度再经过水火工艺后的弦长变化,对于帆形板而言,横向弦长会发生收缩。图8汇总了三种有限元方案的横向收缩量:传统高斯热源、高斯混合热源及耦合硬化模型的高斯混合热源。由于横向收缩量沿轴向方向(图4中轴向)分布不同,在此仅对比最大变形,即边缘处变形。可以看出,三者的横向收缩量分别为4.8 mm、5.6 mm和5.3 mm。高斯热源因温度梯度平缓、塑性区范围受限,故收缩最小;高斯混合热源因陡峭冷却产生更大压缩塑性累积,收缩峰值最高;引入各向同性硬化模型后,材料在循环热载下屈服强度升高,抑制了进一步塑性流动,横向收缩量略降低0.3 mm。图8(d)进一步给出实测对比:以上三种模型计算的横向收缩量与实验值分别相差0.6 mm、0.2 mm和0.1 mm,对应的预报偏差分别为12%、4%和2%。采用高斯混合热源模型结合材料硬化模型后,相比传统高斯热源模型预报偏差降低10%,最大变形预报偏差仅2%,可以准确模拟双曲板横向收缩变形。
(2)纵向翘曲变形
图9给出了三种模型在Y方向的变形云图,可以看出,经水火弯板工艺后,原单曲率钢板演变为双曲率帆形板,四周产生显著翘曲。不同模型预测的Y向位移存在明显差异。为定量评估,本文沿图4轴线提取纵向挠度并与实验值对比:高斯热源模型最小(9.12 mm),高斯混合热源模型最大(12.05 mm),引入各向同性硬化的高斯混合热源模型居中(11.41 mm),而实测值为 11.23 mm。由于高斯热源未考虑快速降温变化,产生的挠度与实测值相比误差最大,在轴线两侧的翘曲误差为2.1 mm。高斯混合热源考虑水冷瞬态降温,结果与实测趋势一致,与实际变形相比,最大误差为 0.82 mm,预报误差降低12%;进一步计入循环热载荷下的屈服强度硬化后,计算翘曲与实测值几乎重合,沿轴线翘曲量最大误差为0.18 mm。采用高斯混合热源模型结合材料硬化模型后,相比传统高斯热源模型,纵向挠度预报偏差从18.8%降低至1.6%,可以准确模拟双曲板纵向翘曲变形。
船舶行业复杂双曲板水火工艺数值忽略了冷却水快速换热的影响,进而造成温度和变形计算精度差问题,本文基于红外热像仪采集的多工艺参数温度场数据,建立了同时考虑火焰加热与水冷换热作用的高斯混合热源模型,并将其与材料硬化模型相结合,开展了水火弯板热−力顺序耦合有限元仿真。通过与水火弯板实验结果对比,验证了所提模型在温度场和曲板变形预测中的有效性。主要结论如下:
(1)基于不同丙烯流量和水火中心间距下的温度场样本,获得了高斯混合热源模型中热源与冷源对应的混合权重和有效作用半径,并建立了工艺参数与热源模型参数之间的映射关系。该模型能够同时描述火焰加热输入和冷却水换热作用,更符合水火弯板过程中的实际热流分布特征。
(2)与传统高斯热源相比,高斯混合热源模型计算的温度场在加热中心位置温度预报精度提升并不明显,但在冷却区域温度预报偏差从200 ℃降低到20 ℃以内,显著提高了预报精度。
(3)采用高斯混合热源模型结合材料硬化模型后,相比传统高斯热源模型,横向收缩变形预测偏差由12%降低至2%,纵向挠度预报偏差从18.8%降低至1.6%,可以较准确地预测双曲板水火弯板后的成形变形。

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2026年第30卷第7期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.07.011
  • 接收时间:2025-11-10
  • 首发时间:2026-11-03
  • 出版时间:2026-07-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-10
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    1中国石油大学(华东)材料科学与工程学院,山东 青岛 266000
    2北京理工大学 空天科学与技术学院,北京 100190
    3江苏自动化研究所,江苏 连云港 222006
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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种数
Number of
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Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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